Advanced Korean: Includes Downloadable Sino-Korean Companion Workbook

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The Tuttle Story: Books to Span the East and West

Many people are surprised to learn that the world’s leading publisher of books on Asia had humble beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont. The company’s founder, Charles E. Tuttle, belonged to a New England family steeped in publishing.

Tuttle’s father was a noted antiquarian book dealer in Rutland, Vermont. Young Charles honed his knowledge of the trade working in the family bookstore, and later in the rare books section of Columbia University Library. His passion for beautiful books—old and new—never wavered throughout his long career as a bookseller and publisher.

After graduating from Harvard, Tuttle enlisted in the military and in 1945 was sent to Tokyo to work on General Douglas MacArthur’s staff. He was tasked with helping to revive the Japanese publishing industry, which had been utterly devastated by the war. After his tour of duty was completed, he left the military, married a talented and beautiful singer, Reiko Chiba, and in 1948 began several successful business ventures.

To his astonishment, Tuttle discovered that postwar Tokyo was actually a book-lover’s paradise. He befriended dealers in the Kanda district and began supplying rare Japanese editions to American libraries. He also imported American books to sell to the thousands of GIs stationed in Japan. By 1949, Tuttle’s business was thriving, and he opened Tokyo’s very first English-language bookstore in the Takashimaya Department Store in Nihonbashi, to great success. Two years later, he began publishing books to fulfill the growing interest of foreigners in all things Asian.

Though a westerner, Tuttle was hugely instrumental in bringing a knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East. By the time of his death in 1993, he had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art—a legacy honored by Emperor Hirohito in 1983 with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, the highest honor Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese.

The Tuttle company today maintains an active backlist of some 1,500 titles, many of which have been continuously in print since the 1950s and 1960s—a great testament to Charles Tuttle’s skill as a publisher. More than 60 years after its founding, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its history, still inspired by Charles Tuttle’s core mission—to publish fine books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each.

Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

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Copyright © 2015 by Ross King, Jaehoon Yeon, Chungsook Kim and Donald Baker

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CONTENTS

Preface

More about This Book

LESSON ONE: 그 사람이 왜 그러는지 알 수가 없었다

New Vocabulary

Patterns

1.1. Startling Close-ups with –더니

1.2. Transferentive –다(가)

1.3. On top of... –ing, [what’s more...] with –(으)ㄴ / 는데다(가)

1.4. If/when one tries doing it over a period of time, then [the next thing one knows] with –다(가) 보니

1.5. Perhaps because... with –(으)ㄴ지, –는지

1.6. No... at all with 아무...도 and any... at all with 아무...(이)나

1.7. For fear that/lest... with –(으)ㄹ까 봐(서)

Exercises

LESSON TWO: 로마에 가면 로마법을 따르라는 말이 있잖아요

New Vocabulary

Patterns

2.1. Because / on account of with –(으)ㄴ / –는 바람에

2.2. [It is the expectation/intention that] someone would be/do; would have been/done with –(으)ㄹ 텐데(요)

2.2.1. Expressing Intentions with –(으)ㄹ 테(이)–

2.2.2. It is the expectation/intention that... ["but/and" elaboration] with –(으)ㄹ 텐데(요)

2.2.3. Because / seeing as it is the expectation ~ intention that... with –(으)ㄹ테니(까)

2.3. Quoted Commands with –(으)라고 (말)하–, 달라고 하–

2.4. Rhetorical Retorts with –잖아(요)

2.5. It is only/simply a case of NOUN with NOUN뿐이– and all one does/did is/was... with –(으)ㄹ 뿐이–

2.6. Eventual Development of an Action with –고 마–ㄹ–

Exercises

LESSON THREE: 다시는 영어로 말하지 말아야지

New Vocabulary

Patterns

3.1. It is not the case that... [but rather] with NOUN이 / 가 아니라

3.2. Instrumental Particle (으)로

3.3. On the way to / one is just on the way to... with –는 길에 / –는 길이–

3.4. Quoted Statements with –다고

3.5. Seems... with –나 보– ~ –(으)ㄴ / –는가 보–

3.5.1. Modifier + –(으)ㄴ / –는가 보–

3.5.2. Base + –나 보–

3.6. Has to / must do [of course / don’t ya know, i.e., emphatic] with –아 / –어야 [하–]지(요)

3.7. Three New Auxiliary Verbs: 놓–, 버리–, 두–

3.8. Pretends to... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 척하–

Exercises

LESSON FOUR: 우리 나라에는 보드카가 마시고 남을 만큼 흔합니다

New Vocabulary

Patterns

4.1. Quoted Questions with –냐고

4.2. As much as / as... as NOUN with NOUN만큼 and to the extent that... with –(으)ㄹ 만큼

4.3. Startling Close-ups with –더니 Again

4.4. Post-modifier 줄

4.4.1. Know-how with –(으)ㄹ 줄

4.4.2. Thinks/assumes that... with 줄(로) 아–ㄹ– and not know/realize that... with 줄(을) 모르–

4.5. To the extent that... with –(으)ㄹ 정도이– and –(으)ㄹ 정도로

4.6. Is it true that...? with –다면서(요)? ~ –(이)라면서(요)?

Exercises

LESSON FIVE: 복습 I

LESSON SIX: 속담

New Vocabulary

Patterns

6.1. –고 + 서 and –고 + 도

6.1.1. After... –ing with –고서

6.1.2. Even after... –ing with –고도

6.2. Generalized Truths with Modifier + 법이–

6.3. Warnings with –다가는

6.4. While you’re at it... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 김에

6.5. In the course of... –ing with –는 데에

6.6. According to and by with NOUN에 의해서

6.7. Sometimes stuff happens with –는 수(가) 있–

6.8. Pseudo-passives with –아 / –어지–

Exercises

LESSON SEVEN: 애니 네 생각이 많이 나더라

New Vocabulary

Patterns

7.1. Moving Away from the Speaker (in time) with –아 / –어 가–

7.2. I mean, in spite of the fact that... with –(으)ㄴ / –는데(도) 말이–

7.2.1. Usage of 말이–

7.2.2. Usage of –(으)ㄴ / –는데(도) 말이–

7.3. Because of... –ing with –느라(고)

7.4. Retrospective Aspect

7.4.1. Retrospective Sentences

7.4.2. The Retrospective Modifier with –던

7.4.3. –던데(요)

7.4.4. –더라고(요)

7.5. As soon as...; in accordance with... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 대로

7.5.1. As soon as... with –는 대로

7.5.2. According to; in accordance with... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 대로

7.6. ..., you see? Lead-ins and Follow-ups with –거든(요)

7.7. You know [how]...? with... 있잖아(요)?

Exercises

LESSON EIGHT: 무슨 일이 있었길래 이렇게 되었습니까?

New Vocabulary

Patterns

8.1. Almost did something with –(으)ㄹ 뻔했–

8.2. Just as it is, as it stands, with no change with –(으)ㄴ 채(로)

8.3. Has no choice but to... with –(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없–

8.4. QUESTION WORD... –길래, ...?

8.5. You should (have)...; Why didn’t/don’t you...? with (a) –지(요)–REBUKE or (b) –지 그래(요)

8.6. Is worth doing with –(으)ㄹ 만하–

8.7. Using –적(–的)

Exercises

LESSON NINE: 주말치고는 유난히 바빴던 지난 일요일이었다

New Vocabulary

Patterns

9.1. For a NOUN; considering it’s [just] a NOUN with NOUN치고(는)

9.2. Emphasizing Displacement with –아 / –어다 주–

9.3. To start by VERB-ing and from NOUN on down, starting with NOUN with NOUN부터 [+ Verb]

9.4. In accordance with and as soon as with 대로

9.5. Transferentive Directionals with 에다(가): Displacement Again

9.6. Is on the... –ing side with –(으)ㄴ / –는 편이–

Exercises

LESSON TEN: 복습 II

LESSON ELEVEN: 그런 것쯤은 우리도 알고 있어요

New Vocabulary

Patterns

11.1. Alternating or Interrupting Actions with –았 / –었다 ...–았/–었다 하–

11.2. One feels / it appears that QUOTE with –다 싶–

11.3. As if...; like with Modifier + 듯(이), Base + –듯(이); seems with Modifier + 듯하–, Base + –듯하–

11.4. Even if... / even though... with –아 / –어도

11.5. Derived Passives (피동어휘)

Exercises

LESSON TWELVE: 물고기는 물에서 살아야 되잖아요

New Vocabulary

Patterns

12.1. If one does something over a period of time [and then steps back to reflect on it] with –다 보면

12.2. Does for future reference with –아 / –어 놓–, –아 / –어 두–

12.3. Remote Past with –았/–었었–, –(이)었었–

12.4. When I... –ed, [I discovered] with –아 / –어 보니(까)

Exercises

LESSON THIRTEEN: 고맙기는요

New Vocabulary

Patterns

13.1. Perhaps it is/was [so] because [I don’t know, but]… with –아 / –어서 그런지, –아 / –어서 그랬는지

13.2. NOUN or something; NOUN or the like with NOUN –(이)라도

13.3. Was just going to... but/when with –(으)려다(가)

13.4. Causatives with –게 하– and –게 만드–ㄹ–

13.5. Whadda ya mean, VERB? with VERB –기는(요)

Exercises

LESSON FOURTEEN: 사랑하는 나의 아내에게

New Vocabulary

Patterns

14.1. Moving Toward the Speaker (in time) with –아 / –어 오–

14.2. The more... the more with (–(으)면) ...–(으)ㄹ수록

14.3. Derived Causatives (사동어휘)

14.4. Particle 에 for Causes: [be surprised, happy, angry, etc.] at, upon, on account of

14.5. While; even while/though... with –(으)면서(도)

Exercises

LESSON FIFTEEN: 복습 III

LESSON SIXTEEN: 내가 요즘 좀 바쁘니?

New Vocabulary

Patterns

16.1. Sudden Realization with –(는)군(요), –(는)구먼(요) –(는)구나!

16.2. You know how...? And, you know... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 것 ~ 거 있지(요)

16.3. Colloquial –(으)ㄴ / –는지 for –(으)ㄴ / –는 줄

16.4. Rhetorical 좀

16.5. Because with –길래

16.6. Retrospectives with –더라고(요) (again)

16.7. It was so... [let me tell you] with WH– ...(이)나 ...–다고(요)

Exercises

LESSON SEVENTEEN: 도망을 쳐 보았자 근처에서 잡힐 것이 뻔했다

New Vocabulary

Patterns

17.1. Rather than... one ought to... it would be best to with –느니 (차라리)... –겠–

17.2. Modifiers with 모양: –(으)ㄴ / –는 / –(으)ㄹ 모양이–

17.3. Even supposing one VERBs . . . [the outcome will be negative / all the same] with –아 / –어 보았자

17.4. Would you mind... –ing (for me)? I [rather stiffly and formally] request you to... for me with –았 / –었으면 하–

17.5. Even NOUN with NOUN까지

Exercises

LESSON EIGHTEEN: 설마 곰이 사람이 됐을까

New Vocabulary

Patterns

18.1. Since it is the expectation / intention that... with –(으) ㄹ 테니(까) (again)

18.2. [Did it] in the space of...; after an interval of...; within with Time expression + 만에

18.3. Does it all the way [to the end / thoroughly / through and through] with –아 / –어 내–

18.4. Let me tell ya; They say... with –(ㄴ / 는)단다, –(이)란다

18.5. Surely... not...? Surely... wouldn’t? with 설마

Exercises

LESSON NINETEEN: 외출하기가 겁납니다

New Vocabulary

Patterns

19.1. Does/is... all right, but... with –기는 하–

19.1.1. More Related Patterns: –기도 하다 ~ 한다 (I)

19.1.2. More Related Patterns: –기도 하다 ~ 한다 (II)

19.1.3. More Related Patterns: –기만 하다 ~ 한다

19.2. It’s all the same whether one does it or not; whether one does it or not, it makes no difference with –(으)나 마나

19.3. NOUN or something; NOUN or the like with NOUN(이)나

19.4. Now let me think—WH[what, who, when, etc.] was it? with (무엇, 누구, 언제, 어디, 왜, 어떻게) –더라?

19.5. Now that one has done it...; once one did it... with –고 보니

19.6. Contrary to what you might expect... with –(으)ㄴ / –는 / –(으)ㄹ걸(요)?

Exercises

LESSON TWENTY: 복습 IV

Korean–English New Vocabulary Glossary

English–Korean New Vocabulary Glossary

English Translations for the Main Texts

Korean–English Pattern Index

English–Korean Pattern Index

Answer Key

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PREFACE

This book is an updated and improved version of 한국어 3, first published in 1986 by the (then) 민 족문화연구소 or Research Center for Korean Culture at Korea University (고려대학교) in Seoul. Since that time, the Research Center has grown in scale and scope of activity, and has been renamed the 민족문화연구원 or Institute of Korean Culture; and over the years, the original version of this book has gone through at least three major revisions and multiple reprintings, all of which testify to the popularity of the book in Korean language programs, not just in Korea, but outside Korea as well.

When Ross King and Jaehoon Yeon were still teaching Korean together at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, in the early 1990s, they found that 한국어 3 provided a useful combination of review material and new materials for learners who had mastered King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean and Continuing Korean (both available from Tuttle Publishing), and since taking up his post at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Ross King has used 한국어 3 as the main textbook for Korean 300, UBC’s third-year Korean course.

But 한국어 3 in its original state was unsatisfactory for Anglophone learners. Like many textbooks produced in Korea for use in Korean university programs, the original 한국어 3 lacks detailed vocabulary lists and grammar notes. Indeed, there is no English in it at all. Thus, Advanced Korean takes the core materials in 한국어 3 and adds to them the annotational apparatus—vocabulary lists, grammatical explanations, English translations for the example sentences, comprehensive glossaries—necessary to create a more user-friendly textbook for learners using the book outside of Korea and / or for self-study. Unsure at first how to name our reincarnation of 한국어 3, we settled on Advanced Korean. This textbook is ideal for learners already familiar with King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean and Continuing Korean, but lends itself to use by a variety of learners and programs.

The division of labor amongst the three coauthors has been as follows: Chungsook Kim was the lead author of the large team of textbook developers at Korea University that created their original six-level textbook series. Thus, she is responsible for the bulk of the Korean language content in the book as well as for the main contours of the grammar pattern sequencing. Ross King and Jaehoon Yeon have developed all the grammar notes for Advanced Korean; partly on the basis of work begun at SOAS in the early 1990s on a sequel volume to King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean and Continuing Korean, and partly on the basis of new work by Ross King at UBC. All the vocabulary lists, example sentence translations, and glossaries, as well as the compilation of new exercises, along with all the inputting, formatting, and editing, were done by Ross King in conjunction with research assistants at UBC (and with feedback from both Chungsook Kim and Jaehoon Yeon).

In addition to, and parallel with the two volumes of Advanced Korean, Ross King, Chungsook Kim, and Donald Baker have developed Advanced Korean: Sino-Korean Companion as an optional Bonus Material supplement for those learners wishing to undertake the study of Chinese characters as they are used in Korean. The Sino-Korean Companion is a sort of Sino-Korean parallel universe for Advanced Korean, and assumes a knowledge of the main texts and structural patterns introduced in Advanced Korean; it introduces 500 Chinese characters (한자) in their Korean readings with a view to helping students teach themselves 한자 in order to improve their knowledge of Sino-Korean vocabulary. Readers are invited to refer to the prefatory material for the Sino-Korean Companion on page 340 of this book for further information.

Most of the hard work in preparing Advanced Korean has been carried out by research assistants working with Ross King at UBC: Kiyoe Minami, Sinae Park, and Jung Hwang in the first phase of work; in the second phase, both Sunah Cho and Leif Olsen put in many hours of work on the files and made numerous helpful suggestions concerning content and format; in the third phase, UBC Lecturer in Korean, Eurie Shin, has also made countless improvements to the book as a result of her own experience teaching from the beta version. Finally, UBC PhD student in Korean Language and Linguistics, Scott Wells, and Visiting Lecturer in Korean Language, Youngmi Cho, provided invaluable assistance in preparing the files for the publisher. Moreover, several cohorts of UBC students have suffered through beta versions of Advanced Korean since 1995. The authors are grateful to all these students for their patience and feedback. The 2003–2004 UBC Korean 300 cohort deserves special thanks (Shiho Maeshima, Wayne Taylor, Tina Lee, Janie Hong, Frank Rausch, Christine Kim, and David Lee), as does the 2005–2006 cohort (David Bae, Sunny Oh, Sally Suh, Yoon Chung, Mike Whale, and Andrew Pugsley). The authors wish to thank Daniel Martig and Stefan Ewing for invaluable comments, as well.

The authors also owe a debt of thanks to several colleagues who have published useful reference manuals and textbooks in recent years. Thus, Ihm, Hong, and Chang’s Korean Grammar for International Learners (2001), which Ross King had the privilege of translating into English, has been invaluable for the occasional example sentence, and both this work and the accompanying workbook in Korean by the same authors (1997) have been useful for generating exercises for certain grammar points not originally presented in 한국어 3. Likewise for 백봉자 (1999) and 이희자 & 이종희 (2001), two other manuals of Korean grammar full of useful explanations and example sentences—we have borrowed and adapted numerous examples from these works. The excellent, but now out-of-print Myongdo textbooks—the Intermediate Korean, Part I volume, in particular—have provided the inspiration for the Main Text in Lesson Six on proverbs. Finally, the authors wish to register their gratitude to the Korea Foundation for the teaching materials development grant that funded this project at UBC, and to UBC MA student Sean Bussell for proofreading the final page proofs..

References

Ihm, Ho Bin, Kyung Pyo Hong, and Suk In Chang. 2001. Korean grammar for international learners (new edition). Seoul: Yonsei University Press.

Kim, Nam-Kil. 2000. Modern Korean: An intermediate reader. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.

King, Ross and Jaehoon Yeon. 2000. Elementary Korean. Tokyo, Japan and Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing Co.

King, Ross and Jaehoon Yeon with Insun Lee. 2002. Continuing Korean. Tokyo, Japan and Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing Co.

Myongdo Language Institute, Franciscan Friars. 1977. Intermediate Korean: Part I. Seoul: Myongdo Language Institute.

백봉자. 1999. 외국어로서의 한국어 문법 사전. 서울: 연세대학교 출판부.

이희자 & 이종희. 2001. 한국어 학습용 어미-조사 사전. 서울: 한국문화사.

임호빈, 홍경표 & 장숙인. 1997. 외국인을 위한 한국어 문법 Workbook (신개정). 서울: 연세 대학교 출판부.

About the Authors

Ross King completed his BA in linguistics and political science at Yale in 1983, then his MA (1985) and PhD (1991) in linguistics at Harvard. Currently he is professor of Korean and head of department in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. His email: ross.king@ubc.ca.

Chungsook Kim completed her BA in Korean language and literature at Korea University in 1984 and subsequently earned her MA (1986) and PhD (1992) from the same institution. Currently, she is a professor at Korea University in Seoul. Her email: kmjane@korea.ac.kr

Jaehoon Yeon completed his BA (1984) and MA (1986) in linguistics at Seoul National University, and then PhD (1994) in linguistics at the University of London. Currently he is professor of Korean language and linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He is the author of many books for Korean language learners. His email: jyl@soas.ac.uk

Donald Baker is professor of Korean civilization in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. A cultural historian, he has published extensively on religion, philosophy, and traditional science in pre-modern Korea. His email: don.baker@ubc.ca

MORE ABOUT THIS BOOK

Structure and Contents

The authors see Advanced Korean as ideal for self-study, but also as a relatively solid backbone around which any resourceful teacher could teach an advanced course. Thus, Advanced Korean is not necessarily targeted at the university classroom market, but is, we would maintain, suitable enough for it.

Advanced Korean consists of twenty lessons, where Lessons Five, Ten, Fifteen, and Twenty are short sentence pattern reviews and the other lessons consist of the following sections:

–Main Text

–Vocabulary

–Patterns (usually from 5–8 structural patterns)

–Exercises (Comprehension Questions, Pattern Practice, Field Work / Composition)

Needless to say, if used as part of a university course, Advanced Korean can (and should) be supplemented by other activities as and when the teacher feels appropriate.

Advanced Korean does not contain any explicit sections on culture, but cultural points touched on in the Main Texts are: Korean humor and jokes, proverbs, mythology, daily life, cross-cultural encounters and comparisons, and letter writing. It is essentially a reader in a light vein, not a conversation book, and it is to the credit of the original text’s authors that it does not fixate on high culture and obvious national icons. It is also not particularly time-bound, meaning that the contents are unlikely to sound dated at any time soon.

About the Exercises

The exercises at the end of each lesson are designed primarily as written homework, not as oral exercises for the classroom. We have deliberately omitted oral pattern drills from the lessons because we feel such drills take up unnecessary space and can easily be constructed by the teacher.

Target Audience

This book, along with its (optional) Bonus Material, Advanced Korean: Sino-Korean Companion, is targeted in the first instance at those highly motivated learners of Korean who have completed two years of college-level Korean instruction or the equivalent, and wish to continue with their studies, whether through self-study or in a formal course. In the latter case, the question arises as to how best to use this book in an Anglophone university setting. Most university Korean courses in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand meet four or five hours per week. At this pace, the authors would recommend covering one lesson every six to ten classroom hours (i.e., one lesson every two weeks), in which the students have at least a thirty-minute quiz at the end of every other week. But the authors recognize that different students and different courses proceed at different paces, and more hours would be necessary if the Sino-Korean Companion were also included as part of the course. Indeed, at UBC, the Sino-Korean Companion is covered as a separate, stand-alone course taken either simultaneously with, or after, completion of Advanced Korean.

About Vocabulary

Advanced Korean introduces a lot of vocabulary—more than a thousand items in all. The authors are skeptical of approaches to introducing vocabulary based on statistical frequency lists, since these frequency lists are never based on the vocabulary needs of university students, businessmen, or travelers learning Korean. Our book includes many sophisticated, intellectual vocabulary items—the sorts of words that mature adults would like to be able to say early in their Korean learning career. Furthermore, since Korean does not give the English speaker as many shortcut vocabulary freebies as does French or Spanish or German, it is a hard fact of life that students need to spend more time on vocabulary building.

It is also the view of the authors that some vocabulary items cost more than others to learn. This view is reflected occasionally in the layout of the vocabulary sections, where certain words are indented beneath others to indicate that these items are related to the main vocabulary item in question, and thus cost less to learn.

Other features of the vocabulary sections to be borne in mind are these: (1) all verb bases are given in the special notation introduced in King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean (see About Verbs below); (2) processive and descriptive bases are distinguished from each other by their English glosses—descriptive verbs are always preceded by be (e.g., be blue, be sad), while processive verbs are not; (3) vocabulary items in each lesson are listed in the order in which they occur in the lesson; to aid the learner in navigating these lists, they are broken up according to Vocabulary from the Main Text, Vocabulary from the Example Sentences, and Vocabulary from the Exercises. All vocabulary items from each lesson can also be found in alphabetical order in the glossaries at the back of the book; (4) some vocabulary items are illustrated with full sentences and glossed with English translations in italics in the vocabulary sections; (5) most Sino-Korean vocabulary items in Advanced Korean are given along with their Chinese characters in parentheses. These are not part of the Advanced Korean course, and are given as a courtesy and aid to those (increasingly many) learners who already have some knowledge of Chinese characters through prior exposure to either Japanese or Chinese. Users of the book with no knowledge of these languages can ignore the Chinese characters.

About Verbs

This book follows King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean and Continuing Korean in its treatment of the so-called irregular verbs and in its notations for verb base types in the vocabulary lists and glossaries. This is most significant for the ㅂ~w verbs and ㄷ~ㄹ verbs, but also applies to the ㄹ-extending verbs. Verbs with the ㅂ~w alternation end in final ...w–: 더w– (덥다) be hot; verbs with the ㄷ~ㄹ alternation end in final ...ㄹ–: 들– (듣다) listen; and ㄹ-extending verbs end in –ㄹ–: 드–ㄹ– (들 다) enter; lift /hold. But because not all users of this book will be familiar with this system, we also give traditional dictionary forms in –다. For example, 더w– (덥다) be hot, 들– (듣다) listen, 드–ㄹ– (들다), etc. In this system (covered in King & Yeon’s Elementary Korean), students learn a rule which changes w to ㅂ before consonants, e.g., hot 더w– + –다 → 덥다 (see below for use of linguistic symbols in this book). The w counts as a consonant, and students also learn the rule that w + 으 gives 우: 더w– + –으세요 → 더우세요.

In the case of verbs like 들– (듣다) listen, we take the form with ㄹ as the base (들–), and students learn a rule which changes ㄹ to ㄷ before consonants: 들– + –다 → 듣다. Verbs like 사–ㄹ– (살다) live are treated as a special kind of ㄹ-extending vowel base (사–ㄹ–) which requires the addition of an ㄹ in front of certain verb endings. This is because verbs like these always select that shape of two-shape endings (endings like –면 ~ –으면 that occur with or without –으 depending on whether the preceding base ends in a vowel or consonant) which is appropriate to vowel bases. Thus, in this system, verbs like 사–ㄹ– (살다) live are a special kind of vowel base that sometimes insert a ㄹ before certain endings, but always select ending shapes appropriate for vowel bases. (In the traditional Korean system, they are a kind of irregular consonant base).

Of course, by the time students are ready for Advanced Korean, they should already have mastered the basics of Korean verb + ending mechanics, and thus this book does not actually delve into the analyses hinted at here. But for those learners (and teachers) who care to think about it, our analysis of the ㅂ~w verbs actually saves the student one rule in comparison to the traditional treatment, and in general our analysis completely disposes of the traditional Korean notion of irregular verb for what are more productively thought of as different conjugation classes. It is this prejudicial notion of irregular verb which leads some Korean teachers (and students) to regard them as difficult, and tackle them far too late in a student’s career.

About the English Translations and Glosses

In a number of cases the English translations of Korean expressions and patterns are structured to resemble as closely as possible the Korean meaning. In some cases, students and teachers may feel that certain English renditions are not typical English usage. The authors ask for indulgence on this matter.

About Linguistic Symbols

Our use of linguistic symbols amounts to a special kind of code which is designed to streamline the learning process for the student, and to streamline the book presentation. Once the teacher and students have mastered the few simple symbols below, they should have no trouble following the exposition in the book.

제1과

그 사람이 왜 그러는지 알 수가 없었다

지난 겨울, 춘천 근처에 있는 청평사에 놀러 갔을 때에 있었던 일이다.

평일인데다가 소양댐에서 첫배를 탔기 때문에 청평사로 가는 사람이 나 말고는 아무도 없었다. 그런데 5분쯤 올라가다 보니 앞에 한 남자가 걸어가고 있는 것이 보였다.

나는 전날 그 근처에서 묵은 여행객일 거라고 생각했다. 그 사람도 내가 따라오고 있는 것을 느꼈는지 뒤를 돌아다보았다. 그리고는 내가 자기보다 앞서 갈까 봐 걸음을 재촉하는 것이었다. 호기심이 생겨서 내가 열심히 따라갔더니 그 사람은 더 빨리 걷는 것이었다. 나는 도대체 그 사람이 왜 그러는지 알 수가 없었다.

그런데 잠시 후 아직 문을 열지 않은 청평사 매표소가 나타났을 때 의문이 풀렸다. 그 사람은 거기서 표를 파는 사람이었다.

NEW VOCABULARY

Vocabulary from the Main Text

Vocabulary from the Example Sentences