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    Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition
    Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition
    Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition
    Ebook190 pages1 hour

    Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition

    By Oscar Swan

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    About this ebook

    Sharpen your Polish verb and grammar skills with this all-in-one resource

    In addition to providing essential concepts regarding verbs and grammar, Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar also includes an index of the 500 most popular verbs. This book contains a multitude of examples employing contemporary language to give you a taste of the language in real-life situations. Each unit focuses on a single verbal or grammatical concept, providing concise yet comprehensive explanations.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMcGraw-Hill Education
    Release dateOct 12, 2008
    ISBN9780071642316
    Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition

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      Polish Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, Second Edition - Oscar Swan

      1. The Polish Alphabet and Sounds

      The Polish alphabet has 32 letters:

      Sound Values of the Letters

      is pronounced like om, except that the lips and tongue are not completely closed to pronounce the m, leaving a nasal resonance instead.

      The sound ch is much raspier and noisier than English h.

      and letter combination ci are pronounced the same. The combination ci is used before a vowel. The letter c before i /ci/ci, pronounced with the mouth in the position for English y, is different from that of cz, which is pronounced with the mouth in the position for English r.

      The letter d and letter combination dzi are pronounced the same. The combination dzi is used before a vowel. The letter combination dz before i is pronounced like d /dzi. The sound of d /dzi, pronounced with the mouth in the position for English y, is different from that of d , which is pronounced with the mouth in the position for English r.

      is pronounced like em, except that the lips and tongue are not completely closed to pronounce the mis normally pronounced the same as e: naprawd naprawde.

      The letter h is pronounced the same as ch; it appears mainly in words of foreign origin.

      and letter combination ni are pronounced the same. The combination ni is used before a vowel. The letter n before i /ni.

      The letter ó is pronounced the same as u.

      The letter r is pronounced by trilling the tip of the tongue, as in Spanish, Italian, and Russian. However, it is less strongly trilled than in these other languages.

      The letter combination rz , more or less as in pleasure; see below.

      and letter combination si are pronounced the same. The combination si is used before a vowel. The letter s before i /si/si, pronounced with the mouth in the position for English y, is different from that of sz, which is pronounced with the mouth in the position for English r.

      and letter combination zi are pronounced the same. The combination zi is used before a vowel. The letter z before i /zi/zi, pronounced with the mouth in the position for English y/rz, which is pronounced with the mouth in the position for English r.

      Notes on Spelling and Pronunciation

      1. The Polish alphabet has no q, v, or x, although these letters may be found in transcriptions of foreign names and in a few borrowed words, for example, status quo, video, and pan X Mr. X iks.

      2. The Polish oral (non-nasal) vowels, a, e, i, o, u/ó, y, are pronounced with exactly the same short length, achieved by not moving the tongue or lips after the onset of the vowel—unlike, for example, the English vowel sounds ee (knee), oe (toe), and oo (boot, are pronounced long, the length being due to rounding the lips and pronouncing the glide w at the end: S is pronounced sow, except that the glide is nasalized.

      3. Polish consonants may be pronounced slightly differently, according to their position in a word. Most importantly, voiced consonants b, d, dz, g, rz, w, zare pronounced as unvoiced consonants (p, t, c, k, sz, f, s, sz, respectively) in final position. For example, paw is pronounced paf, and chod ."

      are usually pronounced like on/om and en/em, respectively, before consonants. For example, l d is pronounced lont, d b is pronounced domp, t py is pronounced tempy, and d ty and d are pronounced as o and e , respectively: l dzie dzie," ch ." Before k and gmay be pronounced as o and e, respectively, plus the English ng sound: m ka mongka, pot ga are usually denasalized before l and ł: zdj ł zdjoł, zdj li zdjeli.

      5. The stress in a Polish word falls on the next-to-last syllable: sprawa (SPRA-wa), Warszawa (War-SZA-wa), gospodarka (go-spo-DAR-ka), zadowolony (za-do-wo-LO-ny). As these examples show, Polish syllables tend to divide after a vowel. Words that end in -yka take stress on the preceding syllable (matematyka (ma-te-MA-ty-ka), muzyka (MU-zy-ka)), as does uniwersytet (u-ni-WER-sy-tet). The past tense endings -y my/-i my and -y cie/-i cie do not cause a shift in stress: były my -my).

      Spelling Rules

      , d ) are spelled with an acute mark only at the end of words and before consonants; otherwise, they are spelled c, dz, n, s, z plus i: dzie ), nie e). Before the vowel i itself, no extra i is used: ci i,to you).

      2. Certain instances of b, p, w, f, m are latently soft (b’, p’, w’, f’, m’), meaning that

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