mTvare

mTvare

ase moCans savse mTvare CrdiloeT naxevarsferodan

orbituli parametrebi perigea apogea mTavari naxevarRerZi eqscentrisiteti orbituli periodi sinoduri periodi saSualo orbituli siCqare inklinacia 363,104 km (0.002 4 ae astronomiuli erTeuli) 405,696 km (0.002 7 ae) 384,399 km (0.002 57 ae) 0.054 9 27.321 582 dRe (27 dRe 7 sT 43.1 wT) 29.530 589 dRe (29 dRe 12 sT 44 wT 2.9 wm) 1.022 km/wm 5.145 ekliptikis mimarT fizikuri parametrebi saSualo radiusi ekvatoruli radiusi polaruli radiusi Sebrtyeleba garSemoweriloba zedapiris farTobi moculoba masa saSualo simkvrive Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba (ekvatorze) 1,737.10 km (dedamiwis 0.273) 1,738.14 km (dedamiwis 0.273) 1,735.97 km (dedamiwis 0.273) 0.00125 10,921 km (ekvatorze) 3.793 107 km (dedamiwis 0.074) 2.195 8 1010 km (dedamiwis 0.020) 7.347 7 1022 kg (dedamiwis 0.0123) 3,346.4 kg/m 1.622 m/wm (0.165 4 g)

gaqcevis siCqare brunvis siCqare ekvatorze RerZis daxriloba albedo zedapiris temperatura ekvatorze 85N[3] xiluli sidide

2.38 km/wm 4.627 m/wm 1.542 4 (ekliptikis mimarT) 6.687 (orbitis sibrtyis mimarT) 0.12

min. 100 K 70 K

saSualo 220 K 130 K

maqs. 390 K 230 K

2.5 dan 12.9 mde 12.74 (saSualo sruli mTvare)

mTvare dedamiwis sistemis ramdenime parametri.

mTvare dedamiwis erTaderTi bunebrivi Tanamgzavria da sididiT mexuTe Tanamgzavria mzis sistemaSi. dedamiwasa da mTvares Soris saSualo manZili 384,403 kilometria (rac daaxloebiT 6-jer aRemateba dedamiwis diametrs). dedamiwa-mTvare sistemis masaTa centri (baricentri) mdebareobs 1700 km-ze dedamiwis centridan (daaxloebiT dedamiwis radiusis meoTxedze). mTvare asrulebs srul bruns dedamiwis garSemo orbitaze 27,3 dReRameSi (orbituli periodi). da sistemis dedamiwamTvare-mze perioduli variaciebi iwvevs mTvaris fazaTa cvlilebas, rac meordeba yovel 29,5 dReSi (sinoduri periodi). mTvaris diametri 3,474 km-ia, dedamiwis diametris meoTxedze odnav meti. Sesabamisad mTvaris zedapiri dedamiwis zedapiris daaxloebiT meaTedia, xolo misi moculoba dedamiwis moculobis 2%-ia. mTvaris mizidulobis Zala zedapirze daaxloebiT dedamiwis mizidulobis Zalis 17% (daaxloebiT 6-jer mcire).

amerikeli astronavti mTvareze Apollo 11, 1969 weli

mTvare erTaderTi ciuri sxeulia sadac adamiani imyofeboda. mTvares pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris kosmosurma raketebma miaRwia. es upiloto daSvebebi iyo (programa luna) am programis farglebSi mTvareze ramdenjerme daeSva robototeqnika - mTvaremavali (lunaxodi). adamianis daSveba mTvareze ganxorcielda NASA-s programis Apollo-s farglebSi. 1968 wels Apollo 8-m sam astronavtTan erTad Semoufrina mTvares, xolo 1969-1972 ww. amerikeli astronavtebi 6-jer daeSvnen mTvareze (pirveli xomaldi, romelic mTvareze daeSva iyo Apollo 11, 1969 wels). amis Semdeg kidev ramdenime roboti gaigzavna mTvareze. aSS apirebs mTvaris programis ganaxlebas 2018 wlidan.

mTvaris zedapiri
mTvaris ori mxare
mTvare sinqronul brunvas asrulebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom is sakuTari RerZis garSemo erT bruns igive dros andomebs, rasac dedamiwis garSemo orbitaze Semobrunebas. amis Sedegad mTvare dedamiwisken yovelTvis erTi mxariT arsi moqceuli. warsulSi mTvare ufro swrafad brunavda, magram brunvis siCqare Seanela da mTvaris orientacia dedamiwis mimarT Caiketa. amis mizezi dedamiwis mier gamowveuli mimoqceviTi deformaciebis xaxunis efeqtis gamo. kuTxe, romliTac moCans mTvare dedamiwidan, mcired icvleba (varirebs), ris gamoc misi zedapiris 59%-is danaxva SeiZleba (ra Tqma unda erT danaxvaze mxolod 50%-s). am movlenas libracia ewodeba.

mTvaris axlo mxare

mTvaris Soreuli mxare

dedamiwisaken moqceul mxares axlo mxare ewodeba, xolo sapirispiro mxares Soreuli mxare. mTvaris Soreuli mxare pirvelad gadaiRo sabWoTa xomaldma luna 3-ma 1959 wels. aRsaniSnavia, rom Soreul mxares ar aris e. w. mTvaris zRvebi (maria) gamorCeuli

maria (zRvebi)
mTvaris muqi velebi kargad Cans SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac. maT mTvaris zRvebi (laTinurad maria, mxolobiTi mare) uwodes. ZvelaT astronomebs egonaT, rom es adgilebi marTlac wyliT iyo dafaruli. axla cnobilia, rom es adgilebi uZvelesi bazalturi lavebia. am lavebis umetesoba amoifrqva an Caedina depresiebSi, romlebic mTvaris zedapirze meteoritebis da kometebis dajaxebiT Seiqmna (dajaxebis auzebSi). mariebi aRmocenilia mxolod axlo mxares. Soreul mxares zedapiris mxolod 2%-ia iseti adgilebi, romelic SeiZleba zrvad (mariad). axlo mxares maT 31% ukaviaT. am movlenis axsna SeiZleba imiT, rom siTbos warmomSobi elementebi koncentrirebulia axlo naxevarsferoSi. es daadastura xomald Lunar Prospectoris mier Catarebulma gama speqtrometriT Catarebulma kvlevebma, romlis safuZvelze Sedga mTvaris geoqimiuri ruka. axlo mxaris zRvebis zogierTi regionSi moCans farisebri vulkanebi da vulkanuri gumbaTebi.

terra (mTebi, maRlobebi)

mTvaris Ria feris regionebs teras an ubralod mTvaris mTebs (maRlobebs) uwodeben. isini marTlac zRvebze ufro maRalni arian. axlo mxaris bevri mTebis sistemebia (qedebi) mkveTrad SesamCnevi giganturi dartymiTi auzebis (kraterebis), romelTa umetesoba zRvebis bazaltiTaa avsebuli. fiqroben, rom esaa dartymiTi kraterebis gadarCenili gareTa kideebi. dedamiwisgan gansxvavebiT mTvareze mTebi teqtonikuri procesebis Sedegi araa.

mTvaris zRvebi (maria)

mTvaris RerZis mcire daxris gamo mTvaris Crdilo polusTan mdebare mTebi mTeli mTvaris dRis ganmavlobaSi. asevea samxreT polustan. amis sapirispirod polusebTan kraterebis siRrmeSi mzis Suqi verasdros aRwevs da mudmivi Crdilia.

mTvaris mTebi (maRlobebi)

dartymiTi kraterebi
mTvaris mTeli zedapiri dafarulia dartymiTi kraterebiT. isini Seiqmna asteroidebisa da kometebis mTvaris zedapirTan Sejaxebis Sedegad. mTvareze daaxloebiT naxevari milioni krateria, romelTa 5

diametri 1 km-ze metia. radgan kraterebi daaxloebiT Tanabari siCqariT iqmneba, kraterebis raodenobiT farTobis erTeulze SeiZleba zedapiris asakis dadgena. atmosferos, gamofitvis da Tanamedrove geologiuri procesebis ararsebobis gamo kraterebis umetesoba mtvareze kargadaa Senaxuli.

mTvaris krateri dedalosi mTvaris Soreuli mxare daaxloebiT 93 kilometri diametriT. gadarebulia apolo 11-dan 1969w. NASA photo AS11-44-6611.

mTvaris udidesi krateri mdebareobs Soreul mxares ekvatorsa da samxreT poluss Soris. misi diametri 2240 km, siRrme ki 13 km-ia. es erTerTi udidesi krateria mzis sistemaSi. axlo mxaris mniSvnelovani kraterebia imbriumi, serenitatisi da neqtarisi.

regoliTi

regoliTi (Tu rigoliTi?)

mTvaris zedapirs faravs metad wmindad dafxvnili da SejaxebebiT gadanawilebuli zedapiruli fena, romelsac regoliTi (an rigoliTi?) 6

ewodeba. radgan regoliTi dajaxebebiTaa Seqmnili, amitom sazogadod Zveli zedapirebis regoliTi ufro sqelia, vidre axlisa. regoliTis sisqe icvleba 3-5 m-dan zRvebSi, da 10-20 m mTebSi. wmindad dafquli regoliTis qveS aris e. w. megaregoliTis sqeli fena. am fenis sisqe daaxloebiT aTeuli km-ia. es Zlier dabzaruli kldovani qanebia. astronavtebis TqmiT mtveri mTvaris zedapirze Tovlis msgavsia da denTis suni aqvs. mtveri ZiriTadan siliciumis orJangiia da warmoqmnilia meteoritebis SejaxebiT. is Seicavs agreTve kalciums da magniums.

wylis arseboba
kometebis da meteoridebis mier mTvaris zedapiris mudmivi bombardireba savaraudod gazrdida wylis raodenobas mTvarieze. Tu asea, mzis sxivebi wylis udides nawils daSlida wyalbadad da Jangbadad, da orive airi aqroldeboda sivrceSi, radgan mTvaris susti gravitacia maT ver Seakavebda. magram imis gamo, rom mTvaris RerZi odnavaa daxrili ekliptikis mimar, zogierT Rrma kraterSi polusebTan axlos mze saerTod ver aRwevs da aq, mudmiv CrdilSi moxvedrili wyali mudmivad Seinaxeba (yinulis saxiT). klementinma (kosmosuri xomaldi) rukaze daitana iseTi kraterebi, romlebic mudmiv CrdilSi arian. gamoTvlebi aCvenebs rom aseTi teritoriebis farTobi 14000km2 iyos da aq SesaZloa yinuli iyos. es monacemebi Seesabameba Lunar Prospector-is neitronuli speqtrometris monacemebs, romelic aCvenebs, rom polaruli regionebis regoliTis zeda 1 metrian fenaSi wyalbadis anomalurad didi koncentraciaa. induri satelitis monacemebis mixedviTac (Chandrayaan-1 2009 w.) mtvareze wylis didraodenobaa. Tumca mTvareze wylis arseboba (gayinul mdgomareobaSi) jer sabolood araa dadgenili.
da sul axali informacia(13.11.2009): NASA-m gamoacxada rom LCROSS proeqtis farglebSi 2009 wlis oqtomberSi mTvaris zedapirze aRmoCenilia wyali. eqsperimenti Catarda kabeusis (Cabeus crater) kraterSi, swored iseT kraterSi, romelic mudmiv CrdilSia. eqsperimentis saboloo Sedegebi jer araa gamoqveynebuli, mimdinareobs mopovebuli masalebis damuSaveba. mTvareze arsebuli wylis raodenobis Sefasebis Semdeg gadawydeba Seiqmneba Tu ara e. w. mTvaris baza (anu rogor gagrZeldeba mTvareze astronavtebis eqspediciebi, . romlis ganaxleba dagegmilia 2018 wels.

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi
Sinagani agebuleba

mTvaris Sinagani agebuleba

mTvare diferencirebuli sxeulia. is Sedgeba geoqimiurad gansxvavebuli qerqis, mantiisa da birTvisagan. es struqtura Seiqmna magmis okeanes fraqciuli kristalizaciis Sedegad. es mTvaris Seqmnidan cota xnis Semdeg moxda 4.4 miliardi wlis win. mTvaris gare nawilis dnobisaTvis saWiro energia miiRo giganturi Sejaxebisagan. magmis kristalizaciis Sedegad miRebul iqna mafuri mantia da plagioglasiT mdidari qerqi. mTvaris qerqi ZiriTadad anorTosituri Sedgeniloba aqvs. elementebis mixedviT qerqi Sedgeba Jangbadisagan 4146%, siliciumi 21%, magniumi 6%, rkina 13%, kalciumi 8%, da alumini 7%. qerqis saSualo sisqe 50 km-ia. mTvaris mantiis nawilobrivma dnobam gamoiwvia zRvis (marias) bazaltebis amofrqveva zedapirze. aRmocenilia, rom mTvaris miwisZvrebi (ufro swored miwisZvrebis garkveuli tipi) xdeba sakmaod Rrmad mTvaris mantiaSi, daaxloebiT 1000 km siRrmeze. am miwisZvrebs 1 Tviani perioduloba axasiaTebs da dakavSirebulia mimoqceviT daZabulobebTan, romlis mizezic Tavis mxriv mTvaris orbitis eqcentrulobaa (dedamiwis mimarT). mtvaris simkvrive 3346 kg/m3, is simkvriviT meorea mzis sistemis mTvareebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom mTvares sakmaod patara birTvi aqvs. mTvaris birTvis radiusi daaxloebiT 350 km-ia.

topografia

mTvaris topografia

mTvaris topografia Seswavlil iqna lazeruli altimetriisa da stereo gamosaxulebebis analiziT, uaxlesi monacemebi miRebulia kosmosuri xomaldis klementinas mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegad (Clementine mission). yvelaze TvalsaCino suraTia samxreT polusTan arsebuli giganturi auzi, sadc mTvaris yvelaze dabali adgilebia. umaRlesi mTebi (maRlobebi) swored am auzis CrdiloaRmosavleTiTaa, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom es mTebi udidesi dartymiTi krateridan amofrqveuli masaliT Seiqmna. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom maRlobebi Soreul mxareze 1.9 km-iT ufro maRlebi arian, vidre axlo mxareze.

radialuri gravitaciuli anomaliebi mTvaris zedapirze

gravitaciuli veli
mTvaris gravitaciuli veli Seswavlilia kosmosuri saSualebiT. aseTi gazomvebi emyareba dopleris efeqts. xomaldebis 9

mTvaris gravitaciuli velis mTavari Taviseburebaa e. w. maskonebis arseboba. maskonebi didi dadebiTi gravitaciuli anomaliebia, romlebic ZiriTadad gigantur dartymiT auzebTanaa dakavSirebuli. es anomaliebi did gavlenas axdens mTvaris Sesaswavlad gagzavnil kosmosuri xomaldebis orbitebze. maskonebis arseboba nawilobriv aixsneba auzebSi bazalturi lavebis siWarbiT, Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev araa bolomde Seswavlili.

magnituri veli

mTvaris magnituri veli. magnituri velis simZlavre mTvaris zedapirze miRebuli mTvaris mkvlevaris Lunar Prospector eleqtronuli refleqtometris eqsperimentidan.

mTvares aqvs gare magnituri veli, romelic romelic dedamiwis magnituri velis measedze naklebia. meore mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba isaa, rom mTvares ara aqvs bipolaruli magnituri veli (rogorsac Seqmnida mis birtvSi geodinamo) da mTeli misi arsebuli magnetizmi mTvaris qerqis damagnitebulobiT aixsneba.

atmosfero
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTvares atmosfero faqtobrivad ara aqvs. mTeli misi atmosferos masa 104 kg-ze naklebia da zedapirze qmnis wnevas, romelic 3 10-15 atmosferos udris. am airebis erTi wyaro mTvaris qerqSi da mantiaSi radioactiuri daSlis Sedegad airebis gamonTavisuflebaa (mag. radonis). meore wyaro e. w. amofrqvevaa (sputtering). am procesis dros myari sxeulidan xdeba atomebis amofrqveva didi energiis mqone ionebis dajaxebiT. mTvareze am process iwvevs mikrometeoritebiT bombardireba, mzis qaris ionebi, eleqtronebi, mzis radiacia. es airebi ZiriTadad toveben mTvares misi susti gravitaciis gamo.

zedapiris temperatura
10

mTvaris saSualo temperatura dRisiT 107 C, xolo RamiT 153 C.

mTvaris warmoSoba

mTvaris warmoSoba
dRevandeli monacemebiT mTvare warmoiqmna 4.527 0.010 miliardi wlis winaT. mzis sistemis warmoqmnidan (4.6 miliardi weli) daaxloebiT 30-50 milioni wlis Semdeg. dReisaTvis mTvaris warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriebSi yvelaze misaRebia e. w. didi Sejaxebis Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, protoplanetebis Seqmnis Semdeg male (drois geologiuri masStabiT), daaxloebiT marsis zomis hipoTeturi protoplaneta Teia (Theia) Seejaxa dedamiwas. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad protoplaneta Teia Camoyalibda dedamiwis orbitis lagranJis wertilSi is moZraobda igive orbitaze, mxolod 60 -iT win an ukan. lagranJis wertilSi planetis arsebobisas sistema maSinaa stabiluri, roca am planetis masa gacilebiT naklebia ZiriTadi planetis masaze. planetebis Camoyalibebis procesSi Teias masa sakmaod gaizarda, sistemis stabiluroba dairRva da is Seejaxa dedamiwas. Sejaxebis Sedegad Teias mantia da dedamiwis mantiis nawili kosmosur sivrceSi gaityorcna kosmosur sivrceSi, Teias birTvi CaiZira dedamiwaSi. dajaxebis Sedegad Seicvala dedamiwis orbitis daxra da brunvis siCqare. kosmosur sivrceSi gatyorcnili nivTierebis akreciis Sedegad warmoiqmna mTvare.

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