The French and Indian War: 1660–1763
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History is dramatic—and the renowned, award-winning authors Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier demonstrate this in a compelling series aimed at young readers. Covering American history from the founding of Jamestown through present day, these volumes explore far beyond the dates and events of a historical chronicle to present a moving illumination of the ideas, opinions, attitudes and tribulations that led to the birth of this great nation.
The French and Indian War: 1660-1763 covers much more than the few years during which the English and French fought over the division of the North American continent in one of the most neglected periods of American history. In this volume in The Drama of American History series, authors Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier trace how England's other rivals for control of America were eliminated over this period until the only source of conflict left would be between the British and their own colonists. This series offers a fairly unique approach to American history by focusing on core content rather than a blizzard of names and dates, giving listeners a good sense of not only what happened, but why, as England eliminated its competition.
Christopher Collier
Christopher Collier is an author and historian. He attended Clark University and Columbia University, where he earned his PhD. He was the official Connecticut State Historian from 1984 to 2004 and is now professor of history emeritus at the University of Connecticut. He is the brother of James Lincoln Collier, with whom he has written a number of novels, most of which are based on historic events. His books have been nominated for several awards, including the Newbery Honor and the Pulitzer Prize.
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The French and Indian War - Christopher Collier
SERIES
PREFACE
OVER MANY YEARS of both teaching and writing for students at all levels, from grammar school to graduate school, it has been borne in on us that many, if not most, American history textbooks suffer from trying to include everything of any moment in the history of the nation. Students become lost in a swamp of factual information, and as a consequence lose track of how those facts fit together, and why they are significant and relevant to the world today.
In this series, our effort has been to strip the vast amount of available detail down to a central core. Our aim is to draw in bold strokes, providing enough information, but no more than is necessary, to bring out the basic themes of the American story, and what they mean to us now. We believe that it is surely more important for students to grasp the underlying concepts and ideas that emerge from the movement of history, than to memorize an array of facts and figures.
The difference between this series and many standard texts lies in what has been left out. We are convinced that students will better remember the important themes if they are not buried under a heap of names, dates, and places.
In this sense, our primary goal is what might be called citizenship education. We think it is critically important for America as a nation and Americans as individuals to understand the origins and workings of the public institutions which are central to American society. We have asked ourselves again and again what is most important for citizens of our democracy to know so they can most effectively make the system work for them and the nation. For this reason, we have focused on political and institutional history, leaving social and cultural history less well developed.
This series is divided into volumes that move chronologically through the American story. Each is built around a single topic, such as the pilgrims, the Constitutional Convention, or immigration. Each volume has been written so that it can stand alone, for students who wish to research a given topic. As a consequence, in many cases material from previous volumes is repeated, usually in abbreviated form, to set the topic in its historical context. That is to say, students of the Constitutional Convention must be given some idea of relations with England, and why the revolution was fought, even though the material was covered in detail in a previous volume. Readers should find that each volume tells an entire story that can be read with or without reference to other volumes.
Despite our belief that it is of the first importance to outline sharply basic concepts and generalizations, we have not neglected the great dramas of American history. The stories that will hold the attention of students are here, and we believe they will help the concepts they illustrate to stick in their minds. We think, for example, that knowing of Abraham Baldwin's brave and dramatic decision to vote with the small states at the Constitutional Convention will bring alive the Connecticut Compromise, out of which grew the American Senate.
Each of these volumes has been read by esteemed specialists in its particular topic; we have benefited from their comments.
CHAPTER I: THE EUROPEAN COLONIES IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
ONE OF THE most neglected periods in the modern history of North America is the period that began in the 1670s, when it was clear that the European colonies were in the country to stay, and ended in 1763 when, for reasons we shall see, the spirit of revolt against England began to stir. Everybody knows the stories and legends of the first settlers—the Mayflower and Plymouth Rock, John Smith and Pocahontas; and everybody remembers the great events of the 1770s and after—the Boston Tea Party, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
But what happened in the hundred years between the time the land was settled and the start of the American Revolution is often forgotten. It should not be, for here the groundwork for the United States was laid. When the period began, the colonies in eastern North America consisted of scattered villages and towns up and down the seacoast, and perhaps up to fifty miles inland. Much of the land was still forest, inhabited by Indians living in their old ways. The human beings who first peopled what we now call the Americas have traditionally been called Indians, because the first Europeans who landed in the Americas thought they had reached India. The term Indians is therefore not very accurate, and other terms have been used: Amerinds, and more recently, Native Americans. The Indians had no term for themselves, as they thought they were all the human beings that there were. Today most of them refer to themselves as Indians, and we will use that term here, while understanding that it is not very accurate. The colonies did not even have their own type of money, but used English shillings, Spanish dollars, French livres, and Dutch guldens. Mostly they did business without money at all, bartering so many pounds of tobacco for so much beef and butter. There were no newspapers and few books were published. There was little manufacturing. Paint, mirrors, clocks, windowpanes, hoes, needles, and most other manufactured goods had to be brought in from Europe, mainly from England.