The Next World Order: Women's rise to the Presidency of the United States of the World

References

About The Author

Dr. James Jijide was born, raised and educated in Zimbabwe before pursuing further studies for 10 years in France. He is a consultant in Reproductive Health and HIV/ AIDS.

A lacto-ovo vegetarian since 2008, and an activist for human, animal, plant and gender rights, Dr. James Jijide now spends most of his spare time doing research and writing books and providing French-English simultaneous interpretation for international conferences.

Victoria Mapxashike was born, raised and educated in Zimbabwe before going to Great Britain for further studies. With a legal background, Victoria Mapxashike works in the legal profession.

In her spare time, she is a wedding planner, a trainer of housemaids and a writer. A co-author and an author in her own right, Victoria Mapxashike too has written several books and she is the author of the 4-Wise Steps Series books which deal exclusively with modern family troubles and solutions.

Dedication

This book is dedicated to all the women, past, present, and future whose contributions, however small or big, have made, are making and will make this world a better place to live in for everybody and for everything.

In Memory and Honor of Bente Diallo

It is also dedicated to our late friend, Diallo Bente, with whom we used to spend long hours passionately discussing the glories and infamies, the virtues and vices of vanished empires and their civilizations and those to come. The fate and destiny of those to come.

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James Jijide and Victoria Mapxashike (2020)

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Publisher’s Cataloguing-in-Publication data

Jijide, James

Mapxashike, Victoria

The Next World Order

ISBN 9781643780771 (Paperback)

ISBN 9781643780788 (Hardback)

ISBN 9781645366836 (ePub e-book)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020904682

www.austinmacauley.com/us

First Published (2020)

Austin Macauley Publishers LLC

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New York, NY 10005

USA

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Acknowledgments

Our acknowledgments go to Christo Fourie and Desire Jolene Eber, who never stopped to amaze us by constantly passing encouraging and supportive remarks regarding our writing of this book in the course of the seven years, from 2010 to 2016. Our gratitude is also extended to Jean Jijide who kept on supplying us with new ideas which helped enrich the content and substance of this book.

Translation

The Next World Order will be translated into Mandarin, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Hindi, Bengali, Russian, Arabic, German, Jewish, and Japanese as well as into Swahili and Hausa.

Directions for Book Use

Firstly, most of the information in italics contains different historical contexts out of which women, individually and collectively, have been carving the path leading to women’s world leadership in the course of the past thousands of years.

Secondly, most of the information captured in bold contain the different contemporary contexts out of which women, again individually and collectively, are paving the way to women’s world leadership. Finally, all the information in the new roman paints the futuristic situation of women in The Next World Order when they will be the exclusive leaders of the world.

Preamble

Throughout the history of humankind on this planet Earth, it is the men, except in very few cases, who have been wholly in charge of the different civilizations which have, over thousands of years, succeeded each other. In those civilizations, generally, women have played secondary, peripheral roles, while progressively building the base for their future leadership of the world and its civilizations.

In contrast, in The Next World Order, 3000 years from now, women will take full charge of all the civilizations of the time, and build a world civilization in which the men, in turn, will play secondary, peripheral roles. Naturals at organizing and fulfilling the needs and requirements of society, women excel in spearheading development and social progress.

Foreword

Societies are characterized by relentless change. In some cases, the change is sudden, brutal and violent. This kind of change is described as revolutionary. In other cases, the change is slow, quiet and peaceful. This other type of change is called evolution.

With evolutionary change, which will destroy Androgenocracy [understand male-driven civilization and democracy] and replace it with Gynaecocracy [understand female-driven civilization and democracy], men will disappear from the front, male-dominated corporate culture will vanish, the gender-based glass ceiling will go, the exclusion of women from information networks will disappear, the management mindset that women are less career-oriented than men will melt away and there will be an overwhelming number of female mentors.

To many, men’s gradual, inevitable and painful fall from world supremacy is aptly summarized in Ken Mufuka’s statement contained in his short story entitled O.J. Simpson and his life in Sodom and Gomorrah which is found on page 46 of the same author’s collection called Letters from America.

In the short story, a certain Mr. Clark is an alleged victim of an overbearing and an exceedingly demanding ex-wife. Distressed and considering himself to be the victim of increasingly diminishing male rights against a rising tide of women and child rights, Mr. Clark visits experts for professional counseling. Mr. Clark is receiving moral, and other advice from an organization called, Defense for Fathers. This organization has watched with growing alarm while the position of the father both in the family and before the law courts has deteriorated to a position where the American father has no rights whatever and is considered a joke by his wife and children¹ This scenario is what many contemporary men dread about The Next World Order and yet the reality of the time will not be like that.

If the readers draw narrow inclusions from the example of Mr. Clark’s case, this is how women will come to rule the world in the 1st post-modern era that is after the year 5000A.D. But there will be nothing to fear. Instead, there will be every reason to celebrate because women will provide beneficial scientific, mathematical and technological as well as political, ideological, spiritual, social and economic leadership like Queen Sheeba of Ethiopia while providing exemplary administrative talent like Cleopatra of Egypt and for nearly 100,000 years, they will run the affairs of the world in an excellent manner. This is what The Next World Order is all about.

After the women have ruled the world for so many years, it will be the turn of the 3rd gender, that of the Hermaphrodites, to run the affairs of the world. Their rule will be the content of the authors’ next book entitled LO AND BEHOLD, THE ERA OF THE HERMAPHRODITES IS HERE!

Gynecocracy will flourish longer than Androgenocracy because women are inherently better than men in many aspects of life and for this reason, Gynaecocracy itself will be intrinsically more vibrant. Gynecocracy will bring good news to humanity because its foundations, laid during a long period of more than 2,500 – 3,000 years, will have been built on the lessons learned from the failures of current male-led autocracies, monarchies, and democracies.

In its absolute wisdom, Gynaecocracy will scrupulously avoid the repetition of the same fatal mistakes and the same tragic errors of present democracies. But, whatever its strengths, Gynaecocracy will not be immortal and after thousands of years of development, and after having left its legacy on the planet Earth, it too will grow old and die.

The Next World Order [Women’s Rise to the Presidency of the United States of the World] >A New World exclusively Female ruled-and driven, Female-based, Female-managed, Female-dominated and Female-organized< is, by all measure of description, compulsory reading because it takes the reader along an informative and exciting journey of more than 3,000 years into the future and in space. It reveals to the reader the gradual but drastic transformation of the institutions and of the people who run them. The book describes, to an amazing degree, the fundamental changes in human relations, human behavior, and attitudes towards one another and towards other living things on Earth and the changes in human lifestyles, habits, and diet.

The book also raises the reader’s awareness in regards to the possibility that human beings and all the other creatures found on the planet are not alone in the universe. There are other habitable planets on which different forms of life exist and for this reason, in his planning, humankind must take into account this possible reality.

Finally, the book informs the reader that all socioeconomic, religious, demographic, financial, ideological and political forms and systems are intrinsically, self-destructive time-bound. In organized societies, beyond autocratic rule and absolute monarchy came pluralistic and socialist democracy. Beyond pluralistic democracy, there will come Gynaecocracy. According to this book, after Gynaecocracy, Hermaphrodiacracy [understand the rule by persons with double gender] will reign supreme. Again according to this book, life on this earth as it is known today and as it will be known in the time of Gynaecocracy will progressively vanish and the Earth itself, following years of interminable abuse, tear and wear, will, after the disappearance of the sun, physically disintegrate.

J. Simpson and his life in Sodom and Gomorrah. Page 49, in the Collection Letters from America by Ken Mufuka↩︎

Preface

This preface cannot do justice to the theme of this book without reference, however briefly, to 3 different articles written by Professor Piet Naude, Karina Brown and Peterson Hose.

In the article entitled ‘Speak out for Women’ by Professor Piet Naude, the Director of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Business School at the writing of this book, he raises 8 points. He says that no social disapproval exists to fight sexism. Two, the societal forces that support sexism are many and very powerful. Three, Judaism, Christianity and Islam justify the oppression of women. Four, patriarchal cultural forces socialize boys and girls selectively into stereotypes. Five, he says that in the so-called liberal cultures, sexism is subtle and refined. Six, stereotype images of beauty are fed into women, which images feed men’s fashion industries. Seven, the Professor laments that housekeeping by women is not duly rewarded and finally, eight, the writer states that there are blatant gender-based disparities in the workplace at the expense of the women. Professor Naude ends his article by saying, South Africa will be a true democracy if we do not cry out only at racism, but match that with equal vigor to acknowledge and fight oppression against women. [The Times, Friday, April 1, 2011, p. 17].

In Professor Naude’s article, we would like to draw the reader’s attention to the 3rd paragraph from the end where the Professor writes, Second, once the qualified women return to the market, we put them at the bottom of the pyramid ‘due to lack of experience.’ Men who were outperformed a few years back are now the bosses.

For Professor Naude, promoting women to positions of leadership, be it in positions of power, such as teaching or leadership, represents change. But where the Professor’s assertion ends – and he is correct to some large extent – is where this book’s argument starts. It is this book’s thesis that such change is merely cosmetic and only skin deep. It is this book’s argument that once women are promoted and placed by men and in the same male-run and male-dominated systems, institutions, and operations, they get so overwhelmingly swallowed, absorbed, digested and neutralized by the system, that they quickly form an unholy alliance with their male counterparts in the existing system to continue to suppress and oppress their fellow women folk. In simple English, the moment these few women occupy positions of power and influence in the male-dominated institutions, they begin dining and wining with the devil, thus becoming totally mindless of the plight of their fellow women below. And the populist belief that women are their own worst enemies becomes true in the context of women’s partnership with men.

In summary, if our interpretation of the Professor’s position is accurate, some few women’s promotion and consequent conduct sometimes perpetuate their own sidelining because it is not difficult to observe that today’s feminism is used opportunistically and subjectively when it suits the interests of those women and indeed of those men who appropriate the term. Women in the field of active politics talk about feminism, but they themselves do not practice what they preach. But as far as we see them, the women of tomorrow will owe it to themselves and not to men to run the affairs of The Next World.

The authors of this book cannot only mention Professor Naude without also mentioning Karima Brown, the South African Editor of the South African Report at the time of the writing of this book. Citing six quotes which they obtained from Karina Brown’s article entitled, ‘Insider Political Insights-Barriers to the Cause’ which appeared in the July 2012 Destiny magazine, Series number 54, the authors noted the following points. On page 28, the authors were pleased to note that she confirms the position of the authors, namely that once women are absorbed by patriarchal structures of power, they also lose focus on fundamental women’s issues and establish an unholy alliance with the men at the expense of their own womenfolk.

Karima Brown’s celebratory statement goes: ‘Given the patriarchy in society, there’s much to celebrate when a woman assumes leadership of a country or institution’. To illustrate her point, she mentions former President Joyce Banda of Malawi and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia.

But Karima Brown goes on to make tough, critical statements: statement 1: Furthering the careers of individual women and advancing the cause of women aren’t always the same thing. Statement 2: ‘Moreover, there’s always the danger that women, when in power, simply ape male behavior, resulting in rolling back gains made in the struggle to achieve gender equality. Unless women stand for specific issues, their appointments to positions of power aren’t always victories for other women’. Statement 3: ‘What’s interesting is the path through which women frequently ascend to power: kinship ties. This suggests that women leaders who sit at the top table are there because they are connected to powerful elites – and in many cases – are reduced to proxy rulers. This weakens their ability to drive change and take independent action. The party political system is another route through which women leaders access power, tying them to party interests rather than the interests of women’. Again to illustrate her point, Karima Brown mentions Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the 12 women cabinet ministers appointed by President Thabo Mbeki. Statement 4: and where’s the voice of the women in the ANC, including the 4 Premiers appointed to advance the cause of women on this issue? They’re too preoccupied with internal party fights and with securing their own power to do much to advance the cause of women.’

The position and conviction of the authors cannot be clearer and cannot be emphasized better than the manner in which Karima Brown has critically put it and for the authors, the answer is in the making, before our own eyes and by 3,000 years from now, all women’s dreams will have come true.

Next and along the same line of thought, in an article entitled ‘Girls shining through equal opportunities’ which appeared in the Saturday Herald Lifestyle of February 2016, on page L4, the following questions were asked: 2015 A-Level results reveal that more girls passed as compared to boys. Is this a sign that we are moving towards a time when girls will rule the world and problems of gender inequality will be a thing of the past?

The last person of importance and of relevance on this argument is Peterson Hose who spoke on the subject of ‘More Things Change’. He writes that there is something curious in the nature and character of change that blocks and resists the very process of change even when the change is good and therefore desirable. He continues to write that change is by definition and character hard and the more overall, encompassing and profound the change and its implications, the more of a mirage that change becomes and remains.

What links Hose’s and Naude’s articles are two notions, namely that change faces resistance, is slow and is painful. The second notion is that, however painful it may be, something must be done to make it happen for the better good.

Women’s Rise to The Presidency of The United States of The World>A New World exclusively Female-Based and Female-Dominated < is contributing to this argument by stating that for real change to take place, that change must take place completely outside male-dominated and male-run institutions, systems, and operations or else, it will be more of the same no-change.

In this vein, it will take Gynaecocracy more than two and half millennia [2,500 to 3000 years from now] to emerge, but when it does, it will bring a civilization never before paralleled on this Earth. That is what real change will be about.

In conclusion to this part, as authors, we need to clarify the difference between the Doctrine of the New World Order as enunciated by the Bush-Condoleezza Rice Administration and the Doctrine of The Next World Order, the driving force behind Gynaecocracy.

While the first Doctrine is male-based and sounds aggressive, supremacist, militarist, coercive, moralistic, patronizing and combative, the latter Doctrine is a female-based, scientific, technocratic, persuasive, pacifist and inclusive Doctrine.

Introduction

History teaches us that all civilizations share two common characteristics. They rise and fall in a rotational and cyclic manner. History also teaches us that the rise and fall may be slow and progressive or could be abrupt and rapid.

History also shows us that the life expectancies of civilizations vary from one civilization to the other. In this regard, the following civilizations, not necessarily arranged in alphabetical nor chronological order, prospered, then grew progressively weaker before they finally collapsed or were eclipsed by the rise to prominence of other civilizations.

The Shona are a cluster of people [Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Ndau, and Karanga] who have lived for 2000 years in a region of the southern African plateau which roughly includes Zimbabwe and part of Mozambique. The original occupants of this part of the world are believed to have been the San people. They were conquered and driven further south by the Khoisan people. The latter was later defeated and also driven southwards by waves of Bantu people prominent among them being the Shona. Bantu civilization descended into Southern Africa in the 3rd century AD and flourished in the 14-18th century. Between 1100 – 1831 A.D., a period of about 700 years, four different Shona States emerged in Zimbabwe: the Zimbabwe State; the Mutapa State; the Torwa State; the Changamire State.

The original Bantu occupants are believed to have been the Hungwe, a Shona sub-ethnic group, who arrived about 300 years before their conquerors, the Mbire, another Shona sub-ethnic group, arrived. The Mbire are believed to be the founders of the Munhumutapa and Rozvi empires consecutively from 1000 A.D. The Munhumutapa empire covered most of the present Zimbabwe, Mozambique, south of Zimbabwe and north of the Save river down to the south, as well as the northern parts of South Africa.

Persian civilization, understood to have begun to rise in the 4th millennium B.C., is known to have lasted 900 years.

Mesopotamian civilization which included Summerian, Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations, is believed to have survived for 150 years, from about 2000-1850 thereabouts B.C.

Mongolian civilization is believed to have lasted for 172 years and is described as having been the foundation of Pax Mongolica.

Egyptian civilization is believed to have started around 3000 BC to 30 B.C. If that is the case, this civilization lasted for 2870 years.

In ancient times, Mexico formed the greater part of Mesoamerica within which arose a succession of related civilizations: Teotihuacan [Central Valley]; Zapotec and Mixtec [Oaxaca]; Toltec [North Central] which shared many traits: socio-political organization based on cities; ceremonial plazas of pyramids, platforms, and temples; similar deities; calendrical systems; ritual ball game and long-distance trading.

The earliest settlers in Central America date from 3,000-2,000 B.C., but the major civilization that represented them all was the Olmec [Gulf Coast] civilization which influenced all American civilizations including the Aztec, Mayan [Yucatan region] and the Incas.

Aztec civilization [Western regions] reached its apex during the 15th and 16th centuries and lasted for 121 years.

Roman civilization lasted for 449 years, having started to rise from around 476 B.C. to 27 B.C.

Greek civilization is believed to have lasted 3000 years, having started to grow and slowly prosper from 4000-1000 B.C.

Macedonian civilization is calculated to have lasted from 640 BC to 1389 A.D. and therefore survived for 749 years.

Inca civilization, founded around 1200 A.D., expanded and flourished between 1438 A.D. to 1533 A.D., which means that it lasted for about 100 years.

Hittite civilization which grew from 1700 B.C. started to show signs of strain towards 1200 B.C., meaning that it flourished for 500 years.

Spanish civilization lasted for 267 years, having started growing from 1450 A.D. and having started dying around 1717 A.D.

Portuguese civilization flourished for 170 years, having known its rise from around 1530 A.D. and its fall around 1700 A.D.

British civilization began in around 1,000 A.D. and started declining around the 1960s, having reached its zenith in 1920 when London ruled about 600 million people around the world. With the acquisition of dominion status in 1931 by some countries and with the advent of decolonization from 1945, British civilization began to set. British civilization lasted 1760 years.

Western Han [202 B.C. to 8 A.D.] and Eastern Han [25 A.D. to 200 A.D.] civilizations lasted a total of 269 years.

Russian civilization started growing around the 9th century and following the collapse of Mongol rule in the 14th century, the principality of Muscovy emerged as the pre-eminent state under Ivan the Terrible, the first ruler to assume the title of Tsar [Emperor] in 1547 and to rule all Russia whose expansion extended to the south and into Siberia. The Romanov dynasty continued the process of territorial expansion up to 1917.

Japanese civilization started growing from the 5th century as spearheaded by the Yamato clan, then by the Shotokusun in the 7th century, by Shogun in the 12th century and then by Tokugawas up to the 18th century when the civilization was propelled by the Meiji Restoration up to 1945.

The Indus civilization comprising the Harappan, Manryan and Indo-Muslim civilizations lasted for well over 3,000 years, from 2500 B.C.1857.

The Ottoman Empire and civilization emerged in the early 14th century in Western Anatolia and went on to establish a vast empire with its capital in Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire and civilization, Islamic in character, was inspired by the spirit of Jihad and expanded north, west, and south at the expense of the Byzantine empire capital of Constantinople, which was taken by Mehmed II in 1453.

From the above information, it can be calculated that roughly, the average life expectancy of each empire is approximately 6 centuries or 600 years. Some historians are quick to add and insist that the length or shortness of any empire’s life expectancy depends on many factors, notably the pace at which its development and social progress are moving. In simple English, the faster the rate of development and expansion, the more quickly it will exhaust its resources and itself and the more quickly it will fall into decline. It can also be stated that for each empire and civilization to grow and die, there are given factors. Finally, it can be mentioned that each empire leaves behind a legacy by which it is always remembered.

How did those civilizations or empires briefly described above come to be and come to prominence?

The Munhumutapa/Mbire civilization was the first to be established in Zimbabwe. Founded in 1420, it was headed by a Munhumutapa. The empire was ruled in a pyramid fashion with the Munhumutapa appointing regionally-based vassals. Wealth was based on small-scale industries in ironing smelting, textiles, gold, copper, iron and agricultural produce barter. At the height of the Mutapa State, it was part of the gold network extending to China.

Another factor that supported the Munhumutapa civilization was the Mbire’s veneration of spirits. Their spirit system consisted of family spirits responsible for the welfare of the individual and the family. Then came the regional spirits [Mhondoros meaning Lion Spirits] representing the founding ancestor of a particular dynasty. The Lion Spirits were responsible for regional welfare.

Because the Shona believed in the veneration of the Spirits, this justifies the fact that such high spirits as Chaminuka, Kaguvi and Nehanda, Bonga, and Nehoreka, among many others, command unquestionable authority over all Shona clans and tribes. It is this that could have enabled the Shona uprising in the 1896-7 and the 1966-1980 Revolutions which led to Zimbabwe’s independence.

The Persian empire and civilization came to be through military conquest and flourished because it incorporated local customs, religions, and forms of Sassanian civilizations.

The Mesopotamian civilization grew out of the amalgamation of various empires and civilizations, including the Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians and Sassanian civilizations.

The Mongolian civilization rose through the Mongolian military domination under Genghis Khan of northern China, Russia, and Eastern Europe.

The Egyptian civilization rose to prominence through the importation of agricultural skills and metallurgy from western Asia and through the great fertility of the Nile floodplain.

The Olmec civilization [1200 B.C. to 400 B.C.] was all-pervasive, reaching Guatemala and Honduras to the west and to central Mexico, Costa Rica and along the ancient American coast as far as Panama. Specifically, it was at La Venta in Mexico that the Olmec lay the foundations of ancient America, marked by pyramid complexes, books, and hieroglyphic writing, a trait which was later to be assimilated by other civilizations in the Americas, including the Maya.

The Aztec civilization was born out of the military alliance between Texcoco and Tlacopan against Atzcapotzalcon and the conquest of other cities of the valley of Mexico after which the Aztecs carved out an empire stretching from coast to coast, north to the deserts and south to the Maya kingdoms of Yucatan by the early 16th century. The civilization rose to prominence through its use of Chinampas-artificial garden islands – its ability to feed vast populations and its widespread trading network and system of tribute administration.

The Roman Civilization, strictly speaking, refers to the period when the Roman state and its overseas provinces were under the rule of an emperor [476 B.C. to 27 B.C.]. The Roman civilization rose to prominence because of secure communication and internal peace maintained by the Roman Legion. Its fleet kept the seas safer for shipping. It had a single legal system and an efficient imperial postal service. It also had an efficient water drainage system and a common language [Latin in the west, Greek in the east].

The Greek civilization grew out of the Peloponnesian wars, the conquest by the Macedonians and the influence of Hellenistic civilizations, the literary influence of Alexandria and the diffusion of the new culture through Koine, the common Greek dialect.

The Macedonian civilization owed its rise to heights to its professional army, tactical brilliance, and siege warfare.

The Inca civilization spread because of elaborate administrative bureaucracy, efficient army, advanced technology, hillside terracing agriculture, its defense fortresses and its writing: Quipus.

The Hittite civilization reached its zenith due to military conquests and totalitarian rule especially under Suppiluliuma I.

The Spanish empire and civilization were catapulted into prominence by the exploits of conquering Conquistadores and by the exploitation of the wealth and resources of the indigenous Indian people.

The Portuguese empire and civilization were pushed into supremacy because of the scientific interest in the maritime exploration of the Portuguese, by their desire to profit from the lucrative Asian spice trade and by their desire to spread Christianity.

The British empire and civilization rose to prominence following the decline of both the Spanish and Portuguese empires due to military defeats. The Berlin Conference contributed towards the prominence and power of the British Empire by endorsing its size and political authority.

Chinese [Western and Eastern Han] developed their civilization following the overthrow of the Qin by the rebel peasant Lin Bang. Trade in the Silk Route also played a very important role and so did the teachings of Confucius as a state philosophy. The penetration of Chinese armies into Central Asia led to the subjugation of lands to the east of the Caspian Sea.

The Timbuktu, Mali and Songhay civilizations rose to prominence during the 15th and 16th centuries due to the key role they were playing in trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, slaves, salt and other goods – a trade carried out by the Tuareg, Mande and Fulani merchants who led them to prosperity – with wealth came to learn, libraries and universities. Timbuktu was perhaps the most important center of learning in sub-Saharan Africa during the 15th and 16th centuries where scholars of religion, arts, mathematics, astronomy, and sciences flourished. During this time, tens of thousands of manuscripts were commissioned and meticulously preserved by African academics.

The Russian civilization rose due to the domination of eastern Slavs by the house of Rurik, the absorption of independent principalities and the centralization of an autocratic state.

The Japanese civilization rose into prominence by the growing strength of feudal lords, by the wealth and power of merchants and thanks to the Meiji Restoration.

The Indus civilization rose to eminence due to the amalgamation of the Harrapan Mauryan and Indo-Muslim civilizations.

The Ottoman Empire and civilization expanded thanks to its army, which consisted of the cavalry and infantry. It extended suzerainty over the Austrian border, to Yemen, Morocco and Persia. The fleet was also powerful. Having been established in northern Anatolia at the end of the 13th century, the Ottoman Empire survived for about 700 years, till 1923.

Having informed the reader about how ancient empires and civilizations rose and for how long some of them lasted, history also teaches the reader about how some civilizations declined and vanished. It lists and explains some of the major factors considered to be associated with and responsible for the eventual disintegration and fall of each of these empires and civilizations.

Because of internal power struggles, cracks within the Munhumutapa empire widened and in 1490 A.D. the empire split into two, with