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A noun is a word that is used as the name of a person, animal, place, thing or an idea. There are four types of nouns : 1 Common Nouns A common noun is the general name given to every person, animal, thing, or place. - child - city - monkey - cockroach 2 Proper Nouns A proper noun is the name of a specific person, place or thing. The first letter of a proper noun is - Desmond - Parliament House - Kuala Lumpur - New Atraits Times 3 Abstract Nouns An abstract noun refers to a quality, condition or action. It is abstract or intangible in nature. - love - health - poverty - patience 4 Collective Nouns A collective noun stands for a group of people, animals or things taken as a whole.\ in capital letter.
Some nouns occur only in the plural form such us : - pants - goggles - braces - shorts - pyjamas - spectacles Some nouns have the same form for both the singular and the plural.
- shears - pincers
Gender
Masculine nouns are words used for men and boys as well as male animals. On the other hand, feminine nouns are words used for women and girls, and female animals. - Common nouns are words used for either men and boys or women and girls. Neuter nouns are words used for things which do not have any sex. Here are some masculine and feminine nouns used for human.
Here are some masculine and feminine nouns used for animals.
Articles
Indefinite Articles : a, an
We use a and an in the following ways.
Zero Article
We do not use any article before the following :
Adjectives
Adjectives are descriptive words that describe nouns, that is, the person, thing or place. Adjectives tell us about the nouns in size, colour, shape and condition or quality. - Our national flower is the red hibiscus. - The pizza is round and the cake is square. - We had an exciting time watching the wild wolves in their habitats over Animal Planet. - He has a plasma television with a big 42-inch screen while I have a small 14-inch television. Adjectives can be formed by adding prefixes. Examples :
Adjectives have three forms of comparison : positive, comparative and superlative. 1 We use comparative adjectives when we are comparating two nouns. - Jacky is richer than Raju
2 We use superlatives when we are comparating more than two nouns. - Joe is the richest of the three businessmen. Other examples :
3 We use more and most for comparative and superlative forms of some two-syllable adjectives, syllables and adjectives ending in -ful. - The table is more expensive than the stand fan. - The cupboard is the most expensive furniture among the three. - My younger brother is more helpful than my elder brother. - My youngest sister is the most helpful among the three siblings. Other examples :
Irregular forms :
Pronouns
Verbs
Negative Verbs
We make negative verbs by adding the word not to the verb. Example :
Others examples :
Tenses
The tense of a verb tells us when an action takes place.
- To make the past tense of regular verbs, we add -d, -t or -ed Example :
- To get the past tense of irregular verbs, we change the spelling. Example :
- To signal the past tense, we often use words like these : Example :
- talk about something that we have decided to do in future. We use the words going to talk about the Example :
future action.
Modals
Modals are helping or auxiliary verbs to help the main verb. They can be used to form questions or make positive and negative statements.
Adverbs
Adverbs tell us more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverbs of Manner
- They show how an action is done. They answer the question 'how'. - They usually end with the suffis -ly. Example :
We can form adverbs of manner by adding -ly to adjectives or by changing the ending y of the adjective to -ily. Example :
Adverbs of Time
- They show when an action is done. They answer the question 'when'. Example :
Other Examples :
Adverbs of Place
- They show where an action is done. They answer the question 'where'. Example :
Other Examples :
Prepositions
Prepositions are words used to show the relationship between one person or thing with another person or thing Prepositions can be used to show time, direction, position, manner and Quantity.
Connectors
Conjunctions
We use conjuctions to join words, phrases, ideas and sentences together.
Sequence Connectors
We use sequence connectors to link sentences that show a sequence or order of events. They are used to give instructions or directions.
Example : First, cut out the pieces carefully. Next, arrange the pieces as shown in the diagram. Then, glue the pieces onto a piece of paper. finally, paint the picture.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses or simple sentences. They are joined by conjuctions. - The boys are tired. The boys are hungry. The boys are tired and hungry. - Today is Prize Giving Day. Many parents are invited to school. Today is Prize Giving Day so many parents are invited to school.
Punctuation
We use punctuation marks to make our writing clear and easy to understand. They tell us how we should read the sentences. We use these punctuatuion marks in the following ways :
Commas (,)
- to separate items in a list Example : The earthquake destroyed houses, office buildings, vehicles and other things.
- before question tags Example : That was an earthquake, wasn't it? - after the words 'Yes' and 'No' in positive and negative responses Example : Yes, I've heard of Mahatma Gandhi. No, he was not a aformer president of India. - before the word 'please' when it comes at the end of a sentence Example : Could you help me overcome my problem, please?