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    Databook for Clinical Pharmacology
    Databook for Clinical Pharmacology
    Databook for Clinical Pharmacology
    Ebook425 pages2 hours

    Databook for Clinical Pharmacology

    By Dr. Tapan Kumar Chatterjee

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    About this ebook

    Any professional dealing with drugs should possesses clinical knowledge about it. The author has tried his best and compiled this databook to give the right knowledge to professionals about drugs. The Databook has been segregated into four important chapters. Chapter I comprises clinical data of hundreds of drugs. Chapter II assembles the pharmacokinetic data of several drugs. Chapter III and IV elaborate the drug-drug interaction and adverse drug reactions respectively. The book has separately included references for further reading. This book provides the most up-to-date data for hundreds of drugs all described in generic term. It covers several groups of drugs from analgesic and sedative to anticancer agents. Essential clinical materials are included in this Databook for necessary background information and to complement the kinetic data (Pharmacokinetic) of drugs. The book also includes important chapters on drug- drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in a most exhaustive manner.
    This book is primarily targeted for the students of B. Pharm., M. Pharm. The book will also draw attention of M.B.B.S., M.D. (Medicine) students, medical practitioners, pharmacologists, clinical workers and toxicologists.
    The author has tried to compose the databook informative, up-to-date, well incorporated and coherent.
    Key Features:
    · Contains clinical data of 525 drugs.
    · Presents pharmacokinetics data of 782 drugs.
    · Provides exhaustive list of Drug-Drug interactions.
    · Included detailed about Adverse Drug Reactions.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBSP BOOKS
    Release dateNov 5, 2019
    ISBN9789386211026
    Databook for Clinical Pharmacology

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      Book preview

      Databook for Clinical Pharmacology - Dr. Tapan Kumar Chatterjee

      INDEX

      Introduction

      A scientific group of world Health Organization (WHO) has defined a drug as any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient (Technical report no. 34 of WHO 1996). Paul Martini (1889-1964) was first who used the term clinical pharmacology. Clinical pharmacology comprises all aspects of the scientific study of drugs in human. Its objective is to optimize drug therapy and it is justified in so far as it is put to the practical use. Clinical pharmacology finds appearance in performance with other clinical specialities. Therapeutic accomplishment with drugs is becoming more and more dependent on the user having at least an outline understanding of both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

      Pharmacodynamics: Finding out what drugs do to the body and how. This includes not just the cellular and molecular aspects, but also more relevant clinical measurements. Pharmacokinetics - what happens to the drug while in the body. This involves the body systems for handling the drug, usually divided into the following classification:

      •   Absorption

      •   Distribution

      •   Metabolism

      •   Excretion

      Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs and their clinical use. It is underpinned by the basic science of pharmacology, with added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the real world. It has a broad scope, from the discovery of new target molecules, to the effects of drug usage in whole population.

      Clinical pharmacology connects the gap between medical practice and laboratory science. The main objective is to promote the safety of prescription, maximise the drug effects and minimise the side effects. It is important that there be association with clinical pharmacists skilled in areas of drug information, medication, safety and other aspects of pharmacy practice related to clinical pharmacology. Clinical pharmacologists are physicians, pharmacists and scientists whose focus is developing and understanding new drug therapies. Clinical pharmacologists work in a variety of settings in academia, industry and government. In the laboratory setting they study biomarkers, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism and genetics. In the office setting they design and evaluate clinical trials, create and implement regulation guidelines for drug use, and look at drug utilization on local and global scales. In the clinical setting they work directly with patients, participate in experimental studies, and investigate adverse reactions and interactions.

      Clinical Pharmacology, in theory, has been practiced for centuries through observing the effects of herbal remedies and early drugs on humans. Most of this work was done through trial and error. In the early 1900s, scientific advances allowed scientists to combine the study of physiological effects with biological effects. This led to the first major breakthrough when scientists used clinical pharmacology to discover insulin. Since that discovery clinical pharmacology has expanded to be a multidisciplinary field and has contributed to the understanding of drug interaction, therapeutic efficacy and safety in humans. Over time clinical pharmacologists have been able to make more exact measurements and personalize drug therapies

      Clinical pharmacologists usually have a rigorous pharmaceutical and scientific training which enables them to evaluate evidence and produce new data through well designed clinical studies. Clinical pharmacologists must have access to enough outpatients for clinical care, teaching and education, and research as well be supervised by medical specialists. Their responsibilities to patients include, but are not limited to analyzing adverse drug effects, therapeutics, and toxicology including reproductive toxicology, cardiovascular risks, perioperative drug management and psychopharmacology.

      A doctor can only do rational prescription using the right medication, at the right dose, using the right route and frequency of administration for the patient, and stopping the drug appropriately. For that the doctor should know about the clinical data, pharmacokinetics data, adverse drug reactions (ADR), and drug interactions of the drugs.

      CHAPTER I

      CLINICAL DATA TEXT

      Dose

      Clinically the expression dose is self-explanatory. Throughout prescription of proper dose for any patient, so many things must be well thought-out. Some antibiotics are obtainable in tablet, capsule or suspension form for oral route. So doctors should prefer the formulation suitable for the patients. It is significant because it influences the bioavailability of the drug. For instance, bioavailability of digoxin is 62 when given in oral route on the other hand, the bioavailability of digoxin elixir administered orally is 0.08. In the following tables, in case of dose it is oral route. And when another route is more usual, this has been indicated in tables.

      Therapeutic Concentration

      Following absorption, drug reaches the plasma or blood to produce therapeutic effect. The concentration that needs to be reached for drug to exert a significant therapeutic benefit without any side effect is called therapeutic concentration.

      Penetration to CNS

      The majority of the drugs are either weak acid or weak base and remain in non-ionized and lipid soluble form. Presence of hydrocarbon chain, steroid nucleus, benzene ring or halogen favor lipid solubility. On the other hand, water solubility is favored by the possession of alcohol (-OH), amide (-CONH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), and conjugated products. Within any closely related series of compounds more lipid soluble will show better penetration to the central nervous system (CNS). Lipid soluble drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier(BBB). CSF/PI is the ratio which indicate the ability of drug to penetrate the CNS.

      Lactation

      Breast-feeding mothers may deliver substantial amount of some drugs to her child whose ability to handle the foreign compound is very low. So, this parameter is extremly important and this parameter is depend on the time of sampling breast milk in relation to drug administration. (Table 1.1)

      T1/2 in Renal and Hepatic failure

      Understanding in renal failure case, or decrease in renal function with age, can be related to creatinine clearance.

      In some case of hepatic disease, increased bioavailability can be observed. This is due to the reduction of first-pass effect diseased liver. (Table 1.2)

      Risk in Pregnancy

      During first timester, many drugs are known to damage the developing fetus, resulting malformations. There are some drugs which can exert toxic effects during second and third timester, giving rise to retarded growth and poor functional development of certain tissues.

      Table 1.1 Concentration of Various Drugs in Maternal Blood and Breast Milk under Normal pH Conditions

      Table 1.2 Drugs whose Dosage Regimen should be Changed in Various Degrees of Renal Impartment

      Table 1.3 Potential Bioequivalency Problems of Some Drugs

      CLINICAL DATA

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