Neoclassicism
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Neoclassicism - Victoria Charles
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ISBN: 978-1-64461-875-2
Victoria Charles
NEOCLASSICISM
Contents
INTRODUCTION
A HISTORY OF NEOCLASSICISM
The Precursors of Neoclassicism
The Neoclassical Period
Of Neoclassical Inspiration
Neoclassicism elsewhere the world
Sculpture
Architecture
The Expressive Moods of Neoclassicism
The Decline
THE ARTISTS
Jacques-Louis David (1748 Paris – 1825 Brussels)
Jean–Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780 Montauban – 1867 Paris)
Joseph Marie Vien (1716 Montpellier – 1809 Paris)
Anton Raphaël Mengs (1728 Aussig – 1779 Rome)
Johann Heinrich Fuseli (Zürich 1741 – London 1825)
Antonio Canova (1757, Possagno – 1822, Venice)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The Enlightenment marks the eighteenth century as a period heavily invested in ideas. Salon culture developed through the taste and social initiative of women during the Rococo period in the courts of France, Austria and Germany. These women were known as femmes savants, or learned women. In addition to art, the salons propagated Enlightenment ideas that rejected superstition and favored provable theories based on scientific methods. Empiricism flourished, coming out of the seventeenth century achievements in science, notably those of Britons Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) and John Locke (1632 – 1727). Their insistence on tangible data and empirical proof changed the course of ideas.
In France, the philosophes helped to spread rational ideas based on reason into the areas of church and state. They believed that through the progress of ideas, there existed a possibility for the perfection of mankind. Gathering and ordering knowledge was part of the Enlightenment project. Accordingly, Diderot (1713 – 1784) created the first encyclopedia (thirty-five volumes 1751 – 1780) in an attempt to systematically record all existing knowledge. Diderot also became the first art critic by publishing his commentaries on the official French Salon exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Voltaire (1694 – 1778) wrote against the despotic rule of kings and the hegemony of the church. Later, revolutionary thinkers would recall his seminal ideas. Natural history and zoology were catalogued by the Comte de Buffon (1707 – 1788), while in Sweden Carolus Linnaeus created a comprehensive classification of plants.
Worldwide, the eighteenth century marks the start of the ‘modern’ period in which a self-conscious awareness of the present in relation to past begets a preoccupation with newness, or being current. Americans in the colonies were also noted for their commitment to Enlightenment ideas, most notably Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Scientific inventions flourished as much as social inventions, and the Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1740s. It was spurred on by research into steam power, electricity, the discovery of oxygen, and mechanical advances in technology, including the first use of iron for a bridge in 1776.
Born on the eve of the Age of Revolution, Neoclassicism reflected the intellectual, social and political changes of that period. The advent of revolutionary movements in France and America, based on classical ideals such as the democracy of ancient Athens and Rome, made Neoclassical art even more appealing. As three quarters of the French were illiterate, it created an opportunity for art to become a political tool