101 Amazing Facts about The Orchestra
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101 Amazing Facts about The Orchestra - Jack Goldstein
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The Orchestra
An orchestra is a large collection of instruments (and their players) used in classical music.
As time has progressed, although there have been minor changes and additions to the instruments used, the basic structure of an orchestra is mostly the same as it has been for hundreds of years.
A full-size orchestra will generally consist of some eighty to one hundred musicians and is often called a symphony or philharmonic orchestra. This is in contrast to the smaller chamber orchestra which has no more than fifty players.
The orchestra is split up into various sections, the main ones being the strings, brass, woodwind and percussion. A fairly common fifth section is called the keyboard section, in which a piano, organ or even harp can be found.
The exact setup of an orchestra will vary depending on the composition being played. Some composers (such as Wagner) featured instruments that they specifically designed (or at least modified - in his case the Wager Tuba) and in 20th century works one can often find electronic instruments and some even stranger devices - more of which will be revealed later on in this book!
An orchestra is led by a conductor. This person directs the performance of the musicians with visual gestures, controlling the tempo (speed) of the music as well as the sound mixture - for instance indicating for a section to increase or decrease their playing volume.
A wide repertoire of music is played by orchestras, including overtures, concertos and symphonies as well as music written for ballets and opera performances.
In many circumstances, a choir or individual vocalists will perform with an orchestra.
It is commonly believed that the collection of instruments of which an orchestra is comprised were standardised around the classical period in music history - from around 1750 to the 1820s.
It was in the early 19th century that Ludwig van Beethoven was composing pieces for orchestra, and certain facets of the modern orchestra - such as having double wind and brass sections as standard - are generally attributed to his influence; almost without exception he included paired instruments within these sections.
A Conductor’s Baton
Strings - Part 1
Violin - The violin is the smallest (and therefore highest-pitched)