A Study Guide for Jean Paul Sartre's "The Flies"
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A Study Guide for Jean Paul Sartre's "The Flies" - Gale
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The Flies
Jean-Paul Sartre
1942
Introduction
The Flies, by Jean-Paul Sartre, is one of the foremost examples of existentialist writing by one of the world's most prominent existentialist writers. Indeed, The Flies is one of Sartre's best-known works. Existentialism was an early twentieth-century intellectual movement that explored, outside of moral or scientific constraints, the existence and experience of the individual. The movement tended to espouse the idea that the individual has total free will and therefore the utmost responsibility for his or her actions. It also explores the repercussions of this freedom. The Flies demonstrates these principles through a retelling of the Greek myth of Electra and Orestes. The characters in the play learn that their gods are powerless and that, as human beings, they possess an innate freedom, which cannot be negated.
First produced in Paris at the Théâtre de la Cité in 1942 as Les Mouches, the play was published in French in 1943. It was translated and performed in New York City as The Flies in 1947. A separate English translation was published, along with Sartre's play No Exit, in 1947. Still studied and performed today, a more recent edition of The Flies, still in print, can be found in No Exit and Three Other Plays, 1989.
Author Biography
Jean-Paul Sartre was born June 21, 1905, in Paris, France, the only child of Jean-Baptiste and Anne-Marie Sartre. His father, a naval officer, died of a fever when Sartre was almost seventeen months old. Sartre subsequently spent his childhood with his mother and his maternal grandparents. Isolated without friends of his own age, Sartre entertained himself by reading. As a student, he began attending the École Normale Supérieure in 1924, earning a doctorate in philosophy in 1929. While there, he befriended fellow student Simone de Beauvoir, who became a noted intellectual and feminist. The two were sometimes romantically involved, had a lifelong friendship, and influenced each other's work throughout their respective careers.
Following his graduation, Sartre was drafted into the French Army, where he served uneventfully from 1929 to 1931. Afterwards, he began teaching at the Lycée le Havre. While there, he began writing his first novel, La Nausée, which was published in 1938. Translated into English and published as Nausea in 1949, the book was and remains a critical success. Shortly after leaving his teaching post, Sartre studied at the Institut Français, from 1933 to 1935. There, he began reading the works of such philosophers as Martin Heidegger, whose writings heavily influenced Sartre's own philosophies. This influence, and the solidification of Sartre's emerging existential themes can be seen in his 1939 publication Le Mur (translated as The Wall and Other Stories in 1948). The collection, like his novel,