Buddha’s Soul: Invaluable Insights From An Enlightened Master
By Dr.King
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About this ebook
This book explains some of the key ideas propounded by Buddha that makes us rethink on several things we take for granted. The way these ideas are presented is as if Buddha is sitting just in front of us and talking to us. They are invaluable!
Unlike other ancient Indian philosophies like the Upanishads, Buddha’s words are simple, direct and delivered with full authority. They are like a handholding experience to an ardent practitioner who wants to make progress in the spiritual path.
Whatever Buddha said more than 2500 years ago is relevant even today. In a world where commercialization of spiritual practices is becoming rampant, Buddha’s original messages dispel lot of misconception and provide a guiding light for right way of propagating spirituality.
In this marvelous collection of short articles, Dr. King presents some of the key ideas from ancient Tipitakas – Buddhist source for everything. The focus is on core principles carved out from otherwise difficult to understand and voluminous, original Pali scriptures.
Dr.King
Dr.King is an avid writer in the nonfictional category. In the past 3 decades he has written several books in the areas of philosophy, Yoga, religious practices, sculpture, gardening, and so on. His books often blend scientific outlook with traditional faiths and practices. His books especially in the area of ancient philosophy succinctly showcase volumes of ancient literature in a condensed form, providing very authentic, insightful and unbiased portrayal. These books are generally characterized as thought provoking, giving an incisive look at the otherwise difficult to understand topics. One can expect to find reliable information, devoid of glorification and hype that is typical in this category.
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Buddha’s Soul - Dr.King
Buddha – epitome of compassion and universal love
F:\my_books\amazon\am_ancient_wisdom\cover_design\cover_logo_old.jpg Buddha was probably the earliest humanists in the recorded history. For him, human suffering was of utmost concern. He dedicated his entire life to preaching a way out of all the suffering once for all.
When philosophers like Heraclitus were preaching their theory of impermanence in ancient Greece, Buddha was talking about his concept of ‘anicca’ in almost the same way - Nothing is permanent, neither the body nor the mind.
Whether there were any interactions between these philosophers, one never knows. But they seem to talk about similar concepts. There are mentions about Greek philosophers visiting India and studying in ancient Indian Universities such as Nalanda, Takshashila and so on.
Some people believe that one of the greatest humanists mankind has ever seen, namely Jesus Christ was greatly influenced by Buddha. There are books written about Jesus spending his early years in India and studying in Buddhist monasteries before returning back to his homeland.
Background
Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama lived around 2500 years ago (roughly 480 – 400 B.C.). He was born in a place called Lumbini in present day India - Nepal border.
Figure 1 Buddha’s birth place in ancient India (Image based on map from Avantiputra in Wikimedia)
This is the Himalayan region, well known as an abode of practicing ascetics. Even today, this region is known as the destination for spiritual seekers and advanced Yogis.
Siddhartha was his given name and Gautama was his family name. His father was the Shakyan ruler named Suddhodhana and his mother was Maya. But he was generally known by his contemporaries as just Gautama.
There is a legend of miraculous conception of Maya – Buddha’s mother. It is said that a white elephant appeared in her dream and gave indications of coming of Buddha. Maya conceived and after due time she travelled to her mother’s place for delivery. But, on the way, she had labor pains and at a place called Lumbini, she had to give birth to Buddha under a tree.
Figure 2 An ancient sculpture depicting Maya's miraculous conception legend (image courtesy Wikimedia)
‘Buddha’ was a title he acquired after he attained enlightenment. The word literally means – somebody who is enlightened.
In ancient Pali scriptures, he is often referred to as Tathagata. Even Buddha often referred to himself as Tathagata. The exact meaning of this word is not clear. But it is often believed to mean – one who has gone beyond the confines of body and mind.
Buddha was a Hindu prince born in the Kshatriya caste
In the traditional Hindu social order, the society was divided into four castes or Varnas: Brahmin – someone who performed religious rituals, Kshatriya - a person who is supposed to be a ruler or who worked in army or other defense related professions, Vaishya – a person engaged in agriculture, trade, and finally a Südra – someone who served other 3 castes.
Buddha was born as a Kshatriya – the ruler class of Hindu social order. My use of the word ‘Hindu’ may be a bit misleading since the version of Hinduism we have today may be quite different from what existed in Buddha’s times. But essentials did not change much, over thousands of years.
The essentials of Hinduism in Buddha’s times as well as today are
Acceptance of the authority of Vedic scriptures and the rituals ordained by them;
Belief in divine beings;
Belief in heaven and other worlds;
Division of society into various castes or Varnas;
The idea of Sanyäsa or contemplative way of life, moving from place to place, living on alms;
Belief in Karma (cosmic records of our past actions that influence our lives later on);
Belief in rebirth, driven by the Karma; and most importantly
Aspiration for final liberation (or Mökšha).
Buddha seemed to have believed in most of these things.
He had respect for Brahmins, Even on death bed he instructed his disciples to hand over his dead body to Brahmins who would perform the necessary death rituals suitable for a Kshatriya.
But Buddha did not support oppression of people based on caste. He believed that a person has to be respected for his deeds and not just by his birth. In one of his discourses, Buddha ridicules people who claim their superiority merely because they are born to superior parents. He goes to the extent of asking – How are you sure that the person you believe as your father, is really your father?
Actually, if one were to look deeply into ancient Hindu scriptures, even though they talk about division of society into various castes, they don’t encourage oppression. (See for example, my book "Ancient wisdom – Modern Viewpoints, Chapter: ‘Manu’s world of unequals’). So we can say that the caste based oppression was something that crept into the Hindu society more as an aberration than as a rule.
In his initial years, Buddha did go through training in Vedic scriptures, though after he took up sanyäsa, he did not care much for any of the rituals ordained by them.
This is in consonance with the Hindu tradition. These rituals are not meant for sanyäsis – people who have given up worldly life, in preference to spiritual upliftment. The Vedic rituals are meant for worldly people to attain worldly benefits. But, for a person who is interested in ultimate liberation, those rituals mean nothing; so also to Buddha.
Buddha talked about divine beings mentioned in the Vedas. Vedas talked about 33 such divinities which the later Hindu mythologies bloated to 33 million.
Buddha talked about Indra and other Vedic divinities. He even mentions about their number as 33 in some places! In Buddhist scriptures there are mentions about Buddha visiting their worlds and these divine beings in turn visiting Buddha.
Buddha spent most of his life as a Sanyäsi, living on alms and wandering from place to place. This is what is enjoined by Hindu scriptures for anyone who wants to make spiritual progress.
Karma, anyway, is the central tenet of Buddhism. Karma or Kamma as it is called in the Pali language, are the impressions one accumulates as a result of his actions during his life time. Hindus believe that these impressions are the ones responsible for whatever happens to a person – good or bad.
Though the Hindus attribute God as the arbiter who governs the operation of this Karma, Buddha is totally silent about how these Kammic impressions are put into action. In fact, Buddha rarely talks about God – God as the creator, sustainer, and decider of the results of Karma, as believed by the Hindu scriptures.
Only on rare occasions Buddha hints at his rejection of such a concept of God, more out of sympathy for the suffering multitude. This is exemplified by his saying that –If some God has created this world, a world that is full of miseries, then that God must be a very cruel person!
Buddha cannot believe that a benevolent God could have created such a sorrowful world as this one. Instead, Buddha, like his Sänkhyan (a prominent branch of Hindu philosophy) counterparts, relies more on the mechanism of causality for the coming into existence of the world and its sustenance.
Buddha often talked about rebirth and cycle of births and deaths. He considered this cycle as the mother of all miseries. His main emphasis was a way out of this cycle, which would lead to liberation. This is the final aim of all the philosophies and practices that took birth in India - Vedic or otherwise. So Buddha was no exception.
I am highlighting these, just to clear the misconception in the minds of some people, who think that Buddha preached an altogether new religion. I would rather see it that Buddha tried to iron out some of the ills in the Hindu society, and to give it a new focus and reformed outlook.
Yes, in marked contrast to the Vedic school of thought, especially the Upanishads, which revolved around the concept of an eternal soul, Buddha did reject the very idea of soul. He tried to explain everything without taking recourse to