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Ethiopian TVET-System
Learning Guide #5
Unit of Competence: Module Title: LG Code: TTLM Code: Prepare Technical Drawing Prepare Technical Drawing CON BBC3 01 0211 MO1 LO2 CON BBC3 01 0211 TTLM 1011v1
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education Amhara National Regional State TVET Bureau
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This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics Symbolic Lines Line Weights Line Types Line Quality Dimension Lines This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to
Learning Activities
1.Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide. 2.Read the information written in the Information Sheet 1. 3.Accomplish the Self-check 1 in page 5. 4.If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to Information Sheet 2. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #2. 5.Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio. 6.Read the information written in the Information Sheets 2-4. 7.Accomplish the Self-check 2 in pages 13-14. 8.If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to Information Sheet 3. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #3. 9.Accomplish the Self check 3 in page 19. 10. Read the information written in the Information Sheet 4. 11. Accomplish the Self-check 4 in page 33-34. 12. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to Operation Sheet in page 41. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #4.
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Information Sheet-1
Symbolic Lines
The "Alphabet of Lines" refers to the different styles of symbolic lines used in drafting such as to show different features about an object that is drawn: hidden. construction, cutting-plane, visible (object), dimension, extension, phantom, center, section, and border. Lines in technical drawings are part of a specialized graphic language that is standardized throughout industry. Each type of line has a very precise symbolic meaning. Correct usage of this alphabet of lines is essential whether you use traditional drafting methods or CAD. In Drafting, or Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) -- the alphabet of lines are the different lines that draftsmen, architects, engineers, et al use when constructing a drawing. For example, a thick solid line is called an object line and represents the outline of a part on a drawing. A dash line represents an edge that is not visible in a particular view, hence it is called a hidden line. Other common lines used in drafting include dimension lines, extension lines, construction lines, border lines, center lines among many others depending on the type of drawing.
Symbolic Lines are meant for symbolic purposes only. For example, you might sketch symbolic lines in an elevation view to represent a door swing. Symbolic lines are not part of the actual geometry of the family. Symbolic lines are visible parallel to the view in which you sketch them. Symbolic lines are mostly used in 2D drawing preparations.
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An example of symbolic lines, phantom line to show the object is swing type, center lines to represent and show the centers, and hidden lines to show the hidden portion of the object. Symbolic lines are used in the drawing to meant for symbolic purposes
An example of model lines, to show the object in 3D. Note that in model lines symbolic lines are no longer visible. The 3D detail shows the specifications in text form using a leader.
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Self-Check 1
Name: _________________________ _______________
Symbolic Lines
Date:
1. What do you mean by symbolic lines? (2points) 2. When is symbolic lines mostly used? Sight an example. (2 points) 3. What do you mean by model lines? (2 points) 4. Compare symbolic lines from model lines. (2 points) 5. Give a comparative example about the usage of model lines and symbolic lines. (4 points)
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Training, Teaching and Learning Materials Answer Key: 1. Is called Alphabet of Lines
Information Sheet-2
Line Weight
Developed by: JEFFREY P. YAP Date: Current Date Page 7 of 48
Line Types
There are standards for different types of lines along with line weight and quality called line type. Each has a definite meaning and is recognized as a typical symbol or object within the building trades industry. Listed below are the standard types of lines that will typically be used in design drawings. Solid Lines or object lines are used to indicate visible objects that can be seen in plan, elevation or 3D Cutting Plane Lines are heavy dash line followed by two shorter dashes. Each end has a short line at right angle to cutting plane line, with arrowheads pointing in direction from which cut surface is viewed. It is usually labelled with a letter at either end to identify cut surface drawing called a section. Dashed Lines are used for hidden objects or edges . These are used to show hidden parts of an object or objects below or behind another object. Dashed are also used to indicate shelving or cabinets above a counter. These lines should be in contact at corners and when perpendicular to another line. Movement, Ghost or Phantom Line are thin lines and used to indicate alternate positions of parts or an object. It also shows repeated details or location of absent parts. It is drawn as one (1) long and two (2) evenly-spaced short dashes with the long dash at each end. These lines are a series of dashes and very short dashes and are used to show movement or imply direction. These typically are used instead of a dashed line to show an alternate position of an object that can be moved. One object would be drawn with a solid line and its alternate position would be dashed or phantom line. This can include bi-swing doors, the space needed for drawer and cabinet door openings, sliding door opening direction, hinge points for doors and windows in elevation.
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The Following Figures shows the standard line conventions and samples on drawing applications :
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Using phantom lines, center lines, hidden line and dimension leader in a drawing
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Using phantom lines in a repeated detail indicating the alternate position of parts of the item delineated.
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Self-Check 2
Name: _________________________ A.
Matching Type : Below are two columns A & B. Match column A with column B. Write only the corresponding letter of your choice in the space provided before the number in column A. (2points each x 9 = 18 points)
A
_____ 1. Object line _____ 2. Hidden line _____ 3. Center line _____ 4. Phantom line _____ 5. Break line _____ 6. Extension line _____ 7. Cutting plane line _____ 8. Section line _____ 9. Dimension line
B
A. Used when it is necessary to show all of a part. B. The lines which shows the visible parts in a view C. It is used in combination with a cutting plane line to depict the inner structure of an object. D. Used to show the location of a cut for a sectional view or the direction from which a view is taken. E. Shows the course through which center travels. F. A thin line that extends from the part or feature being dimensioned. G. It is used to indicate edges, intersections, etc., that are behind other features of the part. H. It is use in conjunction with the extension lines to indicate a linear distance. I. It shows alternate positions of parts and also the location of parts that are not integral parts of the item depicted. J. It is the gap from the object to the start of the dimension.
B.
Drawing : Draw the following Alphabet of lines for the following nine (9) items below. (2points each x 9 = 18 points)
_____ 1. Object line _____ 2. Cutting plane line _____ 3. Short break line _____ 4. Extension and
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C. Identification : Identify the ten (10) lines found in the drawing below by writing the correct name of each line on the space provided. (2points each x 10 = 20 points) 1. ________________________ _ 2. ________________________ _ 3. ________________ _________ 4. _________________ ________ 5. ________________________ _ 6. ________________________ _ 7. ________________________ _ 8. ________________________ _ 9.
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Information Sheet-3
Line Quality
Line Quality
Pencil lines should be solid, uniform in width, and consistent in darkness throughout their length. If a line in a drawing needs to be changed, make sure to erase it clearly and recreate the line in appropriate line and quality. If only a part of the line needs to be modified, erase using the erasing shield and make sure the new segment and the existing segment match perfectly in width and
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Light Lines (H to 2H pencil lead in a 0.30mm or 0.50mm) Developed by: JEFFREY P. YAP Date: Current Date Page 20 of 48
Border Lines (2B to 4B pencil lead in 0.7mm or 0.9mm pencil with a 2B to 4B lead works
well for creating borderlines. These lines are the heaviest of all the lines in the drawing
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Construction line/s used as temporary lines or layout of 3D object Guidelines are also used in lettering or textual part of the drawing. Extremely light horizontal guidelines are necessary to regulate the height of letters. In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined. Guidelines are essential for good lettering, and should be regarded as a welcome aid, not as an unnecessary requirement.
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Border lines are most commonly used in drawing templates. It enclosed the boundaries of the drawing area and the title block. It has the heaviest line weight.
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Note : Title block contains borders, contents, sheet info, and sheet numbering
Self-Check 3
Name: _________________________ Test I: Short Answer Questions
Line Quality
Date: _______
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Examples may be necessary to aid some explanations/answers.
1. What do you mean by line quality? (2points) 2. What lead pencil type are you going to used for dimension lines, center lines, and visible lines?.
(2 points)
3. What is the range of standard thickness of border lines? (2 points) 4. Why do we use guidelines and construction lines in engineering drafting? (2 points) 5. Give three examples of lead pencil that your know being used in engineering drawing ( one (1)
each for soft, medium and hard). (3 points) Test II:Multiple Choice : Read each item carefully and choose the correct answers from the available four choices. Write only the corresponding letter of your choice in the space or answer sheet provided. (2 points each x 5 = 10 points) 1. Action lines, information lines, and fill patterns should be drawn with
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A
_____ 1. H to 2H pencil lead _____ 2. B to 2B pencil lead _____ 3. 4H to 6H pencil lead _____ 4. HB pencil lead _____ 5. 2B to 4B pencil lead A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
B
Border lines The lines which shows the visible parts in a view Construction lines Bold lines Medium lines Light lines Dark lines
Information Sheet-4
Dimensioning
Dimensions
A drawing without dimensions is meaningless. Dimensions are necessary to show the exact size of an object. Dimensioning refers to the act of giving dimensions, i.e., length, width, height, diameter, etc., of the object. This information is provided by giving numeric values to various features of the object on the drawing. A feature is an individual characteristic such as a flat or cylindrical surface, a slot or a groove, a taper, a shoulder, a screw thread, etc. Dimension is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically on technical drawings with lines, symbols and notes. The important aspects of dimensioning are as follows : Units of Measurement : on technical drawing we need to show lengths and angles. The most convenient unit for length is millimetre. In civil engineering and
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Elements of dimensioning
A line on the drawing whose length is to be shown is called and object line. The object line is essentially an outline representing the feature(s) of the object. While showing an angle, the two lines forming the angle will be the object lines. Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which includes extension lines, dimension lines, leader lines, arrowheads and dimensions.
Extension line is a short line drawn perpendicular to an object line. These line start
immediately or a few millimetres from the ends of object lines and extend a few millimetres beyond a dimension line. Extension lines may be used to show an angle due to space constraint. In such case, extension lines are drawn parallel to and at the ends of object lines. Dimension line is drawn between two extension lines parallel to the object line. As a rule, there must be one and only one dimension line between any two extension lines. One dimension line represents one dimension. While dimensioning an angle, a curved dimension line is drawn by drawing a suitable are having its center at the vertex of the angle. Leader line is a line which connects a note or a dimension with the feature to which it applies. Leaders are drawn at suitable angles, preferably 30, 45 or 60, and is never drawn horizontal or vertical. One end of the leader carries an arrowhead which connects it to the outline of the object. A dot is used instead of an arrowhead, if the leader ends inside the object, figure 3.2(b). The other end of the leader is made horizontal. A note or dimension is placed above the horizontal portion of the leader. Leaders are frequently used to indicate the diameter or radius of a circular feature.
Arrowheads an arrowhead is drawn at each end of a dimension line. The tip of an arrowhead
touches the extension line. An arrowhead is also drawn at the end of a leader, which points out the feature of an object. The various styles of drawing an arrowhead are shown in the figure below. The arrowheads may be open, closed, or closed and filled. The angle formed the barbs of the arrowhead usually varies from 15 to 90. Sometimes, an oblique stroke drawn at 45 to the extension line is used instead of an arrowhead
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The closed and filled arrowhead is most commonly adopted. It is the form of an isosceles triangle having a height three (3) times of its base. The space inside the triangle is uniformly filled in. The size of an arrowhead should be proportionate to the length of the dimension line. Too small or too large arrowheads should be avoided.
Figure A
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Figure B
Elements of dimensioning
For placing the dimensions on a drawing, of the two systems is adopted.
Aligned system dimensions are placed perpendicular to the dimension line so that they may
be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. All horizontal and inclined dimensions can be read from the bottom, whereas vertical dimensions can be read from the right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are place at the middle and on top of the dimension lines.
Unidirectional system dimensions are placed in such a way that they can be read from the
bottom edge of the drawing sheet. All horizontal dimensions are placed at the middle and on the top of the dimension lines while vertical and inclined dimensions are inserted by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.
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It should be noted that dimensioning leader for both system is the same.
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one dimension line bearing one
dimension. 2. As far as possible, all dimensions should be placed outside the views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are clearer and more easily readable.
3. All dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either aligned system or unidirectional
system. In no case should, the two systems be mixed on the same drawing. 4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a drawing. The unit should not be written after each dimension, but a note mentioning the unit should be placed below the drawing.
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5. Dimensions lines should not cross each other, Dimension lines should also not cross any other lines of the object. However, extension lines may cross each other or outlines of the object.
6. All dimensions must be given. As far as possible, there should not be need for calculation, assumption or direct measurement for any dimension. 7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be redundant, i.e., no dimension should be repeated directly or indirectly. If a particular dimension is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in one view, it should not be repeated in other views.
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8. Do not use an outline or a centreline as a dimension line. A centreline may be extended serve as an extension line
9. When it is necessary to place a dimension within a sectioned area, leave a blank space for the
dimension.
10. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines. 11. Keep dimensions 6 8 mm away from the object line and also from each other. 12. If the space between two extension lines is too narrow to mark arrowheads and the dimension then one of the following ways, depending on space availability, should be adopted. (i) Draw arrowheads touching the outsides of the extension lines and pointing toward each other. Place the dimension above the dimension line.
(ii) Draw arrowheads as in (i) above and place the dimension at one end of the dimension line outside of the extension line.
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(iii) Draw arrowheads as in (i) above and place the dimension at the end of the leader which
terminates on the dimension line.
(iv) For two consecutive dimensions, replace two intermediate arrowheads by a dot and place
the dimensions as in (i) or (iii) above, depending on the space availability.
13. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the following ways :
(i) Chain dimensioning (continuous dimensioning) : All the dimensions are aligned in such
a way that an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions.
(ii) Parallel dimensioning (progressive dimensioning) : All the dimensions are shown form
a common reference line. Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension line. This method is adopted when dimensions have to be established from a particular datum surface.
(iii) Combined dimensioning : When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel
dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined dimensioning.
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Self-Check 4
Name: _________________________ _______________
Dimensioning
Date:
1. What are the five (5) elements of dimensioning? (5points) 2. Give the four (4) characteristics of good dimensioning. (4 points) 3. Give at least two (2) rules of dimensioning that you know? (2 points) 4. What do you mean by chain dimensioning? (2 points) 5. What area the two (2) elements of dimensioning. (2 points)
Test II: Multiple Choice : Read each item carefully and choose the correct answers from the available four choices. Write only the corresponding letter of your choice in the space or answer sheet provided. (2 points each x 2 = 10 points) Start here:
B. dimension line
2. What does this symbol indicate in the drawing? A. diameter Developed by: JEFFREY P. YAP
C. number
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3. What is the labelled line in the drawing called? C. hidden line D. focus line
C. extension line D. dimension line
4. If the diameter of a circle is 300mm, what is its radius? E. 75mm F. 60mm G. arrowheads H. extension line
C. 30mm D. 150mm C. dimension line D. leader
5. A line which connects a note or a dimension with the feature to which it applies?
Test III: Identification : Study and look at the drawing below carefully. The drawing is labelled by numbers 1 to 5. Identify correctly the labelled parts of the drawing and write your answer in the space or answer sheet provided. (2 points each x 5 = 10 points)
Answer Sheet I
Date: _______________
1. The five elements of dimensioning are, extension lines, dimension lines, leader lines,
arrowheads and dimensions.
2. The four characteristics of dimensioning are; clearness, completeness, readability and accuracy. 3. The two rules of dimensioning are; a.) Between any two extension lines, there must be one and
only one dimension line bearing one dimension.
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4. Chain dimensioning are the dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions.
5. Aligned system dimensions are placed perpendicular to the dimension line so that they may
be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. All horizontal and inclined dimensions can be read from the bottom, whereas vertical dimensions can be read from the right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are place at the middle and on top of the dimension lines, and Unidirectional system dimensions are placed in such a way that they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. All horizontal dimensions are placed at the middle and on the top of the dimension lines while vertical and inclined dimensions are inserted by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.
Score = ___________ Rating: ____________ Answer Sheet II Name: _________________________ A. Matching Type 1. 2. 3. 4. B 5. A 6. D. 7. D. 8. _______ _______ G. Date: _______________
B. Drawing
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Training, Teaching and Learning Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. Identification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 6. 7. 8. 9.
Date: _______________
1. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ Developed by: JEFFREY P. YAP Date: Current Date Page 39 of 48
Training, Teaching and Learning Materials __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ II. Multiple Choice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
1. 2.
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Training, Teaching and Learning Materials Score = ___________ Rating: ____________ Answer Sheet IV
Date: _______________
1. ________________________________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
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Operation Sheet
Operation Title: Freehand sketching of Alphabet of Lines Purpose :
Lines
Using repetitive freehand sketching exercise of the alphabet of lines will condition the reflexes of the hand. This activity will condition the hand in doing freehand sketching works. Conditions or Situations for The Operation : A template for this activity is given with a sample. The drawing area in the paper is divided into nine (9) equal boxes where the student will repetitively draw the sample alphabet of lines inside the box until it is filled using freehand sketching. Equipment, Tools and Materials :
HB drawing pencil lead Developed by: JEFFREY P. YAP Date: Current Date Page 44 of 48
45 x 90 triangle 30 x 60 triangle
Eraser T-square Drawing table Drawing papers
Procedure:
1. Set up the oslo drawing paper on top of the drawing board. 2. Check to see that the paper edges are parallel to the left and bottom edges of the board 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
respectively. Properly secure the paper on top of the table by using masking tape or tacks or the likes. Using the set of triangles and t-square, draw the border line around the drawing paper, leaving area for the title block at the bottom part. Divide the effective drawing area into nine (9) equal parts as shown in the figure template below. Be sure to check the sharpness of your pencil lead. Use standard sharpening for good aesthetic result of your work. For normal drafting or lettering use the soft lead pencil (HB) for final results. Use the harder lead pencil (4H) for guidelines drawing only. Fill the each box with alphabet of lines according to each respectively examples. Observe approximately uniform spacing of your work. This is not a work of speed but a work of accuracy and aesthetics, so do your work with quality. You may submit your finish work once you are true but should be within the time specified for submission.
Precautions :
1. Some of the instruments are pointed objects, observe standard safety of works. 2. Place the drawing instruments in a safe location when in idle. 3. Observe proper posture of body in drafting works to avoid if not minimize body
stress. Quality Criteria :
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Training, Teaching and Learning Materials 2. Uniform line weight and intensity or darkness of pencil lead.
3. Observe neatness of workmanship.
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LAP Test
Name: _____________________________ Time started: ________________________
Alphabet of Lines
Date: ________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions:
1.
Using freehand sketching, you are required to do the following : Request from your teacher the following materials. HB drawing pencil lead 4H drawing pencil lead
45 x 90 triangle 30 x 60 triangle
Eraser T-square Drawing table Drawing papers 2. Draw and fill each box with the respective given sample alphabet of lines. See Figure 1 below. Label each line type in the drawing below (Figure 2) within the guidelines. You are given 2 hours to accomplish the task Ask your teacher for an evaluation and feedback
3.
4. 5.
Figure 1
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