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    Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
    Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
    Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
    Ebook268 pages2 hours

    Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks

    By Xi Chen

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    About this ebook

    Wireless sensor networks have a range of applications, including military uses and in environmental monitoring. When an area of interest is inaccessible by conventional means, such a network can be deployed in ways resulting in a random distribution of the sensors. Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks offers a probabilistic method to model and analyze these networks. The book considers the network design, coverage, target detection, localization and tracking of sensors in randomly deployed wireless networks, and proposes a stochastic model. It quantifies the relationship between parameters of the network and its performance, and puts forward a communication protocol. The title provides analyses and formulas, giving engineering insight into randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. Five chapters consider the analysis of coverage performance; working modes and scheduling mechanisms; the relationship between sensor behavior and network performance properties; probabilistic forwarding routing protocols; localization methods for multiple targets and target number estimation; and experiments on target localization and tracking with a Mica sensor system.

    • Details a probabilistic method to model and analyze randomly deployed wireless sensor networks
    • Gives working modes and scheduling mechanisms for sensor nodes, allowing high-probability of target detection
    • Considers the relationship between sensor behaviour and network performance and lifetime
    • Offers probabilistic forwarding routing protocols for randomly deployed wireless sensor networks
    • Describes a method for localizing multiple targets and estimating their number
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateJun 18, 2020
    ISBN9780128227718
    Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks
    Author

    Xi Chen

    Professor Xi Chen is a full Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Xiamen University, China. He received his Ph.D. (1996) in Analytical Chemistry from the Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan. Dr. Chen’s research interests cover nano materials in electroanalytical chemistry, bio-chemical sensors and solid-phase microextraction. He has published over 250 scienti?c research articles in archival scienti?c journals.

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      Book preview

      Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks - Xi Chen

      2019

      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      Abstract

      Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are introduced in this chapter. Both research topics and applications of WSNs are discussed. The outline of the book is also presented.

      Keywords

      wireless sensor network; research topics; applications

      Chapter Outline

      1.1  Overview of WSNs

      1.2  Research topics in WSNs

      Sensing technology

      Low-power-consumption sensor nodes

      Low-cost sensor nodes

      Wireless communication technology

      Communication protocols

      Node localization

      Time synchronization

      Network security

      Application layer protocols

      1.3  Applications of WSNs

      Military applications

      Precision agriculture

      Industrial applications

      Environmental monitoring

      Health monitoring

      Smart city

      Civil engineering

      Other applications

      1.4  Outline of the book

      References

      Recent advances in wireless communications and micro electromechanical system have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, multi-functional sensors that are small in size and can communicate with each other from short distances [1]. In the technology review of MIT's Magazine of Innovation in February 2003, Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) come first of the 10 emerging technologies that will change the world.

      1.1 Overview of WSNs

      A WSN usually consists of sensor nodes, sink nodes (or base stations) and end users. Sensor nodes are deployed in the area of interest to form a self-organized network to monitor the environments and transmit the phenomenon they sensed to sink nodes with some routing protocols. Sink nodes are often more powerful in computation and long-range communication. As shown in Fig. 1.1, sensor nodes transmit their sensed data to the sink node by multihop relays; the sink node implements data fusion and then sends the information to end users through Internet, satellite or mobile access point (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicle). This information helps users to monitor the environments. Conversely, end users can also send commands to the network for task configuration or information inquiring.

      Figure 1.1 Typical WSN architecture.

      As shown in Fig. 1.2, sensor nodes are usually composed of sensing, data processing, communicating and power modules. In addition, depending on the application requirements, sensor nodes may also include a localization system (e.g. GPS), an energy harvesting module (e.g. solar battery), a locomotory module, etc.

      Figure 1.2 Composition of a sensor node.

      Fig. 1.3 presents the photograph of Mica2, which is an early production of Crossbow Technology, Inc. It is powered by two AA batteries. The antenna is 10 centimeters in length and its CPU is ATmega128L, 4K RAM and 128K Flash. The sensor board can integrate various microsensors, such as photosensors, thermal sensors, magnetic sensors, accelerometers, microphones and buzzers.

      Figure 1.3 Mica2 mote (left) and Mica2 sensor board (right).

      Different from other wireless networks, e.g. mobile communication networks, wireless local area networks and bluetooth networks, WSNs have the following features.

      1.  Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacity and memory. As sensor nodes are usually powered by batteries, energy balancing and energy efficiency are crucial for prolonging the network lifetime. As energy consumption is proportion to the n) power of the communication distance, multihop routing is preferable.

      2.  There are a large number of sensor nodes in a network. More sensor nodes which are deployed in the area of interest can perform better in monitoring the environment. However, more sensor nodes will reduce the network utilization and increase the cost. The key point is the tradeoff between network performance and cost.

      3.  After being deployed, sensor nodes are self-organized into a network and collaborate to accomplish a common task. There is no strict central node. Malfunction or failure of a single node can hardly affect network performance. Sensor nodes cooperate with a hierarchy protocol and a distributed algorithm.

      4.  The topology of a network may change with time. Sensor nodes may become invalid as their power is used up or defunct due to random events. Other nodes may join the network to meet the requirement on performance. To extend the network lifetime, working schemes which let each node switch between working and sleeping states also result in a dynamic topology.

      1.2 Research topics in WSNs

      The study on hardware of sensor nodes involves an embedded processing unit, a communication device and sensing elements, while the research on software of sensor nodes focuses on operating systems and programming languages. Besides meeting the requirements on data processing, storage, communication and sensing, both hardware and software should be designed to optimize energy consumption. Some main topics on sensor nodes are as follows.

      Sensing technology

      Various applications may demand sensor nodes to collect different physical signals. The design of sensor nodes which are high-integrated, multi-functionalized and miniaturized has been the focus of the study.

      Low-power-consumption sensor nodes

      Due to the limits on cost and volume, sensor nodes are usually powered with batteries and cannot be recharged. It is highly necessary to research and develop low-power-consumption sensor nodes which can work much longer.

      Low-cost sensor nodes

      A WSN is composed of a large number of sensor nodes. To make WSNs affordable, more efforts need to be made to lower the cost of sensor node while ensuring its performance.

      Wireless communication technology

      Sensor nodes need simple, low-cost and robust communication technology. Technologies of carrier, antennae, and data modulation-demodulation are main subjects in the field of sensor nodes.

      The research in sensor nodes has been well established from prototype systems to commercial applications. An earlier product series developed by the University of California, Berkeley, and Crossbow Technology, Inc. include Mica, Mica2, Mica2Dot, and MicaZ with operating system TinyOS and programming language Nesc. They have been widely applied in research and development of WSNs.

      Communication protocols

      For WSNs, communication protocols usually consist of protocols for the transport layer, the network layer and the data-link layer.

      • Transport layer

      Due to the application-oriented and collaborative nature of WSNs, the main data flow occurs in the forward path as the source nodes transmit their data to the sink. The data originating from the sink, such as programming/retasking binaries, queries, and commands, is sent to the source nodes in the reverse path. Different from traditional communication networks, at the transport layer, the WSN paradigm demands an event-to-sink reliability notion. It is necessary to implement transport layer congestion control in the forward path to ensure reliable event detection at the sink

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