Zodiac Killer

Zodiac Killer
Zodiac Killer

A sketch of the Zodiac killer based on witness testimonies Background information Birth name: Also known as: Born: Died: Cause of death: Conviction: Sentence: Unknown Zodiac Unknown Unknown Unknown N/A N/A Killings Number of victims: 5 killed, 2 injured (claimed to have killed 37) Span of killings: Country: State(s): Date apprehended: December 20, 1968 (possibly June 4, 1966), (letters 1969)October 11, 1969 (possibly 1972), (letters 1974)
United States

California, possibly also Nevada N/A

The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who operated in Northern California in the late 1960s. The Zodiac killer's identity remains unknown. The Zodiac killer coined the name "Zodiac" in a series of taunting letters sent to the local Bay Area press. These letters included four cryptograms (or ciphers), three of which have yet to be solved. The Zodiac murdered victims in Benicia, Vallejo, Lake Berryessa, and San Francisco between December 1968 and October 1969. Four men and three women, between The symbol used by the Zodiac Killer to sign the ages of 16 and 29, were targeted. Numerous suspects have been named his correspondence by law enforcement and amateur investigators, but no conclusive evidence has surfaced. He was well known for his cleverly dark facade, used to instill terror in his victims. This was the inspiration for many future films based on the events, as well as the many less reputable sequels. In April 2004, the San Francisco Police Department marked the case "inactive", yet re-opened the case at some point prior to March 2007.[1] The case also remains open in the city of Vallejo as well as in Napa Counties and Solano Counties.[2] The California Department of Justice has maintained an open case file on the Zodiac murders since

Zodiac Killer 1969.[3]

Victims
Confirmed victims
Although the Zodiac claimed 37 murders in letters to newspapers, investigators agree on only seven confirmed victims, two of whom survived.[4] They are: David Arthur Faraday, 17, and Betty Lou Jensen, 16: shot and killed on December 20, 1968, on Lake Herman Road, within the city limits of Benicia. Michael Renault Mageau, 19, and Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22: shot on July 4, 1969, in the parking lot of Blue Rock Springs Park in Vallejo. While Mageau survived the attack, Ferrin was pronounced dead-on-arrival at Kaiser Foundation Hospital. Bryan Calvin Hartnell, 20, and Cecelia Ann Shepard, 22: stabbed on September 27, 1969 at Lake Berryessa in Napa County. Hartnell survived six stab wounds to the back, but Shepard died as a result of her injuries on September 29, 1969. Paul Lee Stine, 29: shot and killed on October 11, 1969, in the Presidio Heights neighborhood in San Francisco.

Suspected victims
The following murder victims are suspected to be victims of Zodiac, though none have been confirmed: Robert Domingos, 18, and Linda Edwards, 17: shot and killed on June 4, 1963, on a beach near Lompoc. Edwards and Domingos were identified as possible Zodiac victims because of specific similarities between their attack and the Zodiac's attack at Lake Berryessa six years later.[5] Cheri Jo Bates, 18: stabbed to death and nearly decapitated on October 30, 1966, at Riverside City College in Riverside. Bates' possible connection to the Zodiac only appeared four years after her murder when San Francisco Chronicle reporter Paul Avery received a tip regarding similarities between the Zodiac killings and the circumstances surrounding Bates' death.[6] Donna Lass, 25: last seen September 6, 1970, in Stateline, Nevada. A postcard with an advertisement from Forest Pines condominiums (near Incline Village at Lake Tahoe) pasted on the back was received at the Chronicle on 22 March 1971, and has been interpreted as the Zodiac claiming Lass' disappearance as a victim. No evidence has been uncovered to definitively connect Donna Lass' disappearance with the Zodiac Killer.[7] There is also a suspected third escapee from the Zodiac Killer: Kathleen Johns, 22: allegedly abducted on March 22, 1970, on Highway 132 near I-580, in an area west of Modesto. Johns escaped from the car of a man who drove her, and her infant daughter, around in the area between Stockton and Patterson for approximately three hours.[8]

Timeline
Lake Herman Road attack
The first murders widely attributed to the Zodiac Killer were the shootings of high school students Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on December 20, 1968, on Lake Herman Road, just inside Benicia city limits. The couple were on their first date and planned to attend a Christmas concert at Hogan High about three blocks from Jensen's home. The couple, instead, visited a friend before stopping at a local restaurant, and then driving out on Lake Herman Road. At about 10:15p.m., Faraday parked his mother's Rambler in a gravel turnout, which was a well-known lovers' lane.

Zodiac Killer Shortly after 11:00p.m., their bodies were found by Stella Borges, who lived nearby. The Solano County Sheriff's Department investigated the crime but no leads developed.[9] Utilizing available forensic data, Robert Graysmith postulated that another car pulled into the turnout, just prior to 11:00 and parked beside the couple. The killer apparently exited the second car and walked toward the Rambler, possibly ordering the couple out of the Rambler. Jensen appeared to have exited the car first, yet when Faraday was halfway out, the killer apparently shot Faraday in the head. Fleeing from the killer, Jensen was gunned down twenty-eight feet from the car with five shots through her back. The killer then drove off.[10]

Blue Rock Springs attack

Just before midnight on July 4, 1969, Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau drove into the Blue Rock Springs Park in Vallejo, four miles from the Lake Herman Road murder site, and parked. While the couple sat in Ferrin's car, a second car drove into the lot and parked alongside them, almost immediately driving away. Returning about 10 minutes later, this second car parked behind them. The driver of the second car then exited the vehicle, approaching the passenger side door of Ferrin's car, carrying a flashlight and a 9 mm Luger. First, the killer directed the flashlight into Mageau's and Ferrin's eyes, before shooting each of the victims 3 times. When Mageau moaned in pain, the killer returned and shot each victim 2 more times before driving off.[11] On July 5, 1969, at 12:40a.m., a man phoned the Vallejo Police Department to report and claim responsibility for the attack. He also took credit for the murders of Jensen and Faraday six-and-a-half months earlier. The police traced the call to a phone booth at a gas station at Springs Road and Tuolumne, about three-tenths of a mile from Ferrin's home and only a few blocks from the Vallejo Police Department.[12] Ferrin was pronounced dead at the hospital. Mageau survived the attack despite being shot in the face, neck, and chest.[13]

The Zodiac letters begin

On August 1, 1969, three letters prepared by the killer were received at the Vallejo Times-Herald, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the San Francisco Examiner. The nearly identical letters took credit for the shootings at Lake Herman Road and Blue Rock Springs. Each letter also included one-third of a 408-symbol cryptogram which the killer claimed contained his identity. The killer demanded they be printed on each paper's front page or he would "cruse [sic] around all weekend killing lone people in the night then move on to kill again, until I end up with a dozen people over The solution to Zodiac's 408-symbol cipher. The meaning, if any, of the weekend."[15] The Chronicle published its third of [14] the final eighteen letters has not been determined. the cryptogram on page four of the next day's edition. An article printed alongside the code quoted Vallejo Police Chief Jack E. Stiltz as saying "We're not satisfied that the letter was written by the murderer" and requested the writer send a second letter with more facts to prove his identity.[16] The threatened murders did not happen, and all three parts were eventually published. On August 7, 1969, another letter was received at the San Francisco Examiner with the salutation "Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking". This was the first time the killer had used this name for himself. The letter was a response to Chief Stiltz's request for more details to prove he had killed Faraday, Jensen and Ferrin. In it, the Zodiac included details about the murders which had not been released to the public as well as a message to the police that when they

Zodiac Killer cracked his code "they will have me".[17] On August 8, 1969, Donald and Bettye Harden of Salinas, California, cracked the 408-symbol cryptogram. No name appears in the decoded text.[14]

Lake Berryessa Attack

On September 27, 1969, Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard were picnicking at Lake Berryessa on a small island connected by a sand spit to Twin Oak Ridge. A man approached them wearing a black executioner's-type hood with clip-on sunglasses over the eye-holes and a bib-like device on his chest that had a white 3"x3" cross-circle symbol on it. He approached them with a gun which Hartnell believed to be a .45. The hooded man claimed to be an escaped convict from Deer Lodge, Montana; where he killed a guard and stole a car, explaining that he needed their car and money to go to Mexico. He had brought precut lengths of plastic clothesline and told Shepard to tie up Hartnell, before he tied her up. The killer checked, and tightened, Hartnell's bonds after discovering Shepard had bound Hartnell's hands loosely. Hartnell initially believed it to be a weird robbery, but the man drew a knife and stabbed them both repeatedly. The killer then hiked 500 yards back up to Knoxville Road, drew the cross-circle symbol on Hartnell's car door with a black felt-tip pen, and wrote beneath it: "Vallejo/12-20-68/7-4-69/Sept 27-69-6:30/by knife."[18] [19] At 7:40p.m., the killer called the Napa County Sheriff's office from a pay telephone to report his crime. The phone was found, still off the hook, minutes later at the Napa Car Wash on Main Street in Napa by KVON radio reporter Pat Stanley, only a few blocks from the sheriff's office, yet 27 miles from the crime scene. Detectives were able to lift a still-wet palm print from the telephone but were never able to match it to any suspect.[20] After hearing their screams for help, a man and his son who were fishing in a nearby cove discovered the victims and summoned help by contacting park rangers. Napa County Sheriff's deputies Dave Collins and Ray Land were the first law enforcement officers to arrive at the crime scene.[21] Cecelia Shepard was conscious when Collins arrived, providing him with a detailed description of the attacker. Hartnell and Shepard were taken to Queen of the Valley Hospital in Napa by ambulance. Shepard lapsed into a coma during transport to the hospital and never regained consciousness. She died two days later, but Hartnell survived to recount his tale to the press.[22] [23] Napa County Sheriff Detective Ken Narlow, who was assigned to the case from the outset, worked on solving the crime until his retirement from the department in 1987.[24]

Presidio Heights attack

On October 11, 1969, a man entered the cab driven by Paul Stine at the intersection of Mason and Geary Streets in San Francisco requesting to be taken to Washington and Maple Streets in Presidio Heights. For reasons unknown, Stine drove one block past Maple to Cherry Street; this passenger then shot Stine once in the head with a 9mm, took Stine's wallet, car keys, and tore away a section of Stine's bloodstained shirt tail. He was observed by three teenagers across the street at 9:55p.m., who called the police while the crime was in progress. They observed the man wiping the cab down before walking away towards the Presidio, one block to the north.[25] Two blocks from the crime scene, Officer Don Fouke, responding to the call, observed a white man walking along the sidewalk stepping onto a stairway leading up to the front yard of one of the homes on the north side of the street; the encounter lasted only five to ten seconds.[26] The radio dispatcher had alerted to be on the lookout for a black suspect, so they drove past him without stopping; the mix-up in descriptions remains unexplained to this day. A search ensued, but no possible suspects were found. The three teen witnesses worked with a police artist to prepare a composite sketch of Stine's killer; then, a few days later, this police artist returned, working with the witnesses to prepare a second composite sketch of the killer. Detectives Bill Armstrong and Dave Toschi were assigned to the case. The San Francisco Police Department investigated an estimated 2,500 suspects over a period of years.[27]

Zodiac Killer

More Zodiac letters

On October 14, 1969, the Chronicle received another letter from the Zodiac, this time containing a swatch of Paul Stine's shirt tail as proof he was the killer; it also included a threat about shooting school children. At 2:00p.m. on October 20, 1969, someone claiming to be the Zodiac called Oakland PD demanding that one of two prominent lawyers, F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, appear on Jim Dunbar's television talk show in the morning. Bailey was not available, but Belli did appear on the show. Dunbar appealed to the viewers to keep the lines open, and eventually, someone claiming to be the Zodiac called several times and said his name was "Sam." Belli agreed to meet with him in Daly City, but the suspect never showed up. On November 8, 1969, the Zodiac mailed a card with another cryptogram consisting of 340 characters. On November 9, 1969, the Zodiac mailed a seven-page letter in which he claimed that two policemen stopped and actually spoke with him three minutes after he shot Stine. Excerpts from the letter were published in the Chronicle on November 12 including the Zodiac's claim;[28] [29] that same day, Don Fouke wrote a memo explaining what had happened that night. The 340-character cipher has never been decoded.[30] Numerous possible "solutions" have been suggested, but none can be claimed as definitive. On December 20, 1969, exactly one year after the murders of David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen, the Zodiac mailed a letter to Belli, including another swatch of Stine's shirt; the Zodiac claimed he wanted Belli to help him.

Modesto attack
On the night of March 22, 1970, Kathleen Johns was driving from San Bernardino to Petaluma to visit her mother. She was seven months pregnant and had her 10-month-old daughter beside her.[31] While heading west on Highway 132 near Modesto, a car behind her began honking and flashing its lights. She pulled off the road and stopped. The man in the car parked behind her stated her right rear tire was wobbling, and offered to tighten the lugs. After finishing his work, the man drove off; yet when Johns pulled forward to reenter the highway the wheel almost immediately came off of the car. The man returned, offering to drive her to the nearest gas station for help. She and her daughter climbed into his car. During the ride the car passed several service stations but the man did not stop. For about 90 minutes he drove back and forth around the backroads near Tracy. When Johns asked why he was not stopping, he would change the subject. When the driver finally stopped at an intersection, the man told Johns that he was going to kill her and then throw the baby out after her. Johns jumped out with her daughter and hid in a field. The driver then closed the car door and drove off. Johns hitched a ride to the police station in Patterson.[8] When Johns gave her statement to the sergeant on duty, she noticed the police composite sketch of Paul Stine's killer and recognized him as the man who abducted her and her child.[32] Fearing the Zodiac might come back and kill them all, the sergeant had Johns wait, in the dark, at the nearby Mil's Restaurant. When her car was found, it had been gutted and torched.[32] There are numerous conflicting accounts of the Johns abduction. Most accounts claiming he threatened to kill her and her daughter while driving them around,[33] but at least one police report disputes that.[8] Johns' account to Paul Avery of the Chronicle indicates her abductor left his car and searched for her in the dark with a flashlight;[34] however, in one report she made to the police, she stated he did not leave the vehicle.[8]

More Zodiac communications

The Zodiac continued to communicate with authorities for the remainder of 1970 via letters and greeting cards to the press. In a letter postmarked April 20, 1970, the Zodiac wrote, "My name is _____", followed by a 13-character cipher.[35] The Zodiac went on to state that he was not responsible for the recent bombing of a police station in San Francisco (referring to the February 18, 1970, death of Sgt. Brian McDonnell two days after the bombing at Park Station in Golden Gate Park)[36] but added "there is more glory to killing a cop than a cid [sic] because a cop can shoot back." The letter included a diagram of a bomb the Zodiac claimed he would use to blow up a school bus. At

Zodiac Killer the bottom of the diagram, he wrote: " = 10, SFPD = 0".[35] Zodiac sent a greeting card postmarked 28 April 1970, to the Chronicle. Written on the card was, "I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my BLAST", followed by the Zodiac's cross circle signature. On the back of the card, the Zodiac threatened to use his bus bomb soon unless the newspaper published the full details he wrote. He also wanted to start seeing people wearing "some nice Zodiac butons [sic]".[37] In a letter postmarked June 26, 1970, the Zodiac stated he was upset that he did not see people wearing Zodiac buttons. He wrote, "I shot a man sitting in a parked car with a .38."[38] The Zodiac was possibly referring to the murder of Sgt. Richard Radetich, a week earlier, on 19 June. At 05:25, Radetich was writing a parking ticket in his squad car when an assailant shot him in the head with a .38-caliber pistol. Radetich died 15 hours later. SFPD denies the Zodiac was involved in this murder; it remains unsolved.[36] Included with the letter was a Phillips 66 map of the San Francisco Bay Area. On the image of Mount Diablo, the Zodiac had drawn a crossed-circle similar to the ones he had included in previous correspondence. At the top of the crossed circle, he placed a zero, and then a three, six, and a nine, so the annotation resembled a clock face. The accompanying instructions stated that the zero was "to be set to Mag. N."[39] The letter also included a 32-letter cipher that the killer claimed would, in conjunction with the code, lead to the location of a bomb he had buried and set to go off in the autumn. The bomb was never located. The killer had signed the note with " = 12, SFPD = 0." In a letter to the Chronicle postmarked July 24, 1970, the Zodiac took credit for Kathleen Johns' abduction, four months after the incident.[40] In a July 26, 1970 letter, the Zodiac paraphrased a song from The Mikado, adding his own lyrics about making a "little list" of the ways he planned to torture his "slaves" in "paradice." The letter was signed with a large, exaggerated cross circle symbol and a new score: " = 13, SFPD = 0."[41] A final note at the bottom of the letter stated, "P.S. The Mt. Diablo code concerns Radians + # inches along the radians."[42] In 1981, a close examination of the radian hint by Zodiac researcher Gareth Penn led to the discovery that a radian angle, when placed over the map per Zodiac's instructions, pointed to the locations of two Zodiac attacks.[43] On October 7, 1970, the Chronicle received a three-by-five inch card signed by the Zodiac with the drawn with blood. The card's message was formed by pasting words and letters from an edition of the Chronicle, and thirteen holes were punched across the card. Inspectors Armstrong and Toschi agreed it was "highly probable" the card came from the Zodiac.[44]

Zodiac letter to Chronicle reporter Paul Avery

On October 27, 1970, Chronicle reporter Paul Avery (who had been covering the Zodiac case) received a Halloween card signed with a letter 'Z' and the Zodiac's cross circle symbol. Handwritten on the card was the note "Peek-a-boo, you are doomed". The threat was taken seriously and received a front-page story on the Chronicle.[6] Soon after receiving this letter, Avery received an anonymous letter alerting him to the similarities between the Zodiac's activities and the unsolved murder of Cheri Jo Bates, which had occurred four years earlier at the city college in Riverside in the Greater Los Angeles Area, more than 400 miles south of San Francisco.[45] He reported his findings in the Chronicle on 16 November 1970.

Riverside attack
On October 30, 1966, 18-year-old Bates spent the evening at the campus library annex until it closed at 21:00. Neighbors reported hearing a scream around 22:30. Bates was found dead the next morning, a short distance from the library, between two abandoned houses slated to be demolished for campus renovations. The wires in her Volkswagen's distributor cap had been pulled out. She was brutally beaten and stabbed to death. A man's Timex watch with a torn wristband was found nearby.[46] The watch had stopped at 12:24,[47] but police believe the attack occurred much earlier.[46]

Zodiac Killer

A month later, on November 29, 1966, nearly identical typewritten letters were mailed to the Riverside police and the Riverside Press-Enterprise, titled "The Confession". The author claimed responsibility for the Bates murder, providing details of the crime not released to the public. The author warned that Bates "is not the first and she will not be the last".[48] In December 1966, a poem was discovered carved into the bottom side of a desktop in the Riverside City College library. Titled "Sick of living/unwilling to die", the poem's language and handwriting The Confession resembled those of the Zodiac's letters. It was signed with what were assumed to be the initials, "rh". Sherwood Morrill, California's top "Questioned Documents" examiner, expressed his opinion that the poem was written by the Zodiac.[49] On April 30, 1967, the six-month anniversary of Bates' murder, Bates' father Joseph, the Press-Enterprise, and the Riverside police all received nearly identical letters. In handwritten scrawl, the Press-Enterprise and police copies read, "Bates had to die there will be more", with a small scribble at the bottom that resembled the letter 'Z'. Joseph Bates' copy read "She had to die there will be more" without a "Z" signature. On March 13, 1971, nearly four months after Paul Avery's first article on Bates, the Zodiac mailed a letter to the Los Angeles Times. In the letter he credited the police, instead of Avery, for discovering his "Riverside activity, but they are only finding the easy ones, there are a hell of a lot more down there".[50] The connection between Cheri Jo Bates, Riverside, and the Zodiac remains uncertain. Paul Avery and the Riverside Police Department maintain that the Bates homicide was not committed by the Zodiac, but did concede some of the Bates letters may have been his work to falsely claim credit.[51]

Lake Tahoe disappearance

On March 22, 1971 a postcard to the Chronicle, addressed to "Paul Averly", and believed to be from the Zodiac, appeared to take credit for the disappearance of Donna Lass on September 6, 1970.[7] Made from a collage of advertisements and magazine lettering, it featured a scene from an advertisement for Forest Pines condominiums and the text "Sierra Club," "Sought Victim 12," "peek through the pines," "pass Lake Tahoe areas," and "around in the snow." Zodiac's cross circle symbol was in the place of the usual return address.[52] Lass was a nurse at the Sierra Tahoe hotel and casino. She worked until about 2:00a.m. on September 6, 1970, treating her last patient at 1:40. Later that same day, both Lass's employer and her landlord received phone calls from an unknown male falsely claiming Lass had left town due to a family emergency.[53] Lass was never found. What appeared to be a grave site was discovered near the Claire Tappan Lodge in Norden, California, on Sierra Club property, but an excavation yielded only a pair of sunglasses.[54] No evidence has been uncovered to definitively connect Donna Lass' disappearance with the Zodiac Killer.[55]

Santa Barbara attack

In a Vallejo Times-Herald story appearing on 13 November 1972, Santa Barbara Sheriff's Detective Bill Baker (ret.) postulated that the murders of a young couple in Santa Barbara County might have been the work of the Zodiac killer. On June 4, 1963, high-school senior Robert Domingos and fiance Linda Edwards were shot to death on a beach near Lompoc, having skipped school that day for "Senior Ditch Day". Police believed that the assailant attempted to bind the victims, but when they freed themselves and attempted to flee, the killer shot them repeatedly in the back and chest with a .22-caliber weapon. The killer then placed their bodies in a small shack and tried, unsuccessfully, to burn it down.[56]

Zodiac Killer

Final Zodiac letters

After the "Pines" card, the Zodiac remained silent for nearly three years. The Chronicle then received a letter from the Zodiac, postmarked January 29, 1974, praising The Exorcist as "the best saterical comidy [sic]" that he had ever seen. The letter included a snippet of verse from The Mikado and an unusual symbol at the bottom that has remained unexplained by researchers. Zodiac concluded the letter with a new score, "Me = 37, SFPD = 0".[57] The Chronicle received another letter postmarked February 14, 1974, informing the editor that the initials for the Symbionese Liberation Army spelled out an Old Norse word meaning "kill".[58] [59] However, the handwriting was not authenticated as the Zodiac's. A letter to the Chronicle, postmarked May 8, 1974, featured a complaint that the movie Badlands was "murder-glorification" and asked the paper to cut its advertisements. Signed only "A citizen", the handwriting, tone, and surface irony were all similar to earlier Zodiac communications.[60] The Chronicle subsequently received an anonymous letter postmarked July 8, 1974, complaining about one of its columnists, Marco Spinelli. The letter was signed "the Red Phantom (red with rage)". The Zodiac's authorship of this letter is debated.[61] A letter, dated April 24, 1978, was initially deemed authentic, but was declared a hoax less than three months later by three experts. In recent years, however, this letter has been deemed authentic. Dave Toschi, the SFPD homicide detective who had worked the case since the Stine murder, was thought to have forged the letter, because author Armistead Maupin believed the letter to be similar to "fan mail" he received in 1976 which he believed was authoured by Toschi. While he admitted to writing the fan mail, Toschi denied forging the Zodiac letter and was eventually cleared of any charges. The authenticity of this letter remains unverified. On March 3, 2007, an American Greetings Christmas card sent to the Chronicle, postmarked 1990 in Eureka had recently been discovered in their photo files by editorial assistant Daniel King.[62] Inside the envelope, with the card, was a photocopy of two U.S. Postal keys on a magnet keychain. The handwriting on the envelope resembles Zodiac's print, but was declared inauthentic by forensic document examiner Lloyd Cunningham. Not all Zodiac experts, however, agree with Cunningham's analysis.[63] There is no return address on the envelope nor is his crossed-circle signature to be found. The card itself is unmarked.[64] The Chronicle turned over all the material to the Vallejo Police Department for further analysis.

Prime suspect
Arthur Leigh Allen
Arthur Leigh Allen was the prime suspect in the Zodiac murders and the only suspect served search warrants by police.[65] He was never charged with any Zodiac-related crime, and his fingerprints did not match those left by the killer of taxi cab driver Paul Stine.[66] [67] In 1992, 23 years after the shootings, survivor Michael Mageau identified Allen as the man who shot him, from a photo lineup of 1968 driver's licenses. Allen, who suffered from diabetes, died in 1992 from kidney failure.[68] In 2002, DNA samples taken from saliva on the Zodiac's stamps and envelopes were compared with the DNA of Arthur Leigh Allen, and the DNA of a former close friend of Allen named Don Cheney, who first identified Allen as the Zodiac Killer. Allen and Cheney were ruled out as the contributors of the DNA, though it cannot be stated definitively that it is DNA from the Zodiac on the envelopes.[69]

Zodiac Killer

Current status of Zodiac Killer investigations

In 2002, SFPD submitted DNA evidence from Zodiac's letters for analysis, which resulted in a partial genetic profile. The test seems to have conclusively ruled out the Vallejo Police Department's lead suspect, Arthur Leigh Allen.[70] During a photo line up over twenty years after Mike Mageauone of only two survivors of the Zodiac murderswas shot, Mageau identified Allen as the man who shot him on July 4, 1969. Mageau stated he had never been shown a photo line up prior to that appointment in 1991. Allen died shortly after Mageau's identification. Even though DNA samples taken from the letters sent by the Zodiac ruled out Allen as the person who handled them, neither the Vallejo nor the San Francisco Police Departments have ruled out Allen as a suspect.[71] In April 2004, the SFPD marked the case "inactive", citing caseload pressure and resource demands.[72] In 2007, Jack Tarrance's stepson, Dennis Kaufman, claimed that his stepfather was the Zodiac.[73] Kaufman turned several items over to the FBI including a hood similar to the one worn by the Zodiac. However, Kaufman also later claimed that Tarrance was the Black Dahlia killer, the Texarkansas Phantom and the Lipstick Killer, so his claim that his stepfather was the Zodiac is no longer considered to be very credible.[74] According to news sources, DNA analysis conducted by the FBI on the items were deemed inconclusive in 2010.[75] In 2009, Deborah Perez claimed that her father, Guy Ward Hendrickson, was the Zodiac.[76] However, Perez also allegedly previously claimed that she was the illegitimate daughter of John F. Kennedy, so her claim that her father was the Zodiac is no longer considered to be very credible.[77] In 2009, DNA of Richard Joseph Gaikowski (aka Dick Gaik) was sent to the SFPD. The Vallejo Police Department website maintains a link for providing Zodiac crime tips.[78] The case is also open in Napa County and also in the city of Riverside. Retired police detective Steve Hodel makes a case in his book The Black Dahlia Avenger[79] that his father, George Hill Hodel, was the Black Dahlia suspect whose victims include Elizabeth Short. The book caused the release of previously suppressed files and wire recordings by the LA district attorney's office of his father which showed that he was a prime suspect in Short's murder. The LA District Attorney subsequently wrote a letter which is published in the revised edition stating that if he were still alive he would be prosecuted for the crimes. In a follow up book, Hodel makes a circumstantial case that his father was also the Zodiac Killer based upon a police sketch, the similarity of the style of the Zodiac letters to the Black Dahlia Avenger letters and questioned document examination.[80]

Popular culture
The Zodiac Killer's crimes, letters, and cryptograms to police and newspapers inspired many movies, novels, television productions, and other serial killers.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] SFPD New Release, March 2007 Napa PD Website, Vallejo PD Website and "Tipline", Solano County Sheriff's Office California Department of Justice Website "The Zodiac Killer - Famous Criminal - The Crimes - Page 1 of 9 - Crime And Investigation Network" (http:/ / www. crimeandinvestigation. co. za/ famous_criminal/ 86/ the_crimes/ 1/ The_Zodiac_Killer. htm). Crimeandinvestigation.co.za. . Retrieved 2010-01-02. "www.zodiackiller.com/ Graysmith, p. 160. Adams, p. 274 "Police report" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ JohnsReport. html). Zodiackiller.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. "Dec. 20, 1968 - Lake Herman Road" (http:/ / www. clint. ca/ zodiac/ lakeherman. htm). . Retrieved 2008-06-16.

[10] Graysmith, Robert (1976). Zodiac. Berkley. pp.47. ISBN0425098087. [11] Graysmith, pp. 2628. [12] Graysmith, pp. 3233.

Zodiac Killer
[13] Graysmith, p. 29. [14] Graysmith, pp. 5455. [15] Graysmith, p. 49. [16] Coded Clues in Murders (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1969_08_02_a. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle, 2 August 1969. Retrieved 21 July 2007. [17] Graysmith, pp. 5557. [18] Graysmith, pp. 6277 [19] "Message written on Hartnell's car door" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ KarmannGhia. html). Zodiackiller.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [20] Stanley, Pat (2007-02-18). "Zodiac on the line..." (http:/ / www. napavalleyregister. com/ articles/ 2007/ 02/ 18/ news/ local/ iq_3812957. txt). Napa Valley Register. . Retrieved 2008-09-16. [21] Dorgan, Marsha (2007-02-18). "Online exclusive: In the wake, of the Zodiac" (http:/ / www. napavalleyregister. com/ articles/ 2007/ 02/ 18/ news/ local/ iq_3823497. txt). Napa Valley Register. . Retrieved 2008-09-16. [22] Carson, L. Pierce (2007-02-18). "Zodiac victim: 'I refused to die'" (http:/ / www. napavalleyregister. com/ articles/ 2007/ 02/ 18/ news/ local/ iq_3823540. txt). Napa Valley Register. . Retrieved 2008-09-16. [23] "Girl Dies of Stabbing at Berryessa" (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1969_09_30_1. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle. 1969-09-30. . Retrieved 2008-09-16. [24] Dorgan, Marsha (2007-02-18). "Tracking the mark of the Zodiac for decades" (http:/ / www. napavalleyregister. com/ articles/ 2007/ 02/ 18/ news/ local/ iq_3821597. txt). Napa Valley Register. . Retrieved 2008-09-16. [25] "Definite Zodiac Victim Paul Stine" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ Stine. html). Zodiackiller.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-02. [26] Rodelli, Mike (2005). "4th Interview with Don Fouke - Thoughts on the Zodiac Killer" (http:/ / www. mikerodelli. com/ 4interview. html). Mike Rodelli. . [27] "Zodiac Killer: Meet The Prime Suspects" (http:/ / www. amw. com/ features/ feature_story_detail. cfm?id=1542). America's Most Wanted. September 2, 2008. . [28] "I've Killed Seven" The Zodiac Claims (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1969_11_12_1. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle, November 12, 1969. [29] New Letters From Zodiac -- Boast of More Killings (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1969_11_12_jump_1. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle, November 12, 1969. [30] McCarthy, Chris. "Alphabet of the 340 Character Zodiac Cypher" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080206131017/ http:/ / www. dtm. ciw. edu/ chris/ z/ 340explain. html). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. dtm. ciw. edu/ chris/ z/ 340explain. html) on 2008-02-06. . [31] Smith, Dave (November 16, 1970). "Evidence Links Zodiac Killer to '66 Death of Riverside Coed". Los Angeles Times. [32] Montaldo, Charles. "The Zodiac Killer Continued - The Zodiac Letters" (http:/ / crime. about. com/ od/ history/ a/ zodiackiller_2. htm). About.com. . [33] Adams, p. 268. [34] Graysmith, p. 139. [35] "My Name Is" letter (http:/ / zodiackiller. com/ MyNameIsLetter. html). Retrieved 2007-03-08. [36] Zamorra, Jim Herron. 1967-71 -- a bloody period for S.F. police (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?file=/ c/ a/ 2007/ 01/ 27/ MNG9DNQ8TQ1. DTL). San Francisco Chronicle; 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-03-07. [37] "Dragon card letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ DragonCard. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1970-04-28. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [38] "Button letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ ZButtonLetter. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1970-06-26. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [39] "Zodiac map letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ ZMap. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1970-06-26. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [40] "Zodiac Johns letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ JohnsLetter. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1970-07-24. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [41] "Zodiac Mikado letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ Mikado1. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1970-07-26. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [42] "Zodiac Mikado letter, cont" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ Mikado5. html). Zodiackiller.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [43] Rowlett, Curt, Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime & Conspiracy, Chapter 9, The Z Files: Labyrinth13 Examines the Zodiac Murders, The Rhyme of the Radian, pp. 6468. (Lulu Press, 2006). ISBN 1-4116-6083-8. [44] Gilbert and Sullivan Clue to Zodiac (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1970_10_12_1. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle, October 12, 1970. [45] Graysmith, pp. 161162. [46] Graysmith, pp. 165166. [47] Photo of watch found near Bates' body. (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ BatesWatch2. html). Retrieved 21 July 2007. [48] Graysmith, pp. 168169. [49] Graysmith, pp. 170172. [50] L.A. Times 1971 Zodiac letter (http:/ / members. aol. com/ Jakewark/ connect. html). Retrieved 21 July 2007. [51] Zimmerman, Janet. New movie 'Zodiac' includes Redlands resident's attack (http:/ / www. pe. com/ localnews/ riverside/ stories/ PE_News_Local_D_zodiak_02. 3f2cafb. html) Riverside Press-Enterprise, March 1, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2007. [52] "Zodiac postcard" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ PinesCard. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1971-03-22. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [53] Graysmith, p. 178. [54] "Lass profile" (http:/ / www. zodiacmurders. com/ victim_lass. html). Zodiacmurders.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [55] "Possible Zodiac Victim Donna Lass" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ Lass. html). Zodiackiller.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-02.

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Zodiac Killer
[56] Santa Barbara Sheriff Detective Bill Baker explains the case on a message board. (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ mba/ opzv/ 72. html). Retrieved 21 July 2007. [57] "Zodiac Exorcist letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ ExorcistLetter. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1974-01-29. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [58] Tips Still Pursue Multiple Slayer (http:/ / cdn. sfgate. com/ chronicle/ acrobat/ 2007/ 02/ 25/ zodiac_1976_08_26_1. pdf). San Francisco Chronicle, August 26, 1976. [59] Kelly Wilson (2008-11-06). "SLA Letter" (http:/ / members. aol. com/ Jakewark/ SLA. html). Members.aol.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [60] "Citizen Letter" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070615151031/ http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ CitizenLetter. html). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ CitizenLetter. html) on 2007-06-15. . [61] "Red Phantom letter" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ RedPhantomLetter. html). Zodiackiller.com. 1974-07-08. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [62] Williams, Lance. "Zodiac's written clues fascinate document expert", (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2007/ 03/ 03/ MNG37OETI71. DTL& hw=zodiac+ christmas+ card& sn=001& sc=1000) San Francisco Chronicle, 3 March 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007. [63] Freedman, Rich. Zodiac: Did killer send card in 1990? (http:/ / www. timesheraldonline. com/ todaysnews/ ci_5355609~Zodiac:_Did_killer_send_card_in_1990?); The Vallejo Times Herald, March 3, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007. [64] Christmas card envelope (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ images/ eurekaenvelopelarge. jpg); Christmas card front (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ images/ eurekacard1large. jpg); Christmas card interior (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ images/ eurekacard2large. jpg); Photocopy of Christmas card keys and pencil (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ images/ xerox. jpg). Retrieved March 15, 2007. [65] Voight, Tom, The Arthur Leigh Allen File (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ AllenFile. html); 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-01. [66] Zodiac case overview by Clint Vander Klok (http:/ / www. se7en-x. com/ zodiac/ bio. htm). Retrieved 2007-03-01. [67] Suspect profile of Arthur Leigh Allen (http:/ / www. olesin. 50megs. com/ zodiac/ allen. htm). Retrieved 2007-03-01. [68] "Zodiac Movie vs. Zodiac Killer True Story - Robert Graysmith" (http:/ / www. chasingthefrog. com/ reelfaces/ zodiac. php). Chasingthefrog.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-02. [69] "The Arthur Leigh Allen File | Zodiac Killer | Zodiac Murders | The Zodiac Movie" (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ AllenFile. html). Zodiac Killer. . Retrieved 2010-01-02. [70] Weiss, Mike; DNA seems to clear only Zodiac suspect (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2002/ 10/ 15/ MN47255. DTL& hw=zodiac+ case+ dna& sn=006& sc=687); San Francisco Chronicle; 2002-10-12. Retrieved 2007-02-28. [71] Definite Zodiac Victims: Darlene Ferrin and Mike Mageau (http:/ / www. zodiackiller. com/ FerrinMageau. html) [72] Goodyear, Charlie. Files shut on Zodiac's deadly trail (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2004/ 04/ 07/ MNG8N61MGI1. DTL); San Francisco Chronicle; 2004-04-07. Retrieved 2008-09-18. [73] Zodiac Killer: Meet The Prime Suspects (http:/ / www. amw. com/ features/ feature_story_detail. cfm?id=1542) [74] [http://denniskaufman.websitetoolbox.com/ Dennis Kaufman's Various Posts. Retrieved 2010-09-06. [75] Pickel, Kris (Feb 10, 2010), FBI: Test Results Back For Zodiac Killer Suspect (http:/ / cbs13. com/ local/ zodiac. jack. tarrance. 2. 1486853. html), CBS13 News Sacramento, , retrieved May 31, 2010 [76] The Associated Press (2009-04-30). "Ca. woman Deborah Perez says Zodiac killer was her father; police to investigate claim (New York Daily News)" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ news/ national/ 2009/ 04/ 30/ 2009-04-30_woman_claims_father_was_the_zodiac_killer_. html). Nydailynews.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-30. [77] Zodiac Killer's Daughter, Deborah Perez, Also JFK's Daughter (http:/ / sfist. com/ 2009/ 05/ 01/ zodiack_killers_daughter_deborah_pe. php). Retrieved 2010-02-07. [78] City of Vallejo - Police (http:/ / www. ci. vallejo. ca. us/ GovSite/ default. asp?serviceID1=79). Retrieved 2008-06-15. [79] Hodel, Steve (2006). Black Dahlia Avenger: The True Story. Harper Paperbacks. ISBN0061139610. [80] Hodel, Steve (2009). Most Evil: Avenger, Zodiac, and the Further Serial Murders of Dr. George Hill Hodel. Dutton Adult. ISBN0525951326.

11

Further reading
Adams, Charles F. (2004). Murder by the Bay: Historic Homicide in and about the City of San Francisco. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1884995460. Beeman, William (writing as "Dr. Oscar Henry Jigglelance"). (1990). Jack the Zodiac Parts I & II (White Lite Publishing, Vallejo, CA). Davis, Howard. (1997). The Zodiac/Manson Connection (Pen Power Publications, Costa Mesa, CA). ISBN 0-9629084-2-8. Graysmith, Robert. (2007). Zodiac (Berkeley; reissue edition). ISBN 0-425-21218-1. Graysmith, Robert. (2007). Zodiac Unmasked: The Identity of America's Most Elusive Serial Killer (Berkeley; reissue edition). ISBN 0-425-21273-4. Kelleher, Michael D. and Van Nuys, David. (2002). "This is the Zodiac Speaking": Into the Mind of a Serial Killer (Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT). ISBN 0-275-97338-7.

Zodiac Killer Penn, Gareth (writing under the pseudonym "George Oakes") Portrait of the Artist as a Mass Murderer, California Magazine November 1981, pp.111114, 166170. Penn, Gareth. (1987). Times 17: The Amazing Story of the Zodiac Murders in California and Massachusetts, 19661981 (The Foxglove Press, CA). ISBN 0-9618494-0-1. Penn, Gareth. (1999). The Second Power: A Mathematical Analysis of the Letters Attributed to the Zodiac Murderer and Supplement to Times 17 (self-published booklet). Martin, Michael J. (2009) With Malice Aforethought: For three decades, a highly regarded Berkeley professor has stood accused of America's most notorious serial murders. Why won't he fight back? Weekly Scientist (http:// www.weeklyscientist.com) Rasmussen, William T. (2006). Corroborating Evidence II (Sunstone Press). ISBN 0-86534-536-8. Renner, James (2008). The Serial Killer's Apprentice: And 12 Other True Stories of Cleveland's Most Intriguing Unsolved Crimes. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-046-1 Rowlett, Curt. (2006). Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime & Conspiracy Chapter 9, The Z Files: Labyrinth13 Examines the Zodiac Murders (Lulu Press). ISBN 1-4116-6083-8. Rowlett, Curt, Decoding the Zodiac Killer, Issue 43, Paranoia (magazine), Winter 2007, pp.4852.

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External links
"Zodiac Murder Map" (http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&om=1& msid=110578061651284892934.00000111d3cf57de2c360&msa=0&ll=38.201497,-122.203674&spn=1. 651111,2.271423&z=9) - Google Map plotting definite and possible Zodiac attacks (with details). Zodiac Cipher Cryptanalysis Tool (http://oranchak.com/zodiac/webtoy/) Zodiac called a "clumsy criminal" (http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/25/PKGRJN85FJ1. DTL) - Original San Francisco Chronicle article from October 18, 1969 where Zodiac's methods and psychology are questioned by law enforcement. Zodiologists (http://www.zodiologists.com/) - site including some letters and ciphers and casual analysis. Zodiac Killer Facts (http://www.zodiackillerfacts.com/) - site that includes debunking of myths and legends about the case, a message board with lively discussion and several galleries: photos, audio and video.

Article Sources and Contributors

13

Article Sources and Contributors

Zodiac Killer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=387613835 Contributors: .V., 21655, 2D, 320btp, 4leona2, A-non-moose, ACSE, ALargeElk, Ablebakerus, Academic Challenger, Acc78, Acid1394, Acroterion, ActivExpression, Adamdaley, Afitillidie13, Agrumer, Ahseaton, Aitias, Akwilks, Alansohn, Alaric the Goth, Ale jrb, Alexchondros, AlexiusHoratius, Alison, Aliyaskie, Allstarecho, Amandaljones, Americus55, Anastrophe, Andonic, Andyluciano, Anna Lincoln, Antandrus, Anubis3, Apollyon48, ArglebargleIV, Arnaudh, ArnoldReinhold, Asarelah, Asc85, Ascidian, Ashley Pomeroy, Athaler, Atomicicarus, AussieLegend, Avb, Axelfear, BHC, Bacteria, Bdve, Berean Hunter, Berg1115, Bigbluefish, Bill37212, Bindyree, Binksternet, Biznatchnumerouno, Bloogoo, Bmdavll, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Bons, Boris Barowski, Brian1979, Briangmilnes, Brintsta, BrotherJustin, Bryan Derksen, Bryan121, BryanG, Bsroiaadn, Bullzeye, Burntsauce, CL, CPav1130, CWii, Calabraxthis, Calmer Waters, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianCaesar, CanadianLinuxUser, Canis Lupus, Canjth, Capricorn42, Captain-tucker, Card, CardinalDan, Cassmus, Celestra, Chasby, Chensiyuan, Chinatown96817, Chippyguy28, Chriff, ChristinaDunigan, Ckatz, Clarkster456, Claw6788, Closedmouth, ClovisPt, Coelacan, Colin Marquardt, Commander Shepard, Consulate76, Contributor777, Cooldude7273, Cornellrockey, Countedx58, Courcelles, Courtney grooms, Craigy144, Crapkicker, Crash Underride, Creidieki, Crenner, Crohnie, Cromag, Cryptic, Cthompson, Cunningham, Curtmack, Curtsurly, Cyanidethistles, CzarB, D99figge, DVD R W, Daddyx2008, Dancing is Forbidden, Danelo, Danno uk, Dante Alighieri, Darrelljon, Darth Panda, DataWraith, Davemcarlson, David0811, Dawn Bard, Dccolt, Dead3y3, DeadEyeArrow, Deadeye99, DerHexer, Destynova, Dgaubin, Dimadick, Diogenes00, Discospinster, Disembodied, Dismas, Dmacgowan, Dmacw6, Doczilla, Dogosaurus, Dominik Mayer, Domster, DonelleDer, Doranchak, DoubleBlue, Downs2440, Dpeattie, Dr bab, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, DreamGuy, Drew339, Dunandafalls, Dureo, Durova, ERcheck, Earlypsychosis, Eastlaw, Ed Neil, Edelmand, Eeekster, El C, El Suizo, EliZZZa, Eliz81, Elonka, Entheta, Enti342, Epbr123, Erebus Morgaine, Eric-Wester, Erictidd86, Esoteric Rogue, Eupator, Evenios, Evil saltine, Evrik, Excirial, Factician, Falcon9x5, Fallout boy, Fighting for Justice, Firstclasspimp23, Fixer23, Flewis, FlyingPenguins, Foxymoron7, Fractions, Frattytown10, Fredb, Fritz Saalfeld, Frogan, Fyyer, GVOLTT, Gabbe, Gabeellsworth, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Gaidheal1, Gaius Cornelius, Gamaliel, Garethvaid, Gargaj, Gayunicorn, Geniac, Gentgeen, George415, GeorgeLouis, Gettingtoit, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Ginsengbomb, Giraffedata, Glane23, Glennlowney, Glowimperial, Gndawydiak, Gobeirne, Gogo Dodo, Gohst, Goob, Good Olfactory, Googuse, Gorgeous Ferns, Gozel, Graeme Tuckett, Gregjgrose, Gwernol, Gyrofrog, Hadlock, Hanniballecturer, Hda3ku, Heathhunnicutt, Hmoul, Hu12, Husond, Hut 8.5, Hydrargyrum, IRISHwiki15, IRP, IW.HG, Icactus, Icestorm815, Iconoclastodon, Ignus, Illusioneer, Indiankid17, Inkling, Into The Fray, Introgressive, Iridescent, Irishguy, Isotope23, IstvanWolf, IvanDLeopold, Iversonx3, Ixfd64, J-beda, J.delanoy, JBShaffer, JForget, Ja 62, Jacob no. 9, Jake Wartenberg, James.Spudeman, Jamesontai, Jason M, Jauerback, JavierMC, Jaydec, Jaydeebee1, Jeff G., Jeffpw, JemeL, Jennavecia, Jheald, Jhf, Jibbajabba, JimCubb, Jimbonator, Jimstoic, Jklin, Jmjanssen, Jmoney456, Jmundo, Joeyconnick, John Nevard, Jonmwang, Jtpaladin, Jusdafax, KCinDC, Kagome lover, Kaisershatner, Karrmann, Katymeister, Kayau, Keegan, Keilana, Ken2112, Kencf0618, Kevin j, Khallster, Khatru2, Khoikhoi, Kigali1, Killme67, Killz0ner, KittyxForxLunch, KnoledgeSeeker, Koavf, Kookface, Ksmith62, Kubigula, Kyros, L Kensington, LOL, Labyrinth13, Ladyofspain, Lankiveil, Lanway, Latics, Ld100, LeaveSleaves, Lightdarkness, Lindsey8417, Lisapollison, Lisaveras, LizardJr8, Llywrch, Lollypoprox, Lonenut2000, Luna Santin, Lupin, MAPPE, MHunt, MONGO, Mabuse, Mad283, Magog the Ogre, Majorly, ManicParroT, MarcoTolo, MarkusBJoke, Marnanel, Master of Puppets, Matthew Yeager, MaxSem, Maxamegalon2000, Mazdapickup89, Mdiamante, Mec modifier, Meegs, Meehall, Melchoir, Merle rickard, Midnightblueowl, Midway, Miguel.mateo, Mike Rosoft, Mikepanhu, Mikkel, Minimac, Minna Sora no Shita, Minsbiggerthanurs, MissionInn.Jim, Mjgspaz617, MosheA, Motsa, Mr Stephen, MrWhipple, Mrbertino, Mrbob1000, Mrmiscellanious, Mrpex, Mustex, Mutinus, MySt3Ry1164, Mygerardromance, Mslimix, N328KF, NAshbery, Naddy, Nagelfar, Nagy, Natalie Erin, NawlinWiki, NcMysteryShopper, Ncmvocalist, Nealcardwell, Neil Clancy, NewEnglandYankee, Newmanbe, NiTenIchiRyu, NickOrnstein, Nickname1at2at3school, NighTrekr, Night Gyr, Nightbolt, Nightscream, Nishkid64, Nlitement, Nocarlno, Nosebud, Nsaa, Nunh-huh, Nuttycoconut, Octavemirbeau, Okietexo, One Salient Oversight, Onevalefan, Onopearls, Oohotdog, Orangemarlin, Oreg, Originalname37, Orphan Wiki, Outriggr, OverlordQ, Ownage2214, Oxymoron83, PS2pcGAMER, Pablothegreat85, Parsecboy, Pathoschild, Pazuzu413, Pborten, Pennyjw, Perkowitz1, Phatcat68, Philip Cross, Philip Trueman, Phl3djo, Pictureuploader, Pizza Puzzle, PookeyMaster, Poopmaga, Populus, Possum, Postbagboy, PrestonH, Prodego, Prolog, Proofreader77, PsychoJosh, Pwnsor, Qoou.Anonimu, RJASE1, RL0919, Radon210, Ranma9617, Rdfox 76, Redspork02, Rev3rend, RexNL, Rfc1394, Rhyno's Favorite Brother, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Ritchy, Rjwilmsi, Rkoking, Robdurbar, Robert Mercer, RockRNC, Rodhullandemu, Roomshappy, Rosswhite231, Roundelais, RoyBoy, Royalbroil, Rrburke, Rror, Ryguillian, SAlpsu, SGT141, Sabby123456789, Sacha515, Sam Korn, Sampo Torgo, Samsara, Sandahl, Sasquatch, Sbstnthewicked, SchfiftyThree, Scott Burley, Scottra, Scottybob, Seagull-pie, Seckenth, Securiger, Serpent-A, Sesshomaru, Shadowjams, Shaidar cuebiyar, Shannonlapere, Shanter, Sharkface217, Shell Kinney, Sherurcij, Shirtwaist, Shmokk, Shoeofdeath, Shoessss, ShortShadow, Shortdevil2656, Sillstaw, SimonHova, SimonMorgan, Sionus, Sirmarkusjnr, SkagitRiverQueen, SmartGuy, Smashed54, Snarkerella, Snowolf, Someguy1221, Someone else, Spasemunki, Spearhead, Spencer, SpencerThiel, SpencyB, Spliffy, Srushe, Sselbor, Stephenb, Stephoswalk, Steven Zhang, Stormie, Stu21202, Stuartyeates, Stygian-sulfur, Suffusion of Yellow, SuperHamster, Superbad 17, Supernova8610, Surf rock, Surreal1221, Susu the Puschel, Swaq, Swerdnaneb, Sword, Sylocat, Szhaider, TAnthony, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TJ Spyke, TJRC, TL36, TPetracek, Tabletop, Talisar, Tangotango, Tcncv, TeaDrinker, Tempshill, Tesseran, Testbed, Tewfik, TexasAndroid, TexasDawg, ThatGuamGuy, The Giant Puffin, The Mystery Man, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheGerm, TheGreatUnsolved, Theannihilatordemon, Theblackplague, Themoodyblue, Theonecynic, Thesis4Eva, ThinkBlue, Thismightbezach, Thorpemel, Thrawn300, ThunderPower, Tide rolls, Times17, Timmypalgrave, Timothylord, Timwi, Tiptoety, Tjmayerinsf, Tmac68, Tom Voigt, Tongan1234, Tony1, Toumoku, Tpbradbury, Trapezius, Treybien, Tricky Victoria, Troylius, Trusilver, Turkeyphant, Twas Now, Ty13rhunt, Udar55, Ukexpat, Ultimadesigns, Ulyssesmsu, Useight, Usmc88, Uucp, Uvaphdman, Vardion, Verkhovensky, Versus22, Vicklover, Vince lombardi, Voiceofatlas, Vusys, WJBscribe, WNxCheEze, Wachholder0, WadeSimMiser, Walloon, Walton One, WarthogDemon, Washburnmav, Watson Ladd, Wayward, Weedmean, Weiwuweix, Welsh, Westerby23, Whedonite, Whiskey in the Jar, WhisperToMe, White Cat, WikiLeon, Wikitoddia, WikiuserNI, Wildhartlivie, Willking1979, Wilsonyork, Wizardman, Wjl2, Wonlove, Wowfreack, Writtenright, Wuz, Wwwwolf, Wyldstyle, XA-9, Xanzzibar, Xcentaur, Xeryus, Yadvir2, Yale2010, Yankspizza, Yboord028, Yintan, Yonatan, Z.E.R.O., ZX81, Zafiroblue05, Zaglabarg, Zdefector, Zenohockey, Zetawoof, Zobh, ZodiacN64, Zscout370, Zuckerzeit, Zuzzerack, 1702 , anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Zodiac blog 2100x147.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zodiac_blog_2100x147.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: En tecknare i USA baserat p vittnesml File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn, User:Indolences, User:Jacobolus, User:Technion, User:Zscout370 File:Zodiac-logo.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zodiac-logo.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Albedo-ukr, Gridge, Latics, 1 anonymous edits File:Zodiac cipher.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zodiac_cipher.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Anastrophe. at en.wikipedia File:Zodiac-logo crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zodiac-logo_crop.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: w:Zodiac KillerZodiac Killer File:Zodiac Killer - first letter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zodiac_Killer_-_first_letter.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Coelacan, MissionInn.Jim, 3 anonymous edits

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/