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    Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2
    Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2
    Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2
    Ebook242 pages1 hour

    Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2

    By Newton C. Braga

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    About this ebook

    Some years ago I had written a book directed to anyone who designs electronic and electric circuits. Engineers, technicians, teachers, students and hobbyists took a real benefit from that book. The original book is now out of print, being available only used issues. Since the book is very useful, the author decided to review the old edition, add new content and so create a new book for anyone who need a fast access to formulas, tables and calculations when designing his projects or solving a problem.

    The author, who has himself designed multitudes of projects and circuits during his life, publishing many books and hundreds of articles in electronics magazines and teaching electronics, has collected an assortment of all basic information necessary for calculations needed when designing new projects or solving a problem. More part of these formulas and calculations is now in the author´s site. The site also has versions in Portuguese and in Spanish. In the site the reader will also find practical examples in projects or articles where many of the formulas shown in this book are used.

    When starting a project or solving a problem the main difficulty the designer or student founds is how to locate the desired information. This information is normally spread over a large number of resources, such as books, handbooks, Internet, and magazine articles. Although many of us who are experienced in electronics have in mind the principal formulas, we sometimes have trouble with the forgotten constant, multiplication factor or exponent. Finding these values is sometimes difficult depending of the circumstances, such as where you are at the time, or the amount of resources at your disposal.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherEditora NCB
    Release dateAug 17, 2016
    ISBN9788565051064
    Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2

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      Book preview

      Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2 - Newton C. Braga

      Handbook of Electronics Formulas and Calculations - Volume 2

      Electricity and Basic Electronics

      Newton C. Braga

      São Paulo - 2016

      Institute NCB

      www.newtoncbraga.com

      leitor@newtoncbraga.com.br

      HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS FORMULAS AND CALCULATIONS – vol.2

      Author: Newton C. Braga

      São Paulo - Brazil – 2016

      key-words: Electronic, formulas, calculations, electricity, mechatronics, engineering

      Copyright by

      INSTITUTO NEWTON C BRAGA

      2ª edition

      All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with taken in the preparation of this book, the author, the publisher or saller assume no responsibility for erros or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information containes hereing.

      Officer responsible: Newton C. Braga

      Design and Coordination: Renato Paiotti

      INSTITUTE NEWTON C. BRAGA

      http://www.newtoncbraga.com

      Índice

      Preface

      BRIDGES

      128. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

      129. WIEN BRIDGE

      130. RESONANCE BRIDGE

      131. MAXWELL BRIDGE

      132. SCHERING BRIDGE

      133. OWEN BRIDGE

      134. HAY BRIDGE

      OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

      135. NON-INVERTING OP. AMP.

      136. INVERTING OP. AMP.

      137. VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

      138. SUMMING OP. AMP.

      139. SUBTRACTION OP. AMP.

      140. DIFFERENTIATION USING OP. AMP.

      141. INTEGRATION USING OP. AMP.

      142. LOGARITHMIC OP. AMP.

      143. VOLTAGE SOURCE

      144. CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE - Op. Amp

      145. CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE - Op. Amp.

      146. ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER - Op. Amp.

      147. VOLTIMETER USING Op. Amp.

      148. SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR - Op. Amp.

      149. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING Op. Amp.

      150. BANDPASS AMPLIFIER USING Op. Amp.

      151. NOTCH FILTER - Op. Amp.

      152. LOW-PASS FILTER - Op. Amp.

      153. HIGH-PASS FILTER - Op. Amp.

      154. BUTTERWORTH FILTER - Op. Amp.

      155. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR (one transistor)

      156. PARALLEL VOLTAGE REGULADOR

      INTEGRATED VOLTAGE REGULATORS

      157. VOLTAGE REGULATORS

      158. CURRENT REGULATOR

      159. Calculating a voltage regulator

      Digital Circuits

      160. Binary to Decimal Conversion

      161. BYTE TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

      162. BCD to Decimal Conversion

      163. HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

      164. Decimal-to-Binary Conversion

      165. DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL

      Logic Functions

      166. AND Gate

      167. NAND Gate

      168. OR Gate

      169. NOR Gate

      170. Exclusive-OR

      171. Inverter

      172. Binary Addition

      173. Binary Subtraction

      174. Binary Multiplication

      175. Binary Division

      The Postulates of Boolean Algebra

      176. Laws of Tautology

      177. Laws of Commutation

      178. The Laws of Association 

      179. Laws of Distribution

      180. Laws of Absorption

      181. Laws of Universe Class

      182. The Laws of Null Class

      183. Laws of Complementation

      184. Laws of Contraposition

      185. Law of Double Negation

      186. Laws of Expansion

      187. Laws of Duality

      Boolean Relationships

      188. Idempoint

      189. Commutative

      190. Associative

      191. Boolean Relationship - Distributive

      192. Absortion

      193. Demorgan Theorem

      Miscelaneous

      194. Instantaneous Values of Sine Waves

      195. Inches to Millimeters

      196. Millimeters to Decimal Inches

      Temperature Conversions

      197. Degrees Celsius (C), Degrees Fahrenheit (F), Degrees Kelvin (K) and Degrees Reamur

      Sound and Acoustics

      198. Sound Wavelength

      199. Velocity of Longitudinal Sound Waves

      200. Sound Interval

      201. Sound Pressure

      202. Sound Pressure Level

      203. Sound Intensity

      204. Interference (Beat)

      205. Doppler Effect

      Loudspeaker Crossover Networks

      206. Simple Crossover Network for Tweeter (6dB/octave)

      207. 6 dB Octave Crossover Network II

      208. Two-Channel 12 dB/Octave Loudspeaker Crossover

      209. Two-Channel 18 dB/octave PI-Crossover Network 

      210. Crossover and Design Frequencies for 3-way Networks

      211. Three-Channel 6 dB/Octave Crossover (Series)

      212. Three-Chanell 6dB/Octave Crossover (Parallel)

      213. Three-Channel 12 dB/Octave Crossover (Series)

      214. Three- Channel 12 dB/Octave Crossover (Parallel)

      215. Weeler’s Formula

      Optoelectronics

      216. Wavelength and Frequency for Light Radiation

      217. Luminous Intensity and Flux

      218. Luminous Density

      219. Refraction

      220.LEDs

      221. Photocell

      222. LDR or Photoresistor

      223. Photodiode

      224. Phototransistor

      225. Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law

      Mathematics

      226. Differentiation Formulas

      227. Integration Formulas

      228. Tolerances

      229. Fourier Transforms

      Preface

      Some years ago I had written a book directed to anyone who designs electronic and electric circuits. Engineers, technicians, teachers, students and hobbyists took a real benefit from that book. The original book is now out of print, being available only used issues. Since the book is very useful, the author decided to review the old edition, add new content and so create a new book for anyone who need a fast access to formulas, tables and calculations when designing his projects or solving a problem.

      The author, who has himself designed multitudes of projects and circuits during his life, publishing many books and hundreds of articles in electronics magazines and teaching electronics, has collected an assortment of all basic information necessary for calculations needed when designing new projects or solving a problem.

      More part of these formulas and calculations is now in the author´s site at www.newtoncbraga.com. The site also has versions in Portuguese (www.newtoncbraga.com.br) and in Spanish (www.incb.com.mx).

      In the site the reader will also find practical examples in projects or articles where many of the formulas shown in this book are used.

      When starting a project or solving a problem the main difficulty the designer or student founds is how to locate the desired information. This information is normally spread over a large number of resources, such as books, handbooks, Internet, and magazine articles.

      Although many of us who are experienced in electronics have in mind the principal formulas, we sometimes have trouble with the forgotten constant, multiplication factor or exponent. Finding these values is sometimes difficult depending of the circumstances, such as where you are at the time or the amount of resources at your disposal.

      By putting the principal formulas and tables in a unique place, a designer can find the desired information easier, and, more importantly, can take this information wherever he goes.

      And with the aid of the new technologies, the information can be accessed by a tablet, Smartphone or a laptop, if you have the virtual version. This is the aim of this book.

      But formulas and tables are not useful only when designing a new configuration. They are necessary when we need to know what happen when a specific working circuit is altered, for the electronic student doing homework or the researchers in other fields who work with electronic equipment.

      The tables contain a large amount of important information, such as particular values of constants, physical properties of circuits and materials, and even calculated values that can´t be found without using complex or hard-to-do procedures.

      Finally, we have laws and theorems describing the properties of circuits and devices, and procedures to be used in calculations, which are very important when doing practical works.

      Most of the formulas and tables are accompanied by application examples. They are very important to show the reader how the calculations are made when using the given information. To avoid problems with incorrect results, in all formulas and applications the units to be used are indicated.

      The formulas range from the simplest, where elementary arithmetic operations such as sum, subtraction, multiplication and division, are used, to the more complex that require some good working knowledge of algebraic and trigonometric functions, or even differential and integral calculus.

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