Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times

Special contents of this edition copyright © 2007 by Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.

Foreword copyright © 2007 by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas

Introduction copyright © 2007 by Kenneth Tankersley, Ph. D.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to: Skyhorse Publishing, 555 Eighth Avenue, Suite 903, New York, NY 10018.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wilson, Thomas, 1832-1902.

  Arrowpoints, spearheads, and knives of prehistoric times/Thomas Wilson.

        p. cm.

  Originally published: Washington, D.C.: Governement Printing Office, 1899.

  ISBN-13: 978-1-60239-004-1 (pbk.: alk. paper)

  ISBN-10: 1-60239-004-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)

 1. Weapons, Prehistoric. 2. Arrowheads. 3. Spears. 4. Stone age. 5. Weapons, Prehistoric. I. Title.

GN799.W3W55 2007

930.1--dc22

2006038571

Printed in the United States of America

FOREWORD

A government publication such as Thomas Wilson’s Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times, which first appeared in the compendious Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1897, is seldom revived for the general public. So it is encouraging to see, in our present climate of overwhelming triviality, that this has been done.

An archaeological treatise, the book could also be called intellectual archaeology. An aura of the nineteenth century wafts from its pages, because the meticulous descriptions of the artifacts recall the fascination, perhaps spurred by the discovery of Neanderthal man in 1856, that archaeology once held for the general public, so much so that the science could almost have been called, if not a gentleman’s sport, at least a popular hobby for the upper classes, with amateurs digging everywhere, often in competition with professionals.

Social archaeology is also in these pages. Wilson discusses wild American Indians who had rifles. These Indians and the guns, he writes, represented the two extremes of civilization. The Indian was the lowest stratum, his gun the final effect of enlightenment in man. To be sure, this view of nonliterate peoples was common enough at the time and, although diminished, continues to this day, due to the disconnect that sometimes appears between the makers of certain artifacts, who are deemed to be ignorant, and the value placed on their products. Before Namibian Independence, for instance, when a group of Kavango villagers was suddenly forced to relocate, a white collector raided their abandoned homes and took their carved objects to his museum. He meant well enough, though in his opinion the owners did not understand the importance of their possessions and he did, so their objects were better off with him.

Yet Wilson respects the tool makers, however he might characterize them. In his discussion of stone arrowheads that were designed to wobble or rotate in flight, for instance, one senses his awe as he describes the engineering required to create them.

Needless to say, much has been learned since this publication first appeared. The discovery of Cro Magnon man in 1869, and Java man in 1890, were merely a scratch on the surface of prehistory. The tool-using Taung Australo-pithecine was unknown until 1924 and unrecognized as our ancestor until many years later. Until Jane Goodall came along, nobody knew that chimpanzees were tool-users. And no one was paying any attention to the San or Bushmen, now called the First People, who as late as 1970 were making the same tools they had made during the Paleolithic. Thus Wilson could not consider our African origins or those of the tools he studied. He had no way to guess that the bow and arrow could have been invented by prehistoric Bushmen, with, possibly, the hunting bow deriving from the musical bow, probably the earliest musical instrument, or that the arrow could have derived from an acacia thorn or a porcupine quill used as a dart to inject poison. At some point in their early history, the First People evidently put two and two together and began bow hunting.

Nevertheless, Wilson points out that a spear occurs naturally when .re burns the end off a stick, removing the outer layers of wood and hardening the point. One needs only to pick up the stick and throw it. Such spears have been available since wild fires began burning wood, long before anyone evolved to use them. Probably such an item was the first spear.

Students of archaeology will find in this book a treasure trove of information—with hundreds of stone objects carefully documented and splendidly illustrated, and with ancient mines and quarries mapped and photographed. In a word, it is an example of good science—not a final statement, but a firm step forward in our knowledge. And the lay reader will find something equally important—a display of the competence and ingenuity of our ancestors, a record of the human past drawn from the earth, as well as the perfection of Wilson’s scholarship, more rare today than in his day—a voice from a century ago.

ELIZABETH MARSHALL THOMAS

INTRODUCTION TO

THE 2007 EDITION

Thomas Wilson’s Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times was originally published as a report for the United States National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, in 1897. Wilson wrote the report as part of the Smithsonian’s commitment to providing an authoritative reference on the cultural history of Native Americans and to promoting scientific innovation and research about the past.

The Smithsonian Institution was founded in 1846 and associated with the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1879. Their combined mission was to salvage as much information as possible about the Indigenous peoples of North America, because it was assumed that their cultures would soon be gone forever. Wilson’s book was published eleven years after the surrender of Geronimo and the Chiricahuas in Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, and less than seven years after the massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

The geographic focus of Wilson’s book came from the assumption that Indigenous peoples living east of the Mississippi River had either lost the traditional aspects of their cultures or were completely extinct. This assumption led Wilson, with the help of the Italian-born Warren King Moorehead, to spend three years uncovering over 100 Indigenous burial mounds and cemeteries in the Ohio River valley. A massive collection of goods found in graves and ceremonial objects was made for museum displays and book illustrations, which more often than not focused on the artifacts rather than the people who had made them.

For seven years before his 1887 appointment to Curator of Prehistoric Archaeology in the National Museum, Wilson excavated, collected, and studied Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Iron Age artifacts in Europe. During his European research, Wilson found stone tools and weapons among the remains of large extinct animals, such as mammoths, that lived during the Ice Age, as well as the skeletal remains of what anthropologists know today as Homo erectus and archaic forms of Homo sapiens. While these associations suggested some degree of time depth, they did not provide Wilson with the precise ages of the artifacts.

One of the most remarkable aspects of Wilson’s book is that it was written without any knowledge of how old the artifacts were. For those he excavated from stratified deposits, he safely assumed that each layer of earth was formed in the order in which he discovered it. Unfortunately, this information only provided him with relative ages of the artifacts—whether they were older or younger in comparison to each other. Though Wilson could count the growth rings of trees on the surface of archaeological sites, they could not provide him with ages far beyond a thousand years.

Nevertheless, Wilson was among a handful of turn-of-the-century anthropologists to advocate a great antiquity for Indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere. In 1888, he published Results of an Inquiry as to the Existence of Man in North America During the Paleolithic Period of the Stone Age. Comparing stone artifacts from North America to those from Europe, Wilson correctly reasoned that their similarities indicated that people had been living in the Western Hemisphere since the Paleolithic and that there had been multiple migrations to the continent. Like other anthropologists of his day, Wilson preferred to think in terms of technological diffusion rather than independent invention.

In many ways, Wilson’s book is avant-garde. Interdisciplinary analytical techniques, which some modern anthropologists consider to be state-of-the-art, were already in use by Wilson in the nineteenth century. For example, he used petrographic analysis to identify the sources of stones used for the manufacture of tools and weapons in North America and Western Europe. Thin-sections of comparative stones and artifact samples were cut with a diamond saw, mounted on small glass plates, and polished so they could be examined microscopically under polarized light. This technique allowed Wilson to isolate unique minerals, define textures, identify species-specific invertebrate fossils such as foraminifera and sponge spicules, and illuminate distinctive sedimentary structures such as oolites. These microscopic features provided Wilson with a petrographic fingerprint of the stone.

By knowing exactly what a stone tool or weapon was made of, Wilson was able to locate the source of the material, which was closest to the artifact’s find-spot. This information helped him understand economic patterns of past human livelihoods such as seasonal transhumance, migration, and trade. In this vein, Wilson examined and documented siliceous stone mines and quarries across Western Europe and North America. Although he generally assumed that every stone tool and weapon was finished and without imperfections, he also investigated workshop and cache sites. Though he largely missed the various stages of stone tool and weapon manufacture, rejects, and recycling, he did conduct refit analysis in order to reconstruct the production of blades from prepared cores.

In order to understand the functions of stone tools and weapons, Wilson turned to ethnographic and ethnohistorical records. The analogies he used Greek, Roman, and Armenian weaponry to the hafting methods of the North American Paiute, Hupa, and Inuit, the .int-knapping techniques of the Apache, Chumash, Ojibwa, and Powhatan, and even the methods of British gunflint and strike-a-light makers. In the absence of ethnographic and historical records, Wilson turned to experimental archaeology. He hafted stone artifacts in different ways in order to discover the range of their possible uses.

Wilson’s approach to the study of stone tools and weapons is entirely anthropological. His research is cross-cultural. His approach led him to develop a classification of arrow points and spearheads that is still used by archaeologists and artifact collectors today. His classification was based on the shapes of artifacts and assumed that form must follow function. Today, the examination of the use-wear and breakage patterns of stone tools and weapons tests this assumption.

In order for any discipline to go forward and avoid the mistakes of the past, it is crucial to re-examine its history through primary documents. As such, Wilson’s book is and always will be a principal text for professional anthropologists, archaeologists, and amateur artifact collectors.

KENNETH BARNETT TANKERSLEY, PH.D.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Introduction

I.   Spears and harpoons in the Paleolithic period

II.  The origin, invention, and evolution of the bow and arrow

III.  Superstitions concerning arrowpoints and other prehistoric stone implements

IV. Flint mines and quarries in Western Europe and in the United States

Europe

Spiennes, Belgium

Grand Pressigny, France

Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), France

Meudon (Oise), France

Champignolles (Oise), France

Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, England

Cissbury, Sussex, England

Scraper workshop at Goalenec, Quiberon (Morbihan), France

United States

Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio

Caches

V.  Material of arrowpoints and spearheads

Microscopic examination of flint

VI.  Manufacture of arrowpoints and spearheads

VII. Scrapers, grinders, and straighteners used in making arrow and spear shafts

VIII. Classification of arrowpoints and spearheads

Division I—Leaf-shaped

Class A.—Pointed at both ends

Class B.—Pointed at one end; concave, straight, or convex base

Class C.—Long, narrow blades with straight, parallel edges, sharp points, base concave, straight, or convex

Division II—Triangular

Division III—Stemmed

Class A.—Lozenge-shaped

Class B.—Shouldered but not barbed

Class C.—Shouldered and barbed

Division IV—Peculiar forms

Class A.—Beveled edges

Class B.—Serrated edges

Class C.—Bifurcated stems

Class D.—Extremely long barbs, square at ends, finely chipped

Class E.—Triangular in section

Class F.—Broadest at cutting end—tranchant transversal

Class G.—Polished slate

Class H.—Asymmetric

Class I.—Curious forms

Class K.—Perforators

IX.  Knives

X.  Wounds made by arrowpoints or spearheads

Appendix A—Fint mines and quarries

Appendix B—Caches

Appendix C—Large implements of arrowpoint or spearhead form

Appendix D—Making of arrowpoints described by explorers and travelers

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

1. Prehistoric iron Knives and spearheads. Cemetery of Chei’tan-thagh, Russian Armenia

2. Specimens of fine arrowpoints. Italy

3. Specimens of fine arrowpoints. Italy

4. Flint flakes, arrowpoints, and spearheads. Gurob, Egypt, XIIth dynasty, 2600 B. C

5. Pointed flint flakes, picks, hammer stones, and chisels. Spiennes, Belgium.

6. Deer-horn picks. Grimes Graves, and Brandon, Suffolk, England

7. Flint objects from prehistoric workshops Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France, and other localities in Europe

8. Flint knapper engaged in quartering flint. Brandon, Suffolk, England.

9. Flint knapper flaking the flints into long slips

10. Knapping the flakes into gun flints. Brandon, Suffolk, England

11. Implements from flint mines. England

12. Cache of scrapers. Goalenec, Brittany

13. Map of Flint Ridge, Ohio, showing aboriginal flint quarries and workshops

14. Worked flints from workshops. Flint Ridge, Ohio

15. Flint chips from workshop. Flint Ridge, Ohio

16. Microscopic thin sections of flint. England

17. Microscopic thin sections of flint. Denmark, France, and Belgium

18. Microscopic thin sections of flint. France and United States

19. Microscopic thin sections of flint. United States

20. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States

21. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States

22. Microscopic thin sections of rocks, used for aboriginal implements. United States

23. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made

24. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made

25. Obsidian Cores, flakes, and finished arrowpoints. Principally from North America

26. Concave arrow-shaft scrapers of flint. England and United States.

27. Arrow-shaft grinders. Cherokee, Iowa

28. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class A

29. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B

30. Leaf shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B

31. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class C

32. Triangular arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division II

33. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class A

34. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class B

35. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C

36. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C

37. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class A.

38. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class B, C, D

39. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class E, F, G, H, I

40. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class I

41. Flint and obsidian leaf-shaped blades, handled as knives. Hupa Valley, California

42. Leaf-shaped flint blades in wooden handles, fastened with bitumen. Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, California

43. Leaf-shaped blades of flint and chalcedony, showing bitumen handle fastening. California

44. Ulu, or woman’s knife. Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome

45. Common arrowpoints, handled by the author to show their possible use as knives

46. Humpbacked knives. District of Columbia, United States, and Somaliland, Africa

47. Humpbacked knives. United States

48. Manner of holding humpbacks for use as knives

49. Humpbacks chipped smooth, showing intentional knives. United States

50. Humpbacks of quartzite with one cutting edge used as knives. United States

51. Rude knives of flint and hard stone, chipped to a cutting edge on one side of the oval. United States

52. Rude knives of flint, jasper, etc. United States

53. Knives with stems, shoulders, and barbs, resembling arrowpoints and spearheads, but with rounded points unsuitable for piercing

54, 55. Unilateral knives

56. Flint flakes chipped on one edge only, intended for knives

57. Flint flakes chipped on one edge, intended for knives

58. Arrowpoints or spearheads inserted in ancient human bones. Cavern, Kentucky

59. Plan showing one of layer of cache of 95 argillite implements. Chester County, Pennsylvania

60. Plaster cast (model) of a spring near Hibriten Mountain, North Carolina, showing 15 leaf-shaped implements in cache. Lenoir, North Carolina

61. Large spearheads of chalcedony. Little Missouri River, Arkansas

62. Flint disks, made from concretionary flint nodules. Illinois; Ohio

63. Pile of 7,382 chipped flint disks, cached in mound 2, Hopewell farm, Anderson Station, Ross County, Ohio

64. Large spearheads of chalcedony. College Corners, Ohio

65. Spearhead of white flint. Carpentersville, Illinois

TEXT FIGURES.

1. Acheuléen implement of flint. St. Acheul, France

2. Paleolithic implement of quartzite. Madras, India

3, 4. Mousterien spearhead of flint. Le Moustier, France

5, 6. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, France

7–10. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France

11. Solutréen point of chipped flint. Solutré, France

12–14. Solutréen points of chipped flint. France

15, 16. Solutréen points of chipped flint. Dordogne, France

17, 18. Solutréen flint points. Dordogne, France

19. Primary arrow release

20. Secondary arrow release

21. Tertiary arrow release

22. Mediterranean arrow release

23. Mongolian arrow release

24. Scythian and Parthian bow

25. Greek bow

26. Greek bow case and quiver

27. Greek bronze three-tongued arrowpoint. Persepolis

28. Greek bronze three-tongued arrowpoints. Marathon

29, 30. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Mouçi-yéri, Russian Armenia

31–38. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Cheïtan-thagh, Russian Armenia

39,40. Prehistoric Armenian bows, engraved on bronze cinctures. Cemetery of Akthala and Mouçi-yéri

41–45. Prehistoric arrowpoints of bronze and iron from Armenia

46, 47. Prehistoric arrowpoints of chipped obsidian, tranchant transversal. Cemetery of Mouçi-yéri, Armenia

48. Section showing geology of prehistoric flint mine. Spiennes, Belgium

49. Section of prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium

50. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium

51. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium

52. Section of pit in the prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium

53. Flint implement; the peculiar product of a prehistoric workshop. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France

54. Section of prehistoric flint mine or pit. Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron)

55. Prehistoric deer-horn hammer and pick combined. From flint mine at Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), France

56. Section of prehistoric flint mine. Meudon (Oise), France

57. Section of a pit of the prehistoric flint mine at Champignolles (Oise), France

58. Strike-a-light, steel and tinder, used by French peasants. Paris, France

59. Prehistoric pick marks in the hard clay in the excavation of an Etruscan tomb. (Del Colle Cassuccina), Chiusi, Italy

60. Plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, England

61. Portion of plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, Sussex, England

62, 63. Iron flaking hammer and a strike-a-light made with it. Albania, Greece

64. Flint core, with its flakes in place as struck

65. Section of flint nucleus showing how flakes are struck off

66, 67. Hammer stones. Ohio, New York

68,69. Eskimo arrow flakers, points of reindeer horn, handle of ivory

70,71. Eskimo arrow flakers, points of reindeer horn, handles of wood and ivory

72–74. Flakers of antler or bone in handles of wood

75, 76. Flint flakers (?) with smooth, rounded ends, worn by use. Yorkshire, England

77. Arrow-shaft grinder, chlorite slate. Cape Cod, Massachusetts

78. Serpentine arrow-shaft straightener, with three smooth grooves, ornamental irregular incised lines. Santa Barbara County, California

79, 80. Arrow-shaft straighteners of wood or ivory

81. Leaf-shaped spearhead of flinty chert, pointed at both ends. Madison County, Kentucky

82. Sword of dark-brown flint. Williamson County, Tennessee

83. Sword of obsidian. Oregon

84. Ferruginous conglomerate containing jasper pebbles. Blount County, Alabama

85. Pale-gray flint having the appearance of agatized wood. Austin, Texas.

86. Yellow chert. Tennessee River, opposite Savannah, Tennessee

87. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. Folsom, Sacramento County, California

88. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends

89, 90. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends

91. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. Santa Barbara County, California

92. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. California

93. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. National Museum, Mexico.

94. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends, two notches near base for fastening handle. Gilmer County, Georgia

95. Leaf-shaped implement of gray hornstone, pointed at both ends. Belleville, St. Clair County, Illinois

96–101. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, pointed at both ends

102. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New Jersey

103. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New Jersey

104. Leaf-shaped implement of pale-gray jaspery flint, with convex base

105, 106. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base

107. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base. San Miguel Island, California

108. Leaf-shaped implement of jaspery grayish flint, with convex base

109. Leaf-shaped implement of obsidian, with convex base. San Miguel Island, California

110. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous chalcedonic flint or silicified wood, with convex base. San Miguel Island, California

111. Leaf-shaped implement of pale gray chalcedonic flint, with convex base. San Miguel Island, California

112. Leaf-shaped implement of translucent chalcedony, with straight base. Tennessee

113. Leaf-shaped implement of porphyritic felsite, with convex base. Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts

114–118. Leaf-shaped implements

119–123. Leaf-shaped implements

124. New Caledonian javelin (modern)

125. Leaf-shaped implement of brownish-gray jasper, with concave base and parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California

126. Leaf-shaped implement of gray flint or jasper, with straight base and parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California

127. Leaf-shaped implement, with concave base and parallel edges. California

128. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with slightly concave base and parallel edges. California

129. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with concave base and parallel edges. California

130. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with concave base and parallel edges. California

131. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with convex base and parallel edges. California

132. Triangular, equilateral arrowpoint. Nantucket Island, Massachusetts

133. Triangular arrowpoint or spearhead, with straight edges and concave base. Rhode Island

134. Triangular arrowpoint of gray flint, with concave edges and base. Stillwater, Washington County, New York

135. Triangular arrowpoint, with concave base. Chilmark, Massachusetts

136. Triangular arrowpoint, deeply concave. Oregon

137. Triangular arrowpoint of white quartz

138. Triangular arrowpoint of pale gray Hint, with convex base. St. George, Washington County, Utah

139. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. La Paz, Lower California

140. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. Edgartown, Dukes County, Massachusetts

141. Stemmed arrowpoint of white quartz, lozenge-shaped

142. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. East Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut

143. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. Keeseville, Essex County, New York

144. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, lozenge-shaped

145. Prehistoric stone arrowpoint inserted in shaft and tied with fiber. Switzerland

146. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed. Plain-field, Windham County, Connecticut

147. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Kingston, Washington County, Rhode Island.

148. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Groveport, Franklin County, Ohio

149. Stemmed arrowpoint of greenish-gray hard slate, shouldered but not barbed. Georgia

150. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Southold, Suffolk County (Long Island), New York

151. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Tennessee

152. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas

153. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Plantersville, Morehouse County, Louisiana

154. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. St. Mary County, Maryland

155. Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-brown jasper, shouldered but not barbed. Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania

156. Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Brownsville, Licking County, Ohio

157. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Lincoln County, Tennessee

158. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. South Dennis, Barnstable County, Massachusetts

159. Stemmed arrowpoint of bluish chalcedonic flint, shouldered but not barbed. Ohio

160. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed

161. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. St. Clair County, Illinois

162. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Edmondson County, Kentucky

163. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed

164. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed. San Miguel Island, California

165. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Ohio

166. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Tennessee

167. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed

168. Stemmed arrowpoint of white jaspery flint, shouldered but not barbed. West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin

169. Steamed arrowpoint of brown flint, shouldered but not barbed. Dennysville, Washington County, Maine

170. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed

171. Stemmed spearhead of whitish chalcedony, shouldered and barbed. Shreveport, Caddo County, Louisiana

172. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed. Crawford County, Wisconsin

173. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Saratoga County, New York

174. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. McMinnville, Warren County, Tennessee

175. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed

176. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Orange County, Indiana

177. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale-brown flint, shouldered and barbed. Santa Barbara County, California

178. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark-gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Sharpsburg, Washington County, Maryland

179. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered and barbed. Oregon

180. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Elkton, Giles County, Tennessee

181. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Tennessee

182. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Point Lick, Kentucky

183. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Louisville, Kentucky

184. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Oregon

185. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Stockton, San Joaquin County, California

186. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with bifurcated stem. Tennessee

187. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with extremely long barbs, square at ends. Rudston, England

188. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, triangular in section, reddish jasper. Chiriqui, Panama, United States of Colombia

189. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, broadest at cutting end—tranchant transversal. Aisne, France

190. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints—tranchant transversal