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    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications
    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications
    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications
    Ebook464 pages7 hours

    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications

    By Charlie Chunlin Li

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    About this ebook

    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications brings current theoretical and practical developments in the most widely used support device for underground rock excavations. Today, one cannot find any rock excavation project that does not use rockbolts for rock support. The worldwide annual assumption of rockbolts is in the billions, with pieces applied to mines, tunnels and other types of geotechnical projects for rock and soil reinforcement. The text is based on over 25 years of experience of the author both as academic and practitioner.

    The book introduces the principles and background concepts of rock support, and then offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanics of rockbolting, as well as current rock bolt types such as mechanical, grouted, self-drilling, grouted cables, frictional and yield rockbolts. Installation and performance assessment are covered next including load-displacement curves and energy-absorption capacities.

    Two chapters on design and quality control, respectively, cover failure mechanics, the selection process and the connections with other supporting devices. On quality control, the author explains the usual tests and displacement measurements. The final chapter brings current case studies that combine the concepts presented in the whole book. The book is a professional reference for engineers in the mining and geotechnical industries and can be used as research material for academics in rock mechanics and stability studies.

    • Offers theoretical knowledge on rock bolts and rockbolting
    • Covers the standard and most recent types of rockbolts
    • Includes information on rockbolting in high stress rock
    • Presents case studies that introduce practical applications in several conditions
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateMay 22, 2017
    ISBN9780128499009
    Rockbolting: Principles and Applications
    Author

    Charlie Chunlin Li

    Dr. Charlie Chunlin Li has a career of over 25 years in rock mechanics for mining and civil engineering. He received his BEng and MEng in geological engineering from the Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in China, his Licentiate and PhD in rock mechanics from the Luleå University of Technology (LTU) in Sweden. He worked as a research associate and then associate professor (Docent) at LTU for 7 years after his PhD study. After that he worked as a mining engineer in a Swedish deep metal mine for 4.5 years. He was appointed as Professor of Rock Mechanics in the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in 2004 and has since been in charge of teaching and research programs in rock mechanics for mining and civil engineering in NTNU. He was part-time Chief Technology Officer for Dynamic Rock Support AS (DRS) from 2008 to 2013. Professor Li is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA). He is nominated to the ISRM vice president for Europe of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) (Election in May 2015).

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      Book preview

      Rockbolting - Charlie Chunlin Li

      (ISRM).

      Chapter One

      Introduction

      Abstract

      The use of rockbolts in mines and tunnels is briefed. The reinforcement effect of rockbolts is demonstrated through an example of rock fall in a mine drift. The layout of the book is presented.

      Keywords

      Layout; Rockbolts; Reinforcement effect

      The use of rockbolts for rock reinforcement was documented in the end of the 1800s (US Bureau of Mines, 1987). In the beginning of the 1900s, rockbolting was introduced in coal mines as a means of ground control. Rockbolt is today the most widely used and the prominent support device in rock support systems in underground mines and civil tunnels. In general, rockbolts are installed in a distance of 1.5–2.5 m in civil tunnels but can be of 1 m or less in underground mines. Fig. 1.1 shows the bolting pattern in a deep metal mine. The bolt spacing in that mine is either 1 m×1 m or 0.75 m×0.75 m. The annual consumption of rockbolts in civil and mining engineering is estimated to be several hundred millions.

      Fig. 1.1 Rockbolts installed in a mine drift.

      Rockbolts are installed inside the rock mass so that it is hard to see by eyes how they perform in the rock mass. Therefore, there are concerns and even suspicions on the reinforcement function of rockbolts. The necessity of rockbolts in a rock support system can be illuminated in the example presented in Fig. 1.2 that shows the collapse of the hanging wall and roof of a cut-and-fill mine drift at a depth of 1000 m. The support system in the drift consisted of 60 mm thick steel-fiber-reinforced shotcrete and systematic bolting with 2.7 m long fully grouted rebar bolts. The bolting pattern was 1 m×1 m. The hanging wall started to fracture up, and the roof displacement speeded up ~1 year before the collapse. Extra bolting and shotcrete arches were added to improve the stability of the fractured zone. Both the roof displacement and the speed of fracture opening significantly slowed down after the rehabilitation reinforcement measures. The wall and roof came down one year later after the mining operation was successfully completed. Some of the rockbolts exposed on the rock debris were napped and others pulled out. Obviously, the fallen rock party could not stand for one year before the collapse without the reinforcement of the rockbolts.

      Fig. 1.2 Wall and roof collapse in a mine drift at depth of 1000 m.

      The reinforcement function of a rockbolt or a cablebolt can be reflected by the load on the bearing plate. Fig. 1.3A shows the loaded bearing plate of a cablebolt. The plate load is estimated to be ~200 kN based on the deflection degree of the plate. The plate deflection and the punch failure of the shotcrete underneath indicate that the cablebolt provided good retaining to the tunnel wall through the bearing plate. The loading pattern along a rockbolt is complicated, depending on the rock mass quality, the rock joint pattern, the rock stresses, and the anchoring mechanism of the bolt. Rockbolts in the same place may fail in different modes, particularly when they are subjected to dynamic loading such as after a rockburst event. Fig. 1.4 shows some rockbolts exposed after a rockburst event in a mine drift. Some bolts snapped at the thread (A), some snapped in the shank (B and D), and some lost their function because of rock unraveling (C). A good understanding of the interaction of rockbolts with the rock mass is helpful for rockbolting design.

      Fig. 1.3 (A) Loaded cablebolt plate and (B) failed rockbolts on site. ((A) Courtesy of P. Mikula.)

      Fig. 1.4 Failure modes of rockbolts after a rockburst event: (A) snapped at thread, (B) snapped in the shank, (C) unraveling around the bolt, and (D) the barrel and wedge of a twin cablebolt slipped off and one strand snapped. (Courtesy of B. Simser.)

      This book gives the state of the art of rockbolting at present. It provides a comprehensive view of theories, tests and applications in rockbolting. Typical rockbolts used in practice are introduced in Chapter 2. They include both conventional rockbolts (mechanical bolt, fully grouted bolt, self-drilling bolt, frictional bolt, combined rockbolt, and cablebolt) and also energy-absorbing (yield) rockbolts that appear in the recent years. The structure, anchoring mechanism and specifications of every type of rockbolt are presented in detail. Rockbolt accessories, plates, nuts, and washers are also presented. Theories of individual rockbolts are covered in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 deals with the mechanics of rockbolts in the aspects of anchoring mechanism and interactions between the bolts, the rock and other support devices (such as plates, mesh, and shotcrete). The philosophy of rock support on the basis of the ground response curve (GRC) is also introduced in this chapter. The performance of individual rockbolts is presented in Chapter 4 through both laboratory pull and shear tests and field observations on the behavior of rockbolts. Typical laboratory test methods for rockbolts are also introduced in this chapter. Rockbolting design is talked about in Chapter 5. The failure modes of rock masses and loading conditions in underground are first presented in the chapter, which are the important information for rockbolting design. The design principles, including the concept of load-bearing arch, bolting methodology, dimensioning, factor of safety, and compatibility between support devices, are then presented. Individual types of rockbolting are also presented in this chapter. The installation procedures for individual rockbolts are presented in Chapter 6. Quality control tests of rockbolts, including material quality control, performance control, and control of load capacity, are introduced in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 is a summary of the numerical modeling for rockbolting. Local and global reinforcement models for rockbolts used in numerical modeling are introduced in this chapter. Chapter 9 presents a number of practical cases in rockbolting. The majority of the cases were collected from mines where the reinforcement effect of the rockbolts could be physically inspected and assessed. Two of the cases were about rockbolting practice in large civil caverns, one hydropower machine hall and one underground sport stadium.

      Terminologies used in this book are as follows:

      • A rockbolt is a bar (or tube), usually made of steel, fixed into rock either mechanically or by grouting. It is either pretensioned or not.

      • A cablebolt is a single or multistrands that are made of twisted steel wires. It is usually fixed into rock by grouting.

      • Bolt head refers to the end of the bolt that extrudes out of the borehole where a faceplate, nut, and washer are attached. It transmits the load from the shank to the rock face.

      • Distal end refers to the end of the bolt situated furthest from the bolt head.

      • Shank, or tendon, is the body of the rockbolt that transmits the tensile load from the anchor to the bolt head.

      • Debonding is the breakdown of bond at an interface.

      • Decoupling is the separation of the bolt and the grout to provide a frictionless interface.

      • Proof load is the maximum pull load to which a bolt is subjected during stressing.

      • A faceplate is the plate, usually made of steel, attached to the bolt head to transmit the load from the rockbolt to the rock face.

      • Active reinforcing devices are stressed with a design working load on installation. Tensioned rockbolts are of this category.

      • Passive reinforcing devices are not stressed on installation. Untensioned rockbolts are of this category.

      Reference

      US Bureau of Mines. State-of-the-art and physical properties of rock support system. Comparative Study of Rock Support Systems for a High Level Nuclear Waste Geologic Repository in Salt. 1987 Report, Appendix 3, 187 p.

      Chapter Two

      Typical Rockbolts

      Abstract

      Typical rockbolts for rock reinforcement in underground excavation are introduced in this chapter. They are mechanical rockbolt, cement- or resin-grouted rockbolt, self-drilling bolt, frictional split set and inflatable rockbolt, combined rockbolt, cablebolt, and energy-absorbing rockbolt. The structure, anchoring mechanism, and specifications of every type of rockbolt are presented in detail. Rockbolt accessories, plates, nuts, and washers are also presented.

      Keywords

      Typical rockbolt; Mechanical rockbolt; Grouted rockbolt; Frictional rockbolt; Energy-absorbing rockbolt

      Contents

      2.1 Introduction

      2.2 Mechanical Rockbolt

      2.2.1 Expansion Shell Rockbolt

      2.2.2 Slot-and-Wedge Rockbolt

      2.3 Grouted Rockbolt

      2.3.1 Fully Grouted Rebar Bolt

      2.3.2 Fully Grouted Threadbar

      2.3.3 End-Grouted Bolt

      2.3.4 Fully Grouted Slot-and-Wedge Rockbolt

      2.4 Self-Drilling Rockbolt

      2.5 Cablebolt

      2.6 Frictional Rockbolt

      2.6.1 Split Set

      2.6.2 Inflatable

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