TET4120 ELECTRIC DRIVES PROJECT WORK DESIGNING DRIVE SYSTEM FOR ESCALATOR Mamta Maharjan, Stein Nornes, Linda

Rekosuo

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SUMMARY
In this report the drive for specific escalator is designed. ABBs motor DMR 112 SN473P with speed 2080 rpm and moment of inertia 0.05 kgm2 is selected to fullfil load requirements.Motor is controlled by DC-DC fullbridge converter with bipolar pulse width modulation. Control of current is done by using modulus optimum techique. For speed symmetric optimum is used. The whole system is modeled with Simulink.

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Table of Content
SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................iii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2 Design of drive system .............................................................................................. 2 2.1 Modeling the load ............................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Inertia of load ....................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Load Torque ......................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Simulink model .................................................................................... 4 2.2 Design of motor ................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Selecting motor .................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Modeling motor ................................................................................... 6 2.3 Design of control system ................................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Design of power processing unit ......................................................... 7 2.3.2 Design of current regulator .................................................................. 9 2.3.3 Design of speed regulator .................................................................. 10 2.4 Model of whole escalator system .................................................................... 10 3 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 12 4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 15

Introduction

In this project a drive for operating an escalator is designed. In order to do this, the escalator in Simulink is first modeled. This model is used to calculate the minimum parameters of the motor needed in order to meet the supplied requirement specification of the escalator: The escalator shall be able to take one person per step, each person weighing 100 kg The escalator shall be able to operate in both the upwards and downwards directions The PPU shall be designed so that regenerative braking is possible The escalator speed shall be 1.3 m/s and shall be able to accelerate from standstill to rated speed in 6.5 s. The escalator has a sensor that detects when no persons are riding the escalator. The escalator speed is then reduced to 0.2 m/s. The escalator accelerates to 1.3 m/s when someone steps onto the escalator this acceleration should take 5.5 s. Based on the calculated minimum parameters a DC motor from the ABB datasheet is chosen and Power Processing Unit and a control system for the drive are designed. Finally, entire system is simulated in Simulink and that the drive meets the requirement specification is confirmed.

Design of drive system

In this chapter the drive system for the escalator is designed. Picture of the escalator is shown in Figure 1. Escalator has to fulfill following requirements: The escalator height difference is 5 m The escalator angle is 25 The height difference between steps is 25 cm The escalator width is 1 m Each step has a weight of 20 kg The four horizontal sections of the escalator are each 3 steps long and the two drums each take 6 steps around half of their circumference The drums around which the escalator turns are made as a hollow cylinders with an outer radius of 50 cm and an inner radius of 49 cm (spokes and hubs can be neglected). The drum material is steel. Other drums and rollers than the two large ones can be neglected. The gears inertia is Friction can be neglected

Figure 1 Structure of escalator

2.1
2.1.1

Modeling the load

Inertia of load

First inertia of load is defined. Inertia of drums can be calculated by using equations for hollow cylinder. With outer radius r2, inner radius r1, height h and density it can be described as ( ) (1)

The density of steel varies depending on the alloy, and is usually between 7750 and 8050 kg/m3. For simplicity, we assume the density to be 8000kg/m3. This gives the following inertia per drum: (( ) ( ) ) (2)

Next inertia of steps is defined. Number of steps in each slanted region is (3) and total number of steps is (4) All of the steps are connected to the outside of the drum, and it gives the following inertia ( Total inertia of load is then (6) Inertia seen in motor side is (7) ) (5)

4 2.1.2 Load Torque

The load torque is a result of the weight of the passengers. In accordance with the given specification, we assume each person to weigh 100 kg. The force on the belt works in a 65 degree angle relative to the force of gravity, so the torque is ( ) (8) Since there is only room for 20 persons on the slanted region, the maximum load torque is (9) The maximum load torque seen from the motor side is (10) 2.1.3 Simulink model

Simulink model for the load is shown in Figure 2. Its outputs are load torque and system inertia seen in motor side. Inertia of whole system equals sum of inertia of load, gear and motor.

T_L,motor side
J_L No. of Persons T_L

J_m 0.05

J_eq J_L,motor side

Subsystem

75.21 gear ratio

|u| 2 Math Function

0.1 J_gears

Figure 2 Simulink model for the load Figure 3 shows Simulink model for Subsystem. It models constant load inertia and load torque which depends on number of passengers.

64 No. of steps

20 kg/step

0.5^2 r^2 121.94 J_drum*2

1 J_L

1 No. of Persons Saturation

100 kg/pers

9.81 g

65 Inclination deg

pi/180 deg2rad

cos Trigonometric Function Product

0.5 r

2 T_L

Figure 3 Simulink model for the subsystem

2.2
2.2.1

Design of motor
Selecting motor

Motor is chosen by using ABBs DC Motors, type DMR, motor catalogue. At Table 1 can be seen calculated motor requirements for every motor. Moment of inertia of motor is placed on the first column. Optimum gear ratio is defined as

(11)

Because torque in this ratio would be very small, the optimum ratio reduced by 20 % is used. Maximum torque, speed and power are defined as ( ) (12) (13) and (14) Motor has to be able to rotate both direction and this decreases the motor output a bit. Reduction factors are given in motor catalogue and they have been taken account when the actual motor requirements has been calculated.

Table 1 Calculated motor requirements for every motor By comparing calculated values and technical data of motors the smallest and also the cheapest motor DMR 112 SN-473P with speed 2080 rpm and moment of inertia 0.05 kgm2 has been selected. Data sheet for the motor can be seen in Appendix 1. Large gear ratio (75.21) increases cost of gear but this has not been taken account in this case. Nominal values of selected motor are seen on Table 2. Armature Speed Power Armature Torque La Ra voltage [rpm] [kW] current [Nm] [mH] [] [v] [A] 420 2080 14.7 41 67.4 Table 2 Nominal motor values of chosen motor 11.70 0.75
Moment Weight of [kg] inertia [kgm^2] 0.05 100

2.2.2

Modeling motor

Simulink model for the motor is seen in Figure 4. Calculated values for the model are (15) (16) = =9.5 (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)

7 (22) (23) (24) (25)

Figure 4 Simulink model for the motor

2.3
2.3.1

Design of control system

Design of power processing unit

Fullbridge DC-DC converter seen in Figure 5 is chosen to control the motor. Four eupecs BSM 50 GB DLC IGBT-modules work as switches. Data sheet for modules is seen in Appendix 2. Bipolar pulse width modulation (PWM) is used to control the output. Modulation method consists of two signals: triangle waveform and control voltage. Signals are compared together and switches are turned on and off in pairs. One

8 pair of switches, (T1, T3) or (T2, T4), is always on and output voltage gets either value +VD or VD. The average output voltage is defined as (26)

T1

T2

VD
T1

Vout T3 T4

Figure 5 Fullbridge DC-DC converter Switching frequency, amplitude of triangle waveform and constant input voltage are chosen to be fs=300 Hz, Vtri=5 V and VD=200 V. The transfer function of PPU is ( ) where (28) = So the transfer function of PPU is ( ) (30) (29) (27)

9 2.3.2 Design of current regulator

( ) ( )

Modulus optimum is used to design a current regulator. Transfer function defined by using Figure 4:
( ) ( ) ( )

can be

(31)

Here Tm is very large so the speed changes very little during current regulation, If2/sTm << ra(1+sTa). The transfer function can be simplified as
( ) ( )

(32)

Open loop transfer function for current loop is then ( ) (1+ )( )( ) (33)

Model of the PI controller is shown in Figure 6. Regulators zero is selected to cancel large time constant Ta:: (34) (34) (35) = (36)

Figure 6 PI controller for current

10 2.3.3 Design of speed regulator

Speed regulator is designed by using symmetric optimum. Open loop transfer function for speed is ( ) Symmetric optimum gives values (38) (39) (40) (1+ )( )( ) (37)

(41) Picture of speed controller is seen in Figure 7.

Figure 7 PI regulator for speed

2.4

Model of whole escalator system

The picture of whole escalator system is shown in Figure 8.

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Figure 8 Simulink model for whole system

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RESULTS

Escalator needs to operate in both directions. Escalator speed is 1.3 m/s and it is able to accelerate from standstill to rated speed in 6.5 s. The escalator is equipped with sensor, which detects if there is not any person riding the escalator. Without load escalator reduces its speed to 0.2 m/s. The escalator accelerates to 1.3m/s when someone steps onto the escalator. Acceleration should take place within 5.5 s. This case is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Reference speed

Figure 10 Actual speed of escalator

It is assumed that the escalator is starting from the standstill and it accelerates to 1.3m/s in 6.5s. Then it starts to move with the constant speed. On 15th second the sensor senses the escalator is empty and reduces the speed to 0.2 s. On 25th second, after sensing that person has stepped to the escalator, it accelerates to 1.3m/s again in 5.5s. The motor is working on forward direction during acceleration and regenerative braking mode during deceleration. The speed curve is seen in Figure 10. Reference speed and actual speed for the reverse direction are seen in Figures 11 and 12.

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Figure 11 Speed reference in reverse

Figure 12 Actual speed in reverse direction

In Figure 13 are shown the graph between speed, voltage and the current during forward direction.

speed

Ea

Ia

Figure 13 Speed, current and voltage during forward direction Here during accelerating the current is positive and voltage is positive (forward motoring) and during deceleration (reverse direction) the current is in negative direction but voltage is still positive (regenerative braking). For the reverse direction shown in the Figure 14, during accelerating the current is positive and voltage is negative and during deceleration the current is positive but voltage is still negative. This means motor is working regenerative braking mode. This is because weight of passengers is now accelerating speed of the escalator and it has to brake to be able to stay in desirable speed.

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Ia

Ea

speed

Figure 14 Speed, current and voltage during reverse direction

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Conclusion

From the results, we can see that the chosen motor, DMR 112 SN-473P, is able to meet the supplied requirement specification with the drive we designed. Whether this motor is indeed the best (cheapest) choice, is not possible to determine when we do not know the price of the motor or the gears. Generally, a smaller motor will be cheaper, but will require a larger gear ratio, which will increase the cost of the gears. Due to a large Ki relative to Kp in both the current and speed regulator, we can see some oscillations in the step response. This is most prominent in the current curve, but can also be seen in the speed curve with a high zoom. Since the maximum amplitude of the oscillations in speed is 2 mm/s and the oscillations die out within a tenth of a second, this will not be noticeable for the passengers. We see that the motor is able to work in regenerative braking mode. This is particularly advantageous when the escalator is being run in reverse, where (due to our neglection of friction) the motor is running in regenerative braking mode the entire time it is not idle, and the escalator is actually generating electric power instead of consuming it. This is because the force of gravity on the passengers is more than enough to run the escalator, and the motor is needed to slow their descent. If we had considered friction in our model of the load (this was not part of the assignment), the results would have been somewhat different. With our model, the current is zero when the motor is running in idle mode. In the real world, there would of course need to be some current flowing in order to provide the necessary torque to cancel out the effect of friction.

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Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

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