How to Write

HOW TO WRITE

GERTRUDE

STEIN

WITH A PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION BY

PATRICIA MEYEROWITZ

DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.

MINEOLA, NEW YORK

Copyright

Preface and Introduction copyright © 1975 by Dover Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bibliographical Note

This Dover edition, first published in 2018, is an unabridged republication of the text of the work originally published by Plain Edition, Paris, in 1931 (in an edition limited to 1,000 copies) and reprinted by Dover in 1975. The Preface and Introduction by Patricia Meyerowitz were written specially for the 1975 Dover edition. The Table of Contents has been relocated to precede the Preface and Introduction, and the main text has been renumbered in order to correct a gap in the pagination between the front matter and the main text.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Stein, Gertrude, 1874–1946, author. | Meyerowitz, Patricia, writer of introduction.

Title: How to write / Gertrude Stein.

Description: Mineola, New York : Dover Publications, Inc., 2018. | This Dover edition, first published in 2018, is an unabridged republication of the text of the work originally published by Plain Edition, Paris, in 1931 (in an edition limited to 1,000 copies) and reprinted by Dover in 1975. The preface and introduction by Patricia Meyerowitz were written specially for the 1975 Dover edition. The Table of Contents has been relocated to precede the Preface and Introduction, and the main text has been renumbered in order to correct a gap in the pagination between the front matter and the main text.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018027656 | ISBN 9780486828428 | ISBN 0486828425

Subjects: LCSH: Writing. | English language—Writing.

Classification: LCC PS3537.T323 H6 2018 | DDC 808/.042—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018027656

Manufactured in the United States by LSC Communications

82842501 2018

www.doverpublications.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SAVING THE SENTENCE

SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS

ARTHUR A GRAMMAR

A GRAMMARIAN

SENTENCES

REGULAR REGULARLY IN NARRATIVE

FINALLY GEORGE A VOCABULARY

FORENSICS

PREFACE TO THE DOVER EDITION

When I was asked to write an introduction to this book I accepted gladly without knowing at all how I would approach it. Open the book anywhere you like and if you are unfamiliar with the work of Gertrude Stein you will very likely give up before you have gone very far. And even if you are familiar with her work this book will have no immediate meaning to you because it certainly does not tell you how to write. What it does tell you is how Gertrude Stein was writing at the time that she wrote it.

And so the question that presented itself was how could an outsider who was not writing creatively in the same way as Gertrude Stein describe exactly what she was doing. Having stated the question the answer was immediately apparent. It really is impossible to do it because to describe it in another way would be to make it into something different for its meaning is contained within its method and moment of creation. So then I decided to use the words of Gertrude Stein together with my own comments to see whether I could convey some of the ideas which occupied the thoughts of Gertrude Stein and also how she approached writing as a creative activity. This is contained in the first part of the introduction. The second part is more specifically related to HOW TO WRITE. Again I have used her own words in an effort to illustrate how one can approach an understanding of this book—a book which at first seems to make so little sense.

It is useful to remember that the innovative works of an artist are explorations and therefore cannot easily be understood by those who are not explorers in one of the art forms. Nevertheless with a little effort it is possible to understand the direction and the intentions of the artist which is all that is necessary. Total comprehension would mean total involvement.

Gertrude Stein was born in 1874 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. From 1903 until she died in 1946 she lived in France returning only once to her native land during 1934-5 for a highly successful lecture tour. Her apartment in Paris became famous as a meeting place for artists and writers who came to look at her large collection of contemporary paintings or to talk and listen to her. During her lifetime at least 26 of her books were published with twelve more following after her death.

HOW TO WRITE was written in separate parts during the period 1927-31. In this latter year the parts were collected and published together in one volume by Alice Toklas who had decided to become Gertrude Stein’s publisher in order to get the books into print. The name given to this publishing venture was Plain Edition.

Gertrude Stein was over 50 when this present volume was begun and there is no doubt that it represents part of the full flower of her creative life.

P.M.

INTRODUCTION

TO THE DOVER EDITION

When anyone writes about a painting what has he got after the writing. A collection of words on paper but the painting is not there. It is still hanging on the wall. GS said about painting that she liked to look at it and perhaps that is all there is to do with a painting once it has its existence. Look at it. Well that is how I feel about the writing of GS. I like to read it. I like it very much.

What is there to know about the writing of GS and the thoughts and the feelings of GS and her life as an artist as a creative writer. One most important thing to know is that there is no separation between thinking and feeling and the act of writing. It is all done at the same time.

The business of Art as I tried to explain in Composition as Explanation is to live in the actual present, that is the complete actual present, and to completely express that complete actual present. (Plays, LIA 104)*

It is interesting how most people write with their heads. That is to say there is a separation between thinking and writing. When this happens there is almost no feeling in the writing. Thinking and writing at the same time is feeling. Feelings of the moment without any memory. Most writing is a description of thinking that was done before the writing was written and not a realization of the thinking that goes on at the moment of writing. This is the crux of the writing of GS and almost all of it is writing and thinking done at the same time. Writing and thinking about the process of writing.

EVERYBODY’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a combination of writing as a description of thinking that was done before the writing and of the thinking and writing that went together as it was being written. Example.

It takes a lot of time to be a genius, you have to sit around so much doing nothing really doing nothing. If a bird or birds fly into the room is it good luck or bad luck we will say it is good luck. (EA 70)

Definition of a genius. An exceptional natural capacity of intellect especially as shown in creative and original work in art, music, science etc. She was right. She was.

The earth is covered all over with people but geniuses are very few. Interesting if true and it is true. (EA 164)

And so I do know what a genius is, a genius is some one who does not have to remember the two hundred years that everybody else has to remember. (EA 121)

To begin again as GS would say.

The thing one gradually comes to find out is that one has no identity that is when one is in the act of doing anything. Identity is recognition, you know who you are because you and others remember anything about yourself but essentially you are not that when you are doing anything. I am I because my little dog knows me but creatively speaking the little dog knowing that you are you and your recognizing that he knows, that is what destroys creation. That is what makes school. (WAM 84)

If only we didn’t teach children art. Ever. If there could be only learning and no teaching except for how to do it. What to do in art is a personal affair between the artist and the thing done and directly there are teachers who teach you what to do there is no possibility of a masterpiece. How to do it is another matter. Anybody can and should learn how to do anything they want to do but what to do is a personal decision and has nothing to do with anyone. At school the two things get all mixed up and the child is taught what to do and how to do it at the same time so that when he is old enough to choose what to do he can’t he mostly can’t because most often he was already taught all the answers.

. . . and pretty soon we were all talking about epic poetry and what it was, it was exciting we found out a good deal . . . Well we all came out and they liked it and Hutchins said to me as he and I were walking, you did make them all talk more than we can make them and a number of them talked who never talked before and it was very nice of him to say it and he added and if you will come back I will be glad to have you do some teaching and I said I would and he said he would let me know and then I said you see why they talk to me is that I am like them I do not know the answer, you you say you do not know but you do know if you did not know the answer you could not spend your life in teaching but I I really do not know, I really do not, I do not even know whether there is a question let alone having an answer for a question. To me when a thing is really interesting it is when there is no question and no answer, if there is then already the subject is not interesting and it is so, that is the reason that anything for which there is a solution is not interesting that is the trouble with governments and utopias and teaching, the things not that can be learnt but that can be taught are not interesting. (EA 213)

Remembering has nothing to do with creating.

. . . and that brings us once more back to the subject of identity. At any moment when you are you you are you without the memory of yourself because if you remember yourself while you are you you are not for the purposes of creating you. This is so important because it has so much to do with the question of a writer to his audience. (WAM 85)

Any of you when you write you try to remember what you are about to write and you will see immediately how lifeless the writing becomes that is why expository writing is so dull because it is all remembered, that is why illustration is so dull because you remember what somebody looked like and you make your illustration look like it. The minute your memory functions while you are doing anything it may be very popular but actually it is dull. And that is what a master-piece is not, it may be unwelcome but it is never dull. (WAM 89)

Think about how you create if you do create you do not remember yourself as you do create. (WAM 92)

Therefore a master-piece has essentially not to be necessary, it has to be that is it has to exist but it does not have to be necessary it is not in response to necessity as action is because the minute it is necessary it has no possibility of going on. (WAM 86)

All this has to do with art and function. Art has no function or as GS says it it is not necessary. When you do your art for someone or something or in order to sell it it ceases to be art. Art has nothing to do with what anyone wants you to do or wants it to be. Nothing to do with selling it and nothing to do with anything except you and itself. The work generates itself and ideas and progress and learning come out of doing the work in a particular way. Of course any artist wants to sell his work because how do you live but directly you make your work earn your living it is no longer interesting. It becomes a necessity and you begin to do it for an audience that you remember when you are doing it. This changes the work from what it is when you do it for yourself to what it becomes when you do it for somebody else. And that has to do with fashion and sociology and has nothing to do with art.

But I do not want to begin again or go on with what was begun because after all I know I really do know that it can be done and if it can be done why do it . . . (GMMA, LIA 157)

Again this has to do with the function or purpose of creative art for the artist. If the artist knows exactly what he is going to do and more importantly how it will be done and what it will become then there really is no use in doing it since there will be nothing new in it. And so creative art is a learning process for the artist and not a description of what is already known.

There on the roads I read Buy your flour meal and meat in Georgia. And I knew that that was interesting. Was it prose or was it poetry I knew that it was interesting. Buy your flour meal and meat in Georgia. (EA 254)

I like this. It is one of the many examples of GS observing and learning and being stimulated by everything she came in contact with. She made contact easily and willingly and with pleasure. This is very clear from her writing and contact with people and places and things was an essential part of her life and work.

When I was walking the other day I saw some workmen digging up the street, that happens very often and I always ask them what they are doing and why they are doing it. It is a way I have, and means nothing except that while I am walking I like to stop and say a few words to some one. (EA 10)

. . . I like to know the name and occupation and what their father did or does and where they were born about any one. After all occupation and your name and where you were born and what your father’s business was is a thing to know about anyone, at least it is for me. (EA 203)

I am very busy finding out what people mean by what they say. I used to be interested in what they were I am now interested in what they say. (GCA, PRIMER 105)

GS considers the problem of refusal of art.

I can be accepted more than I was but I can be refused almost as often. After all if nobody refuses what you offer there must be something the matter, I do not quite know why this is so but it is so. It was not so in the nineteenth century but it is so in the twentieth century. And that is because talking and writing have got more and more separated. Talking is not thinking or feeling any more, it used to be but it is not now but writing is, and so writing naturally needs more refusing. (EA 46)

In her lecture Composition As Explanation GS describes how everybody refuses for a long time until suddenly it is accepted. Once accepted it is considered beautiful. Of course it is what it was in the beginning and as she says

If every one were not so indolent they would realize that beauty is beauty even when it is irritating and stimulating not only when it is accepted and classic. Of course it is extremely difficult nothing more so than to remember back to its not being beautiful once it has become beautiful. (CAE, PENG. 23)

I do not consider that any creative artist is anything but contemporary. Only he is sensitive to what is contemporary long before the average human being is. He puts down what is contemporary and it is exactly that. Sooner or later people realize it. (TI, PRIMER 33)

And so if an artist’s work is easily and quickly accepted it is not a truly contemporary expression. This is why GS was refused and is still most often refused. Her work is still contemporary. Of course this does not mean that if an artist’s work is refused it is necessarily contemporary.

Picasso said that no one is capable of understanding you who is not capable of doing the same work himself. (TI, PRIMER 33)

I like that. I have had many conversations with people in factories where I get materials for my work and with craftsmen. They always like to see photographs. They like to know what I do with the materials and they often get quite excited about it all. They do something quite different with the same materials but they do understand what it is I am doing. The difference is that they do not know why I do what I do but I know why they do what they do. They are capable of doing what I do and so they can understand it when I tell them but they would not do it. That is the difference between a craftsman and an artist. The work of the craftsman is necessary but the work of the creative artist is not. The craftsman does what he has to do or what he is told to do and the creative artist takes full responsibility for all of it but he never has to do it. For a writer

The writer is to serve god or mammon by writing the way it has been written or by writing the way it is being written that is to say the way the writing is writing. That is for writing the difference between serving god and mammon. If you write the way it has already been written the way writing has already been written then you are serving mammon because you are living by something some one has already been earning or has earned. If you write as you are to be writing then you are serving as a writer god because you are not earning anything. If anything is to be earned you will not know what earning is therefore you are serving god. But really there is no choice. Nobody chooses. What you do you do even if you do not yield to a temptation. After all a temptation is not very tempting. So anyway you will earn nothing. (WIEL, LIA 54)

It is the same thing in any art. You do what you do and if it earns money that’s nice but most often it does not and it is better to do your earning doing something quite different so that you never need an audience. An audience is always warming but it must never be necessary to your work. Being necessary is what makes craftsmen and fashion and commercial art. There is nothing wrong with these things only they are not art and it is funny how everyone always mixes them all up and doesn’t want to know the difference between art and the rest. That is why mostly the creative artist never earns much from his art because nobody wants to know the difference.

. . . certainly I said I do want to get rich but I never want to do what there is to do to get rich. (EA 128)

The facts of the case are that all these people, including myself, are people with a considerably large endowment, and most of us spent thirty years of our life in being made fun of and laughed at and criticized and having no existence and being without a cent of income. The work needs concentration, and one is often exhausted by it. No one would do this merely for exhibitionism; there is too much bitterness. (TI, PRIMER 32)

I was talking to a friend the other day and telling her how difficult is was sometimes to get down to work. She was so surprised. She thought it was easy and assumed that as all artists love their work all they had to do was just do it. I explained to her that it wasn’t like that at all. It takes so much effort sometimes just to begin and although going on is mostly a pleasure it is also a great effort. And no one cares whether or not you do it. No one asks you to do it and mostly no one wants it when you have done it and although as a creative artist you accept that it mostly has to be like that, nevertheless it is hard. She was surprised.

. . . Picasso used to be fond of saying that when everybody knew about you and admired your work there were just about the same two or three who were really interested as when nobody knew about you, but does it make any difference. In writing The Making of Americans I said I wrote for myself and strangers and then later now I know these strangers, are they still strangers, well anyway that too does not really bother me, the only thing that really bothers me is that the earth now is all covered over with people and that knowing anybody is not of any particular importance because anybody can know anybody. (EA 101)

All this just about covers everything. The only thing left for a creative artist to do in his life is to do his chosen work in spite of everything and regardless of anything because when living draws to an end there are no excuses he can make to himself or to anyone else for not having done it. Either he did it or he did not do it and very often he did not. Alas very often he did not.

HOW TO WRITE

I once said in How To Write a book I wrote about Sentences and Paragraphs, that paragraphs were emotional and sentences were not. Paragraphs are emotional not because they express an emotion but because they register or limit an emotion. Compare paragraphs with sentences any paragraph or any sentence and you will see what I mean. (WIEL, LIA 48)

In a book I wrote called How To Write I made a discovery which I considered fundamental, that sentences are not emotional and that paragraphs are. I found out about language that paragraphs are emotional and sentences are not and I found out something else about it. I found out that this difference was not a contradiction but a combination and that this combination causes one to think endlessly about sentences and paragraphs because the emotional paragraphs are made up of unemotional sentences. (Plays, LIA 93)

In a book called How To Write I worked a lot at this thing trying to find out just exactly what the balance the unemotional balance of a sentence is and what the emotional balance of a paragraph is and if it were possible to make even in a short sentence the two things come to be one. I think I did a few times succeed. (PAG, LIA 225)

Such a simple discovery that is simple once it is stated and it is exactly so. When you come to make a paragraph you do it because you feel like it. Rationalize it how you will but you make a paragraph when you feel like it.

A Sentence is not emotional a paragraph is. (HTW 23)

What is the difference between a question and answer. (33)

The great question is can you think a sentence. (35)

Successions of words are so agreeable. It is about this. (39)

A grammar has been called a list of what is to be done with it. (56)

Is there grammar in a title. There is grammar in a title. Thank you. (64)

Grammar has nothing to do with form. (99)

This is interesting. If you are a structural artist as GS was you never think about the totality of anything when you create. You are always concerned about the parts the stitches or potatoes as GS calls them. The step by step assembling of units which may lead to a form but is never conceived at the beginning unless it is one that you personally invented and arrived at.

I am having it. Is that a possible tense. No it is not. (106)

A narrative might be why they visited one another one earlier and one later. (228)

What is it. What is it. A narrative, a conclusion a narrative comes to be to tell everything to them simply they had to have their coming to be seen that each cup not each saucer had a wild animal upon it. How many cups not only cups and saucers have to be following when they have had no opportunity for further display. No opportunity for further display. It might often be that they liked that. Every day it came to be darker at four than at five. And so forth. (229)

A narrative is the telling about simple things like coming to visit and seeing cups with a wild animal painted on them. Really it makes no sense to rephrase GS although doing it sometimes helps to know what she was doing. Is it possible that the only way in which to understand a painting is to try and reproduce it yourself and become involved in all the actions and decisions of the painter. Maybe.

Bother is a word that transgresses meaning. (108)

Forget grammar and think about potatoes. (109)

Or think about words now instead of grammar. Back to thinking about grammar.

Grammar. Fills me with delight. (106)

I am a grammarian I do not hesitate but I rearrange prepositions. (109)

What are adverbs. . . . An adverb is a change. (117, 118)

A noun is the name of the calling which they have made in their time as known. (121)

How can I possibly say that any better than GS says it. A noun is the name that you call anything by as it is known by that name at a given moment in history. That does it but I did not invent the idea and my saying it does not have thirty years of writing experience in it. Being an artist takes time. A lot of time which has to pass doing it and then it comes out smoothly so that anyone thinks he can do it. But he can’t because it takes ten and twenty and thirty years of doing it to be able to do it.

Think in stitches. Think in sentences. (138)

Stitches are individual words like potatoes. Units.

A sentence has a as an article the as an article an as an article. A sentence has also a pause before they go. (136)

That’s clear enough.

What is a sentence. . . . A sentence is made of a verb and a noun. (138)

Think of a sentence. Start a sentence begin a sentence with with. With them. They went with them. . . . All this is when a sentence is after all made in advance as they think. With that they are not able to remain behind. (174)

All that precedes demonstrates sentences made at the time of thinking. That is thinking and writing done together so that no part of you or the action is separate or behind any other part.

All around these words and sentences are the actual expressions of GS thinking about these things. HOW TO WRITE is a concentration of GS thinking about words, sentences, paragraphs, grammar and narrative. There is no better way of understanding it than by trying it yourself. If you sit down and copy out sentences that you like you can really begin to feel the woman, the thought and the feelings that go into her work. It is a spontaneous creation of writing thinking and feeling all done at the same time. A remarkable achievement that leaves you with a feeling of gratitude that there always have been and hopefully always will be a few dedicated and serious artists who no matter what difficulties there are will somehow manage to be creative and vitally productive all their lives. They do it and they are examples for those who follow.

Thanks GS.

My writing is clear as mud, but mud settles and clear streams run on and disappear . . . (EA 123)

Mr. Owen Young made a mistake, he said the only thing he wished his son to have was the power of clearly expressing his ideas. Not at all. It is not clarity that is desirable but force.

Clarity is of no importance because nobody listens and nobody knows what you mean no matter what you mean, nor how clearly you mean what you mean. But if you have vitality enough of knowing enough of what you mean, somebody and sometime and sometimes a great many will have to realize that you know what you mean and so they will agree that you mean what you know, what you know you mean, which is as near as anybody can come to understanding anyone. (HJ, FIA 127)

PATRICIA MEYEROWITZ

New York City

References Used in the Introduction

(in the sequence in which they are quoted)

*Full titles of works of GS are given in the list that follows this Introduction.

HOW TO WRITE

SAVING THE SENTENCE

Qu’est-ce que c’est cette comédie d’un chien. Que le dit train est bien celui qui doit les conduire à leur destination. Manifestement éveillé.

When he will see

When he will see

When he will see the land of liberty.

The scene changes it is a stone high up against with a hill and there is and above where they will have time. Not higher up below is a ruin which is a castle and there will be a color above it. Painting now after its great moment must come back to be a minor art.

Will be welcome.

We will be welcome.

Should be put upon a hill. Across which it is placed upon different hills. Lower hills have a mark they mean.

When a dog is no longer a lap dog there is a temporary inattention. Then they will seem to be sent together. It is a noise not of tapestry but of wood which when lighted in three logs makes a fire.

It makes it do that they do cry when in an assistance.

What is a sentence. A sentence is a part of a speech.

A speech. They knew that beside beside is colored like a word beside why there they went. That is a speech. Anybody will listen. What is romantic. I was astonished to learn that she was led by her head and her head was not with her head her head was leading when her heart stood still. She was certain to be left away with them. Dear Christian you are very sweet without hope. Hope is for you.

A blue sky can reflect in a lake.

Speeches are in answer.

We will enjoy with and without that it is said that they do present well.

Buy me a present.

Better than all for the best.

Now in thinking.

The scene opens and they have a valley before them.

Francine which is a name of a young woman who has changed very much in five years hoped to be married that is not hoped but attended to the waiting which was not intentional she was very well occupied. When it came to friendship she said after all marriage meant that they were eager and marrying. And they were without any pleasure in not arranging their wedding. Will it be soon. They will be married after waiting two years during which time they had not become acquainted with one another as they had as often met before. It is a failure in a way it is a failure.

A hill which we see before as often.

We are finally with me.

When this you see will he. A plain case of separation. Will she separate well from him. Well from him is what he thought.

Around Rome.

Rome is a capital. With pleasure in their insistence.

Linden trees do not grow only where there is a home. Linden trees do not grow only where there is a home.

There is a home in and around on account of a he meant well with out repaying. Without repaying who was whose. It would not do.

Four people accompanied by a caniche. They went where they had liked a well with. Whom were they known to be there.

It is ours.

Prevail.

Part of a mail.

The Saracens had been absent from this country. In beggary.

A chateau which from the later time had its roof taken off for cheapness had been made when they went away. Why did not Archie come with a pharmacist. It would not be in might be in time if they never answered.

How are how do you do to be discriminated. There is a mistake in a witness. Fog is wet when there is land and it is white. Fog is wet when there is land and it is white.

It was part of it before. And now. There is a little more. And so there is more than before. Water comes before butter. And moving around. Change butter and paper. What did he weigh in happen. Apart disposed deposed that he went. In a room with a fire that he had for his share. A chair. Following roses.

Now and then there is more to it within when they send for it then.

How is sentiment maintained.

A pause.

A rain makes transplanting following easy. Thank you for thinking of the rain. Once or twice they had left what is ours allowed. A welcome to following.

He in chopping a stick flew to the eye that is hand and clover. Which they had. He was pleased to have the sea of meadow which was below theirs. It was joined and generally resembled when it is and belongs to all which they rent. They were able to have half of it altogether. There were others who had heard more. They will be more for all. However it is kindly.

When they like help they like help. They have it. They like it for them. They have it. They make the most of it which is why they wish. They will wish to have it. Made for them what they have in the way of advising and they need hope. They will allow themselves all for it. They might without which wish. In a way. They must like whatever they do.

It is very old that they like a chateau. Oh well who can be better.

What is the interest in character by saying he understood others.

There is no use in finding out what is in anybody’s mind. There is no use in finding out what is in anybody’s mind.

What is the difference between sentiment and romance.

What are they leaving they are leaving.

There is some difference between sentiment and romance. Sentiment is awhile and weighed as a weight and romance is made to be authentic. There is no use in knowing why they went because it is made important by their means.

All talk of how well they thought of it.

She was right to be bright.

Edith was right.

Scenery is a valley in moon-light.

Scenery is left of a valley in moon-light.

Below there is a lightened mist.

There is on the height before it makes it come a light cross which is there.

She cannot see it because the sky is light. The sky when it is light is bright.

Explanations make me think of what do they think.

No mention of a little dog.

It is here that they are putting manure.

It is very nicely made that is offering a very small piece of apple not offering but from time to time giving a very small piece of apple pear a single grape to him. He is very obliging, he relinquishes something.

She is not made to be carefully advised when it is well-known as a considerable withdrawal.

A house with health and happiness.

After it is finished before with a smaller well made