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    Air Navigation Made Easy
    Air Navigation Made Easy
    Air Navigation Made Easy
    Ebook211 pages1 hour

    Air Navigation Made Easy

    By James Naidich

    4.5/5

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    About this ebook

    The purpose of this book is simply to teach you how to fly from Here to There. It will teach you the four principle types of navigation which include celestial navigation, radio navigation, dead reckoning, piloting. A concise practical guide for all private civilian flyers.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateMay 31, 2013
    ISBN9781473387249
    Air Navigation Made Easy

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    • 5/5
      The book consist of all the information needed, hence explained clearly on Air Navigation. Recommended!

    Book preview

    Air Navigation Made Easy - James Naidich

    Part 1

    AIR PILOTING

    Chapter I

    MAPS, AERONAUTICAL CHARTS, AND AIR PILOTING

    Job 1: Geography for Air Navigation

    Job 2: Types of Maps

    Job 3: Aeronautical Charts

    Job 4: Details of Sectional Charts

    Job 5: Measuring Distance on Aeronautical Charts

    Job 6: Time, Speed, and Distance

    Job 7: Miles and Minutes

    Job 8: Air Piloting

    It may seem a little odd at first glance to begin the study of air navigation with a study of the globe. But all navigation depends on the proper use of maps, and an understanding of maps is based on an understanding of a few basic facts about our spherical earth.

    Job 1: Geography for Air Navigation

    The student of air navigation, like the student of military science, is today a student of geography. Not the geography of the flat world of our own neighborhood, but the geography of the earth as a sphere has suddenly acquired a paramount importance in our daily lives.

    An observer out in space would see the earth as one of a family of nine planets all revolving in elliptical paths around the sun.

    If our observer could now cross interstellar space and get close enough to the earth he would see:

    Fig. 3.—The equator and the poles.

    1. That the earth is a sphere (ever so slightly flattened at the top, bulging just a little around the middle).

    2. That the earth revolves from west to east as though a gigantic pin were stuck through it. This pin is called the axis of the earth.

    Look at Fig. 3. The North Pole and South Pole are defined as points where the axis of the earth enters the surface of the earth. These are the only two points on the earth that do not spin around the axis.

    The equator is an imaginary circle running around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. A point on the equator travels the greatest distance in the course of one day.

    The North and South Poles and the equator are the basis for a system whereby man can determine his position on the surface of the earth, the system of latitude and longitude.

    A. Longitude

    Curved lines (as shown in Fig. 4) running from the North Pole to the South Pole on the surface of the earth are called meridians. Each of them is a semicircle. Any number of meridians can be drawn. The one which runs through the town of Greenwich in England is called the prime meridian.

    Fig. 4.—The prime meridian divides the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

    If the prime meridian is continued around through the North Pole down the other side of the earth to the South Pole, it will divide the earth into two halves. These two halves are called hemispheres. One is the Eastern and the other the Western Hemisphere.

    Points on the surface of the earth can now be considered as lying either east or west of the prime meridian. For example, point A (Fig. 5) is west of the prime meridian; point B is east of the prime meridian.

    For greater exactness the entire surface of the earth is divided by many other meridians. These constitute the lines of longitude each called by a number of degrees. For example, the meridian 1° west of the prime meridian will be marked on a globe or map as 1° West Longitude. A meridian 15° east of the prime meridian will be marked 15° East Longitude.

    In Fig. 5, point A is 60° west of the prime meridian, or, we can say, 60° west of Greenwich. It is customary to say that point A is located at 60° West Longitude.

    Fig. 5.—Meridians run from the North to the South Pole.

    Definition:

    The longitude of a point is its distance (measured in degrees) west or east of the prime meridian.

    Questions:

    1. What is the position in Fig. 5 of point B? C? D?

    2. How would you describe the longitude of point E?

    3. What two points in Fig. 5 have the same longitude?

    4. Locate any one point on the meridian marked 45° West Longitude. How many such points are there, each of which is located at 45° West Longitude?

    5. If an airplane traveled continuously along any meridian what two points would it reach? Explain your answer.

    B. Latitude

    Since a meridian is really a semicircle, it can be divided into 180°, of which 90° are above the equator and 90° are below the equator.

    Definition:

    The latitude of a point is its distance (measured in degrees) north or south of the equator.

    If an airplane flies due north from the equator (Fig. 6) its latitude will increase from 0° at the equator to 90° North Latitude at the North Pole.

    If a point is located 15° north of the equator it is said to be located at 15° North Latitude. For example, point A in Fig. 6 is located at 15° North Latitude.

    The line marked 15° North Latitude is called a parallel of latitude. All points on this line are 15° north of the equator.

    Parallels of latitude are circles running completely around the surface of the earth, parallel to each other and to the equator.

    Fig. 6.—Parallels of latitude.

    Examples:

    1. Name six parallels of latitude shown in Fig. 6.

    2. Name four points on the parallel of 15° North Latitude.

    3. What is the location of point B? C? (Fig. 6.)

    4. How would you describe point E?

    5. What two points south of the equator have the same latitude?

    6. What four points north of the equator have the same latitude?

    7. How would you describe points D and E so as to distinguish between them?

    8. How many points on the surface of the earth may have the same latitude?

    9. What is the latitude of the South Pole?

    10. If an airplane flew due south (along a meridian) from the equator to the South Pole:

    a. Would its longitude change?

    b. What extremes of latitude would it cover?

    C. Locating Positions by Latitude and Longitude

    In doing the examples you have found that it is not sufficient to give only the latitude or only the longitude of a point in order to determine its position.

    Any point on the earth’s surface can be located exactly by giving both its latitude and its longitude. Globes and maps therefore have lines of latitude and lines of longitude crisscrossing the surface of the earth, as shown in Fig. 7.

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

    What is the position of point A in Fig. 6?

    The latitude of point A is 45°N.

    The longitude of point A is 15°E.

    The position of point A is therefore 45°N. Lat., 15°E. Long.   Ans.

    In our next job we shall study maps, but for the present see if you can answer the following examples, by using the diagram of the globe in Fig. 7.

    Fig. 7.—Parallels and meridians are used to locate the position of places on the surface of the earth.

    Examples:

    1. What is the position of point B? point G? point F?

    2. What two points south of the equator have the same latitude? Describe the exact position of each.

    3. What two points are the same distance from the equator?

    4. What two points have the same longitude? Describe the exact position of each.

    5. Locate the following points on the globe shown in Fig. 7:

    (a) 30°N. Lat., 45°W. Long.

    (b) 15°N. Lat., 90°W. Long.

    (c) 15°S. Lat., 15°E. Long

    Job 2: Types of Maps

    The globe (Fig. 8) is the best possible picture of the earth. When accurately constructed, it shows the correct shape of the earth and the correct size and shape of the continents and of the oceans. It shows the positions of all points on its own surface exactly as they are on the surface of the earth. It shows the proper direction from any point to any other point.

    But a motorist planning a trip by automobile would hardly think of taking a globe with him. He would surely want a road map, that is, a flat picture of that portion of the earth’s surface he intends to cover. Likewise an airplane pilot could scarcely carry a large globe¹ under his arm whenever he wanted to make a trip. However, some chart showing the pilot the nature of the country he intends to fly over is essential.

    Maps have been developed because they are more convenient to work with than globes. However, maps do not give a completely true picture of the surface of the earth, because it is impossible to flatten the surface of a sphere without twisting and distorting it.

    Fig. 8.—The globe. (Courtesy of Rand McNally & Company.)

    Fig. 9.—The surface of the earth represented by a split-type map.

    See for yourself what happens to the surface of an orange if you try to flatten it. Figure 9 shows one type of map in which the surface of the earth is flattened very much like the surface of the orange. How could you navigate between points A and B on this map?

    A map projection

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