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    Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile
    Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile
    Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile
    Ebook236 pages1 hour

    Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile

    By Clive W. Humphris

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    About this ebook

    A comprehensive student eTextbook with full colour graphics, calculations and graphs.

    Colourful visual presentation assists the learning process as students will more likely remember, thereby increasing their personal confidence as they believe they are learning more as a result.

    Knowing the content is on their phone encourages them to dip-in in a spare moment more than open a traditional textbook.

    Digital technology when used in the classroom can motivate passive students by encouraging their active participation where STEM subjects are ideally suited to mobile devices.

    Students who struggle to be fully engaged in normal classroom activity can often achieve the unexpected once sat in front of a phone or tablet digital screen where they can learn without the embarrassment of full class exposure.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherClive W. Humphris
    Release dateApr 5, 2013
    ISBN9781301927234
    Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile
    Author

    Clive W. Humphris

    Clive W. Humphris M0DXJ: Ex Technology Teacher. Software Developer, Author and Director of eptsoft limited. Married with two children and four grandchildren.Apprentice Instrument Maker at Marconi’s with Senor Technical Management roles in Radio Rentals and Alcatel Business Systems before starting eptsoft providing educational software to schools colleges and universities worldwide since 1992.Interests outside of developing digital products for eptsoft, include Running, Walking and Reading.

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      Book preview

      Pic® Micro Principles on Your Mobile - Clive W. Humphris

      -->

      PIC® Micro Principles on your Mobile

      by Clive W. Humphris

      Portable Learning, Reference and Revision Tools.

      Copyright by eptsoft limited 2018 All rights reserved.

      Acknowledgement

      Our thanks and appreciation goes to John D. Ransley MIEE from Whitbourne in Worcestershire for all his help and expert guidance in developing this eBook and additional app content.

      Introduction

      An enhanced eBook published in full colour. Now including extensive interactive content enabling exploration by inserting any values that would occur in a real situation whereby the graphics are redrawn to reflect those changes.

      Calculations can be also tested against any standard subject textbook to compare the results.

      Interactive Technology when used in the classroom can motivate passive students by encouraging their active participation where STEM subjects are ideally suited to Mobile Interactive Technology.

      Students are more likely to be comfortable with technology they understand i.e. their phone and can interact with, often preferring 'Learning-by-Doing' over traditional pencil and paper methods.

      Full colour graphics that are redrawn for every input change will make the learning experience more enjoyable and effective as it encourages experimentation of real world situations as almost any practical values are accepted.

      Students who struggle to be fully engaged in normal classroom activity can often achieve the unexpected once sat in front of a digital screen where they can learn without the embarrassment of full class exposure.

      Mobile Interactive Technology can bring any STEM textbook to life by inserting printed values from the book into their mobile device and comparing the results.

      Colourful visual presentation assists the learning process as students will more likely remember, thereby increasing their personal confidence as they believe they are learning more as a result. Knowing the content is on their phone encourages them to dip-in in a spare moment more than open a traditional textbook.

      Conclusion: Students will spend more time engaged with the Mobile Interactive Technology than with a traditional textbook.

      For each topic group students can TEST THEIR UNDERSTANDING by considering an open question whereby their ease of answering will provide an indication of personal progress.

      2 1069 2012-04-07T12:42:00Z 2012-04-07T12:42:00Z 6 5369 30604 eptsoft 255 61 37583 9.3821

      PIC® INTRODUCTION: Microprocessor / PIC® Microcontroller.

      Interactive Content!

      The two main advantages to the student/hobbyist of the PIC® series of micro-controllers over a typical microprocessor are ease of programming and reduced amount of hardware necessary, and therefore cost, required to achieve a working micro-based project.

      However, PIC® devices are not suited to all tasks. For example a PC still requires a microprocessor capable of addressing large amounts of memory, often needing a wider data bus, i.e. (16 to 64 bits) along with an extended range of instructions.

      PIC® micro-controllers are computers on-a-chip which implement ROM and RAM within one package. Added to which are functions of A/D conversion, serial I/O, clock/counters etc.

      PICs can be interfaced directly with hardware, i.e. LEDs and switches. Within this software two PIC® devices are investigated. The PIC16F84 is available as an EEPROM device, which is re-programmable for software development and the PIC16C71, also re-programmable, but requires the use of an UV (ultra violet) light box for erasure before reprogramming. For either application once the software development is completed a less expensive one time programmable (OTP) device can be used for the final version.

      Address bus: Sixteen pins allows 65,536 (64K) separate memory locations to be accessed for reading and writing. The address pins are outputs only: The program counter contains the address of the next instruction.

      Data bus: This is a bi-directional bus with the direction controlled via the R/W instructions. Both data and program instructions use the same bus. There is a significant difference between the PICâ and a traditional microprocessor. In the PICâ data and instructions use separate busses known as Harvard architecture.

      Clock (in): Usually developed from a crystal which produces an incoming square wave clock signal to synchronise all the various processor functions.

      Clock (out): This is often available from more than one output pin where clock pulses have non-overlapping phases to synchronise external hardware devices.

      R/W: An output pin to instruct other devices, i.e. memory for a read or write operation.

      RES: Master reset input to clear previous data from internal registers and to ensure the program begins executing instructions from the start memory location, wherever that may be.

      IRQ: Interrupt request input. The microprocessor monitors this pin after each instruction. If activated the program temporarily stores the current register contents and jumps to an interrupt service routine.

      Sync: Produces a synchronising pulse each time an instruction is fetched from the program memory.

      Osc1: Oscillator input, one of four types can be implemented. Low cost Resistor/Capacitor (RC), Standard crystal/ceramic resonator (XT), High-Speed crystal (HS) and Power saving low frequency crystal (LP): Clock input pulses are divided internally by four to produce non-overlapping pulses which enable fetch (next) and execute (current) instructions to be carried out at the same time.

      Osc2: Oscillator output. In RC mode, Osc2 pin outputs CLKOUT which has a frequency 1/4 the frequency of Osc1, and denotes the instruction cycle rate.

      MCLR: Master clear (reset) input pin, when taken low resets the device. MCLR is also used to place the PICâ into programming mode where Port B pins (6:7) are used to input serial clock and program data.

      Port A: A bi-directional logic input 5 bit port. RA4 can also be used as an external clock/ timer. On the PIC16C71 device the lower four pins may be configured as analog inputs.

      Port B: A bi-directional digital I/O 8 bit port. RB0/INT can be programmed as an external interrupt pin. RB4:RB7 can provide an interrupt on change input. RB6:RB7 also used for serial programming via PC RS232 Port.

      2 1069 2012-04-07T12:42:00Z 2012-04-07T12:42:00Z 6 5369 30604 eptsoft 255 61 37583 9.3821

      PIC® INTRODUCTION: Basic PIC® Operation Diagram.

      This topic shows a basic overview of a PIC® operation. Your program application is first developed using a suitable PIC® programmer, which generates a file consisting of binary data converted from ASCII text code. This is down loaded to the program memory as a series of instructions.

      To run the application the program counter issues the start (ORGin) location from where instructions are carried out sequentially, unless told otherwise.

      The CPU decodes each instruction and either fetches or passes data to the RAM file registers. The STATUS register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the RESET status and the bank select bit for data memory.

      There are two I/O data ports A, 5 bits and B, 8 bits. On the PIC16C71 port A can also be set-up as four switched serial analogue inputs. File registers TRISA and TRISB configure the port pins as either inputs or outputs.

      Program Memory: Read Only Memory (ROM) consisting of one thousand locations fourteen bits wide. This is the permanent location of your PICâ program and can only be changed by downloading new software. The program instruction code is guaranteed to be maintained for several years: The PIC16x84 series can be erased through overwriting with 'FFh' by the programming device. Or by placing the PIC16C71 in an ultra violet light box for a few minutes prior to reprogramming.

      Program Address: Each program memory location has a unique memory address. The address of the next instruction to be carried out is maintained by the program counter.

      Instruction: The actual program is a list of instructions stored as fourteen bit words or bytes, telling the CPU what action to take.

      OSC in: Any microprocessor or micro-controller requires a series of timing pulses to enable the program to clock through the list of instructions. There are several options for the PICâ from a simple R/C input to a high-speed crystal:  Clock speed can range from a few Hz to 10MHz for the PIC16x84 and up to 20MHz for the PIC16C71. 4MHz is a useful starting point as it makes the timing of each instruction execution easy to calculate. The clock speed is divided by four within the device. Therefore with only a few exceptions, i.e. branching, instructions are executed at 1MHz intervals.

      OSC out: An oscillator output to enable synchronisation of external devices.

      Central Processing Unit: The CPU is the embracing term given to a collection of internal registers and logic operations. Its operation is similar to that of a conventional microprocessor.

      Instruction decoder and control: Decodes each sequential instruction copied from the program memory. As each instruction is executed the program counter is incremented by one and the next instruction is made available for decoding: The decoding process is carried out by using the binary digits of the instruction register to control the flow and operation of the data within the specified RAM file register locations. For example, instruction INCF count,1. Copy the value in file register Count add one and copy the result back to location Count. Then fetch the next instruction ... etc.

      Arithmetic and Logic Unit: Arithmetic operations are Add and Subtract, whereas examples of logic operations are rotate right, rotate left exclusive OR, etc.

      Program Counter: A register 13 bits wide capable of addressing 8K by 14bits of program memory space, although only IK of memory is actually implemented. This register maintains the value of the next instruction to be executed.

      Serial Programming Clock: For a PICâ device to be of any use it is loaded or programmed with a set of software instructions. Data from RB7 is synchronised by clock pulses into the program memory for permanent storage.

      Serial Programming Data: Program code is written as a text

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