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    Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight
    Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight
    Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight
    Ebook104 pages27 minutes

    Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight

    By Roland Green

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    About this ebook

    This antique text contains a detailed yet accessible treatise on bird flight and how to identify birds based on how they fly. This book is intended principally for the ordinary bird-lovers who, without being ornithologists, are interested in bird life and look with wonder at birds in flight wishing to know more of how they fly and why their flight differs so much from species to species. The perfect handbook for amateur bird-watchers, 'Wing-Tips' constitutes a great addition to any collection of ornithological literature. The chapters contained herein include: 'The Skeleton', 'The Sternum or Breastbone', 'The Bones of the Wings', 'Muscles', 'The Feathered Wing', 'Tails', 'Flight', 'Different Shapes of Wing', 'Rising', 'Landing', 'Gliding', 'Hovering Flight', 'Birds of Prey', 'The Owls', 'Ducks', 'Waders', 'Migration and Wing Formation', 'Snipe', 'Crows', and 'Pelicans'. This text was originally published in 1947 and is proudly republished now complete with a new introduction on ornithology.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateAug 26, 2016
    ISBN9781473356689
    Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight

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      Book preview

      Wing-Tips - The Identification of Birds in Flight - Roland Green

      WING-TIPS

      THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIRDS

      IN FLIGHT

      BY

      ROLAND GREEN

      WITH FIFTY-SIX DRAWINGS

      BY THE AUTHOR

      1947

      Copyright © 2013 Read Books Ltd.

      This book is copyright and may not be reproduced or copied in any way without the express permission of the publisher in writing

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      Ornithology

      Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Etymologically, the word ‘ornithology’ derives from the ancient Greek ὄρνις ornis (bird) and λόγος logos (rationale or explanation). The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches and conservation. Whilst early ornithology was principally concerned with descriptions and distributions of species, ornithologists today seek answers to very specific questions, often using birds as models to test hypotheses or predictions based on theories. However, most modern biological theories apply across taxonomic groups, and consequently, the number of professional scientists who identify themselves as ‘ornithologists’ has declined. That this specific science has become part of the biological mainstream though, is in itself a testament to the field’s importance.

      Humans observed birds from the earliest times, and Stone Age drawings are among the oldest indications of an interest in birds, primarily due to their importance as a food source. One of the first key texts on ornithology was Aristotle’s Historia Animalium (350 BC), in which he noted the habit of bird migration, moulting, egg laying and life span. He also propagated several, unfortunately false myths, such as the idea that swallows hibernated in winter. This idea became so well established, that even as late as 1878, Elliott Coues (an American surgeon, historian and ornithologist) could list as many as 182 contemporary publications dealing with the hibernation of swallows. In the Seventeenth century, Francis Willughby (1635–1672) and John Ray (1627–1705) came up with the first major system of bird classification that was based on function and morphology rather than on form or behaviour, this was a major breakthrough in terms of scientific thought, and Willughby's Ornithologiae libri tres (1676), completed by John Ray is often thought to mark the beginning of methodical ornithology. It was not until the Victorian era though, with the emergence of the gun and the concept of natural history, that ornithology emerged as a specialized science. This specialization

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