El Estado Fragmentado

VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 PP.
557-598 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 557

Tom Christensen y Per Lgreid*
El estado fragmentado:
los retos de combinar
eficiencia, normas
institucionales y democracia
1
Ea este +|t cu|c, desc||c|acs |+ ++||c| a de ua est+dc a s ||e|c , a s ||+aeat+dc su|
|dc ccac ccasecueac|+ de |+ t|+as|c|a+c| a de |+s c|+a|:+c|caes de| sectc| c||cc, |+s
cu+|es de se| eat|d+des au|t||uac|ca+|es |ate|+d+s se cca||t|e|ca ea c|+a|:+c|caes
+ut aca+s cca ua sc|c |c s|tc. lcste||c|aeate, d|scut|acs |cs e|ectcs , |+s |a||c+c|c
aes de es+s aue+s |c|a+s c|+a|:+c|ca+|es de| est+dc acde|ac , e| eu|||c||c eat|e d||e
|eates ac|a+s , +|c|es, t+|es ccac deacc|+c|+, ||ce|t+d, eu|d+d, ,ust|c|+ , e||c|eac|+, ea
e| sectc| c||cc. lc| |t|ac, d|scut|acs |cs |etcs ue |a||c+ |at|cduc|| |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl
ea + ses cca uatcs de +|t|d+ d||e|eates +|+ |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s ea sus |esec
t|cs s|stea+s c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|cs.
Palabras clave: tec| + de |+ c|+a|:+c| a, \ue+ test| a l c||c+ , c|+a|:+c| a, |etcs
de |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s, |ast|tuc|ca+||sac.
` l| dcctc| 1ca t|||steasea es |c|esc| de| le+|t+aeatc de t|eac|+ lc| t|c+, la|e|s|d+d de Os|c, cc||ec
e|ect| a|cc: 1ca.t|||steasea_st.u|c.ac. l| dcctc| le| l|e|d es |c|esc| de| le+|t+aeatc de -da|a|st|+c| a
, 1ec| + de |+ O|+a|:+c| a/kc||+a, teat|c la|e|s|t+||c de e|ea, cc||ec e|ect| a|cc: le|.l+|e|d_+c|.u|c.ac.
1
-|t cu|c |ec|c|dc e| 1| de eae|c de !] , +cet+dc e| 11 de +c||| de !]. lste +|t cu|c |ue esc||tc ccac
+|te de| |c,ectc de |aest|+c| a t|tu|+dc keu|+c| a, ccat|c| , +ud|tc| + ea e| teat|c kc||+a, ||a+ac|+dc
c| e| tcase,c \c|uec de laest|+c| a. :e |eseat ua+ ||ae|+ e|s| a de este dccuaeatc ea e| sea|a+||c
keccast|u,eadc |ast|tuc|caes c+,c |ace|t|duac|e: de||a|eadc + |+s c|+a|:+c|caes ea e| auec s||c de |+ l|
|s| a de -da|a|st|+c| a l c||c+ de| teat|c de laest|+c| a , lcceac|+ lcca a|c+s (tlll,, t|ud+d de M \|cc,
1]1e de eae|c de !+. Que|eacs +|+dece| + :te|a+| -s|||, ls|t|+ }+a|a , + |cs +|t|c|+ates de| sea|a+||c
c| sus +||cscs ccaeat+||cs. 1|+ducc| a de| |a| s de :us+a+ Mc|eac l+|+d+.
The Fragmented StateThe Challenges of Combining Efficiency,
Institutional Norms and Democracy
Ia t||s +e| we desc||ce t|e eae|eace c| + |e+ae|, ac|e ||+aeated st+te c|cu|t
+ccut c, t|e t|+as|c|a+t|ca c| uc||csectc| c|+a|:+t|cas ||ca |ate|+ted au|t||uact|c
a+| eat|t|es |atc +utcacacus +ad s|a|eu|cse c|+a|:+t|cas. \e t|ea d|scuss t|e e|
|ects +ad |a||c+t|cas c| t|ese aew c|+a|:+t|ca+| |c|as c| t|e acde|a st+te +ad t|e t|+
dec|| cetweea d|||e|eat ac|as +ad +|ues, suc| +s deacc|+c,, ||eedca, eu|t,, ,ust|ce
+ad e|||c|eac,, |a t|e uc||c sectc|. l|a+||, we d|scuss t|e c|+||eaes c| |at|cduc|a \lM
|e|c|as |a ccuat||es w|t| d|||e|eat st+|t|a c|ats |c| +da|a|st|+t|e |e|c|as |a t|e|| |es
ect|e c||t|c+|+da|a|st|+t|e s,steas.
Keywords: c|+a|:+t|ca+| t|ec|,, c|+a|:+t|ca +ad \ew luc||c M+a+eaeat, +da|a|s
t|+t|e |e|c|a c|+||eaes, |ast|tut|ca+||sa.
INTRODUCCIN
tcac acde|c de |e|c|a+ de| sectc| c||cc, |+ \ue+ test| a l c||c+ (\tl, se |+
e\tead|dc | |d+aeate ea auc|cs + ses du|+ate |+s dcs |t|a+s d c+d+s. lac+ce
:+d+ c| |e|c|a+dc|es de cc|te ea|es+||+| ccac |+ O|+a|:+c| a +|+ |+ tcce
|+c| a , e| les+||c||c lcca a|ccs (Otll, , +|uacs |cae|cs +a|cs+,caes (lc|||t ,
cuc|+e|t, !,, |+ c|+ de |e|c|a+, cca d|st|atcs |+dcs de |ateas|d+d, |+ +c+|c+
dc ||ac|+|aeate deacc|+c|+s ccc|deat+|es, e|c t+ac| a |+ +|ect+dc + +|uacs
+ ses ea des+||c||c aed|+ate |+ |a||ueac|+ de| lcadc Mcaet+||c late|a+c|ca+| , e|
+acc Muad|+|. -ua cu+adc +|ece ue |+ \tl |+ +|c+a:+dc su uatc a \|ac , |+
s|dc acd|||c+d+ ea + ses ue se ccas|de|+| +a sus |cae|cs, ccac \ue+ /e|+ad+
(t|ec|,, !!,, tcd+ + est tea|eadc ua |ue|te |a+ctc ea |+ est|uctu|+ , e| |ua
c|ca+a|eatc de| sectc| c||cc ea auc|cs + ses. la +||cs c+scs, ua+ est|uctu|+
est+t+| |e|+aeate |ate|+d+ se |+ ue|tc ccas|de|+c|eaeate a s d||us+ e |ac|usc
||+aeat+d+.
le|c +uaue ste es e| +ac|+a+ ||ac|+|, e\|ste ua |+dc ccas|de|+c|e de +
||+c| a a+c|ca+|, |cductc de |+s d||e|eac|+s ea |cs ++|+tcs est|uctu|+|es e\|stea
tes +ates de |+ |e|c|a+ , de |+s t|+d|c|caes ||st ||cccu|tu|+|es. la ese a|sac sea
558 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
t|dc, t+ac| a |+ tea|dc ua +e| |ac|t+ate e| |+dc de |es| a e\te|a+ |ce
a|eate de |+ |e|c|a+ (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !1,. l+ ||ae|+ +|te de este +|t cu
|c desc||ce +|ua+s c+|+cte| st|c+s de este des+||c||c, ea|cc adcse ||ac|+|aeate
ea |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| (structural devolution, de| sectc| c||cc cca |+
\ue+ test| a l c||c+.
l| ||ac|+| cc,et|c de |+ seuad+ +|te de| +|t cu|c sca |cs e|ectcs c| t|ccs
a s eae|+|es de |+ \tl , sus |a||c+c|caes +|+ |+ deacc|+c|+. lcs de|easc|es de
|+ \tl |+a tead|dc + |et|+t+||+ ccac ua+ esec|e de auadc |e||:, |caet|eadc
ue |+ \tl ae,c|+| tcdc. la +uaeatc ea |+ e||c|eac|+ se| + e| |cductc de a+,c|
+utcaca + , des|eu|+c| a, a s ||e\|c|||d+d , a+,c| d|sc|ec| a +|+ |+s |ast|tuc|c
aes , |cs +ctc|es e|eac|+|es , ccae|c|+|es. :e sucae ue |+ \tl +uaeat+ |+ +|t|
c|+c| a , |+ |a||ueac|+ de |cs ccasua|dc|es de se||c|cs c||ccs, e|c t+ac| a
|c|t+|ece e| ccat|c| c| t|cc , +da|a|st|+t|c, |+ +ud|tc| + , |+ |eu|+c| a. :| c|ea acs
|ate|es+a +|t|cu|+|aeate |cs e|ectcs scc|e e| ccat|c| c| t|cc , |+ |ead|c| a de
cueat+s, t+ac| a eacs de a+ae|+ eae|+| |cs d|e|scs e|ectcs secuad+||cs de |+
\tl, t+|es ccac c+ac|cs ea |+ cu|tu|+ c| t|c+, e| c+|t+| c| t|cc , |+ cc||uc| a. l|
+|t cu|c ccac|u,e cca ua+ d|scus| a scc|e |+s |a||c+c|caes de |at|cduc|| |e|c|a+s
de |+ \tl ea + ses ea des+||c||c c t|+as|c|ca+|es. l|ust|+acs |cs des+||c||cs d|scu
t|dcs ut|||:+adc d+tcs ea ||ccs de \c|ue+ , ct|cs + ses.
UNA PERSPECTIVA TRANSFORMADORA
l+ e|sect|+ te ||c+ ue us+acs ea este +|t cu|c +|+ +a+||:+| |+ |e|c|a+ uce|
a+aeat+| es |+ institucional amplia, |+ cu+| t|eae |eseate |+ |ate|+cc| a eat|e ras-
gos estructurales e instrumentales (s|stea+ de cc|e|ac a+c|ca+|,, rasgos cultura-
les (t|+d|c|caes ||st ||c+s , +da|a|st|+t|+s, , limitaciones externas (|cs +ac|eates
t ca|ccs e |ast|tuc|ca+|es, (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !1,. lste ea|cue se ceat|+ ea
|+ cca|e,+ , d|a a|c+ |ate|+cc| a eat|e |cs d||e|eates |+ctc|es e\te|acs e |ate|acs
ccac ua+ a+ae|+ de eateade| |+ t|+as|c|a+c| a c|+a|:+c|ca+| ue ccu||e ea e|
sectc| c||cc, ea eae|+|, , ea e| se||c|c c|||, ea |c +|t|cu|+|. 1+ac| a +t|eade
tcdc |c |e|e|eate + |cs e|ectcs ue e||c t|eae.
la+ escue|+ de eas+a|eatc ccas|de|+ ue |+ |a|eaeat+c| a de |e|c|a+s |e
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 559
|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ \tl , |+ c|e+c| a de ua est+dc ||+aeat+dc es, ||ac|+|aeate,
ua+ |esuest+ + |+ |es| a e\te|a+. lste determinismo ambiental (O|sea, 1))!,
uede d+|se de dcs a+ae|+s. la e| ||ae| c+sc, ua + s uede +dct+| ac|a+s |ate|
a+c|ca+|es e |de+s +ce|c+ de c ac c|+a|:+| , d||||| e| se||c|c c|||, s|a|eaeate
c|ue es |+ dcct||a+ |ecade|+ate. l+ \tl t|eae sus c| eaes ea c|e|tcs + ses +a|c
s+,caes , c|+a|:+c|caes |ate|a+c|ca+|es ccac |+ Otll. la e||cs |+ ec|+dc |+ ces e|
a|tc de |+ |e|c|a+ , se |+ ue|tc |dec| |c+aeate dca|a+ate ,, desde e||cs, se |+
d||uad|dc c| tcdc e| auadc (t:+|a|+ws|+ , :eca, 1))e, Me,e| , kcw+a, 1),
:cctt, 1))],. lste |ccesc de d|sea|a+c| a uede |a||c+| e|eaeatcs |sca |||ccs:
c| e,ea|c, uede c|e+| |es| a c| |e|c|a+s , c+ac|cs est|uctu|+|es s|a||+|es
ea auc|cs + ses (l|M+|c , lcwe||, 1)~|,. l| |scac|||sac uede e|se ccac ua
|ccesc a+tu|+|, dete|a|a|st+ , desccate\tu+||:+dc, eaead|+dc c| ac|a+s , +
|c|es dca|a+ates ccauaes. la e| seuadc c+sc, |+ \tl uede e|se eau|a+aeate
ccac |+ sc|uc| a t|a+ +|+ |cc|ea+s t ca|ccs eae|+||:+dcs: c| e,ea|c, ue
de +dct+|se +|+ |esc|e| |cc|ea+s c|e+dcs c| ua+ |+|t+ de deseae c |ast|u
aeat+| c c| |+ ccaeteac|+ ecca a|c+ , |+ |es| a de| ae|c+dc. la este c+sc, se
+dct+a |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl, ac c| su |eeaca + |dec| |c+, s|ac c| |+ e||c|ea
c|+ t ca|c+ ue se ccse|+. l+s dcs | ae+s de +|uaeat+c| a t|+t+a e| +ac|eate cc
ac institucional c t cnico, |esect|+aeate.
Ot|+ |s| a scc|e |+ \tl d|ce ue |+s |e|c|a+s sca ||ac|+|aeate ua |cductc de|
ccate\tc a+c|ca+|, ||st ||cc e |ast|tuc|ca+|. l|st|atcs + ses t|eaea t|+d|c|caes ||st
||cccu|tu|+|es d||e|eates , sus |e|c|a+s deeadea de| c+a|ac, |c ue s|a|||c+ ue
|+s |e|c|a+s a+c|ca+|es t|eaea |+scs , t|+,ectc||+s a|ccs (l|+sae|, 1)~~, M+|c| ,
O|sea, 1)~), :e|:a|c|, 1)],. lcs c+a|acs tca+dcs +|+ |+ce| |+ |e|c|a+ |e||e,+a
|cs ||ac|+|es |+scs de |cs |ccescs |ast|tuc|ca+|es a+c|ca+|es, dcade |+s |+ ces
|ast|tuc|ca+|es dete|a|a+a e| c+a|ac seu|dc ea ua+ +d+t+c| a |+du+| + |+ |e
s| a |ate|a+ , e\te|a+. M|eat|+s a+,c| se+ |+ ccas|steac|+ eat|e |cs +|c|es ue suc
,+cea + |+s |e|c|a+s , |cs +|c|es ea ue se c+s+ e| s|stea+ +da|a|st|+t|c e\|stea
te, a s |cc+c|e se| ue |+s |e|c|a+s tea+a \|tc (|uassca , O|sea, 1))|,, ues
ua +|tc |+dc de cca+t|c|||d+d |cauee |+ +d+t+c| a , |+ |a|eaeat+c| a.
la+ te|ce|+ |s| a dest+c+ |+s d||e|eac|+s a+c|ca+|es ea |cs |+scs ccast|tuc|c
a+|es , |+s est|uctu|+s c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|+s , scst|eae ue escs |+ctc|es ccat||
cu,ea ea c|e|t+ aed|d+ + e\||c+| |+ a+ae|+ ccac |cs + ses a+ae,+a |cs |cc|e
a+s a+c|ca+|es , |cs |ccescs de |e|c|a+ (O|sea , lete|s, 1))e, \e+e| , kcc|
a+a, 1))|,. lcs ||ac|+|es |+scs de| s|stea+ de cc|e|ac, |+ |c|a+ de| cc|e|ac
, |+ est|uctu|+ |c|a+| de |+ tca+ de dec|s|caes deat|c de| s|stea+ c| t|cc+da|a|s
t|+t|c uedea +|ect+| |+ c++c|d+d de ua + s +|+ ||e+| + c+cc |e|c|a+s +da|a|s
t|+t|+s. lcs s|stea+s +da|a|st|+t|cs |cac aecs , de d|ct+du|+s e|ectc|+|es +|
est||c \esta|aste| t|eaea e| cteac|+| de se| a s |ceascs + |+ |e|c|a+ ue |cs
s|stea+s d||e|eates de \esta|aste| cca est|uctu|+s +|t|d+||+s cca|e,+s, a+,c| +s
+||+aeat+||+s c+ac|+ates , ua+ cu|cc|+c|+ |ete|c ae+.
leat|c de |+s ||a|t+c|caes escc:+d+s, |cs | de|es c| t|ccs t+ac| a t|eaea au
c|+ ||ce|t+d de +cc| a +|+ |+a:+| , cae| ea a+|c|+ |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl c| aed|c
de| d|se c +da|a|st|+t|c , ua+ c| t|c+ +da|a|st|+t|+ +ct|+. :us |deat|d+des, |e
cu|scs , c++c|d+d +|+ e| c |cu|c |+c|ca+| , e| ccat|c| c| t|cc (l+|| , l|adc|ca,
1)]|, M+|c| , O|sea, 1))], est a ea |+a aed|d+ ||a|t+dcs c| |+ cca|e,+ |ate|+cc| a
de| +ac|eate , |cs |+scs ||st ||cc|ast|tuc|ca+|es , e| s|stea+ de cc|e|ac. lc|
ccas|u|eate, |+ +d+t+c| a + |+ |es| a e\te|a+ ac se |e||e|e a|c+aeate +| dete|
a|a|sac +ac|eat+|, s|ac ue t+ac| a uede teae| e|eaeatcs |ateac|ca+|es ue
t|eaea |u+| + +|t|| de +cc|caes de| ||de|+:c c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c, |cs |c|es|c
a+|es c |+s ea|es+s de ccasu|tc| + ue ce|t|||c+a c|e|t+s |ecet+s c |e|c|a+s c
ue, de ct|+ a+ae|+, |e|eseat+a ua dcc|e d|scu|sc c ||cc|es + s|stea t|c+
(|uassca, 1)~),.
:|a eac+|c, e| a+ae,c a+c|ca+| ccasc|eate de |e|c|a+s |as||+d+s |ate|a+c|c
a+|aeate uede ||e+| t+ac| a t+a s |c + |+ |a|t+c| a de e|eaeatcs se|ectcs de |+
|e|c|a+ ea |u+| de + +uetes cca|etcs de |e|c|a+, |c cu+| cd| + c|e+| +||+c|c
aes eat|e + ses (kc||, 1))e,. -dea s, |+ |+c|||d+d c| t|c+ +|+ ccat|c|+| |cs |c
cescs de |e|c|a+ uede +uaeat+| cu+adc e| s|stea+ de cc|e|ac , |cs |+ctc|es es
t|uctu|+|es +uaeat+a |+ c++c|d+d , |+ +teac| a de| ||de|+:c c| t|cc, c uede
d|||cu|t+|se cca e| |ccesc de aecc|+c| a c c| |+ |+|t+ de cca+t|c|||d+d cca |+s
ac|a+s ||st ||c+s |ast|tuc|ca+|es (t|||steasea , lete|s, 1))), |uassca , O|sea,
1))|,. l|c|cs |+scs |cc+c|eaeate t+ac| a |+| a ue |cs s|stea+s c| t|cc+da|
a|st|+t|cs se+a a s u|ae|+c|es + |+ |es| a c| |+ |e|c|a+ ue |c|eae de| +a
c|eate.
la+ e|sect|+ t|+as|c|a+dc|+ su|e cu+adc ccac|a+acs |+scs de |e|c|a+
|ate|acs , +ac|eat+|es +|+ e\||c+| c| u e| ccatea|dc, |cs e|ectcs , |+s |a||c+
c|caes de |+ \tl uedea se| d||e|eates ea d|st|atcs + ses (t|||steasea , l|e|d,
1))~,. lst+ e|sect|+ a|e+ t+atc |+ cs|c| a ct|a|st+ de ue |cs de|easc|es + u|t|+a
:+ de |+ |e|c|a+ c| t|c+ t|eaea ua+ cca|es| a +csc|ut+ , cca|et+, +s ccac cde|
scc|e e| |ccesc de |e|c|a+, ccac t+ac| a |+ cs|c| a |+t+||st+ de ue ac t|eaea
cs|c|||d+d de |a||u|| ea |+s |e|c|a+s aed|+ate |+ e|ecc| a c| t|c+ (l|e|d , O|sea,
1))|, l|e|d , kcaess, 1))), O|sea, 1))!,. la c+ac|c, |+ e|sect|+ t|+as|c|a+
dc|+ c||ece ua+ cs|c| a |ate|aed|+, ea |+ ue |cs | de|es c| t|ccs t|eaea +|+at|
:+dc ua |+dc de a+a|cc|+, a|eat|+s ue su |a||ueac|+ se e ||a|t+d+ c| |+ctc|es
+ac|eat+|es, |+scs de| s|stea+ de cc|e|ac , e| ccate\tc ||st ||cc|ast|tuc|ca+|.
la ua e\t|eac, |+ |es| a de| +ac|eate |ate|a+c|ca+| +|+ +dct+| |e|c|a+s de
|+ \tl, ,+ se+ aed|+ate c|+a|:+c|caes |ate|a+c|ca+|es c c||s|s ecca a|c+s, uede
teae| |c|uadcs e|ectcs ea |cs s|stea+s a+c|ca+|es s| |+s |e|c|a+s sca |cac|d+s
s|au|t ae+aeate c| e| ||de|+:c c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c , sca cca+t|c|es cca |+s
t|+d|c|caes ||st ||cccu|tu|+|es. la e| ct|c e\t|eac, |+ |es| a +ac|eat+| c| |+ |e
|c|a+ uede |cduc|| cccs c+ac|cs , e|ectcs s| |cs | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+
t|cs t|+t+a ccasc|eateaeate de ccst+cu||:+| c e|t+| |+s |e|c|a+s dec|dc + su |+|t+
de cca+t|c|||d+d cca |+s ac|a+s , |cs +|c|es t|+d|c|ca+|es, , cca |cs acde|cs de
|e|c|a+ a+c|ca+|es (|uassca , O|sea, 1))|,. lstcs dcs e\t|eacs cc||escadea,
|esect|+aeate, + ua |ccesc de ccate\tu+||:+c| a ue |+ce a|+s|s ea e| |u+|
ea ue cc|ac|dea |cs ccacetcs de c+ac|c , |+s aeces|d+des |ate|a+s , ua |cce
sc de desccate\tu+||:+c| a ue dest+c+ |+ s|au|+||d+d de |cs s|stea+s a+c|ca+|es
, |+ |+|t+ de cca+t|c|||d+d eat|e sus +|c|es , ac|a+s, , |+s |e|c|a+s de c||ea e\
te|ac (kc||, 1))e,.
la |e+||d+d, es |cc+c|e ue, cu+adc |cs ccacetcs , |cs |ccescs de |e|c|a+
eae|+dcs e\te|a+aeate se+a t|+as|e||dcs + s|stea+s c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|cs a+
c|ca+|es, se ue|+a a s cca|e,cs , tea+a e|ectcs e |a||c+c|caes a s +||+d+s
, +ac|u+s ue |cs e\t|eacs ue +c+c+acs de ccaeat+|. la |+ | ct|c+, |cs | de|es
c| t|ccs uedea ut|||:+| c|e|tcs e|eaeatcs de |e|c|a+s eae|+d+s e\te|a+aeate c
t|+t+| de |ede||a|| e|eaeatcs c s|tu+c|caes +ac|u+s de |+ |e|c|a+ ea ua ccate\tc
a+c|ca+|, + ||a de eacca+| |cs cc,et|cs |ast|uaeat+|es , |+ cu|tu|+| a+c|ca+|. O
uedea de||ce|+d+aeate a+a|u|+| |+s |e|c|a+s ccac a|tcs , s acc|cs, ||a|eadc
|a|eaeat+||+s, e|c s|a teae| ea |e+||d+d auc|+s |ateac|caes de |+ce||c, , t|+t+|
de |cace| su |e|t|a|d+d aed|+ate e| dcc|e d|scu|sc, |+ se+|+c| a de |+s dec|
s|caes , |+s +cc|caes (|uassca, 1)~),. la ct|c escea+||c a s, |cs | de|es c| t|ccs
uedea +cet+| |+s |e|c|a+s, de,+adc su uest+ ea a+|c|+ ea a+acs de |cs | de|es
+da|a|st|+t|cs ,, c| t+atc, e|a|t|eadc su +,uste, t|+ducc| a , ed|c| a +|+ ue
se +decue + |cs |+scs |ast|tuc|ca+|escu|tu|+|es (}+cccssca, l|e|d , lede|sea,
!|, kc||, 1))~, :+|||a-ade|ssca, 1))e,.
lcs e|ectcs de |+s |e|c|a+s |e|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ \tl scc|e e| ccat|c| c| t|cc ue
dea, d+d+ |+ cca|e,|d+d cteac|+| acst|+d+ c| |+ e|sect|+ t|+as|c|a+dc|+,
+uat+| ea d||e|eates d||ecc|caes. lcs c| t|ccs uedea t|+t+| de |eteae| c |c|t+|ece|
su cde| , ccat|c| us+adc ccasc|eateaeate |+s aed|d+s de |e|c|a+. le|c t+ac| a
uedea e|de| ccat|c| +| +cet+| |cs e|eaeatcs de |+ |e|c|a+ ue dec|||t+a su ||de
|+:c. lcs e|ectcs de |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl scc|e e| ccat|c| c| t|ccdeacc| t|cc
uedea est+| |e|+c|ca+dcs cca |+ a+ae|+ ea ue |cs e|eates de||aea , |ede||aea
sus +e|es , caea ea a+|c|+ |+s |e|c|a+s. lcs |ccescs de aecc|+c| a t+ac| a
uedea se| e|deates, |+c|eadc ue |cs | de|es c| t|ccs +cetea cca|ca|scs c
|es|steac|+s c+s+d+s cu|tu|+|aeate.
LA NUEVA GESTIN PBLICA: LA FUENTE DE LA FRAGMENTACIN
EL PANORAMA GENERAL: UNA CONFRONTACIN DE MODELOS DE ESTADO
la+ |s| a t|+d|c|ca+| ea |cs + ses +||+aeat+||cs es ue |+ deacc|+c|+ , e| cca
t|c| c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c est+c+a de||a|dcs de +cue|dc cca |+ c+dea+ +||+aea
t+||+ de cce|a+a:+ , e| a+ad+tc d+dc c| |+ cc|+c| a + |cs | de|es c| t|ccs ae
d|+ate e| c+a+| e|ectc|+| (O|sea, 1)~|,.
!
l| uec|c se|ecc|ca+ |e|eseat+ates +|+
|cs c|+a|sacs c| t|ccs ea |+s e|ecc|caes, e| cde| e,ecut|c se c+s+ ea |+ a+,c| +
c| t|c+ ea escs c|+a|sacs , e| e,ecut|c t|eae + su d|scs|c| a ua se||c|c c|||
!
lc| suuestc ue auc|cs de |cs |+scs c s|ccs ue desc||c|acs +u t+ac| a se +||c+a ea s|stea+s |e
s|deac|+|es , a|\tcs, e|c |+ d||e|eac|+ est ea ue, ea d|c|cs s|stea+s, e| uec|c t|eae a s de ua cca,uatc de
|e|eseat+ates c +eates.
aeut|c cca +cuad+ate e\e||eac|+ |c|es|ca+| ue |e+|+ e |a|eaeat+ c| t|c+s
c||c+s, |ac|u|d+s |+s |e|c|a+s.
lst+ e|sect|+ de| +e| de |+ cu|cc|+c|+ es + a |e|e+ate e |ac|t+ate, e|c |+
s|dc acd|||c+d+ de auc|+s a+ae|+s. O|sea (1)~~, ||+a+ + este acde|c de cce|
a+a:+ e| est+dc scce|+ac ||+dc + |+ |+c|ca+||d+d, |e|||| adcse + ua est+dc cea
t|+||:+dc cca ua sectc| c||cc |+ade ea dcade |+ est+ad+||:+c| a , |+ |u+|d+d
sca |+scs |ca|aeates. l| acde|c suc|+,+ |cs |+scs cc|ect|cs e |ate|+dc|es de|
s|stea+ c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c, |+ |e|eac|+ cca a , e| +e| de| c|ud+d+ac (M+|c|
, O|sea, 1)~),. l| +e| de| se||c|c c||| ea ua est+dc +s uede ccas|de|+|se c+s
t+ate cca|e,c, |e|+c|ca+dc cca ccas|de|+c|caes de ccat|c| c| t|cc, e||c+c|+ ea |+s
dec|s|caes, |escas||d+d (responsiveness,, ccaeteac|+ |c|es|ca+| , +|c|es de|
Rechtsstaat. :e sucae ue est+ cca|e,|d+d +uaeat+ |+ ||e\|c|||d+d , |+ seas|c|||d+d
c| t|c+ de |cs se||dc|es c|||es ,, c| t+atc, se e|c|ce a s ccac ua+ |c|t+|e:+ ue
ccac ua+ dec|||d+d (t|||steasea, 1))1,.
le +cue|dc cca este acde|c de est+dc, |cs |ccescs de c+ac|c , |e|c|a+ ea
ua s|stea+ c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c sca ,e| |u|ccs , est a dca|a+dcs c| |cs | de
|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs: c| e,ea|c, |cs |ccescs de dec|s| a sca ce||+dcs
, t|eaea ua |uc e\c|us|c de +|t|c|+ates (hccd, 1))~, M+|c| , O|sea, 1)~|,.
leat|c de |cs | a|tes de |+ |+c|ca+||d+d ||a|t+d+, |cs | de|es t|eaea ua+ cuea+ ua
tu+c| a ea c |cu|c |+c|ca+| +| |c|au|+| ccast+ateaeate aet+s , eas+| c|+a|:+c|c
a+|aeate |cs aed|cs , |cs ||aes (l+|| , l|adc|ca, 1)]|, :|aca, 1)],. tcac se |a
d|c , este |de+| es d|| c|| de cua||| ea ua est+dc cca|e,c , ||+aeat+dc.
lste acde|c t|+d|c|ca+| |+ s|dc cca|et+dc c| ua+ +||ed+d de ct|cs acde
|cs (O|sea, 1)~~, lete|s, 1))e,. lac de e||cs, est|ec|+aeate |e|+c|ca+dc cca |+ \tl
, e| ceat|c de +teac| a de este +|t cu|c, |+ s|dc ||+a+dc c| O|sea (1)~~, e| est+
dc sue|ae|c+dc. la este acde|c +|te|a+t|c de deacc|+c|+ , ccat|c| c| t|cc+d
a|a|st|+t|c, e| est+dc es ccacec|dc ccac ua |ceedc| de se||c|cs, cca a|+s|s
ea |+ e||c|eac|+ , |+ cuea+ c+||d+d, , +| uec|c ccac ua ccasua|dc|, usu+||c c c||eate
(hccd, 1))~,. la este acde|c, |+ ,e|+|u + est , ea c|e|tc seat|dc, de c+ce:+: c|
e,ea|c, ea e: de ue e| est+dc ccat|c|e + |+ scc|ed+d scc|e |+ c+se de ua a+a
d+tc deacc| t|cc de| uec|c, |+ scc|ed+d ccat|c|+ +| est+dc a s d||ect+aeate + t|+
s de |cs aec+a|sacs de ae|c+dc. l| est+dc sue|ae|c+dc ||ac|+|aeate se
ccu+ de |cs +|c|es , |+s ac|a+s ecca a|c+s, |c ue s|a|||c+ ue |+, ue |est+|
|ac|t+ac|+ + ct|cs +|c|es , ccas|de|+c|caes de| acde|c de| est+dc ceat|+||:+dc,
|+c|eadc ue este acde|c se+ a s ua|d|aeas|ca+| (\+e|, 1)),. -dea s, |cs |cce
scs de |e|c|a+ c||c+ sca ||ac|+|aeate ua |esu|t+dc de c+ac|cs ea |cs |ccescs
de ae|c+dc , de |+ dea+ad+ de| usu+||c ,, c| t+atc, t|eaea ua+ a+tu|+|e:+ +a
c|eat+|dete|a|a|st+ (O|sea, 1))!,.
le +cue|dc cca este acde|c, +| +|ece| |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s sca +c|
t|c+s c |ac|usc +at|c| t|c+s (l|ede||c|sca, 1))e,. lc| ccas|u|eate, c| ua |+dc, |cs
c|+a|sacs c||ccs , |cs c| t|ccs sue|ea se| |stcs c+s| ccac +ctc|es ||e t|acs
ue ccst|u,ea |+ e||c|eac|+ ,, c| e| ct|c, e| est+dc ceat|+||:+dc sue|e se| |stc cc
ac scc|ec+|+dc e |ae||c|eate ea e| a|e| ceat|+| (cstca et al., 1))e, tust+|ssca ,
:eassca, 1))),. lc ue |e |+ce |+|t+ + este acde|c es ua+ e|sect|+ de |+ |e|+c| a
eat|e |+ |a||ueac|+ de |cs ct+ates c c|ud+d+acs scc|e |cs c| t|ccs aed|+ate e| c+
a+| e|ectc|+|, c| ua |+dc, , su |a||ueac|+ a s d||ect+ ea |cs c|+a|sacs c||ccs
ccac c||eates , ccasua|dc|es, c| e| ct|c. \ s| c|ea uede dec||se ue e| acde|c
ccat|eae +|uacs e|eaeatcs de ua+ |s| a +|te|a+t|+ de |+ deacc|+c|+ c| e,ea
|c, ua+ deacc|+c|+ d||ect+ c||eat+d+ |ad||du+|aeate cca de,cs ecca a|ccs, ac
es | c|| e| c ac +ctc|es +tca|:+dcs ue tca+a dec|s|caes ea ua ae|c+dc ued+a
+|t|c|+| ea |+ c|e+c| a de ua s|stea+ deacc| t|cc est+c|e , |escas+c|e , d+| +
|cs | de|es c| t|ccs ||a|t+c|caes c| t|c+s |aeu cc+s. :e cd| + dec||, |ac|usc, ue
su cteac|+| +|+ |a||u|| ea |cs se||c|cs es t+ac| a +ac|uc , d|scut|c|e.
l+|+ |ec+|tu|+|, e| est+dc sue|ae|c+dc +|ece |e|eseat+| ua+ |s| a ua|d|
aeas|ca+| de| sectc| c||cc, dcade |edca|a+ e| |+ctc| ecca a|cc, a|eat|+s ue
e| est+dc ccat|c|+dc c| |+ scc|ed+d est a s |eccu+dc cca ua cca|e,c eu|
||c||c de ua+ +||ed+d de ccas|de|+c|caes |e t|a+s. lcs dcs acde|cs de est+dc
|eseat+dcs t|eaea |a||c+c|caes ac|a+t|cc| t|c+s t|+d|c|ca+|aeate +scc|+d+s
cca ua esect|c de |:u|e|d+de|ec|+. lcs +|t|dcs scc|+||st+s , scc|+|dea c|+t+s |+a
de|ead|dc e| acde|c de| est+dc scce|+ac, a|eat|+s ue |cs +|t|dcs ccase|+dc
|es , ||ce|+|es |+a +c,+dc e| acde|c de| est+dc sue|ae|c+dc (\+e|, 1)),. l+s
+ct|tudes de |cs |ucs de |ate| s t+ac| a |+a seu|dc |+ a|sa+ d||s| a, e,ea||
||c+d+ c| |+ |es|steac|+ eat|e s|ad|c+tcs |+cc|+|es , de se||dc|es c|||es, +scc|+dcs
cca +|t|dcs |+cc||st+s +| acde|c de| sue|ae|c+dc (t+st|es, te|||tsea , \c|wes,
1))e, l|e|d , kcaess, !|,. :|a eac+|c, ua c+ac|c e|ectc|+| |+c|+ |+ de|ec|+
ea |cs + ses ccc|deat+|es du|+ate |cs |t|acs ! + cs |+ ||e+dc + ua |+a ++ace
+|+ e| acde|c de| sue|ae|c+dc, de t+| acdc ue, +|c|+, |ac|usc |cs +|t|dcs sc
c|+|dea c|+t+s |+a ||e+dc + +cet+| +|uacs de sus e|eaeatcs. :| c|ea + a sca |s
tcs ccac au, ccat|ce|t|dcs, ct|cs |cs ccas|de|+a ccac ua+ aeces|d+d c| t|c+ c
ccac ua+ te|ce|+ + (t|ddeas, 1))~,, cca |c ue, ea eae|+|, se +||+a+ e| c+a|ac
+|+ ua+ |a|eaeat+c| a a s +a||+ de |+ \tl. \+|e |+ ea+ se +|+| ue +ates de
|+ +a||+c| a de |+ ll, ua+ c|+|+ a+,c| + de sus + ses tea + cc|e|acs scc|+|dea
c|+t+s, + aeaudc de| e|||| de |+||.
lste dec+te c| t|ccac|a+t|c +ce|c+ de| des+||c||c de| sectc| c||cc |+ est+dc
+cca+ +dc de ua dec+te +|+|e|c eat|e estud|cscs de tcdc e| auadc. -|uacs
eccaca|st+s , e|ud|tcs de |+ est| a |+a se +|+dc |+ |ae||c+c|+ de| sectc| c||cc ,
|+a ed|dc ua est+dc a s ||e|c , e||c|eate (cstca et al., 1))e,. ls+s e|sca+s |+a
deseae +dc ua +e| +ct|c ea |cs |ccescs de |e|c|a+, t+atc ccac |cductc
|es de acde|cs e |dec|c +s ccac ea su c+||d+d de ea|es+||cs ea e| se||c|c c|||,
ccac |c e,ea||||c+ \ue+ /e|+ad+ (tc|d||ac|, 1))~,. l||cs |+a |stc |+ \tl ccac
ua+ eat+a+ de cc|tua|d+d +|+ |cace| su |c|c acde|c |ede||a|dc (-ce|
c+c| , t|||steasea, !1, l|adca, 1)~+,. -| a|sac t|eac, |cs c||t |ccs + ae
audc |+a de|ead|dc ua acde|c de sectc| c||cc c+s+dc ea +|uaeatcs cc|ect|cs
e |ast|tuc|ca+|es.
lcccs + ses |+a +dct+dc tcdcs |cs e|eaeatcs de| acde|c de| est+dc scce|+
ac c +cet+dc s|a cuest|ca+| |cs ||ac||cs ||ac|+|es de| est+dc sue|ae|c+dc ea
sus |e|c|a+s, |c ue su|e|e ua+ d|scus| a +ce|c+ de c ac stcs dece| +a ccac|
a+|se , s|atet|:+|se. l\|ste e| cteac|+| +|+ ua+ t|+as|c|a+c| a de s|stea+s , +e
|es ue ccac|a+ e| c+ac|c ec|ut|c |ad|c+dc c| e| acde|c scce|+ac cca ua c+ac|c
|ec|uc|ca+||c |esc||tc c| e| acde|c de sue|ae|c+dc (t|eeawccd , h|a|as,
1))e,. l|c|+ ccac|a+c| a |+ce usc de +accs acde|cs |cc+|es de |+ \tl , e|s|c
aes |cc+|es (kc||, 1))~,. latcaces, cu |es sca |+s c+|+cte| st|c+s de este auec |
c||dc: t ac uede +seu|+|se e| ccat|c| c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c cca a s ae|c+dc
, est| a ,, + |+ |ae|s+, c ac uede se| acd|||c+dc e| est+dc scce|+ac c| estcs
e|eaeatcs de| ae|c+dc: :e t|+t+ de ua+ cuest| a de c+ac|c est|uctu|+| c cu|tu|+|,
c de ua+ ccac|a+c| a de +accs: t ac +|ect+ , t|+as|c|a+ estc |cs +e|es de |cs
c| t|ccs ceat|+|es , |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+t|c|ast|tuc|ca+|es , cu |es sca |+s |a||
c+c|caes deacc| t|c+s a s eae|+|es:
lesde |+ d c+d+ de 1)~, |+ teadeac|+ |ate|a+c|ca+| ea |+ |e|c|a+ +da|a|st|+t|+
|+ s|dc aec||ce|+|, |c ue |a||c+ eas+a|eatc e|eac|+| , aeat+||d+d de ae|c+dc.
l| sectc| ||+dc se |+ ue|tc e| acde|c , |+ +da|a|st|+c| a c||c+ |+ ||e+dc + se|
|st+ ccac ua |ceedc| de se||c|cs +|+ |cs c|ud+d+acs, |cs cu+|es |+a s|dc |ede
||a|dcs ccac c||eates , ccasua|dc|es. ls+s teadeac|+s de |e|c|a+ |+a dec|||t+dc
+| acde|c de| est+dc scce|+ac , |+a ae,c|+dc e| acde|c de sue|ae|c+dc.
PRINCIPALES CARACTERSTICAS DE LA NUEVA GESTIN PBLICA
\ue+ test| a l c||c+ es ua+ et|uet+ ue us c| ||ae|+ e: hccd (1))1, +|+
desc||c|| ua+ c|+ de |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s. l+ ||ac|+| c+|+cte| st|c+ de |+ \tl es
su a|+s|s ea +|c|es ecca a|ccs aec|ast|tuc|ca+|es. lstc |a||c+ ua dca|a|c |dec
| |cc, aed|+ate e| cu+| auc|cs +|c|es t|+d|c|ca+|aeate |e t|acs de| sectc|
c||cc sca |stcs t+a s |c ea t |a|acs ecca a|ccs c se |es |est+ a|+s|s, |+c|eadc a s
e|deates |+s teas|caes eat|e d||e|eates +|c|es (cstca et al., 1))e,. la |+ \tl, es
te dca|a|c t+ac| a est ccaect+dc cca c|a|caes |ue|tes, +uaue ac s|ea|e c|ea
|uad+aeat+d+s, +ce|c+ de |+s |a||c+c|caes de |cs +|c|es ecca a|ccs +|+ |+ c|
+a|:+c| a |c|a+| de| sectc| c||cc, +|+ |cced|a|eatcs +da|a|st|+t|cs, +|+ |+
e||c|+ aeces+||+ , +|+ su |e|+c| a cca e| sectc| ||+dc. ls+s c|a|caes |+a s|dc
c+|+cte||:+d+s, + aeaudc, c| |+scs s|ac ||ccs.
tu+adc se d|ce ue |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl sca t |c+aeate te ||c+s, ccac ea
\ue+ /e|+ad+, cca ||ecueac|+ se u|e|e dec|| ue dca|a+ |+ tec| + ecca a|c+. -|
uacs e,ea|cs sca |+ tec| + de |+ e|ecc| a c||c+, |cs acde|cs de| principal-
agente , |cs acde|cs de costos de transacci n (cstca et al., 1))1, 1))e,. la escs
acde|cs, se ccas|de|+ ue |+s +ct||d+des de| s|stea+ c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c sca
,uecs est|+t |ccs eat|e +ctc|es |+c|ca+|es cu,+ aet+ es |+ce| ue e| s|stea+ se+
a s e||c|eate, |+c|ca+||:+dc , ccas|steate (l+as et al., 1))e,. l|c|cs acde|cs ecc
a a|ccs +|ecea ccas|de|+| |+s aet+s +ac|u+s, |+s est|uctu|+s |c|a+|es cca||c+
d+s , |+s ac|a+s cu|tu|+|es ccauest+s de ua se||c|c c||| cca|e,c ccac se +|es de
ea|e|aed+d , ac ccac |+scs d|st|at|cs |uad+aeat+|es de ua sectc| c||cc |e
te|c aec. -| a|sac t|eac, |cs c| t|ccs de escs acde|cs dest+c+a ue este acdc
de eas+| es s|a||st+ , a|a|a|:+a |+ |ac|t+ac|+ de |+ t|c+ de| sectc| c||cc ,
|+s ||a|t+c|caes |ast|tuc|ca+|cu|tu|+|es, t+ac| a se +|+a ue ac |+a |esu|t+dc t+a
||uct |e|cs ccac se |e| cu+adc se cca||cat+|ca cca e| sectc| c||cc ea |+ |d+
cct|d|+a+.
lac|usc s| |+ \tl de||eade +|c|es , cc,et|cs ecca a|ccs, e| ccacetc es +c
, t|eae a |t||es |+cet+s, , c||ece ua+ esec|e de c+a+st+ de cca|+s de d||e|ea
tes e|eaeatcs +|+ |e|c|a+dc|es de |+ +da|a|st|+c| a c||c+ (hccd, 1))1, lc|||tt,
1))],. lcs ||ac|+|es ccacaeates de |+ \tl sca ua+ est| a c||c+ | ct|c+ ue
suuest+aeate e|a|te ua ccat|c| +ct|c, |s|c|e , d|sc|ec|ca+| de ua+ c|+a|:+
c| a c| +|te de e|sca+s ue t|eaea ||ce|t+d +|+ +da|a|st|+|, est ad+|es e\|
c|tcs de deseae c, ua a+,c| a|+s|s ea e| ccat|c| de |esu|t+dcs, a+,c| ccae
teac|+, ccat|+tcs, dec|uc| a, des+|e+c| a de ua|d+des , t ca|c+s e|eac|+|es de|
sectc| ||+dc. l+ ||ac|+| || tes|s de |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl es ue a s ae|c+dc,
a s est| a , a s +utcaca + |cduc|| a a s e||c|eac|+, s|a teae| e|ectcs secuad+
||cs ae+t|cs scc|e ct|cs +|c|es de| sectc| c||cc, ccac e| ccat|c| c| t|cc. \c
sct|cs scsteaeacs ue est+ || tes|s es cuest|ca+d+ , ue + a dece se| cca|||a+d+
ccac ua |+||+:c eae|+|. lcs e|ectcs de |+ \tl + aeaudc sca |caet|dcs c ese
|+dcs, e|c |+|+ e: est a au, c|ea dccuaeat+dcs (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !1,
lc|||tt , cuc|+e|t, !,.
l+ teas| a su|e de| c+| cte| | c||dc de |+ \tl, ue ccac|a+ tec| + de |+ c|+
a|:+c| a ecca a|c+ , tec| + e|eac|+| (-ucc|a, 1)), hccd, 1))1,. lst+ teas| a |e
su|t+ de |+ ccat|+d|cc| a eat|e |+s teadeac|+s ceat|+||:+dc|+s |a|e|eates ea e| cca
t|+ctu+||sac , |+s teadeac|+s dec|ut|+s de| e|eac|+||sac. l| ||ae| |uc de
|de+s |c|eae de |+ tec| + de |+ c|+a|:+c| a ecca a|c+ , se ea|cc+ ea |+ su|e
a+c + de| cc|e|ac |e|eseat+t|c scc|e |+ cu|cc|+c|+ (cstca et al., 1))e,. la+
|ecc| a de este +|+d|a+ es ue e| cde| de |cs | de|es c| t|ccs dece se| |e|c|:+dc
+ate |+ cu|cc|+c|+. lst+ ccaceat|+c| a de cde| e\|e cae| +teac| a ea |+ ceat|+
||:+c| a, |+ ccc|d|a+c| a , e| ccat|c|, cc,et|cs ue decea se| +|c+a:+dcs ||ac|+|
aeate + +||e|cs ccat|+ctu+|es. :|a eac+|c, |+ cuest| a es |+st+ u uatc ea
|e+||d+d sucede estc ea |+ | ct|c+. l| seuadc |uc de |de+s |eae de |+ escue|+
e|eac|+| de eas+a|eatc, ue se ceat|+ ea |+ aeces|d+d de |est+c|ece| |+ su|ea+c +
de |cs ||ac||cs e|eac|+|es ea |+ cu|cc|+c|+ (lett|, 1)),. :|a eac+|c, +|+ +u
aeat+| |+ c++c|d+d de |cs e|eates cca |+ ||a+||d+d de |e+||:+| +cc|caes |+, ue
cae| +teac| a ea |+ desceat|+||:+c| a, |+ dec|uc| a , |+ de|e+c| a, |c cu+|, des
de |uec, dec|||t+ cteac|+|aeate e| |c|c ccat|c| c| t|cc |esc||tc c| |+ tec| + de
|+ c|+a|:+c| a ecca a|c+. lc| |c t+atc, +| de|eade| t+atc |+ ceat|+||:+c| a ccac |+
dec|uc| a, |+ \tl ccat|eae ua+ ccat|+d|cc| a |a|e|eate.
DEVOLUCIN ESTRUCTURAL: MAYOR ESPECIALIZACIN VERTICAL Y HORIZONTAL
l+ dec|uc| a uede teae| auc|+s |c|a+s, e|c ua+ |de+ ||ac|+| es |c|t+|ece| e|
cde| d|sc|ec|ca+| de |cs e|eates , d+||e a s +utcaca + + |cs a|e|es succ|d|a+
dcs , + |+s +eac|+s (Otll, 1))e,. l+ dec|uc| a es d|st|at+ de |+ desceat|+||:+c| a
c| t|c+, dcade |+ +utc||d+d es de|e+d+ + |e|eseat+ates e|ectcs (lc|||tt, ||c|+|| ,
luta+a, 1))~,. l+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| e|t|c+| cca||e+ ua+ t|+as|e|eac|+ de +u
tc||d+d |+c|+ +c+,c ea |+ ,e|+|u + eat|e d||e|eates |c|a+s c|+a|:+c|ca+|es, ,+ se+
eat|e c|+a|:+c|caes e\|steates c |+c|+ aue+s c|+a|:+c|caes uce|a+aeat+|es
succ|d|a+d+s (lc|||tt , cuc|+e|t, !,. la c+ac|c, |+ esec|+||:+c| a |c||:cat+|
|a||c+ se+|+| |+s |uac|caes +da|a|st|+t|+s deat|c de |+ a|sa+ c|+a|:+c| a, +|c
ue cca |+ \tl + aeaudc |+ |dc de |+ a+ac de a+,c| esec|+||:+c| a est|uctu|+|
e|t|c+|.
la auc|cs + ses, |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| c esec|+||:+c| a e|t|c+| ccu||e
cu+adc c+ac|+a sus ||ac|+|es +||e|cs c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|cs c|+a|:+c|ca+|es
ac|eadc ua|d+des |+c|+ |c|a+s c|+a|:+c|ca+|es ue est a a s |e,cs de| ||de|+:c
c| t|cc ceat|+|. la +|uacs c+scs estc ccu||e +ua deat|c de |+ c|+a|:+c| a +da|
a|st|+t|+ uce|a+aeat+|, ea ct|cs, ac. lcs +|uaeatcs ecca a|ccs de est+ dec
|uc| a est|uctu|+|, +|t|cu|+|aeate e| t|c de dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| a s e\te|a+,
se c+s+a ea ua+ esec|e de | |c+ dete|a|a|st+. l+ |es| a |cc+| +|+ ccce|+| ,
ccaet|| de aue+s a+ae|+s est +uat+adc ea |+ d||ecc| a de a s ccaeteac|+
de ae|c+dc , +stcs |ccescs de c+ac|c. - ||a de +,ust+|se + este +ccatec|a|eatc,
|+ate+ e| +|uaeatc, se aeces|t+ a s dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| de |+s |uac|caes cc
ae|c|+|es +|+ a+ae,+| e| |ac|eaeatc ea |+ ccaeteac|+. lstc es ua |e||e,c t+a
c| a de| +\|ca+ de ue |+ c| t|c+ , |cs aecc|cs decea est+| se+|+dcs , ue |cs
+ctc|es ||+dcs sca +ctc|es a s |d aecs +|+ e| ae|c+dc ue |cs c||ccs. la
ccasecueac|+, |+ a+ae|+ a s e|ect|+ de |+ce| aecc|cs +|+ e| sectc| c||cc es
c|e+| |c|a+s c|+a|:+c|ca+|es ue se ccuea a s s|stea t|c+aeate de |+s |uac|c
aes ccae|c|+|es c de,+| ue |cs +ctc|es ||+dcs +sua+a c|e|t+s |uac|caes ccae|
c|+|es c||c+s (cstca et al., 1))e,. lcs +|uaeatcs ue est a + |+c| de| t|c de
dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| a s |ate|a+, ue |a||c+ a+,c| +utcaca + +|+ |+s +eac|+s
ccauaes c +|+ |+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s, sca ue +u ||+s uedea se| a s e||c|ea
tes +|+ |cee| se||c|cs , ue st+s t|eaea ua+ aeces|d+d esec|+| de +utcaca +
|c|es|ca+| (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !|,.
lcs +|uaeatcs ea ccat|+ de +|uacs de |cs +|uaeatcs ecca a|ccs ue est a
det| s de |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| e\te|a+ uedea se| ue |+s |uac|caes c| t|c+s
, ccae|c|+|es |+a s|dc |ate|+d+s ea auc|cs + ses du|+ate |+|c t|eac s|a a|a
a |cc|ea+ |ac|t+ate, ue |cs ccas|de|+c|es |ecu|scs ||a+ac|e|cs |ec|c|dcs c|
e| sectc| c||cc de |+s +ct||d+des ccae|c|+|es decea a+ateae|se +|+ |c s|tcs
cc|ect|cs , ue es |ac|t+ate ue e| sectc| c||cc ccat|c|e , |eu|e |+s +ct||d+
des ecca a|c+s, |ac|u|d+ |+ |c|ed+d. l+ a+tu|+|e:+ de |+s ccas|de|+c|caes c| t|
c+s t+ac| a est c+ac|+adc. l+s ccas|de|+c|caes t|+d|c|ca+|es de c| t|c+s c||c+s
|esectc de ua +a||c c+| cte| scc|+| c ccas|de|+c|caes scc|+|es +|c|+ se ea cc
ac |uac|caes |e|e+ates c ac ccae|c|+|es ue t|eaea ue ++|se c| se+|+dc
(:e||, !,. lcs +|uaeatcs ea ccat|+ de |+ teadeac|+ + s+c+| +eac|+s de |+ +da|
a|st|+c| a uce|a+aeat+| sca |cs |cc|ea+s de desccaect+| e| ccat|c| de |+s c|
t|c+s , e| des+||c||c de |+ |c|s| a de se||c|c, |+ |ac|t+ac|+ cteac|+| de| ccat|c|
c| t|cc de auc|+s de es+s ua|d+des ,, desde ua+ e|sect|+ deacc| t|c+, |+s |a
||c+c|caes |cc|ea t|c+s de s|tu+| + |+ +utcaca + |c|es|ca+| ccac |+ c+|+cte| s
t|c+ a s |ac|t+ate de |+ |uac| a |eu|+dc|+.
la auc|cs + ses ue |+a |a|eaeat+dc |e|c|a+s |e|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ \tl, es
e|deate ua +uaeatc ea |+ d||e|eac|+ |c||:cat+| eat|e |uac|caes +da|a|st|+t|+s.
luac|caes ue t|+d|c|ca+|aeate |ue|ca c|+a|:+d+s ,uat+s, t+| ccac e| ccase,c ea
a+te||+ de c| t|c+s c||c+s, |+s t+|e+s |eu|+dc|+s, |+s |uac|caes de |c|ed+d, |+s
|uac|caes de ccat|c| , |+s |uac|caes cca|+dc||ceedc|, |+a s|dc +|c|+ se+|+
d+s ea d|st|at+s ua|d+des. \ue+ /e|+ad+ es e| e,ea|c a s t |cc de este t|c de
c+ac|c est|uctu|+|, +| |+ce| +dct+dc e| ||ac||c de |+s c|+a|:+c|caes cca ua sc
|c |c s|tc c ua+ sc|+ a|s| a (cstca et al., 1))e,. lcs +|uaeatcs +|+ est+ sc
|uc| a sca ue |cauee |+ e|ect||d+d , |+ e||c|eac|+ +| +c|+|+| |+s |uac|caes +da|
a|st|+t|+s , e|t+| |+ ccac|a+c| a scc|euest+ , +ac|u+ de |uac|caes ue desd|
cu,+a |+s | ae+s de a+adc , +utc||d+d. la cs|c|e e|ectc de d|c|+ esec|+||:+c| a
+da|a|st|+t|+ |ue|te de |uac|caes es ua +uaeatc ea |+ aeces|d+d de ccc|d|a+c| a,
c|ue |+, a s ||+aeat+c| a ea e| s|stea+. Ot|c e|ectc uede se| ue |+s aue+s
ua|d+des esec|+||:+d+s c|ece| a +| +|e |se|es t+|e+s ue |+a e|d|dc aed|+ate
|+ esec|+||:+c| a, c| e,ea|c, |+s ua|d+des cca|+dc|+s uedea +|e+| |uac|c
aes ccasu|tc|+s de c| t|c+s c||c+s. 1cdc estc uede ccaduc|| + ua +uaeatc ea
e| a ae|c de se||dc|es c|||es , |ecu|scs ut|||:+dcs: es dec||, ua+ cu|cc|+c|+ a s
cca|e,+ ea |u+| de s|a||||c+d+.
l+s |e|c|a+s acde|a+s |e|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ \tl |+a ccac|a+dc |+ esec|+||:+
c| a e|t|c+| cca |+ |c||:cat+|, |c cu+| c|e+ ua est+dc ue es auc|c a s ||+aea
t+dc ue e| acde|c |ate|+dc t|+d|c|ca+|. lcs e|ectcs de este +ccatec|a|eatc se| a
+a+||:+dcs ea |+ s|u|eate secc| a.
LOS EFECTOS E IMPLICACIONES DE UN ESTADO FRAGMENTADO
LOS EFECTOS DE LA DEVOLUCIN ESTRUCTURAL COMPLEJA
l| cc,et|c de |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| es dec|e| |uac|caes ue ac aeces|t+a se|
ccat|c|+d+s c| t|c+aeate , a+ateae| t+|e+s c| t|c+aeate |ac|t+ates c+,c cca
t|c| ceat|+|. }uatc cca |c|+| ua+ a+,c| t|+as+|eac|+, e| cc,et|c de este |ccesc
es e|a|t|| a s d||ecc| a ea +suatcs |+ades , aeac| d||ecc| a ea +suatcs e
ue cs. \uest|c c||te||c es ue estc |esu|t+ se| a s | c|| ea |+ tec| + ue ea |+
| ct|c+ , ue |cs |esu|t+dcs uedea | c||aeate de||+| ea aeacs ccat|c| c| t|cc,
t+atc |c|a+|aeate ccac ea |+ |e+||d+d.
l+ dec|uc| a est |as||+d+ ea e| es|c+a de,ea ue |cs e|eates +da|a|st|ea
(let the managers manage,, |c cu+| s|a|||c+ d|sc|ec| a +|+ |cs e|eates , |+s ,ua
t+s d||ect|+s, , |+ ac dea+s|+d+ |ate||e|eac|+ d|+||+ de |cs | de|es c| t|ccs. l+ |a
||c+c| a de este es|c+a es ue |cs +|tcs e,ecut|cs sca ae,c|es +da|a|st|+adc ,,
c| t+atc, decea |ec|c|| |+ d|sc|ec| a , |+ cc|tua|d+d de |+ce||c, |educ|eadc +s
|+ c+|+ de| ||de|+:c c| t|cc ,, aed|+ate ua+ c|+|+ d||s| a eat|e c| t|c+ , +da|
a|st|+c| a, a+,c| ccat|c| c| t|cc. le|c t+ac| a se uede +|||a+| ue e| es|c+a |e
||e,+ ua+ teadeac|+ +at|c| t|c+, ue cteac|+|aeate dec|||t+ e| ccat|c| c| t|cc.
le,ea ue |cs e|eates +da|a|st|ea uede s|a|||c+| ue |cs e|eates cct|eaea
a s |ecu|scs, t+|e+s , |escas+c|||d+d, |+c|eadc aeacs |e t|ac ue |cs c| t|ccs
|ate|||e|+a ea sus +suatcs. -dea s, |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| + aeaudc s|a|||c+
aeacs c++c|d+d +|+ e| ccat|c| c| t|cc ceat|+|. la e|ectc cc|c de |+ a+,c| de
c|uc| a est|uctu|+| de |+s |uac|caes ccae|c|+|es es t+atc ua a c|ec a s |educ|dc
ccac, ea eae|+|, ua sectc| c||cc |educ|dc, dec|dc + |cs |ecc|tes de e|sca+| ea
|+s ea|es+s c||c+s , + |+ ||+t|:+c| a (t|ec|,, 1))~+,. Ot|c e|ectc es |+ c|e
c|eate cca|e,|d+d est|uctu|+| c |c|a+s | c||d+s, c|ue sca aue+s ccac|a+c|c
aes de |ate|eses c| t|ccs , ccae|c|+|es ccast|u|dcs ea aue+s ua|d+des c||c+s.
le|c, |+ a+,c| dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| dec|||t+ e| ccat|c| c| t|cc, s|a |ac|t+|
s| es e||c|eate: la +|uaeatc |ac|t+ate +|+ |escade| s es ue |+ dec|uc| a
est|uctu|+| c+ac|+ |cs |ast|uaeatcs de ccat|c| , +uaeat+ |+ d|st+ac|+ eat|e e| ||de
|+:c c| t|cc , |+s ua|d+des succ|d|a+d+s , |cs a|e|es |a|e||c|es de e|eac|+ (le
ce|, 1)~),. lst+ | |c+ se c+s+ ea |+ acc| a de e|||| aue+s c+||e|+s c | a|tes es
t|uctu|+|es. l+ ||ac|+| |ecc| a, c| t+atc, es ue |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| s|a|||c+
ua+ d|sa|auc| a ea |+ c++c|d+d ceat|+| de ccat|c| , ea |+ +utc||d+d +|+ e,e|ce|
ccat|c| , aeacs +teac| a + |+s ccas|de|+c|caes c| t|c+s de |+s ua|d+des succ|d|a+
d+s, esec|+|aeate ea ua|d+des c||eat+d+s |+c|+ e| ae|c+dc (M+sc+|ea|+s, 1))e,
lc|||tt , cuc|+e|t, !,. h+, ua+ teadeac|+ + de||a|| e| +ac|eate c| t|cc ea |+s
ea|es+s c||c+s ccac ua+ |ate||e|eac|+ |a+|c|+d+ ea +suatcs ccae|c|+|es.
la estud|c de |cs ||ac|+|es | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs de \c|ue+ |c
auest|+ cca c|+||d+d (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !!,. l+ a+,c| + de |cs a|a|st|cs ea
t|e|st+dcs cc|ac|dea ea ue |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| de |+s |uac|caes ccae|c|+
|es de| est+dc |+ dec|||t+dc su ccat|c| c| t|cc, ccs+ ue e||cs ccas|de|+c+a ua t+atc
|cc|ea t|c+. 1+ac| a |eccacc|e|ca |+ e\|steac|+ de |es| a +|+ us+| |cs |ast|u
aeatcs |est+ates de ccat|c| de ua+ a+ae|+ +s|+ , |e+ct|+. lcs | de|es +da|a|s
t|+t|cs a s |ac|t+ates +cet+|ca a s | c||aeate |cs e|ectcs de |+ dec|uc| a ,
|cs ||ac|+|es | de|es ccae|c|+|es de| est+dc ue| +a || a s +|| .
l+ |c|a+ a s ||a|t+d+ de dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| sca |cs |cced|a|eatcs |ate|
acs, ue s|a|||c+ ua+ t|+as|e|eac|+ de +utc||d+d de a|a|st|cs + +eac|+s. lstc |es
d+ a s +utcaca +, |escas+c|||d+d , ||ce|t+d de +cc| a +| us+| |ecu|scs +s|a+dcs
+| a|sac t|eac ue a+at|eae est+c|e |+ |c|a+ ||ac|+| de +||||+c| a est|uctu|+|.
lst+ e|s| a d c|| de +utcaca|:+c| a ea eae|+| ac |+ |ccc+dc auc|+ ccat|c
e|s|+, +uaue cteac|+|aeate dec|||t+ e| ccat|c| c| t|cc. lst +scc|+d+ ea auc|cs
+ ses cca +||cs s|stea+s auecs de ccat|c|, ue |ac|u,ea |+ est| a c| cc,et|
cs , |esu|t+dcs, e| |esuuestc se a deseae c, |+ est| a de| deseae c , |+s
+ud|tc| +s, ua d| |cc de d||ecc| a |c|a+|, ua+ c+|t+ +au+| de cc,et|cs , |+ +s|
a+c| a de |ecu|scs de |cs a|a|ste||cs + |+s +eac|+s, |a|c|aes de deseae c de |+s
+eac|+s + |cs a|a|ste||cs , |eua|caes |c|a+|es. tu+adc se |es |euat cu | e|+ su
c|a| a scc|e e| auec s|stea+, |cs a|a|st|cs ac|uecs , |cs | de|es de |+s +eac|+s,
c| |c eae|+|, e\|es+|ca s+t|s|+cc| a (t|||steasea , l|e|d, !!,. tcas|de|+|ca
ue +uaeat+c+ |+ ccac|eac|+ de |cs cc,et|cs, aed|cs , |esu|t+dcs, , ue ae,c|+c+
t+atc e| ccat|c| ccac |+s +ct||d+des de |+s +eac|+s, +uaue ac est+c+ c|+|c s| |e+|
aeate |+c + +uaeat+dc |+ e||c|eac|+. le|c +|uacs a|a|st|cs ccas|de|+|ca ue e|
auec s|stea+ est+c+ c|e+adc ua auec t|c de | de| de |+s +eac|+s, ue e|+ a s
+ut acac , aeacs seas|c|e + |+s se +|es c| t|c+s. l| |cc|ea+ ||ac|+| +|ece se|
|+ |ate||e|+c| a eat|e c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+dc|es. lcs a|a|st|cs ded|c+|ca ccc
t|eac , eae| + + |+s aue+s t ca|c+s de d||ecc| a , |+s de,+|ca ea |+a aed|d+ ea
a+acs de |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+t|cs, c se+, ea |+ | ct|c+ |es t|+as||||e|ca e| cde|
, |+ |a||ueac|+.
Ot|c t|c de dec|uc| a |ate|a+ es e| est+c|ec|a|eatc de aue+s +eac|+s |eu
|+dc|+s c +utc||d+des de sue||s| a. M|eat|+s |+ |uac| a |eu|+dc|+ s|ea|e |+
e\|st|dc +| |+dc de t+|e+s +da|a|st|+t|+s , ccae|c|+|es, +|c|+ cca ||ecueac|+ se
uc|c+ ea c|+a|sacs |eu|+dc|es esec ||ccs cca est+tus |c|a+| de +eac|+s. lste
des+||c||c, ue es ua+ |+|+ t|+d|c| a ea lst+dcs la|dcs , |+ s|dc +dct+dc a s
|ec|eateaeate ea ct|cs + ses +|t c|es de |+ \tl, |+ |esu|t+dc ccat|ce|t|dc c|
auae|cs+s |+:caes. la +suatc ceat|+| es s| es+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s decea teae|
a s +utcaca + ue ct|+s +eac|+s. lcs a|eac|cs de| +c|aete, de| estud|c ac|ue
c aeac|ca+dc, sca |cs a s esc t|ccs de |+ +utcaca + , su ||ac|+| +|uaeatc
es ue +|te de |+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s cuc|ea |e+s de c| t|c+s c||c+s ue |e
u|e|ea ccat|c| c| t|cc , ue ac |+, a|aua+ |+: a +|+ d+||es a s +utcaca +.
1+ac| a s|eatea ua tu||||c + seat|a|eatc +at|c| t|cc ea e| +|uaeatc de ue |+s
+eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s decea teae| ua+ +utcaca + esec|+|.
Ot|+ cuest| a ccat|ce|t|d+ |esectc de |+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s es s| |+ |c|e
d+d , |+ |eu|+c| a de |+s cca+ +s |c|ed+d de| est+dc decea est+| uc|c+d+s
deat|c de| a|sac a|a|ste||c. l| ||ac|+| +|uaeatc ea + ses de |+ Otll c |ac|
t+ates + ses de |+ \tl es ue es+s |uac|caes decea a+ateae|se se+|+d+s (Otll,
!|,. :|a eac+|c, e| estud|c ac|uec auest|+ ua+ ccas|de|+c|e d|sc|e+ac|+ ea
t|e | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs +| |esectc. la +|uaeatc + |+c| de teae| |+
+eac|+ |eu|+tc||+ ea e| a|a|ste||c de| sectc| cc||escad|eate, cca ||ecueac|+
+c,+d+ c| e,ecut|cs c| t|ccs, es ue este +||e|c a+at|eae , |c|t+|ece |+ cca
eteac|+ sectc||+|. :|a eac+|c, |+ a+,c| + de |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+t|cs |e|e||| a
a+ateae| se+|+d+s |+s |uac|caes |eu|+dc|+s , ccae|c|+|es. -|||a+a ue |+ e||c|+
esec ||c+ de| sectc| ac es |ac|t+ate +|+ |+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s , ue |+s |ua
c|caes |eu|+dc|+s uedea c|+a|:+|se de a+ae|+ ue cuc|+a d|st|atcs sectc|es.
l+|+ ccac|u||: a|eat|+s ue |+ c|+a|:+c| a cca ua sc|c |c s|tc +|ece |+ce|
su||dc ccac |+ aue+ c|tcdc\|+ +da|a|st|+t|+, |+, auc|c des+cue|dc , |+a
cca|us| a , +ac| ed+d |ast|tuc|ca+| eat|e | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs +ce|c+
de c ac c|+a|:+| |+s +eac|+s ceat|+|es , |+s +utc||d+des de sue||s| a |c||:cat+|
, e|t|c+|, +s ccac t+ac| a ea |c ccace|a|eate + c ac c|+a|:+||+s ec| ||c+aea
te. l| c+sc ac|uec, se a e| cu+| |cs | de|es c| t|ccs sca |cs a s esc t|ccs, +|ece
se| |e|eseat+t|c ea ua+ e|sect|+ cca+|+d+.
\ue+ /e|+ad+ es ua+ esec|e de c+sc e\t|eac |esectc + |+ dec|uc| a est|uc
tu|+| cca|e,+, ues dec|d| ccac|a+| ua+ |ue|te esec|+||:+c| a |c||:cat+| cca
ua+ |ue|te esec|+||:+c| a e|t|c+|. cstca et al. (1))e, |+ate+a ue ea \ue+ /e
|+ad+ |+ dec|uc| a |+ tea|dc ua e|ectc dcc|e. lc| ua |+dc, |+ se+|+c| a de |ua
c|caes ccae|c|+|es , ac ccae|c|+|es, dest+c+d+ ea e| est+c|ec|a|eatc de ea|es+s
c||c+s, suuest+aeate es e||c|eate , +|+at|:+ |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s, + es+| de
ue est d|se +d+ +|+ dec|||t+| e| ccat|c| c| t|cc (l+as et al., 1))e,. lc| ct|c |+dc,
+|ua+s eat|d+des de |+ tc|ca+, ea ccaeteac|+ cca +ctc|es ||+dcs, |+a |ec|c
ue e| ccat|c| c| t|cc , |+ ccc|d|a+c| a se+a a s |cc|ea t|c+s , ue |+s | ae+s de
+utc||d+d se ue|+a a s +ac|u+s, |c cu+| |+ d|||cu|t+dc +|+at|:+| |cs |ate|eses
cc|ect|cs.
-ust|+||+ |+ tea|dc ua e|||| s|a||+| |esectc de |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+|, e|c
e||| ua+ sc|uc| a |c||:cat+| auc|c a s |ate|+d+ ccac a+ae|+ de c|+a|:+| |+
a+u|a+||+ de| cc|e|ac. l|ec|s |s de+|t+aeatcs c|+e se est+c|ec|e|ca + ||ac||cs
de |+ d c+d+ de 1)~, ||+a+dcs ae+de+|t+aeatcs, , est+ c+|+cte| st|c+ +c, |+
c| t|c+ de h+w|e de |c|t+|ece| |cs |+scs |ate|+dc|es de| +c|aete (t+ace|| ,
h+|||+a, 1))!,. tca+|+dcs cca ua+ sc|uc| a a s ||+aeat+d+, estc |cc+c|e
aeate |c|t+|ec| |+ |a||ueac|+ de |cs | de|es c| t|ccs, t+atc |esectc + |cs se||dc|es
c|||es de +|tc a|e| ea |+s +eac|+s ceat|+|es , de+|t+aeatcs, ccac +| |+ce| cca
t|+esc + |+s |ast|tuc|caes succ|d|a+d+s , + |+s eat|d+des ccae|c|+|es. le|c |+ dec
|uc| a est|uctu|+|, |+ ccae|c|+||:+c| a , |+ ||+t|:+c| a, esec|+|aeate ea |+ d c+d+
de 1)), , a s + a, du|+ate e| +c|aete de hcw+|d, eae|+|aeate dec|||t+|ca e| ||de
|+:c c| t|cc ceat|+|, + es+| de ue su ccat|c| scc|e e| a c|ec de| sectc| c||cc
tcd+ + es c+st+ate |ue|te.
\c|ue+ e||| ua c+a|ac de |e|c|a+ est|uctu|+| a s +|ec|dc +| de -ust|+||+
ue +| de \ue+ /e|+ad+ ea |+ d c+d+ de 1)~, ca|eadc e| a|+s|s ea |+ esec|+||
:+c| a |c||:cat+| acde|+d+ de |cs a|a|ste||cs +uaue ac c|e a+d+ ue se +|e
c|e|+ + |cs ae+de+|t+aeatcs de -ust|+||+ , ua+ esec|+||:+c| a e|t|c+| acde
|+d+. la |cs |t|acs ] + 1 + cs, |+s |e|c|a+s |+a |ecc|d+dc a s + |+s de \ue+
/e|+ad+ ea |+ d c+d+ de 1)~, , ce|c+ de ] ua|d+des uce|a+aeat+|es |+a s|dc
|ec|+a|:+d+s +| +|e,+||+s de| ||de|+:c c| t|cc, |ac|u|d+ |+ t|+as|c|a+c| a de |e,+s
ea|es+s c||c+s ea aue+s cca+ +s est+t+|es, |c ue |+ d+dc a s +utcaca +
+ |+s +eac|+s ac|a+|es , |+ est+c|ec|dc aue+s +eac|+s |eu|+dc|+s (l|e|d et
al., !|,. \+||cs estud|cs |+a acst|+dc ue est+ teadeac|+ dec|||t+ e| ||de|+:c c
| t|cc ceat|+| , c|e+ a+,c| cca|e,|d+d , cca|us| a.
EL ESTADO FRAGMENTADO Y LOS RETOS DE LA RENDICIN DE CUENTAS
la +sectc |ac|t+ate de |+ |e|c|a+ +da|a|st|+t|+ es e| tea+ de| ccat|c| c| t|cc
, |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s de |cs se||dc|es c|||es de +|tc a|e|. tca sus ||ac||cs
de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s c+s+d+ ea |esu|t+dcs, ccaeteac|+, t|+as+|eac|+ , |e
|+c|caes ccat|+ctu+|es, |+ \tl |e|eseat+ ua+ se+|+c| a de |+ |e,+ +da|a|st|+c| a
c||c+, dcade |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s se c+s+c+ ea |ccescs, ccat|c| ,e| |u|cc,
cca||+a:+ , t|+d|c|caes cu|tu|+|es. h+ |+c|dc ua c+ac|c de acde|cs de |ead|c| a
de cueat+s de seac|||cs + cca|e,cs (l+, , l|e|a, 1)~,. l+ acc| a t|+d|c|ca+| de
|ead|c| a de cueat+s, es dec||, |+ +utc||d+d e|t|c+||st+ |escas+c|e +ate e| uec|c
aed|+ate |cs eac+|+dcs e|ectcs de |c|au|+| |+s c| t|c+s, es des+||+d+ c| e| a|+s|s
dcc|e ea c||eates , |esu|t+dcs, ue ea +|uacs c+scs |+ce ue |cs +da|a|st|+dc|es se
ea|cuea |+c|+ +c+,c, |+c|+ |cs c|ud+d+acs, ea |u+| de |+c|+ +|||c+, |+c|+ |cs |ua
c|ca+||cs e|ectcs.
la |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s ccac |+s de |+ \tl, se cae auc|+ +teac| a ea
|+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s e|eac|+| cca esc+s+ ccas|de|+c| a de |+ |escas+c|||d+d
c| t|c+. lc| |ead|c| a de cueat+s e|eac|+| acs |e|e||acs + |+ cc||+c| a de c||e
ce| ua+ e\||c+c| a de |+s +cc|caes ante |cs ue est a ea ua+ cs|c| a de +utc||
d+d sue||c|. l+ |escas+c|||d+d, c| ct|c |+dc, es +cet+d+ para |+s +cc|caes |e+
||:+d+s c| uac a|sac c c| ct|cs , es seat|d+ a s ccac ua+ cc||+c| a suc,et|+
(t|ec|,, 1))],. lstc s|a|||c+ ue |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s uede se| ua ccac
aeate aeces+||c de |escas+c|||d+d, e|c ac e| a|cc. :e| |escas+c|e ccaact+ |+
|+c|||d+d de +ctu+|, +s ccac s|a|eaeate |a|c|a+|, e |a||c+ |eccu+c| a c|
|+s ccasecueac|+s de |+ +cc| a. h+, ua c|e|tc s+cc| ac|+| ue se ec|+ de aeacs
cca est+ |s| a de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s (M+|t|a, 1)),.
M+|c| , O|sea (1)~), dest+c+a est+ d||e|eac|+ +| |+ce| ua+ d|st|ac| a eat|e pro-
cesos agregadores e integradores ea |+s c|+a|:+c|caes c||c+s. la |cs |ccescs
|ate|+dc|es, |cs se||dc|es c|||es tead| a ua+ seas+c| a de e|teaeac|+, ua+ ||s
tc||+ cca a , t|+d|c|caes ue |+| a a s | c|| teae| ua seat|a|eatc de |ate|+c| a,
cc||+c|caes , ua |c s|tc cca a, , +ctu+| ea ccasecueac|+ (M+|c|, 1))+,. la |cs
|ccescs +|e+dc|es, |cs +ctc|es est a a s +tca|:+dcs , ac t|eaea ua seat|a|eatc
de |ate|+c| a, aeces|t+a |aceat|cs +|+ +ctu+| de c|e|t+ a+ae|+. la |u+| de est+|
scc|+||:+dcs ea ua+ cu|tu|+ +da|a|st|+t|+ , ua c d|c de t|c+, su d|sc|||a+ se +,us
t+ + c||eat+| su ccaduct+ c| d||e|eates t|cs de act|+c|caes |c|a+|es (l|e|d ,
O|sea, 1)~+,. -u eacs e| ccat|+ste eat|e |+ l gica de lo apropiado (|e|+c|ca+dc
cu|tu|+|aeate, , |+ l gica de la consecuencia (|e|+c|ca+dc |ast|uaeat+|aeate,.
lst+ cuest| a de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s t|eae cu+adc aeacs dcs |+cet+s. l||
ae|c, c ac +a + |ead|| cueat+s |cs se||dc|es c|||es de +|tc a|e|: \, seuadc,
c ac uedea |cs a|a|st|cs teae| e| ae,c| +a ||s|s c| t|cc , |cs ccase,cs +|+ |es
+|d+| sus +ct||d+des de e|+cc|+c| a de c| t|c+s c||c+s: M|eat|+s ue |+ |ead|
c| a de cueat+s e|eac|+| uede |+ce| ae,c|+dc, ccac se ccse|+ ea e| cc|e|ac
de \ue+ /e|+ad+, |+s |e|c|a+s t+ac| a |+a ||e+dc + |+ ||+aeat+c| a de| sectc|
c||cc , |+ +cet+c| a de |+ |escas+c|||d+d c| t|c+ de |cs a|a|st|cs |+ s|dc +te
au+d+, ccac |c deauest|+a \e||e| et al. (1)), ea ua estud|c cca+|+t|c de| e,ecu
t|c de +||cs + ses. l| |cc|ea+ de auc|+s a+acs (1|casca, 1)~, |+ c|ec|
dc. l+s d|st|ac|caes ccacetu+|es ue est|u|+ |+ |e|c|a+ +ce|c+ de |cs +e|es de|
a|a|st|c , e| e,ecut|c ea ,e|e sca +a||+aeate c|+|+s ea +e|, e|c ||+c+s+a ea |+
| ct|c+. l+ +ac| ed+d de |+ |escas+c|||d+d se ue|e esec|+|aeate c|+|+ cu+adc
|+s ccs+s s+|ea a+| (t|ec|,, 1))~c,. lstc s|a|||c+ ue |+ |educc| a ea |+ |escas+c|
||d+d c| t|c+ aeces|t+| + est+| c+|+ace+d+ cca |+s +a+ac|+s cs|c|es ea e|ect||d+d
, e||c|eac|+ (cstca et al., 1))e,. la+ |eccu+c| a c| |+ e||c|eac|+ sue|e scc|e
+|c|+| |+ aeces|d+d de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s e|eac|+| a s ue |cace| |+ |es
cas+c|||d+d c| t|c+. l+ e||c|eac|+ ac es +|+at + de cuea ,u|c|c c| t|cc , scc|+|,
ue es eseac|+| +|+ +|+at|:+| ua+ eau|a+ |escas+c|||d+d c| t|c+ , |e|t|a|d+d
(t|ec|,, 1))~c,. l+ c sued+ de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s uede ++| e| |ec|c de
ua+ d|sa|auc| a ea |+ seas+c| a de |escas+c|||d+d. l| c+s+| |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s
ea esec|||c+c|caes ex ante de| deseae c uede teae| ccasecueac|+s |a|e|s
t+s, t+| ccac cu+adc +suatcs ac esec|||c+dcs esc++a de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s.
lste |cc|ea+ ac se| |eaed|+dc c| |ad|c+dc|es a s det+||+dcs de| deseae c.
M s c|ea, |+ sc|uc| a uede teae| ue ea|| de +dct+| ua acde|c de |escas+c|
||d+d (:c||c|, 1))e,.
h+, ua+ |accas|steac|+ |at| asec+ ea |+ \tl. :e sucae ue e| acde|c +uaeat+ |+
|a||ueac|+ de |cs c| t|ccs e|ectcs scc|e |+ cu|cc|+c|+, a|eat|+s ue, +| a|sac t|eac,
|educe su |escas+c|||d+d c| |+s +cc|caes de |+ cu|cc|+c|+. la+ de |+s a+,c|es |ec
cu+c|caes ea |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s es e| eu|||c||c eat|e ||ce|t+d , |ead|c| a de
cueat+s (luaa, 1)),. l| acde|c cu|cc| t|cc t|+d|c|ca+|, cca cc+ ||ce|t+d c |ead|
c| a de cueat+s c| |esu|t+dcs, e|c auc|+ |escas+c|||d+d +|+ seu|| |+s |e|+s, |+
s|dc ua acde|c e\t|+c|d|a+||+aeate e\|tcsc , du|+de|c de +da|a|st|+c| a c||c+.
hc, d +, |cs +da|a|st|+dc|es c||ccs de tcdc e| auadc est a cusc+adc a s ||ce|t+d,
e|c t+ac| a est a +as|cscs c| ccteae| a+,c| |ead|c| a de cueat+s. la s|stea+
ue e\t|eade |+ ||ce|t+d + |cs e|eates s|a |c|t+|ece| su |ead|c| a de cueat+s dec|||t+
e| cde| de |cs c| t|ccs , es |a|e||c| +| acde|c t|+d|c|ca+| cu|cc| t|cc de +da|a|st|+
c| a. la+ |e|c|a+ ue |a||c+ ua deseu|||c||c eat|e ||ce|t+d , |ead|c| a de cueat+s
es d|s|uac|ca+|. l| s|stea+ ac |uac|ca+| s| + |cs |uac|ca+||cs se |es d+ a s ||ce|t+d s|a
e\ect+t|+s c|+|+s scc|e e| deseae c (:cctt, 1))e,.
luede |+ce| ua+ :ca+ de |ad||e|eac|+ (:|aca, 1)], ea |+ ue |cs cu| c|+t+s
uedea ce|+| cca |+a +utcaca +. le|c s| e\cedea c|e|tc | a|te, |cs c| t|ccs ue
dea +|et+| e| ccat|c| c| t|cc. lstc s|a|||c+ ue |+ |e|+c| a eat|e c| t|ccs , cu|
c|+t+s uede teae| ua +t| a de ||u,c , |e||u,c ea |u+| de se| ua des+||c||c ||ae+|
|+c|+ aeacs ccat|c| c| t|cc. l+s |de+s de |+ \tl scc|e desceat|+||:+c| a, dec|u
c| a , |+ ccasecueate ||+aeat+c| a c|e+a ua+ aeces|d+d de a+,c| ccc|d|a+c| a
, ccat|c|, + ||a de +|+at|:+| |+ cc|e|eac|+ de |+s c| t|c+s c||c+s ea e| cc|e|ac
(h+|t, 1))~, lete|s , :+c||, 1))],. l+||e + |cs e|eates c||ccs a s +utc||d+d +|+
a+ae,+| |c|+a+s uede |ccc+| ue |cs a|a|st|cs cctea+a a s c++c|d+d de es
t+c|ece| |+ d|sc|ec| a ceat|+| , |+s ||c||d+des, + ||a de |esc|e| |cs |cc|ea+s de
|d|d+ de ccat|c| scc|e |+ |a|eaeat+c| a de |+s c| t|c+s c||c+s ue |+ate+a
|+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl (M+c|, 1))),. -dea s, +c||c+| |+ c++c|d+d |ast|tuc|ca+| de |+
cu|cc|+c|+ ceat|+| uede +uaeat+| e| cde| de |cs | de|es c| t|ccs. l| e|eac|+||s
ac uede e|a|t|| ue |cs e,ecut|cs e,e|:+a a+,c| ccat|c| scc|e sus +eac|+s, e
|c ea |e+||d+d ste es s |c ua a+,c| ccat|c| scc|e ua c+ac aeac| (l+|s, 1)),.
:|a eac+|c, es ua+ +|+dc,+ ue, a|eat|+s ue |+ |e|c|a+ +da|a|st|+t|+ se |+
ue|tc a s |cc+|, t+ac| a se |+ ue|tc a s |cc|ea t|cc +|+ |cs | de|es c| t|ccs s+
t|s|+ce| |cs |eu|s|tcs de ua |ccesc de |e|c|a+ |+c|ca+|aeate |+ae+dc (l|e|d ,
kcaess, 1))),. - ||a de eateade| est+ +|+dc,+, es aeces+||c ccas|de|+| e| |ec|c de
ue e| t|eac, |+ eae| + , |+ +teac| a sca |ecu|scs esc+scs +|+ |cs | de|es c| t|ccs.
la -ust|+||+, |+s |e|c|a+s de| sectc| c||cc |+a c+us+dc |eccu+c|caes +ce|c+
de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s, cca ua a|+s|s esec|+| ea e| c+| cte| d|st|at|c de |+ |ea
d|c| a de cueat+s c||c+ , ea e| +e| de| |ate| s c||cc ea e| auadc de |+
+da|a|st|+c| a c||c+ +ust|+||+a+ (l||, 1))),. h+, ua+ teas| a |a| c|t+ eat|e |cs
est ad+|es de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s de |+ +da|a|st|+c| a c||c+ t|+d|c|ca+| , |+
est| a c||c+ ccateac| ae+ (:|e|c|d, 1)), M|asca, 1))~,. la \c|ue+ , ea
\ue+ /e|+ad+, t|+d|c|ca+|aeate |+ |+c|dc ua+ dcct||a+ de |escas+c|||d+d a|a|s
te||+|, ue d|ce ue |cs a|a|st|cs +suaea |+ cu|+, +s ccac e| c| d|tc c| |+s +cc|c
aes de |cs +da|a|st|+dc|es, ue decea e|a+aece| +a a|acs , a s +|| de cu+|
u|e| c| d|tc c cu|+. l+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s |+a +uaeat+dc e| ccacc|a|ea
tc c||cc de |+ |deat|d+d , |+s cc||+c|caes ea a+te||+ de c| t|c+s c||c+s de au
c|cs se||dc|es c|||es de +|tc a|e|, , d|st|atcs a|a|st|cs |caeat+a e| |ccesc
+da|a|st|+t|c, cca |c cu+| des+| +a est+ dcct||a+. la \ue+ /e|+ad+, |+s |e|c|a+s
+da|a|st|+t|+s uedea |+ce| +|te|+dc |+ dcct||a+ de |+ |escas+c|||d+d a|a|ste||+|,
a|eat|+s ue ua+ aue+ e|s| a de |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s se |+ des+||c||+dc cca
c+se ea |e|+c|caes ccat|+ctu+|es eat|e a|a|st|cs , sus e,ecut|cs ea ,e|e (Mcle+,,
1))],. l+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s c| ccat|+tcs se c+s+ ea |+ |de+ de |+ ccaduct+ cc|
tua|st+, dcade |+s e|sca+s +|eadea + descca||+| ua+s de ct|+s. lstc uede |+ce| ue
e| ccat|c| se+ a s |s|c|e, e|c ued+ s|a |escade|se s| st+ es ua+ ae,c| |c|a+ de
ccat|c| ue e| |e,c ccat|c| |ate|ac c+s+dc ea |+ cca||+a:+.
l| estud|c de |cs a \|acs | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs ac|uecs auest|+ ua
+t| a a s cca|e,c de |escas+c|||d+d , |ead|c| a de cueat+s ue +ates (t|||s
teasea , l|e|d, !!,. l| +||+aeatc est cusc+adc ccat|c| , esc|ut|a|c a s
+|es|+aeate aed|+ate ua cca|t de ccat|c|, +ud|eac|+s +c|e|t+s , +ud|tc| +s de|
deseae c c| +|te de ua+ |e|t+||:+d+ O||c|a+ de -ud|tc| +, +|c ue cae a s
|es| a + |cs e,ecut|cs c| t|ccs , |es d+ a s e\cs|c| a + |cs +|tcs | de|es +da|a|s
t|+t|cs. :| c|ea estc c|e+ ua a+,c| seat|dc de ua|d+d ea |cs a|a|ste||cs, t+ac| a
+uaeat+ |+s teas|caes |ate|a+s, ues cu+adc |cs e,ecut|cs c| t|ccs t|eaea |cc|e
a+s +|+ ccteae| |a|c|a+c| a scc|e cuest|caes c| t|c+s, sue|ea cu|+| + |cs cu|
c|+t+s. la c+ac|c, |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+t|cs sca |eaueates + +cet+| |+ cu|+ , t|+
t+a de |e|es+||+ + |cs c| t|ccs cuc|| adcse |+s es+|d+s.
l+ \tl |+ c+ac|+dc +|uacs de |cs |+scs cu|tu|+|es |uad+aeat+|es de| s|stea+
c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c, ea +|t|cu|+|, +ce|c+ de |cs +e|es de |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+
t|cs , su |e|+c| a cca e| ||de|+:c c| t|cc. la e| |e,c est+dc |ate|+dc, |cs | de|es
c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs se ccas|de|+c+a +|te de ua cc|ect|c, |+c + ua+ seas+
c| a de ue tcdcs est+c+a ea e| a|sac c+|cc. la ccat|+ste, ea e| est+dc ||+aea
t+dc |cs |+scs +|e+dc|es sca a s e|deates, c| e,ea|c, |cs +|tcs c| t|ccs , |
de|es +da|a|st|+t|cs t|eadea + se| |stcs ccac ,u+dc|es de d||e|eates eu|cs,
|+, a s |ece|c ea |+ |e|+c| a , |cs | de|es +da|a|st|+t|cs sca ccas|de|+dcs tu||s
t+s ea su c+a|ac |+c|+ ct|c uestc ,, c| ccas|u|eate, aeacs cca|caet|dcs.
RELACIONES INESTABLES E INTENTOS DE LOS LDERES POLTICOS
POR RECUPERAR EL CONTROL POLTICO
l|ust|+|eacs |+ |e|+c| a |aest+c|e eat|e |cs | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs ea e|
est+dc ||+aeat+dc us+adc dcs e,ea|cs de \c|ue+ (t|||steasea , l|e|d,
!|,. lcs c+scs ea cuest| a se |e||e|ea + |+ c| t|c+ de a||+c| a , + |+ c| t|c+ |cs
|t+|+||+, e|c uedea us+|se ccac c+se +|+ ua+ d|scus| a a s eae|+| de c ac
|cs c| t|ccs uedea t|+t+| de |ecue|+| e| ccat|c| c| t|cc.
la !1, e| l||ectc|+dc de laa||+c| a (lll c| sus s||+s ea ac|uec, de \c
|ue+ |ec|c| a s +utcaca + , +utc||d+d. l+ |de+ cusc+c+ ue |+s dec|s|caes scc|e
c+scs |ad||du+|es estu|e|+a +| +|c+ace de |cs | de|es c| t|ccs de| a|a|ste||c , de|
+c|aete. l| a|a|ste||c dec + e|t+| |ast|u|| + |+s +eac|+s scc|e c ac |ate||et+| |+
|e,, e|t+| e,e|ce| sus ,u|c|cs , e|t+| d|ct+a|a+| scc|e c+scs |ad||du+|es, e|c |+ ae
d|d+ t+ac| a e|a|t + e+d|| |+ cu|+. :|a eac+|c, |cs | a|tes de |+ ,u||sd|cc| a ea
t|e |+s +utc||d+des a|a|ste||+|es , e| lll se a+atu|e|ca cc||cscs.
lcs c+scs uac ue |ac|uc|+c+ e| a+ae,c de ua cteac|+| te||c||st+ de| ac|te
de l|+| ue | + ea \c|ue+ , e| ct|c ue se |e|e| + + +at|ucs secuest|+dc|es +
u|eaes se |es ctc|+|ca e|a|scs de t|+c+,c , |es|deac|+ ea \c|ue+ e,ea||||
c+a |+ |e|+c| a |aest+c|e eat|e |cs | de|es c| t|ccs , +da|a|st|+t|cs ea ua est+dc
||+aeat+dc. la +suatc +|t|cu|+|aeate |ate|es+ate |ue s| |cs c+scs dece| + a+
ae,+||cs de a+ae|+ |adeead|eate e| lll ccac c+scs |eu|+|es c s| e| a|a|ste||c c
d + c dec + |ate||e||| , d+||e |ast|ucc|caes + |+ +eac|+. la e| ||ae| c+sc, e| +e|
de| lll se |edu,c + |e+|+| e| c+sc, a|eat|+s ue |+ tca+ de dec|s|caes se |euc|c
ea e| a|a|ste||c. la e| seuadc c+sc, e| +e| +ut acac de |+ +eac|+ se |eset ,
|cs secuest|+dc|es |ec|c|e|ca e|a|scs de t|+c+,c , |es|deac|+ de +|te de| lll s|a
ue e| a|a|ste||c |ue|+ |a|c|a+dc c ccasu|t+dc. tu+adc |+ dec|s| a se ||:c c||c+,
|+s +utc||d+des |ue|ca du|+aeate c||t|c+d+s c| |+ ccs|c| a c| t|c+ , |cs aed|cs
de ccaua|c+c| a, , |+ a|a|st|+ tuc ue +da|t|| ea e|sca+ ue |+ dec|s| a |+c| +
s|dc d|st|at+ s| e| a|a|ste||c |uc|e|+ s|dc |a|c|a+dc de| c+sc. :|a eac+|c, e| a|
a|ste||c ac cd + |a+||d+| |+ dec|s| a ua+ e: ue |+c + s|dc tca+d+.
l+ seuad+ |e+ de c| t|c+ c||c+ ue us+acs +|+ ||ust|+| e| d||ea+ +utcac
a +ccat|c| es |+ |e|c|a+ de |cs |cs|t+|es ac|uecs, ue eat| ea |c| ea !!.
lcs ccs+s suced|e|ca ea est+ |e|c|a+: |+ |c|ed+d de |cs |cs|t+|es |ue t|+as|e||
d+ de |cs ccad+dcs (a|e| |e|ca+|, +| cc|e|ac ceat|+|, , |cs |cs|t+|es c+ac|+|ca
su |c|a+ c|+a|:+c|ca+| de ua|d+des +da|a|st|+t|+s c||c+s +|+ |c|a+| +|te de
ea|es+s de s+|ud |e|ca+|es. \+||cs c+scs ||ust|+a |cs |cc|ea+s de |+ aue+ es
t|uctu|+. t+d+ e: |+ |+c|dc a s cca|||ctcs c| |+s |us|caes c |cs c|e||es de |cs|
t+|es , +ce||caes |cc+|es , t+ac| a d|sut+s scc|e c ac us+| e| s|stea+ de |ucs
de d|+a st|cc |e|+c|ca+dc, dcade se ccas|de|+ ue ua+ ea|es+ de s+|ud |e|c
a+| ea+ + +| s|stea+.
Muc|cs de estcs c+scs e,ea||||c+a |cs |cc|ea+s de ccacede| a+,c| +utcac
a + ea acac|e de |+ e||c|eac|+. lcs e|ectcs, ea +|uacs c+scs, |+a s|dc c| t|c+aea
te ccat|ce|t|dcs , |+, auc|+ |es| a +|+ ue e| e,ecut|c c| t|cc |ecue|e e|
ccat|c|. la+ |ateac| a de |cs |e|c|a+dc|es e|+ u+|d+| |+s d|st+ac|+s de |cs c| t|ccs
+| e\c|u|| +| ccase,c |e|ca+| de| |ccesc de tca+ de dec|s|caes , + |cs c| t|ccs de
|cs +|t|dcs |e|ca+|es de |+s ,uat+s de cc|e|ac de |cs |cs|t+|es. -uaue |c|a+|
aeate |+a tea|dc \|tc +| |esectc, |+ +|t|c|+c| a c| t|c+ est tead|eadc +|c|+ +
|e++|ece| ea |+ |c|a+ de |ucs |cc+|es de c+c||dec , ccac a+,c| +teac| a de|
+||+aeatc |+c|+ |+ c| t|c+ de s+|ud, cca |c cu+| se des+| + e| eu|||c||c eat|e |+ +u
tcaca + de |+ ea|es+ , e| ccat|c| c| t|cc ceat|+| ue |cs +eates de |+ |e|c|a+
ue| +a est+c|ece|. l+s +ct||d+des de |cs aed|cs de ccaua|c+c| a, |cs a|eac|cs
de| +||+aeatc , |cs |ucs de c+c||dec + aeaudc ac est a de +cue|dc cca |cs
|cced|a|eatcs |c|a+|es +|+ ccat+ct+| , ccaua|c+|se eat|e e| a|a|ste||c , |+s ea
|es+s de s+|ud.
lcs c+scs c|t+dcs ea |+ c| t|c+ a||+tc||+ , e| sectc| c||cc auest|+a +||cs
cteac|+|es +|+ +ac| ed+d , cca|||ctcs , |ee|+a ua a ae|c de +sectcs de| |c
c|ea+ de ue |cs c| t|ccs |e|d+a e| ccat|c| aed|+ate a+,c| +utcaca + +da|a|s
t|+t|+ , ccae|c|+|. 1cdcs e||cs deauest|+a ue, ea |+ | ct|c+, es d|| c|| est+| + |+
+|tu|+ de| acde|c c||c|+| de cce|a+a:+ |c|a+| cca d||ecc| a de a+|cc (frame-stee-
ring, , est| a de| deseae c (lc|||tt, !!,. le +cue|dc cca este acde|c, se su
cae ue e| a|a|ste||c est+c|ece |cs cc,et|cs de |+s c| t|c+s, |+s t|+duce ea cc,e
t|cs aeasu|+c|es , |uec aca|tc|e+ , |e|s+ +ct|+aeate de a+ae|+ +au+| e|
deseae c de |+s +eac|+s, a|eat|+s se es|ue|:+a c| |c|+| |cs cc,et|cs, |eccaea
s+adc |cs \|tcs , c+st|+adc |cs ||+c+scs |eet|dcs. :|a eac+|c, ac se sucae ue
|ate|||e|+ ea |cs det+||es. - |+s +eac|+s se |es d+ ||ce|t+d de e|e|| |cs aed|cs +|+
+|c+a:+| sus cc,et|cs , |cs a|a|ste||cs |+s |escas+c|||:+a c| |c|+||c. - aeaudc,
|cs a|a|ste||cs est+c|ecea cc,et|cs eae|+|es ue sca +cs, ccat|+d|ctc||cs , su
,etcs de c+ac|c, |c ue |a||c+ eu|||c||cs ac |esue|tcs. tca ||ecueac|+, e| a|a|s
te||c e|a|te ue |+s +eac|+s est|u|ea sus |c|cs est ad+|es , cc,et|cs, e|c
descu|d+ e| aca|tc|ec de escs cc,et|cs. la c+scs ue sca c| t|c+ , +|t|cu|+|aea
te dest+c+dcs, c cu+adc +|c s+|e a+| , |+, |es| a de |cs aed|cs de ccaua|c+
c| a c c+c||dec, e| a|a|ste||c uede |ate||e||| , u|t+||e +|ua+s ||ce|t+des + |+s
+eac|+s, |c|au|+| aue+s |e|+s , c||t|c+| + |+s +eac|+s c| |+s +cc|caes ue ea |e+
||d+d ac se d|scut|e|ca c +c|+|+|ca cu+adc se ||,+|ca |cs cc,et|cs (lc|||tt, !!,.
lstcs c+scs ac|uecs acs +,ud+a + eateade| c ac ccu||ea +ac| ed+des ,
cca|||ctcs eat|e e| e,ecut|c c| t|cc , |cs | de|es de |+s +eac|+s , cca+ +s est+
t+|es ea e| est+dc ||+aeat+dc. :|a eac+|c, t+ac| a deceacs ccse|+| |cs aec+
a|sacs +|+ |ecue|+| e| ccat|c| c| t|cc. l+ est|+te|+ |ast|uaeat+| a s cc|+ de
|cs c| t|ccs e,ecut|cs +|+ |ecue|+| |+ c++c|d+d , e| ccat|c| c| t|cc ccas|ste
s|a|eaeate ea |ec|+a|:+|, + ||a de |ecue|+| su |a||ueac|+. lstc deeade ||ac|
+|aeate de dcs |eccad|c|caes: dece |+ce| ua+ cc+||c| a +a+dc|+ + |+c| de |e
cue|+| e| ccat|c| , |cs e|ectcs ae+t|cs de |+ +utcaca|:+c| a decea se| t+a cc
|cs ue |+c| + auc|c ue e|de| c| t|c+aeate s| ac se ||c|e|+ a+d+. lcs |t|acs
+ccatec|a|eatcs ea \ue+ /e|+ad+ deauest|+a, ea este seat|dc, +||+s a+ae|+s +
|+ |ecue|+| |+ |a||ueac|+ c| t|c+ (t|ec|,, !!,: se uede c|e| + |c|t+|ece| e|
ceat|c c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c ea|e+adc a s e|sca+s +|+ |e+||:+| |uac|caes de
ccat|c|, se uedea |c|t+|ece| |+s +eac|+s de ccat|c| , |+s cca+ +s est+t+|es, se
uedea |ed+ct+| ccat|+tcs ue de||aeea c|+|+aeate |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s de |cs
| de|es succ|d|a+dcs, , se uedea |+a:+| |c|+a+s , |c,ectcs +|+ |c|t+|ece| |+
ccc|d|a+c| a ea ua+ est|uctu|+ uce|a+aeat+| ||+aeat+d+. la +||cs de |cs + ses
a s |+d|c+|es de |+ \tl, ccac e| ke|ac la|dc, \ue+ /e|+ad+ , t+a+d , e| cc|e|ac
|+ est+c|ec|dc ea |cs |t|acs + cs |c|+a+s de cc|e|ac cca,uatc +|+ |ecue
|+| e| cde| de ccc|d|a+c| a (+||s, !!, t|ec|,, !!, k|c|+|ds , :a|t|, !!,.
Ot|+ est|+te|+ |ast|uaeat+| +|+ |ecue|+| e| ccat|c| es ue |cs e,ecut|cs c
| t|ccs se |e+|||aea ut|||:+adc |+s +|+ac+s de ccat|c| e\|steates , |e|c|a+d+s de
a+ae|+ +ct|+. l+|+ |c|+||c, |cc+c|eaeate e| ++|+tc ue |cde+ + |cs | de|es c
| t|ccs dec+ se| |c|t+|ec|dc est+c|ec|eadc a s cs|c|caes +|+ ccase,e|cs c| t|ccs
c |ec|ut+adc e\e|tcs c++ces de a+ae,+| aue+s |uac|caes de ccat|c|. l+ eat+,+
de est+ est|+te|+ es dec|e| |+ |a||ueac|+ +| se| a s |c+ct|c , t|+t+| de |est+|
|e |ac|t+ac|+ +| +c c de cde| ue su|| cu+adc |cs | de|es c| t|ccs e,ecut|cs
se |et||+|ca de| ccat|c| |ue|te. l+ deseat+,+ es ue uedea te|a|a+| ea ua d||ea+:
cu+adc t|+t+a de ccat|c|+|, + aeaudc e| +||+aeatc |cs cu|+ de se| dea+s|+dc
+ct|cs de +cue|dc cca |+ aue+ dec|uc| a |c|a+|, e|c cu+adc se +cst|eaea de|
ccat|c|, sca +cus+dcs de se| dea+s|+dc +s|cs cu+adc se aeces|t+a +cc|caes. l|
e|||c es ue |cs c| t|ccs t|+t+| a de de|e+| |+ cu|+ e|c ac e| c| d|tc, a|eat|+s
ue |+ +da|a|st|+c| a +cet+ e| c| d|tc, e|c ac |+ cu|+. ls |cc+c|e ue estcs |a
teatcs de |cs c| t|ccs c| ued+|se cca e| +ste| , cca |se|c, |+c|eadc ue e| c|
d|tc ||u,+ |+c|+ +|||c+ , |+ cu|+ ||u,+ |+c|+ +c+,c, ||ee + cca|||ctcs e |a+sses ,, +
|+ |+|+, |cc+c|eaeate + ua+ cu|+ cca+|t|d+ (hccd, !!,.
lcs | de|es c| t|ccs e,ecut|cs t+ac| a uedea |e+|||a+|se |cca|eadc aue
cs |c|+a+s de |e|c|a+. l+ ae,c| a+ae|+ de des|+ce|se de ua+ |e|c|a+ es |+a
:+adc ua+ aue+, ues |+s |e|c|a+s s|ea|e se ea ae,c| ex ante ue ex post
(|uassca , O|sea, 1))|,. 1 |cc de estcs |c|+a+s es ue t|eaea |ue|tes |+scs
s|ac ||ccs. :ca |ac|t+ates +|+ des+||c||+| s|a|||c+dc e |ate||et+| |+ e\e||ea
c|+ (l|e|d , kcaess, 1))),. lc| ccas|u|eate, ua+ t+|e+ |ac|t+ate +|+ |cs | de
|es c| t|ccs es |+a:+| |de+s de |e|c|a+, |c|au|+| |s|caes de| sectc| c||cc , |+
c|+| +ce|c+ de |c ue ccast|tu,ea cuest|caes |e|e+ates , sc|uc|caes +decu+d+s ue
+|ecea c||eat+d+s + |+ e||c|eac|+. la este seat|dc, |+s |e|c|a+s uedea ccas|de|+|
se |c|a+dc|+s de c|a| a ,, c| t+atc, a s +||+|+d+s ea e| auadc de |+s |de+s ue
ea e| de |+ | ct|c+ (|uassca , O|sea, 1))|,. :|a eac+|c, +c,+| |c|+a+s ue se
ceat|ea ea |+ e||c|eac|+ uede se| |cc|ea t|cc, ues sue|ea +|ece|se auc|c + |cs
|c|+a+s ue |a|c|+|aeate dec|||t+|ca e| ccat|c| c| t|cc.
Ot|+ est|+te|+ |cec|cs+ +|+ |cs c| t|ccs ue c+|ecea de t|eac , c++c|
d+d de +teac| a es e,e|ce| e| ccat|c| c| aed|c de ua+ |ate|eac| a +| +:+| (hccd,
1))~, l|e|d , kcaess, 1))),. ls |ac|t+ate d|st|au|| eat|e cca|ca|sc c| t|cc
ea cualquier +suatc , cca|ca|sc c| t|cc ea todos |cs +suatcs. la |+ | ct|c+,
ua+ c++c|d+d , +teac| a ||a|t+d+ s|a|||c+ ue s |c uedea |ac|uc|+|se ea ua e
ue c a ae|c de +suatcs. la e|eaeatc de +:+| +|t|||c|csc c |c |a|e|s|c|e , de
||ce|+dc cca |esectc + d ade , c ac |cs | de|es c| t|ccs |ate||eaea, sue||s+a ,
ccat|c|+a e| |ccesc de |e|c|a+ uede ccaeas+| |+ |+|t+ de c++c|d+d , +teac| a
, d+||es a s |a||ueac|+ scc|e e| |ccesc de |+s c| t|c+s. lc| t+atc, |+ |ast|tuc|ca+||
:+c| a de ua ccat|c| +|e+tc||c, ue |acu|+ ua e|eaeatc de c+su+||d+d cca e| e,e|
c|c|c de |+ +utc||d+d sue||sc|+, uede se| ua+ |e||+a|eat+ e|ect|+ de |+ cce|
a+a:+ c| t|c+.
ALGUNAS LECCIONES E IMPLICACIONES PARA PASES EN DESARROLLO
la+ |ecc| a |e|e+ate ue su|e de est+s e\e||eac|+s ea e| c+ac de |+ |e|c|a+
+da|a|st|+t|+ su ccatea|dc, e|ectc e |a||c+c|caes es ue e| ccate\tc |ac|t+.
-uaue |+ u|c||tud de |+ ae,c| a+ae|+ s|ue +t|+,eadc seu|dc|es, es ,ustc de
c|| ue ua+ a|sa+ sc|uc| a ac s||e +|+ tcdc. la+ |+: a es ue d||e|eates + ses
t|eaea d|st|atcs uatcs de +|t|d+ ecca a|c+, c| t|c+ , scc|+|aeate. l||e|eates
|uac|caes, |e+||:+d+s ea d||e|eates cu|tu|+s , c||cuast+ac|+s +da|a|st|+t|+s, |eu|e
|ea d||e|eates ea|cues , d||e|eates ae:c|+s de ac|a+s , +|c|es (lc|||tt, !|,. l+s
|e|c|a+s de |+ est| a c||c+ |a||c+a t|ueues eat|e eu|||c||cs ccac seu||d+d
, e||c|eac|+, |ed|cc| a e |aac+c| a, e||c|eac|+ e |u+|d+d, e|cc|d+d , e\+ct|tud,
+utcaca + , ccat|c|, ||e\|c|||d+d , |ead|c| a de cueat+s, e|ect||d+d , ,ust|c|+, etc.
st+s sca |+s teas|caes |a| c|t+s ea |cs s|stea+s c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c au|t||ua
c|ca+|es ue ac se |esue|ea | c||aeate. le u a+ae|+ |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl, ea
eae|+|, , |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| , |+ ||+aeat+c| a, ea +|t|cu|+|, a+ae,+a |+s
teas|caes |at| asec+s |ac|uc|+d+s ea eu|||c|+| |u+|d+d, tc|e|+ac|+ , |escas+c|||d+d
cca a cca |+ e||c|eac|+: l| +|+d|a+ de |+ \tl ac dest+c+ dcs +|c|es c+|d|a+|es
de |+ cce|a+a:+ deacc| t|c+ |u+|d+d e |ac|us| a c |cs |+scs c| s|ccs de |cs s|s
tea+s cu|cc| t|ccs, t+|es ccac e| +aca|a+tc , |+ e|a+aeac|+ de |cs | de|es +da|
a|st|+t|cs. \c |+, ua+ |esuest+ ua|e|s+|aeate +cet+d+ + |+ |euat+ de d ade
dece ||,+|se e| eu|||c||c, ues |cs +|c|es , |+s ac|a+s d|||e|ea eat|e |+s cu|tu|+s.
l+ |de+ de |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| se |+ t|+as|e||dc de |cs + ses de |+ Otll +
ct|+s +|tes de| auadc, ,+ se+ c|ue + |cs + ses |es +|ec| ue est+ |c|a+ e|+
+t|+ct|+ c c|ue se |+ |aus|e|ca c|+a|sacs |ate|a+c|ca+|es, ccac e| +acc Mua
d|+| , e| lcadc Mcaet+||c late|a+c|ca+|. M|eat|+s ue |cs dca+ates de +,ud+ |+a
+c,+dc cca auc|c eatus|+sac |+ t|+as|c|a+c| a de |cs est+dcs de| 1e|ce| Mua
dc de +cue|dc cca |cs ||ac||cs de |+ \tl (+acc Muad|+|, 1))1, 1)),, |+s c| t|c+s
se +|+a |+ d|||cu|t+d ue |a||c+ |+ce| d|c|+s t|+as|e|eac|+s de c| t|c+s eat|e d||e
|eates cu|tu|+s c| t|c+s , cu|cc| t|c+s (M|acue, !!,. la ccat|+ste cca |+s c|+
a|:+c|caes de dca+ates ue |eseat+a |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl ccac ua+ aed|c|a+
ea ||c+, |+ +||c+c| a de d|c|+s |e|c|a+s ea est+dcs de t|+as|c| a ea |+ | ct|c+ |+
s|dc d|s+|e,+.
lcs +ac|+a+s eae|+|es de |cs e|ectcs de |+ \tl ea + ses ea des+||c||c |ad|
c+a ue |+ e|deac|+ de| |a+ctc de |+ \tl es desccace|t+ateaeate +ac|u+ (lc
||d+ac, !1,. ls ,ustc dec|| ue |+ \tl t|eae ua+s c+ses ea ||c+s d c||es. ls cc|c
ue |+ |+c|dc |cc|ea+s cca |+ |a|eaeat+c| a, ea +|t|cu|+| cca |esectc + |+
succcat|+t+c| a (Mctcu|t, !1,. lcs e|ectcs |+a s|dc cu+adc auc|c +||+dcs, cca
+|ua+s ae,c|+s ea e||c|eac|+ , e|ectcs d|e|scs scc|e |+ eu|d+d. tca |esectc +
|+s +eac|+s +utcaca|:+d+s ue |est+a se||c|cs, |cs ccstcs de t|+as+cc| a sue|ea
e\cede| |+s +a+ac|+s ea e||c|eac|+, , |+s |e|c|a+s ue cusc+a se+|+| +| cca|+dc|
de| |ceedc| uedea |+ce| |educ|dc |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s , +uaeat+dc |+ de
s|u+|d+d (+t|e,, 1))), M+aa|a, !!,. :|a eac+|c, |+, +|ua+s e+|u+c|caes
ea ||c+s de |c ue s |+ |uac|ca+dc , es aeces+||c |aest|+| a s e| acu|c eat|e
+utcaca + e|eac|+|, deseae c c|+a|:+c|ca+| , cc||uc| a. l| |a+ctc de |+ +ea
c|||c+c| a scc|e |+ ||+aeat+c| a es |cc+c|eaeate a+,c| ea + ses ea des+||c||c
ue ea auc|cs + ses |adust||+||:+dcs, c|ue |+ c++c|d+d de teae| ea e| ceat|c
ua+ |c|au|+c| a de c| t|c+s ccc|d|a+d+s es ,+ |c su||c|eateaeate d|| c|| ea auc|cs
+ ses de| 1e|ce| Muadc (M+aa|a, !!, lc||d+ac, hu|ae , M|acue, 1))~,.
tca e| t|eac, |+ |dc ued+adc c|+|c ue c|e|tcs |+ctc|es c|uc|+|es ue ue
dea |+ce|se d+dc c| seat+dcs ea deacc|+c|+s ||ce|+|es de Occ|deate +|ect+a de
a+ae|+ |ac|t+ate e| |esu|t+dc de |+ +eac|||c+c| a ea est+dcs ea des+||c||c. Mu
c|cs de |cs + ses ea t|+as|c| a t|eaea eccaca +s du+|es: ua+ eccaca + |a|c|a+|
+s ccac ua+ cu|tu|+ |a|c|a+| ea e| sectc| c||cc t+atc ccac ea e| ||+dc, , estc
|+ce ue escs + ses se+a u|ae|+c|es cu+adc |at|cducea |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl c+s+
d+s ea |+ acc| a wece||+a+ de |+ cu|cc|+c|+ (:c||c|, 1))~,. l|c|+s scc|ed+des c+
|ecea de ua sectc| de ae|c+dc |ccustc, aec+a|sacs est+c|ec|dcs +|+ |+ce| cua|||
|cs ccat|+tcs, de |+ c++c|d+d e|eac|+| de e|sca+s e\e||aeat+d+s c++c|t+d+s ,
|e,es t|+as+|eates. -dea s, e| a|e| de cca||+a:+ |ate|e|sca+| , de cca||+a:+ ea
|+s |ast|tuc|caes uce|a+aeat+|es es c+,c, +s ccac e| c+|t+| t|cc ea e| sectc|
c||cc. l+s ac|a+s de ccaduct+ sca d c||es , e| a|e| de cc||uc| a es +|tc (lc||d+
ac, hu|ae , M|acue, 1))~,. ls e|||csc eaccaead+| + |cs e|eates c||ccs a+
,c| ||ce|t+d scc|e |cs |ecu|scs cu+adc ac |+a |ate|a+||:+dc e| | c|tc de +st+| e|
d|ae|c c||cc de +cue|dc cca |+s |e|+s. la d|c|+s s|tu+c|caes, t|+as|e||| |+ |esca
s+c|||d+d de ua+ +eac|+ ceat|+| a|c+ + ua+ | tc|+ de +eac|+s |cc+c|eaeate +u
aeat+| e| ||esc de cc||uc| a. lcade ||c|ece |+ |a|c|a+||d+d, cce\|stea dcs s|s
tea+s de se||c|c c|||, uac c+s+dc ea |e|+s |c|a+|es , e| ct|c c+s+dc ea | ct|c+s,
ue ac se ccaect+a au, c|ea. lstc uede +||c+|se + |+ c| t|c+ de e|sca+|, + +suatcs
|esuuest+||cs eae|+|es ,, esec|+|aeate, + +eac|+s , cca+ +s deue|t+s. la
es+s s|tu+c|caes, |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl ue |a||c+a a+,c| ||e\|c|||d+d , +utcac
a + uedea se| |st+s ccac ua+ aue+ cc|tua|d+d +|+ e| aect|sac , e| c||eate
||sac (le|e||+, !1,. 1+atc dec|e| |+ +utc||d+d ccac |+ ccaeteac|+ est a ||a|
t+dcs c| |+ |ac++c|d+d. tu+adc |+ c++c|d+d de| cc|e|ac es d c||, |+ |est+c| a
d||ect+ de se||c|cs uede se| ua+ est|+te|+ cca ua ||esc aeac| (Mctcu|t, !!,.
la+ |ecc| a es ue |cs + ses ac decea +s+| d||ect+aeate de ua sectc| c||
cc |a|c|a+| + uac dcade |cs e|eates |ec|cea ua+ |+a d|sc|ec| a +|+ a+ae,+|
+suatcs ||a+ac|e|cs , de e|sca+|. la+ est|+te|+ cd| + se| ua acde|c de |e|c|a+
ea dcs |+ses ue |a||ue ua c+a|ac secueac|+dc, dcade |+s |e|c|a+s de| se||c|c
c||| decea cca|et+|se +ates de ue e| + s se eac+|ue ea |e|c|a+s de est| a
c||c+ (le|e||+, !1,. lstc |a||c+ ccast|u|| ua+ c++c|d+d e|eac|+|, cca||+a:+ ,
e\e||eac|+. lecea |ast+|+|se e |ate|a+||:+|se |cs |ccescs c s|ccs +ates de |ccede|
cca | ct|c+s a s ++a:+d+s. l| acde|c t|+d|c|ca+| ue |+ce a|+s|s ea |+ |cc|d+d
, e| dec|dc |ccesc a s ue ea |esu|t+dcs es +decu+dc +|+ + ses dcade |+ cc
||uc| a es ua |cc|ea+ |e+| (Mctcu|t, !!,. lcs e|eates decea se| c++ces de
ccat|c|+| |cs |asuacs +ates de t|+t+| de ccat|c|+| |cs |esu|t+dcs, de d+| cueat+s de|
e|ect|c +ates de d+| cueat+s de| ccstc, de se| |e+|es + |e|+s ua||c|aes +ates de es
t+| +utc||:+dcs +|+ |+ce| sus |c|+s |e|+s, , de ccacce| |+ ce|+c| a de s|stea+s
ceat|+||:+dcs |ate|+dcs +ates de est+| +utc||:+dcs +|+ || sc|cs + +eac|+s +ut ac
a+s (:c||c|, 1))~,. la+ ||ae|+ ||c||d+d, s| se u|e|e |at|cduc|| a s +eac|||c+
c| a , +utcaca|:+c| a de| sectc| c||cc ea d|c|cs ccate\tcs, es teae| ua a c|ec de
se||c|c c||| ue |uac|cae c|ea cca |+ c++c|d+d , |+s |+c|||d+des su||c|eates +|+
|+ce| cc|ac|d|| |+ aeces|d+d de auecs +||e|cs de |ead|c| a de cueat+s , e| de
seae c ue escs t|cs de |e|c|a+s |eu|e|ea.
la+ ccad|c| a |e|+ +|+ ua+ +eac|||c+c| a e\|tcs+ es ue |+ c|e+c| a de
+eac|+s , de cca+ +s est+t+|es cca||e+ ua eu|||c||c eat|e aue+s ||ce|t+des
ce|+t|+s , aue+s |c|a+s de ||,+|se aet+s e |a|c|a+| scc|e e| deseae c. :| tc
dc e| a|+s|s se cc|cc+ ea |+ ||ce|t+d +|+ ce|+| de ua+ a+ae|+ |c|a+| des+||c
||+adc |+ +|te e|eac|+| de |+ |e|c|a+, , c+s| a+d+ ea |+ su,ec| a de es+ ||ce|t+d
deat|c de ua a+|cc |||ae de ccat|c| c| t|cc c +da|a|st|+t|c c| aed|c de s|ste
a+s de |ead|c| a de cueat+s , |||+ac|+ |ast|tuc|ca+| scc|e +eac|+s +ut aca+s,
ccac |ue e| c+sc ea 1+a:+a|+, l+t|+ , M \|cc (t+u|d||e|d, !|, lc|||tt, !|, -|e||+ac,
!,, estcs t|cs de |e|c|a+s |e|eseat+a ua |etc +|+ |+ deacc|+c|+. Muc|+s
+eac|+s e\|stea ea ua +c c de c| t|c+s, |c ue s|a|||c+ ua+ +useac|+ de cc,et|cs
c|+|cs de c| t|c+s c||c+s c| t|c+aeate |c|au|+dcs, |c ue |a||c+ cc,et|cs +
cs +|+ e| t|+c+,c d|+||c de |+s +eac|+s deue|t+s. -dea s, ea auc|cs + ses ea
des+||c||c |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s c||c+ e\te|a+ es des+||+d+ ea +|te c| |+ dec|||
d+d de |cs c|+a|sacs de ccat|c| e\te|acs |adeead|eates ||+dcs +| +||+aeatc.
-s|a|sac, e| ccat|c| |ate|ac de| e,ecut|c es dec|||t+dc c| d ||c|t de act|+c| a
, de c++c|d+d. l+ c++c|d+d , |+ ccaeteac|+ a|a|ste||+| +|+ d+||e seu|a|eatc ,
aca|tc|e+| + |+s +eac|+s +ut aca+s + aeaudc sca |asu||c|eates. l+s |+c|||d+des
de est| a de| deseae c ea e| e,ecut|c sca c+,+s ea eae|+| , |+s | ae+s de |es
cas+c|||d+d de| a|a|ste||c +|+ |+s +eac|+s se ue|ea +ac|u+s +ate |+ |eseac|+
de ct|cs |ate|eses ccac |e|eseat+ates de |+s +eac|+s. :|a eac+|c, escs |cc|e
a+s ac sca a|ccs de |cs + ses ea t|+as|c| a. :ca c|ea ccacc|dcs ea tcdcs |cs +
ses ue |+a |at|cduc|dc |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl. le|c +|uacs + ses sca a s u|ae|+
c|es + d|c|cs de|ectcs ue ct|cs, dec|dc + |+ctc|es ccate\tu+|es.
l+ ccat|+t+c| a e\te|a+ de se||c|cs (outsourcing,, |+ +utcaca|:+c| a , |+ de
c|uc| a est|uctu|+| ac se est|ca+a sc|cs. keu|e|ea ua+ sue||s| a +ct|+ , +tea
t+. \ d|c|+ sue||s| a |eu|e|e ua+ c++c|d+d ue es sust+ac|+|aeate d||e|eate de
|+s |e||+a|eat+s cu|cc| t|c+s t|+d|c|ca+|es, t+| ccac ua+ c++c|d+d de cca|+| ,
|+ |+c|||d+d de |c|au|+| cc,et|cs ce|+t|cs , e+|u+| |esu|t+dcs , deseae c
(lett|, !,. la+ a+,c| +utcaca|:+c| a , dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| |eu|e|e e| est+
c|ec|a|eatc de ccat|c|es e\te|acs cca||+c|es +||c+dcs de ua+ a+ae|+ ,ust+ , |e+
||st+. les|eu|+| , d+| + |cs e|eates ua+ a+,c| d|sc|ec| a ea |+ ce|+c| a de sus
|c|+a+s , c|+a|:+c|caes s|a ||ae|c teae| ua sectc| c||cc |caestc, c+s+dc
ea |e|+s , ue |uac|cae de a+ae|+ |c|a+|, es cusc+| |cc|ea+s. lece |+ce| ua
a|e| c s|cc de cca||+a:+ autu+ , de t|c+ c||c+ |ate|a+||:+d+ eat|e |cs e|eates
de| sectc| c||cc, + ||a de ue tea+a \|tc |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl de este t|c.
CONCLUSIONES
la este +|t cu|c +a+||:+acs s| |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl, ea eae|+|, , |+s |e|c|a+s de
+utcaca|:+c| a, ea +|t|cu|+|, sca +decu+d+s , e|ect|+s ea +||cs + ses. l+|+ |es
cade| + est+ cuest| a, deceacs ea|cc+|acs ac s |c ea e| cc,et|c ||ac|+| |+
e||c|eac|+, s|ac t+ac| a |est+| +teac| a + |cs e|ectcs secuad+||cs de ct|cs cc,e
t|cs, t+| ccac e| ccat|c| c| t|cc+da|a|st|+t|c. \uest|c +|uaeatc es ue |c
c+c|eaeate |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl tea+a e|ectcs secuad+||cs ae+t|cs scc|e e|
ccat|c| c| t|cc, e|c ue e| +|c+ace , |+ |ac|t+ac|+ de d|c|cs e|ectcs deead+a
de| ccate\tc. l+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl sca esec|+|aeate u|ae|+c|es + |cs e|ectcs se
cuad+||cs ae+t|cs cu+adc se |ast+|+a ea + ses dcade |+s c++c|d+des c s|c+s ,
e| dec|dc |ccesc de| se||c|c c||| est a +useates , se c+|ece de ua +|tc c+|t+| t|
cc , cca||+a:+ ea e| cc|e|ac. :e t|eae ue teae| +|t|cu|+| cu|d+dc +| |at|cduc||
|e|c|a+s ea + ses ea des+||c||c, cu+adc su \|tc, |ac|usc ea + ses des+||c||+dcs,
est c| deacst|+|se (M|acue, !1,. -dea s de estc, e| ccate\tc c| t|cc es t+a
c| a |ac|t+ate +|+ eateade| c| u |+s |e|c|a+s +da|a|st|+t|+s sca t+a d|| c|
|es de |a|eaeat+| e\|tcs+aeate. l| cca|ca|sc c| t|cc es |+ |+ : de| ||+c+sc de
auc|+s |a|c|+t|+s de c| t|c+s c||c+s, |ac|u|d+s |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \ue+ test| a
l c||c+ (Mctcu|t, !|,.
l+ deacc|+c|+ |eu|e|e cc|e|ac , e| cc|e|ac |eu|e|e se||dc|es c||ccs |e+
|es, ccaeteates , |c|es|ca+|es. la + cs |ec|eates, ea \+c|caes la|d+s, e| +acc
Muad|+| , ct|cs c|+a|sacs, |+ ccu|||dc ua+ d|sa|auc| a |+du+| de eatus|+sac
+|+ +|ua+s |e|c|a+s |e|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ \tl. h+ |+c|dc ua |edescuc||a|eatc de|
ccate\tc ||st ||cc|ast|tuc|ca+| (O|sea, !+,. -|c|+ se |+ce auc|c a|+s|s ea |+
aeces|d+d de cca|eade| + |c|uad|d+d |+ s|tu+c| a esec|+| ea + ses |ad||du+
|es (+acc Muad|+|, !,. la |+ | ct|c+, ua+ |e|c|a+ d+d+ de |+ \tl se |e||+ct+ +
t|+ s de| ||sa+ de |+s |e,es de ua + s ea +|t|cu|+|, de |ae|+t|cs de |+ c| t|c+
cu|tu|+|, etc. (Mctcu|t, !|,. l+s ||c||d+des |+a de,+dc de se| ua |au|sc c|
c|e+| +eac|+s , c|+a|sacs +ut acacs , se |+a ccae|t|dc ea ua+ |uc|+ c| |c
|+| ua+ cuea+ cce|a+a:+, ea eae|+|, , a s esec ||c+aeate eaccat|+| e| eu|||
c||c cc||ectc eat|e |ead|c| a de cueat+s , +utcaca + +| ea|cc+|se ea ++|+tcs de
ccc|d|a+c| a d c||es, |+|t+ de c++c|d+d de cc|e|ac , aec+a|sacs d c||es de |ea
d|c| a de cueat+s (Otll, !!,.
lste +ccatec|a|eatc se +|+ |+ aeces|d+d de |c|t+|ece| |+ c++c|d+d , |+s +t|tudes
ea |+ +da|a|st|+c| a c||c+. l+s acc|caes de ue |+ |cse||d+d ecca a|c+ dece
|| +cca+ +d+ de ,ust|c|+ scc|+| , ue |+ eu|d+d es ua+ ccad|c| a aeces+||+ de |+
cce|a+a:+ deacc| t|c+ |+a |e|es+dc. l| ccacetc de |+ e|ecc| a c||c+ es de
s+||+dc c| e| ccacetc de se||c|c c||cc (lea|+|t , lea|+|t, !|, c es ||tu
c||cc. lesu s de| 11 de set|eac|e, |+ +uaeat+dc e| |eccacc|a|eatc de |+ ae
ces|d+d de ua est+dc |ue|te, deacc| t|cc , est|+t |cc , |+, se +|es ue |ad|c+a
ua ac|a|eatc +|+ c|e| + |at|cduc|| e| est+dc. l+s t+|e+s de succcat|+t+c| a |e
|+c|ca+d+s cca |+ seu||d+d se est a c||eadc aeacs cu|+|es , se |+ |a|c|+dc
ua+ d|scus| a +ce|c+ de| |c|t+|ec|a|eatc de |+ c++c|d+d de |cs cc|e|acs ceat|+|es
+|+ ccat|c|+| , |eu|+| (\|se, !!,. l+ aeces|d+d de ccast|u|| c++c|d+des , |e
|c|:+| |+s +t|tudes est +a+adc a s +teac| a , |+, ua+ c|ec|eate c|eeac|+ ea ua
+e| a s |ue|te e |ac|t+ate de| cc|e|ac.
t+d+ e: a s, e| |ccc est ea |+ |a||c+c| a de |e|c|a+s +|+ e| |c|es|ca+||sac
, |+ t|c+, ea c ac e|t+| |+ e|cs| a de| c+|t+| t|cc , ea c ac |e+|+|, educ+| ,
c++c|t+| + |cs ea|e+dcs de| se||c|c c||cc. luede se| ,ustc dec|| ue ea tcdcs
escs uatcs |cs ||ac||cs |uad+aeat+|es de| acdc de |+ \tl ue |ac|u,ea |+ |educ
c| a de| cc|e|ac ceat|+|, |+ +utcaca|:+c| a , e| |ctct|c de ae|c+dc se |+a
acst|+dc d c||es. l+ ccat|+t+c| a e\te|a+ de se||c|cs (outsourcing,, |+ ||+t|:+
c| a, |+ dec|uc| a est|uctu|+| , |+s +scc|+c|caes se |cac|e|ca +ct|+aeate, +ua
cu+adc ea auc|cs + ses ac e\|st +a ccad|c|caes |e|+s c s|c+s +|+ e| \|tc. l+|+
ue |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl ||c|e:c+a ea ccad|c|caes ecca a|c+s, es aeces+||c ue
|+ |ate||d+d +da|a|st|+t|+ , |+ c++c|d+d +da|a|st|+t|+ se+a |+c|+c|es. ls |ac
s|c|e, c| e,ea|c, ||+t|:+| e\|tcs+aeate ua + s s|a ue e\|st+ ua s|stea+ c|ea
des+||c||+dc de ae|c+dcs ccaet|t|cs, , |+ succcat|+t+c| a ac |uac|ca+| s|a ua
s|stea+ c|ea des+||c||+dc de de|ec|c ccat|+ctu+| (lett|, !,. :e +s c| +|tc e|
|ec|c de ue es ccc |cc+c|e ue ua se||dc| c||cc desac|+||:+dc , a+| +
+dc se+ e| c+ad|d+tc |de+| +|+ d|c|+s |c|a+s c|+a|:+c|ca+|es |aac+dc|+s , es
c+s| seu|c ue se+ u|ae|+c|e + |cs c|+ac|u||cs , + |+ cc||uc| a.
latcaces, c ac deceacs eu|||c|+| |+s d||e|eates ac|a+s , +|c|es de| sectc|
c||cc cca ua e||cdc de |e|c|a+ de |+ \ue+ test| a l c||c+: la+ cs|c| a es
ue |+ \tl, cca su |ue|te a|+s|s ea |+ e||c|eac|+, sue|e dec|||t+| |cs +|c|es de| se|
|c|c c||cc t|+d|c|ca+|, ccac |+ ,ust|c|+, |+ |ed|cc| a, |+ |caest|d+d, |+ |u+|d+d,
|+ ccat|au|d+d, |+ seu||d+d, e| dec|dc |ccesc , e| ccat|c| c| t|cc. Ot|c +|uaea
tc es ue |+ \tl cca|eaeat+ |cs +|c|es t|+d|c|ca+|es +| |at|cduc|| c+||d+d ea e|
se||c|c, se||c|c +| c||eate , |escas||d+d. la+ te|ce|+ cs|c| a es ue |+ \tl t|ea
de + |ac|eaeat+| |+ teas| a eat|e d||e|eates +|c|es ea c|e|tcs ccate\tcs esec ||
ccs (lc|||tt, !|,. la +||e|cs ccac |+s +scc|+c|caes c||cc||+d+s, |+ |est+c| a
de se||c|cs c||ccs, |cs se||c|cs est+t+|es de ceae||ceac|+ c ea + ses cca d c||
c+|t+| t|cc ea e| sectc| c||cc , ua c+,c a|e| de cca||+a:+, |+ aue+ ae:c|+ de
+|c|es eaead|+dcs c| |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl cd| + se| a s des+||+ate ue ea s|
tu+c|caes cca | a|tes c|+|cs eat|e e| sectc| ||+dc , e| c||cc, |ue|te c+|t+| t|cc
ea e| sectc| c||cc , +|tc a|e| de cca||+a:+ autu+. :|a eac+|c, se| + |aeauc es
e|+| ue |+s |e|c|a+s de |+ \tl, cca su |ue|te ea|cue ea |+ e||c|eac|+ , e| se||c|c
+| c||eate, |ue|+a +dct+d+s cca \|tc ea tcdc e| sectc| c||cc c ea e| sectc|
c||cc de tcdcs |cs + ses s|a e|de| ct|cs +|c|es dese+c|es. la+ a+,c| e||c|eac|+
ac uede |cduc||se ea ccat|+ de |+ cca||+a:+ de| c||cc.
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VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 PP.

557-598 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 557

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