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    A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook266 pages2 hours

    A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes Pandemics, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

    Pandemics have been present in the history of the world for a long long time.

    A pandemic (from Greek pan "all" and demos "people") is depicted as an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, multiple continents, or worldwide.

    The term pandemic indicates geographic spread and is used to depict a disease that involves a whole country or the whole world.

    Also, influenza pandemics normally do not include the repeat occurrences of seasonal flu.

    Current pandemics are HIV, Tuberculosis, malaria and COVID-19.

    There have been a number of pandemics throughout history such as smallpox and tuberculosis.

    One of the most destructive pandemics was the Black Death which caused the deaths of about 75 - 200 million people in the 14th century.

    Some recent pandemics are: HIV, the Spanish flu, 2009 Asian flu pandemic and swine flu H1N1.

    In December 2019 the COVID19 pandemic began and is still continuing to spread throughout the world.

    As a doctor in a public housing clinic I encountered SARS in 2003, Swine Flu in 2009 and now COVID-19 pandemics which put my medical senses on high alert each time.

    However in the 2 earlier pandemics I never have to face a lock down of Singapore (or Circuit Breaker as it is called here).

    During the ongoing COVID-19 my clinic is one of the few essential services that continued in spite of closed shops and deserted streets.

    It was heart-breaking to see so many people worked from home and wearing masks even though I have gone through the SARS and H1N1 (Swine flu) pandemics.

    People in contact with infected persons are advised to be quarantined at home or other places for at least 14 days to prevent the spread of the virus to other healthy persons.

    Many small businesses are affected.

    Some are closing while others had to let go of their employees.

    However the Government is helping by providing a cash payment of $600 for every adult which we have already received.

    The Prime ministers and ministers are showing their support for what every Singaporean has lost by taking a pay cut of 3 months.

    COVID-19 has been on the minds of every person in the world because it has so much implications on their health (physical or financial).

    It is in the mind of every health care worker in the world because they are facing the virus every day.

    They may not have fears for themselves but certainly they are concerned about the safety of their family and friends in case they bring a single virus to their family.

    The COVID-19 virus occupy the minds of the whole world.

    We hear about the success of CHINA and New Zealand in containing the virus while Europe and USA is struggling with increasing cases.

    Wearing a mask and safe distancing is important to prevent virus infection while contact tracing helped to find possible asymptomatic as well as symptomatic cases.

    At a time like this all countries should cooperate and fight the COVID-19 pandemic instead of fighting among themselves.

    The fate of humanity depends on the responses of all of us.

    Like in the movie Contagion, the production of a vaccine against COVID-19 is the best way to fight and cure this disease.

    It is the best way to fight this disease and return to a more hygienic way of life.

    It is the best way to live a life where the world learns to cooperate with each other so that we can continue to visit each other and care for each other.

    No man is an island especially in the post-COVID-10 world!

    I wish every one in this world the best and hope to see every one of you recovering from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic soon.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 PANDEMICS
    Chapter 2 Measles
    Chapter 3 Leprosy
    Chapter 4 Tuberculosis
    Chapter 5 HIV/AIDS
    Chapter 6 Plague/ Black Death

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateApr 21, 2020
    ISBN9780463290170
    A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      A Simple Guide To Pandemics, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      Pandemics,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2020 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Pandemics, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Pandemics)

      This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Pandemic

      What is a Pandemic?

      A pandemic (from Greek pan all and demos people) is depicted as an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, multiple continents, or worldwide.

      The term pandemic indicates geographic spread and is used to depict a disease that involves a whole country or the whole world.

      Also, influenza pandemics normally do not include the repeat occurrences of seasonal flu.

      There have been a number of pandemics throughout history such as smallpox and tuberculosis.

      One of the most destructive pandemics was the Black Death which caused the deaths of about 75 - 200 million people in the 14th century.

      Some recent pandemics are: HIV, the Spanish flu, 2009 Asian flu pandemic and swine flu H1N1.

      In December 2019 the COVID19 pandemic began and is still continuing to spread throughout the world.

      A pandemic is an epidemic that happens on an extent which crosses international boundaries, normally involving a large number of people.

      The World Health Organization (WHO) has a six-stage classification that depicts the process by which a new influenza virus travels from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic.

      WHO Stages of a Flu Pandemic

      Phase 1 is the time when no animal viruses are known to produce infection in humans.

      Phase 2 is the first level of danger where a virus is confirmed to have jumped from an animal to humans.

      Phase 3 is when there are small clusters of disease confirmed but human-to-human transmission has either not happened or is regarded not likely to produce an outbreak.

      Phase 4 is when either human-to-human transmission or a human-animal virus has produced a community-wide outbreak.

      Phase 5 is when human-to-human transmission of the virus has produced the spread of disease to at least two countries.

      Phase 6 is the phase at which the disease is pronounced as a pandemic having extended to at least one other country.

      The time period for each phase can differ significantly, varying from months to decades.

      Not all will go on to phase 6, and some may even reverse if a virus weakens spontaneously.

      All versions of this document are used in terms of an influenza pandemic.

      A disorder is not a pandemic just because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious.

      For example, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not regarded as a pandemic because the disease is not infectious or contagious.

      There are several ways an epidemiologist might define a disease incident:

      Sporadic indicates a disease that happens infrequently or irregularly.

      Food-borne pathogens, such as Salmonella or E. coli, can often cause sporadic disease outbreaks.

      Cluster indicates a disease that happens in larger numbers while the actual number or cause may be not certain.

      An example is the cluster of cancer cases often documented after a chemical or nuclear plant disaster.

      Endemic indicates the constant presence and usual prevalence of a disease in a geographic population.

      Hyper-endemic indicates persistent, high levels of disease well above what is seen in other populations.

      For example, HIV is hyper-endemic in parts of Africa where many as one in five adults has the disease, and endemic in the USA where roughly one in 300 is infected.

      Epidemic indicates a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected.

      Outbreak has the same definition as an epidemic but is often used to describe a more limited geographic event.

      Pandemic indicates an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.

      A pandemic is termed a global outbreak.

      Global outbreak indicates that there is both spread of the micro-organism and then there are disease activities in addition to the spread of the micro-organism.

      In planning for a possible influenza pandemic, the WHO published a report on pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999, revised in 2005 and in February 2009, classifying phases and proper actions for each phase titled WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase.

      The 2009 revision, such as definitions of a pandemic and the phases resulting in its declaration, were finalized in February 2009.

      The pandemic H1N1 2009 virus was neither on the horizon at that time in the document.

      As of February 2020, WHO stopped using this six-step plan of pandemic preparedness guidance.

      The classical depiction of a pandemic is an outbreak of disease that has spread across a large region, multiple continents, or worldwide.

      The phases of the pandemic are depicted by the spread of the disease.

      The virulence and mortality are not stated in the present WHO definition while these epidemiological important factors have previously been included.

      The classical definition of a pandemic does not include population immunity, virology or disease severity.

      By this definition, pandemics can be said to happen annually in each of the temperate southern and northern hemispheres, given that seasonal epidemics cross international boundaries and involve a large number of people.

      The seasonal epidemics are not regarded as pandemics.

      A true influenza pandemic happens when almost simultaneous transmission takes place worldwide.

      In the case of pandemic influenza A (H1N1), widespread transmission was reported in both hemispheres between April and September 2009.

      The transmission happened early in the influenza season in the temperate southern hemisphere but out of season in the northern hemisphere.

      This out-of-season transmission is what features an influenza pandemic, as distinct from a pandemic due to another type of virus.

      Current pandemics

      HIV AIDS

      HIV began in Africa, and spread to the United States through Haiti between 1966 and 1972.

      AIDS is a current pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa.

      In 2006, the HIV incidence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29.1%.

      An effective health education about safe sexual practices and blood-borne infection precautions training has assisted to reduce infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs.

      Infection rates are increasing again in Asia and the Americas.

      The death toll of AIDS in Africa may reach 90–100 million by 2025.

      Tuberculosis

      33% of the world's present population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and new infections happen at a rate of one per second.

      About 5–10% of these latent infections will ultimately progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, slays more than half of its victims.

      Yearly, 8 million people become ill with tuberculosis, and 2 million people die from the disease worldwide.

      In the 19th century, tuberculosis eradicated an estimated 25% of the adult population of Europe.

      By 1918, 1 in 6 deaths in France were still produced by tuberculosis.

      During the 20th century, tuberculosis slaughtered about 100 million people.

      TB is still one of the most important health disorders in the developing world.

      Malaria

      Malaria is worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, such as parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

      Yearly, there are about 350–500 million cases of malaria.

      Drug resistance produces a growing problem in the treatment of malaria in the 21st century, because resistance is now frequent against all classes of anti-malarial drugs, except for the artemisinins.

      Malaria was once frequent in most of Europe and North America, where it is now for all purposes non-existent.

      Malaria may have helped to the decline of the Roman Empire.

      The disease became known as Roman fever.

      Plasmodium falciparum became a real danger to the colonists and native people alike when it was introduced into the Americas together with the slave trade.

      Malaria destroyed the Jamestown colony and regularly damaged the South and Midwest of the United States. By 1830, it had reached the Pacific Northwest.

      During the American Civil War, 1.2 million cases of malaria infection happened among soldiers of both sides.

      The southern U.S. persisted to be affected with millions of cases of malaria into the 1930s.

      COVID-19

      A new coronavirus known as COVID-19, may have begun at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China and was reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.

      There were over 82,198 cases of this coronavirus and 2,808 deaths.

      This virus is transmissible from human to human.

      The Chinese government placed Wuhan and the surrounding cities on full lockdown.

      As of 24 February 2020, the disease had extended to 36 other countries.

      Novel Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can produce illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).

      In 2019,

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