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    Physiology of Strength
    Physiology of Strength
    Physiology of Strength
    Ebook115 pages1 hour

    Physiology of Strength

    By Dr. Theodor Hettinger and Prof. Arthur H. Steinhaus

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    First published in 1961, “[T]his book is the result of ten years of research and experiment in the problems of muscle strength and muscle training at the Max-Planck-Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany supplemented by further work at the Lankenau Hospital, Division of Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There is provided the present status of these problems, and there is demonstrated how muscle strength may be built and maintained with a minimum of time and effort.

    “The methods used are adaptable, with suitable modification, to children, to average young people, to athletes in training, to sedentary workers and older persons who wish to maintain bodily strength, and to those who have undergone surgery and need rehabilitation of the muscle structure—in short, to anyone who wishes to develop and maintain good muscle tone.

    “A strong and well-built body not only has pleasing appearance, it permits the undertaking of arduous physical activities or active sports without undue fatigue, and with real enjoyment.

    “It is the author’s hope that in this age of fast living and nervous tension, when there often seems neither time nor place for extensive exercise, this book will assist those who wish to maintain bodily strength and fitness—simply, at home, without elaborate equipment—on a do-it-yourself basis. It should prove of special benefit to teachers of physical education and rehabilitation.”—THEODOR HETTINGER, M.D.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMuriwai Books
    Release dateJun 28, 2017
    ISBN9781787205222
    Physiology of Strength
    Author

    Dr. Theodor Hettinger

    Theodor Hettinger (March 20, 1922 - March 9, 1994) was a German physician and co-founder of modern occupational medicine. He was born in Niederselters, Germany and attended at the Medical Faculty of the University of Frankfurt am Main, graduating in 1948. Following his studies, he was employed at a hospital in Katzenelnbogen (near his birthplace) and at the Max Planck Institute in Dortmund. He was also intermittently stationed at the Lankenau Hospital in Philadelphia. He was also the manager of the business center at Rheinstahl AG in Mülheim from 1960-1976. He completed his thesis at the RWTH Aachen University in 1968 and subsequently became a Privatdozent (denotes the ability to teach a designated subject at university level, without being a professor), a position he held until 1976, at which time he moved to the Bergische Universität Wuppertal (founded in 1972) and took up a professorship at their Institute for Occupational Medicine, Safety and Ergonomics (ASER). He retired a few days after his 65th birthday. He was awarded the Ruhr Prize for Art and Science from the City of Mülheim in 1972 and the Prize of the Congress for Occupational Safety and Health in 1981. Hettinger died in Mülheim an der Ruhr in 1994.

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      Book preview

      Physiology of Strength - Dr. Theodor Hettinger

      This edition is published by Muriwai Books – www.pp-publishing.com

      To join our mailing list for new titles or for issues with our books – muriwaibooks@gmail.com

      Or on Facebook

      Text originally published in 1961 under the same title.

      © Muriwai Books 2017, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

      Publisher’s Note

      Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

      We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

      PHYSIOLOGY OF STRENGTH

      By

      THEODOR HETTINGER, M.D.

      Research Fellow, Max-Planck-Institut

      Dortmund, Germany

      Edited by

      M. H. THURLWELL

      St. Petersburg, Florida

      With Forewords by

      ARTHUR H STEINHAUS, Ph.D.

      Professor of Physiology and Dean

      George Williams College

      Chicago, Illinois

      and

      WILLIAM J. ERDMAN, II, M.D.

      Professor and Chairman

      Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

      Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Contents

      TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

      FOREWORD 4

      FOREWORD 6

      PREFACE 7

      ACKNOWLEDGMENT 8

      Chapter 1 — INTRODUCTION 9

      Chapter II — STRENGTH IN RELATION TO AGE AND SEX 12

      ABSOLUTE MUSCLE STRENGTH 15

      MUSCLE STRENGTH RELATED TO MUSCLE LENGTH 17

      MEASUREMENTS IN MUSCLE STRENGTH 18

      Chapter III — MUSCLE TRAINING 21

      GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS 21

      GENERAL OBSERVATION OF TRAINING STIMULUS 22

      STIMULUS REQUIRED FOR INCREASE IN MUSCLE STRENGTH 25

      TRAINABILITY OF VARIOUS MUSCLE GROUPS 36

      INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS UPON TRAINABILITY 38

      TRAINABILITY IN RELATION TO AGE AND SEX 41

      SUMMARY 50

      MUSCLE STRENGTH AFTER TRAINING 50

      PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 59

      MUSCLE TRAINING WITH DYNAMOMETERS 60

      DO-IT-YOURSELF MUSCLE TRAINING 61

      MUSCLE TRAINING IN CHILDREN 66

      SUMMARY 66

      REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 68

      FOREWORD

      That muscles grow in size and increase in strength with use was no doubt known to prehistoric man and may therefore be listed among the earliest physiologic observations. But the nature of this increase and its intimate cause are still only partly understood. In 1897, Professor B. Morpurgo of the Pathological Institute of the University of Siena demonstrated on dogs that a fifty percent increase in cross section following exercise was due to growth of muscle fibers already present, i.e. true hypertrophy and not to an increase in the number of fibers. His findings also indicate that there was a maximum size to which fibers could grow. Thus he produced data that explain why there is a limit to the amount of growth that any muscle can undergo.

      In 1905 Roux formulated the aktivitätshypertrophie theory and in 1917 his student, Lange, postulated that only when a muscle was required to perform work of an intensity beyond the usual, would it respond with growth. This was the first clear enunciation of the overload theory that has come to be the most basic principle in exercise physiology. In 1925 Petow and Siebert presented the first experimental demonstration in support of this theory when they showed that hypertrophy followed only when work of greater intensity than usual was required of a muscle. An increase in the duration of work without increased intensity was without effect.

      With these facts established there remained yet a number of perplexing questions. How much is overload, i.e. how much increase above the usual intensity of work is necessary to initiate hypertrophy? Is the hypertrophy greater or faster depending on the extent of this increase? At what level of intensity does the usual become overload? How is the strength that is required of a muscle for its usual work related to its maximal strength? What is the nature of the stimulus that excites a muscle to hypertrophy?

      These questions have begun to find answer in the work of Müller and Hettinger at the Max Planck Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie in Dortmund, Germany where for more than ten years systematic experimentation has been directed toward their solution. Dr. Th. Hettinger, who until the summer of 1960 as a research associate in the Institut has worked with Professor E. A. Miller, is a most authoritative spokesman concerning the findings of this monumental attack on the remaining problems of muscle strength. He is also excellently qualified to interpret these findings for those interested in exercise programs and at once to indicate the present limits of o. knowledge.

      A large audience of those interested in physical education, in muscle rehabilitation, and in weight training will profit from this first full exposition of the Dortmund work in the English language. That the author has elected to present his material in a somewhat popular and highly graphic form adds to its usefulness.

      ARTHUR H STEINHAUS

      Professor of Physiology

      and Dean,

      George Williams College, Chicago

      FOREWORD

      Everyone who does occasional exercise has observed that there is relationship between the amount of exercise and its frequency and the strength of the muscles. Every coach or trainer puts his athletes through appropriate programs to increase the strength of the muscles prior to undertaking rigorous contests. There are almost as many exercise routines established as there are persons proposing them. Many conflicting and confusing statements appear in the literature concerning the advisability and preference of isometric or isotonic exercises.

      Dr. Hettinger has set forth very clearly and concisely the merits for a particular routine which he has demonstrated to have the greatest effectiveness in increasing muscle strength. His statements comprise a stimulating and challenging concept which certainly is not being employed clinically at the present time. His observations and proposals are worthy of serious consideration by all physicians interested in increasing the muscle strength of their patients or in the maintenance of good muscular tone.

      The conclusions are particularly appropriate for those situations where minimal movement of joints is permissible during exercise. It is to be hoped that the conclusions will serve as further stimulus and challenge to those who may wish to implement or augment the routines for particular situations.

      WILLIAM J. ERDMAN II, M.D.

      Professor and Chairman, Departments of

      Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,

      School of Medicine and Graduate Medical

      School, University of Pennsylvania,

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

      PREFACE

      This book is the result of ten years of research and experiment in the problems of muscle strength and muscle training at

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