ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND POLICIES Bio 425/426/427 (Environmental Issues and Policies) P.D.

984 Pollution Control Law P.D. 1151 Philippine Environmental Policy - defines the general policies on the pursuit of a better quality of life for the present and future generations and mandates the undertaking the environmental impact assessments for all projects, which may significantly affect the environment. P.D. 1152 Philippine Environmental Policy - defines the policy objectives and the strategies for the various aspects of environmental management, such as air and water quality management, natural source development, land management, and waste management. It launches a comprehensive national program of environmental protection and management, with reference to policies and standards of noise, air quality, water quality, classification of water and waste management. P.D. 1586 defines the framework for the implementation of the environmental impact assessment as the mechanism to reconcile the impacts of development projects on society and the physical environment. P.D. 389 (P.D. 705) The Forestry Reform Code - codifies, updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest resources. P.D. 330 & P.D. 953 laws on penalizing illegal cutting of trees P.D. 953 & 1153 laws on tree planting P.D. 331- laws requiring all public forests be developed on a sustained yield basis. P.D. 704 preservation of optimum productivity of fishery resources through conservation and protection. P.D. 1015 banning the operation of commercial fishing within a distance of 7 kilometers from the shoreline. P.D. 1058 increasing the penalties for illegal forms of fishing. P.D. 1219 providing for the protection of coral ecosystems. P.D. 1067 Water Code of the Philippines - adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in commercial, industrial and residential areas. It also provides other policy guidelines in water quality and management of water resources. P.D. 463 amended the Mining Act of 1936, requires all mining leaseholders to comply with Pollution Control Laws and regulations and provide for penalties for noncompliance. P.D. 1198 reinforces this provision for restoration of mined-out areas to this original condition to the extent possible. P.D. 1251 imposes fines on tailings and mine wastes and the fund generated is used to pay for the damages to land, agricultural crops, forests products, aquatic resources and infrastructures caused by pollution for mining operations. P.D. 984 The Pollution Control Law P.D. 1181 (supplements the provision of P.D. 984) providing for the abatement, control and prevention of vehicular pollution & establishing the maximum allowance emissions of specific air pollutants from all types of vehicle. P.D. 600 ( amended by P.D. 979) Water Pollution Control

- prohibits the discharge of oil, noxious liquid substances, and other harmful substances into the countrys inland and territorial waters. P.D. 825 prohibits the improper disposal of garbage P.D. 856 Sanitation Code - places the responsibility in the local government units for he solid waste management in his area of production. P.D. 1144 Control of Pesticides R.A. 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 - provides for a comprehensive air pollution control policy R.A 3720 Food Additives R.A. 6425 Drugs R.A 280 Cosmetics R.A. 7160 Local Government Code of 1991 -provides that local government should share with the national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction subject to national policies and other pertinent provisions of the code. R.A. 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act - authorizes the DENR to establish a program to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, destruction, use and disposal of chemical substances, and mixture that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment. R.A. 8550 The Fisheries Code of the Philippines - defines the policies of the state in the protection, conservation and effective management of fisheries stock as well as identifying allowable fishing methods in Philippine coastal waters. R.A. 9003 The Solid Waste Management Act of 2001- an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. R.A. 9275- also known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 an act providing a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes. R.A. 9729 also known as the Climate Change Act of 2009. - an act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and for other purposes.

Cell theory

Cell theory refers to the idea as cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 17th century was made possible by advances in microscopy. This theory is one of the foundations ofbiology. The theory says that new cells are formed from other existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms. History

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined (under a coarse, compound microscope) very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in. Because of this association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function Hooke's description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia[ His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. The first person to make a compound microscope was Zacharias Jansen, while the first to witness a live cell under a microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning "little animals".[3] Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.[4] Cell theory was in contrast to the vitalismtheories proposed before the discovery of cells. The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Rudolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer.[6] All of this finally led to Henri Durocher formulating one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that "The cell is the fundamental element of organization"

The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schneider, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states:

All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products. New cells are created by old cells dividing into two. Cells are the basic building units of life.

The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small, or how simple or complex. Since according to research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things. Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two tenets of modern cell theory (see next section, below). However, the cell theory of Schleiden differed from modern cell theory in that it proposed a method of spontaneous crystallization that he called "free cell formation".[8] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory. (Note that the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert RemakVirchow is considered to have plagarised Remak.[9]) Modern interpretation The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: 1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. 3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells. 5. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells. 6. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 7. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. Types of cells Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories: 1. Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (though they do have circular DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes.

2. Eukaryotes: Eukaryotes, on the other hand, have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles). In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.