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    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases
    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases
    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases
    Ebook230 pages2 hours

    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases

    By Crispian Scully, Jacobo Limeres Posse and Pedro Diz Dios

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    About this ebook

    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases provides a review of saliva protection, raising debate on micro-organisms potentially transmissible in saliva, and also considering the evidence on diseases that may be transmitted by kissing. Saliva is a complex body fluid essential to health, especially mastication, swallowing and speech, and hyposalivation can lead to dysfunction and even infection. More serious pathogens, such as herpes viruses and papillomaviruses can be conveyed by kissing, as can potentially lethal micro-organisms present in some saliva, such as meningococci, fungal organisms and Ebola viruses.

    • Stipulates the defensive roles of saliva, an important topic not previously reviewed in-depth in literature
    • Provides awareness that saliva also transmits infectious agents that can produce serious or even lethal diseases
    • Gives understanding that kissing may be an at-risk practice
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateJul 19, 2017
    ISBN9780128136829
    Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases
    Author

    Crispian Scully

    Crispian Scully is a Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Health-General Health; and is emeritus Professor at UCL. He is Co-Editor of Oral Diseases, Medicina Oral, and Associate Editor of the Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry. Crispian Scully is Past-President of the International Academy of Oral Oncology, European Association of Oral Medicine, British Society for Oral Medicine and British Society of Disability and Oral Health, he has served as Dean in Bristol and UCL; on the General Dental Council; on the Councils of the Royals colleges in Glasgow and Edinburgh; and on committees of NICE and CRUK, He has written and edited over 45 books, written over 150 book chapters and has over 1000 papers cited on MEDLINE. He has received the CBE, University of Helsinki Medal of Honour, University of Santiago de Compostela Medal, University of Granada Medal, Fellowship of UCL, and honorary degrees from the Universities of Athens, Granada, Helsinki and Pretoria. He has received the UK Dental Award for the Most Outstanding Achievements in Dentistry, the Awards of the Spanish Society for Oral Medicine and the Hellenic Society for Oral Medicine, and the International Award of the Spanish Society for Oral Surgery.

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      Book preview

      Saliva Protection and Transmissible Diseases - Crispian Scully

      route.

      Chapter 1

      Infection Transmission by Saliva and the Paradoxical Protective Role of Saliva

      Abstract

      Saliva is produced by both major (parotid and submandibular and sublingual) and minor (located in the mouth) glands, with different constituents and properties between the two groups. In the mouth saliva is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, watery liquid containing 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic substances and dissolved gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. Salivary constituents can be grouped into proteins (e.g., amylase and lysozyme), organic molecules (e.g., urea, lipids, and glucose mainly), and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphates). Cellular elements such as epithelial cells, leukocytes and various hormones, and vitamins have also been detected. The composition of saliva is modified, depending on factors such as secreted amount, circadian rhythm, duration and nature of stimuli, diet, and medication intake, among others.

      Keywords

      Saliva; infection; transmission; kissing; protective; agglutinins; defensins; histatins; mucins

      1.1 Saliva Composition and Secretion

      Saliva is produced by both major (parotid and submandibular and sublingual) and minor (located in the mouth) glands, with different constituents and properties between the two groups. In the mouth saliva is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, watery liquid containing 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic substances and dissolved gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. Salivary constituents can be grouped into proteins (e.g., amylase and lysozyme), organic molecules (e.g., urea, lipids, and glucose mainly), and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphates).¹ Cellular elements such as epithelial cells, leucocytes and various hormones, and vitamins have also been detected. The composition of saliva is modified, depending on factors such as secreted amount, circadian rhythm, duration and nature of stimuli, diet, and medication intake, among others.

      Despite this heterogeneous composition, from the functional point of view saliva has to be considered as a unique biological fluid, and not as the sum of its biochemical components.²,³

      Salivary secretion and maintenance of a film of saliva on oral surfaces is dependent upon nerve-mediated, reflex salivary gland secretion mainly stimulated by taste. The afferent arm is mainly activated by stimulation of chemoreceptors (located in the taste buds) and mechanoreceptors (located in the periodontal ligament).⁴ Olfaction, mental processes, and stretch of the stomach are weak stimuli. Impulses affecting secretion depending on the emotional state are carried by afferent cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X to the CNS salivary nuclei (salivation center) in the medulla oblongata. The efferent part of the reflex is mainly parasympathetic. The cranial nerve VII provides control of the submandibular, sublingual, and minor glands, whereas the cranial nerve IX controls the parotid glands. The flow of saliva is enhanced by sympathetic innervation, which promotes contraction of muscle fibers around the salivary ducts.⁵ Autonomic nerves also have an important role in both gland development and function.⁶ A dry mouth is a common experience where there is

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