Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies
By Swadesh Chaulya and G. M. Prasad
()
About this ebook
Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas: Monitoring and Prediction Technologies presents the fundamentals of mining related geotechnical risk and how the latest advances in sensing and data communication can be used both to prevent accidents and provide early warnings.
Opencast mining operations involve huge quantities of overburden removal, dumping, and backfilling in excavated areas. Substantial increases in the rate of accumulation of waste dumps in recent years has resulted in greater height of dumps and also has given rise to the danger of dump failures as steeper open pit slopes are prone to failure. These failures lead to loss of valuable human lives and damage to mining machinery.
This book presents the most recent advances in gas sensors, methane detectors, and power cut-off systems. It also introduces monitoring of the gas strata and environment, and an overview of the use of Internet of Things and cloud computing for mining sensing and surveillance purposes. Targeted at geotechnical and mining engineers, this volume covers the latest findings and technology to prevent mining accidents and mitigate the inherent risk of the activity.
- Presents complete details of a real-time slope stability monitoring system using wireless sensor networking and prediction technique based on multivariate statistical analysis of various parameters and analytical hierarchy process methods
- Discusses innovative ideas and new concepts of sensing technologies, mine transport surveillance, digital mining, and cloud computing to improve safety and productivity in mining industry
- Includes slope stability prediction software, downloadable through a companion website, which can be used for monitoring, analyzing, and storing different sensors and providing audio-visual, SMS, and email alerts
- Covers the latest findings and technology to prevent mining accidents and mitigate the inherent risk
Swadesh Chaulya
Swadesh Chaulya is a scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR), Dhanbad, India. His fields of research include design and development of monitoring, control and automation systems for mines and hazardous areas; geotechnical and environmental studies; and application of wireless communication technologies in underground mines. He completed his Ph.D. degree in the year 1997 and has worked on various projects sponsored by different ministries of India and the World Bank, including the development of wireless communication system for underground mines, tracking and monitoring system using RFID tags for disaster management, slope failure monitoring technique using wireless sensor networking, feasibility assessment model for underground coal gasification, and tracking system for controlling illegal mining and coal transportation. Presently he is working in various wireless sensor networking, environmental monitoring and surveillance projects sponsored by MCIT, Government of India.
Related to Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas
Related ebooks
Underground Sensing: Monitoring and Hazard Detection for Environment and Infrastructure Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsElectrical Spectroscopy of Earth Materials Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRock Mechanics on a Geological Base Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGranular Geomechanics Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Surface Wave Analysis for Near Surface Applications Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInnovation in Near-Surface Geophysics: Instrumentation, Application, and Data Processing Methods Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Automation in Mining, Mineral and Metal Processing: Proceedings of The 3Rd Ifac Symposium, Montreal, Canada 18-20 August 1980 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLimit Analysis and Soil Plasticity Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRockburst: Mechanisms, Monitoring, Warning, and Mitigation Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsApplied Geotechnology: A Text for Students and Engineers on Rock Excavation and Related Topics Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Rheological Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Geotechnology: An Introductory Text for Students and Engineers Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsReservoir Induced Earthquakes Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSeismic Safety of High Arch Dams Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsComplexity of Seismic Time Series: Measurement and Application Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGround Motion and Engineering Seismology Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Engineering in Rock Masses Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Direct Current Geoelectric Sounding: Principles And Interpretation Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Modelling of Soil-Structure Interaction Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Landslides And Their Control: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEngineering Rock Mass Classification: Tunnelling, Foundations and Landslides Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Soil Physics: Selected Topics Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Electrotechnology in Mining Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGeomagnetism in Marine Geology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsMethods and Applications in Petroleum and Mineral Exploration and Engineering Geology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEngineering Rock Mechanics: An Introduction to the Principles Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Sulfur: Its Significance for Chemistry, for the Geo-, Bio-, and Cosmosphere and Technology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSeismic Stratigraphy and Depositional Facies Models Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Treatise on Geophysics, Volume 7: Mantle Dynamics Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsProblems and Solutions in Structural Geology and Tectonics Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Technology & Engineering For You
Electrical Engineering 101: Everything You Should Have Learned in School...but Probably Didn't Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Big Book of Hacks: 264 Amazing DIY Tech Projects Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Homeowner's DIY Guide to Electrical Wiring Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Art of War Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/580/20 Principle: The Secret to Working Less and Making More Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Ultralearning: Master Hard Skills, Outsmart the Competition, and Accelerate Your Career Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The CIA Lockpicking Manual Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Logic Pro X For Dummies Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe 48 Laws of Power in Practice: The 3 Most Powerful Laws & The 4 Indispensable Power Principles Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Motorcycling For Dummies Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Big Book of Maker Skills: Tools & Techniques for Building Great Tech Projects Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Disappear and Live Off the Grid: A CIA Insider's Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe ChatGPT Millionaire Handbook: Make Money Online With the Power of AI Technology Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsArtificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Smart Phone Dumb Phone: Free Yourself from Digital Addiction Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsUnderstanding Media: The Extensions of Man Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Systems Thinker: Essential Thinking Skills For Solving Problems, Managing Chaos, Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Broken Money: Why Our Financial System is Failing Us and How We Can Make it Better Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Vanderbilt: The Rise and Fall of an American Dynasty Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On War: With linked Table of Contents Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5U.S. Marine Close Combat Fighting Handbook Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Total Inventor's Manual: Transform Your Idea into a Top-Selling Product Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/5The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Fast Track to Your Technician Class Ham Radio License: For Exams July 1, 2022 - June 30, 2026 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5A Night to Remember: The Sinking of the Titanic Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Sensing and Monitoring Technologies for Mines and Hazardous Areas - Swadesh Chaulya
frequency
Chapter 1
Slope Failure Mechanism and Monitoring Techniques
Abstract
Opencast mining operations involve huge quantities of overburden removal, dumping and backfilling in excavated areas. A substantial increase in the rate of accumulation of waste dumps in recent years has resulted in greater height of the dump for minimum ground cover area and also given rise to danger of dump failures. Further, steeper open-pit slopes are prone to failure. These failures lead to loss of valuable human life and damage to mining machinery. There is a need for continuous monitoring of dump and pit slopes, as well as for providing early warning before the occurrence of slope failure. Different technologies have been developed for slope monitoring. After studying the features and limitations of existing slope monitoring systems, it determined that there is a need to provide a reliable slope stability monitoring and prediction system by using a solar power-based long-range wireless sensor network for continuous monitoring of different prevailing parameters of slope stability. An accurate prediction of slope failure using a multiparameters-based prediction model is required for giving warning per the danger levels of impending slope stability. Considering the requirement, a slope failure monitoring and prediction system has been developed by the authors, using a wireless sensor network for the continuous monitoring of slope failure and to provide early warnings. The chapter describes details of slope stability mechanism, parameters affecting slope failure and triggering aspects, monitoring systems, prediction software, and laboratory experiments for calibrating geosensors and field installation of the developed system.
Keywords
Wireless sensor network; Sensor calibration; Slope stability analysis; Slope failure prediction software
1.1 Introduction
The fast increase in the production of various minerals may largely be attributed to a rapid increase in opencast mining activities and intensified mechanization, which is resulting in rapid increase in depth of opencast mines day by day. As an obvious and direct consequence, production of waste materials and their dumping have also commensurately become very high, thereby the risks of highwall and failure of slope as well as dump have increased tremendously. With more and more stringent environmental damage control regimes and nonavailability of alternative lands for afforestation purposes, these risks have assumed very complex proportions. Under such situations with most production areas concentrated close to the excavation floor, there is a potential threat to cause catastrophic loss of human life and property. An analysis of the accidents in opencast mines carried out has revealed that slope as well as dump failures have started assuming an upward trend in the recent times.
Further, large quantities of overburden material are disposed on the land surface in mining areas that causes land degradation. Disposal of overburden is an essential and important operation of surface mining (Brawner and Miligan, 1970; Bowman and Gilchrist, 1978; Roberts, 1981; Singhal and Vladut, 1987). Dump stability is gradually gaining greater importance in view of massive overburden removal and necessity of disposing larger volume in limited space. Large scale opencast mining operations have resulted in a significant increase in the number and size of mine dumps. This poses a serious problem of dump slope instability and consequent environmental hazards (Smith et al., 1978; Jhanwar and Thote, 2011). Taking cognizance of these problems, authors have developed a slope stability monitoring and prediction system to prevent loss of human lives as well as the mine's property.
1.2 Slope Failure Modes and Mechanism
1.2.1 Dump Slope
Knowledge of basic modes of mine dump deformation and failure is a prerequisite for selecting an appropriate stability analysis technique, as well as designing suitable dump slope monitoring programs. A schematic diagram for dump geometry is illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Various failure modes reported in the literature (eg, Melnikov and Chesnokove, 1969; CANMET, 1972; Mularz, 1973; Huang, 1977; Miller et al., 1979; Naguyen and Welsh, 1981; Naguyen et al., 1984; Campbell, 1986; Khandelwal and Mozumdar, 1987b; Swansons et al., 1983; Upadhyay et al., 1990b; British Columbia Mine Waste Rock dump Research Committee, 1991b) have been critically reviewed.
Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagram of a dump slope.
Table 1.1 describes failure modes involving only the dump material. Failure modes involving at least part of the foundation or base of the dump are summarized in Table 1.2. Key factors contributing to various types of instability and recommended stability analysis techniques are also summarized for each failure mode in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.
Table 1.1
Mode of Mine Dump Failures
Table 1.2
Mode of Mine Dump Foundation Instability
1.2.2 Open-Pit Slope
1.2.2.1 Slope Geometry
Slope geometry is an important factor which affects the slope stability. The basic geometrical slope design parameters are bench height, overall slope angle, and surface area (Fig. 1.2). Stability of slope decreases with the increase in its height and slope angle (Chaulya, 1993). Curvature of slope has profound effect on instability; therefore, convex section slopes should be avoided in slope design.
Fig. 1.2 Schematic diagram of an open-pit bench slope.
1.2.2.2 Geological Structure
The main geological structures which affect stability of slopes in open-pit mines are amount and direction of dip, intraformational shear zones, joints, discontinuities, and faults. Instability of rock slope may occur by failure along preexisting structural discontinuity through intact material or along a surface formed partly along discontinuity (Higuchi et al., 2005; Fujisawa et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2011; Ganapathy et al., 2012). Instability may occur if strata dip into the excavation face. Localized steepening of strata is critical for stability of slopes. Stability is hampered if a clay band comes in between the two rock bands. Bedding planes and joints also provide surfaces of weakness. Slope stability is dependent on shear strength available along the surface, their orientations in relation to slope and water pressure action on the surface (Singh et al., 2008; Singh and Sharma, 2011).
1.2.2.3 Lithology
The rock materials forming a large pit slope determine the rock mass strength modified by discontinuities, folding, faulting, old workings, and weathering. Pit slopes having soil alluvium or weathered rocks at the surface have low shearing strength, and the strength gets further reduced if water seepage takes place through them. These types of slopes must be flatter (Fujimoto,