The Art of the Political Deal: How Congress Beat the Odds and Broke Through Gridlock
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Donald Trump ran for president as the consummate negotiator and dealmaker. You need flexibility, he said, along with hugs, cajoling and some "tug and pull." Likewise, Hillary Clinton said one of her goals if she became president would be to create "a nice warm purple space" for compromise in Washington.
Such talk may sound unrealistic given the gridlock and polarization that afflicts our government, yet breakthroughs do sometimes happen. "The Art of the Political Deal" tells the stories of four successful negotiations and the tools, techniques and conditions that made them possible—even during an era that's among the most partisan and unproductive in U.S. history.
The cast of characters ranges from headliners such as Paul Ryan, Bernie Sanders and John McCain to staff negotiators who reveal what they were thinking and saying as they haggled over painful details. All were grappling with deep-seated conflicts we see in our daily headlines: tax hikes versus entitlement cuts, the federal versus private role in health care, developers versus conservationists, the precarious balance between farming interests and food-stamp recipients.
These are examples of four times when our elected officials and their aides defied failure. The agreements did not always live up to their promise. Yet they were bright spots in a dark landscape—snapshots of professional politicians and staff doing their jobs well, for the good of the nation, against the odds. In that respect they present a template for future negotiators on how to achieve that rarity of our political era, a deal.
Jill Lawrence
Jill Lawrence is commentary editor and a columnist at USA TODAY, and author of the 2017 book, The Art of the Political Deal: How Congress Beat the Odds and Broke Through Gridlock. She spent decades reporting on the presidency, Congress and campaigns for both. A former columnist for Creators Syndicate, U.S. News and World Report, Politics Daily and The Associated Press, she has won National Press Club, Sigma Delta Chi and National Headliner awards for her writing. Her positions have included managing editor for politics at National Journal; senior correspondent at Politics Daily; national political correspondent at USA TODAY, and national political writer for the AP. Her work has also appeared online in Politico Magazine, The Week, The Daily Beast and The Atlantic. Lawrence is co-author of Governors and the Presidency: How They Campaign, How They Govern, for the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers, and Phoning It In and Failing to Show: The Story of the 2014 House Primaries, for the Brookings Institution. She is a contributor to "The Surge: 2014’s Big GOP Win and What It Means for the Next Presidential Race." Lawrence has a master's degree in journalism from New York University and a bachelor's degree in music literature from the University of Michigan.
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The Art of the Political Deal - Jill Lawrence
PRAISE FOR THE ART OF THE POLITICAL DEAL
"Could not be more timely. These cases are not only insightful about the dynamics of negotiation in Congress, they are also beautifully readable—actual page-turners. Highly recommended."
—Jane Mansbridge, Adams Professor of Political Leadership and Democratic Values at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and co-editor of Political Negotiation: A Handbook
"Legislative sausage-making that you do, in fact, want to see. Jill Lawrence provides a fascinating behind-the-scenes look at how the hard work of legislating, compromise and consensus-building actually unfolds on Capitol Hill."
—Former Senator Olympia Snowe, Republican of Maine, a senior fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center and co-chair of its Commission on Political Reform
"A little gem of a book. It shows that positive things can still happen even amidst partisan rancor."
—Elaine Kamarck, Founding Director of the Center for Effective Public Management and Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution
"Worked really well in my Congress class. These case studies are especially valuable because they spell out the conditions that give rise to effective bargaining."
—John J. Pitney, Roy P. Crocker Professor of Politics at Claremont McKenna College
"Are you looking for a ray of hope at a time of gloom and doom about poisonous partisanship? If so, you need to read Jill Lawrence’s The Art of the Political Deal. When the big players want to work across the aisle to get something done in the national interest, they still can."
—Larry Sabato, director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics and author of The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy
"The Art of the Political Deal is a must-read for all Americans. Jill Lawrence’s in-depth interviews and deep knowledge about how Congress works bring to life the personalities, process and politics of tough but successful negotiations. She shows that compromise, pragmatism and bipartisanship are not dead on Capitol Hill."
—James Thurber, founder of American University’s Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies and co-author of American Gridlock: The Sources, Character and Impact of Political Polarization
"Highly recommended to anyone who wants to understand how Capitol Hill works. Jill Lawrence’s collection of case studies illustrate how some of the best-known figures in Congress, such as Paul Ryan and Bernie Sanders, worked with a variety of lesser-known lawmakers to achieve the compromises that made the passage of important bills possible."
—Chuck McCutcheon, co-author of The Almanac of American Politics (2012 and 2014 editions) and Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon, Slang, and Bluster of American Political Speech
THE ART OF THE POLITICAL DEAL
How Congress Beat the Odds and Broke Through Gridlock
JILL LAWRENCE
FOREWORD BY NORMAN ORNSTEIN
Copyright © 2017 Jill Lawrence
Most of the material in this book was first published by the Brookings Institution in an online series called Profiles in Negotiation.
Brookings and Elaine C. Kamarck, Senior Fellow in the Governance Studies Program at Brookings and Founding Director of its Center for Effective Public Management, played a central role in the creation of this work. Some material was also published previously by Politico Magazine.
Ebook ISBN: 978-0-692-83446-6
Distributed by Smashwords
Cover photo: The U.S. Capitol at sunrise, kropic1/Shutterstock.com
Ebook formatting by www.ebooklaunch.com
CONTENTS
Foreword by Norman Ornstein
Preface
Introduction
Case Study One: A Budget Agreement That Shocked Doomsayers
Case Study Two: A Veterans Deal In The Crosshairs of Crisis
Case Study Three: A Public Lands Puzzle With Hundreds of Pieces
Case Study Four: A Farm-Bill Firestorm Over Food Stamps
Acknowledgments
About the Author
FOREWORD
By Norman Ornstein
Do a word game about Congress during the Obama administration—what one word comes to mind if I say Congress
?—and the most common answers would be gridlock,
obstruction,
partisan
and tribal.
Those characterizations are not inaccurate. Over a long period of time, going back at least to the George W. Bush era with Dennis Hastert as speaker of the House, Congress has been the broken branch,
as Tom Mann and I called it in the title of our 2006 book.
The Constitution’s first branch of government has largely been a desert when it comes to the previous standard of bipartisan comity. Major legislative accomplishments were limited to two years of actions accomplished without minority votes, only due to swollen majorities linked to President Obama. But there have been some unnoticed oases of achievement done in the traditional way.
Jill Lawrence shows us four of these, each significant in its own right, each involving a different set of House and Senate lawmakers, each spanning a huge gulf in ideology between the key protagonists, each involving widely disparate personalities. It is hard to imagine more differences in background, personality and approach than Patty Murray, the Democratic senator from Washington state, and Paul Ryan, the Republican representative from Janesville, Wisconsin—unless one considers Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the fiery independent and self-described democratic socialist, and Jeff Miller, the arch-conservative Republican representative from Florida’s Panhandle.
But Murray and Ryan forged a working relationship of trust and accommodation to resolve an impasse over the budget that was a classic example of compromise and give-and-take. Enough lawmakers of both parties and both houses understood the time pressure and the imperatives to act—and the consequences of inaction—to pull the compromise over the finish line.
Sanders, after navigating disagreements with his Senate colleague John McCain, then hit a buzzsaw with Miller. But after a lengthy series of potshots each took at the other, and a period of deep distrust, they found their sweet spot, also driven by the imperative to act on veterans’ health issues amidst the major Department of Veterans Affairs scandal. They reached an important agreement that ameliorated the urgent problems, even if they were unable to solve the issues once and for all.
The other two cases Lawrence details, on the long-delayed farm bill and its impasse over food stamps, and a difficult public lands package that faced problems among both Democrats and Republicans, were different in some ways, but also shared key characteristics with the other cases. Each required pragmatic lawmakers looking to achieve progress, patience to let obstacles fall away, and leadership support that overcame some strident opposition. The farm bill was a special case, one that involved years of negotiations and setbacks, of chambers rejecting careful leadership-driven compromises crafted in a House committee known for its bipartisan cooperation, before reaching an agreement that could pass muster. The public lands case had the advantage of a number of retiring members who saw an opening to cement their legacies.
While there are obvious differences in how these four success stories played out, there are real commonalities about finding conditions ripe for accomplishment and finding lawmakers with the right skills and mindsets. Jill Lawrence has herself skillfully and masterfully shown us why and how deals, and legislative action, are still possible. These well written and lively case studies are valuable for those reasons—but also as a template as we face a new and quite unique set of challenges for a Congress itself wondering how it will operate in the era of a President Donald Trump.
Norman Ornstein is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and co-author of One Nation After Trump: A Guide for the Perplexed, the Disillusioned, the Desperate, and the Not-Yet Deported; It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism; and The Broken Branch: How Congress is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track.
PREFACE
The United States is so sharply divided, and its governing institutions in such a constant struggle to function, that it’s easy to be depressed about the state of this nation. Republican obstructionism was the hallmark of Barack Obama’s eight-year tenure, culminating in the GOP-controlled Senate’s nine-month refusal to consider his nominee to the Supreme Court.
Congress set record lows for popularity and productivity during the Obama years, and volatility plagued the Republican Party. The rise of the anti-compromise, anti-establishment Tea Party movement led to the ouster of House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in a 2014 primary and the resignation of House Speaker John