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ABSTRACT
Basically a Tachometer is one which shows the speed of a rotating part in rpm which may be either the input/output of a motor or moving wheel or shaft, etc. Here we design a Tachometer which performs the same operation as above. The rotating shaft is used as an input which is fed to a digital circuit consisting of XNOR gate, resistance and capacitance. The part of input is directly passed as one of the input to the XNOR gate and another input to XNOR gate is passed through RC circuit. The XNOR logic doubles the frequency of input signal fed to UP counter thus increasing precision in measurement. On commercial scale Tachometer finds application in automobile industries where in it is used to measure the speed of vehicles like car, buses, bikes, etc. It is also used in small scale in laboratories to measure speed of rotating machines like motor, generator, etc.
Digital Tachometer
Chapter 1
Digital Tachometer
1.3 Comparisons
1.3 .1 Comparison between Analog and Digital Tachometers
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Analog Tachometer Has a needle and dial type of interface No provision for storage of readings Cannot compute average, deviation, etc Digital Tachometer Has a LCD or LED readout Memory is provided for storage Can perform statistical functions like averaging, determination of shaft velocity, etc.
Generally, laser is used or an optical disk id Generally, optical encoder / magnetic attached to rotating shaft and read by a IR beam or sensor is attached to shaft of tachometer laser
1.4 Typical Specifications of a Non Contact Type Tachometer Display 5 digits large LCD /LED Range: 2.5 - 99,999 RPM Distance: 50 to 1000 mm Resolution: 0.1 RPM<1000 RPM (2.5 to 9,999 RPM) 1.0RPM >1000 RPM Measurement angle: at less than 120 degrees. Range selection: Auto Laser Output Power: <1mW class II Sampling Time: 1.0 seconds (over 60 RPM) Memory: Last value, Max Value, Min. Value Time base: Quartz crystal
Digital Tachometer
Circuit: Exclusive one-chip LSI circuit Battery: 4 X 1.5V AA Weight: 300g/0.65lb Size: 190 X 72 X 37 mm
1.5 Typical Specifications of a Contact Type Tachometer Display 5-digit LCD/LED Display Range selection Automatic range selection Time Base 4MHz Quartz Crystal Sampling Time 1 second (>60 rpm); >1 second (10 to 60 rpm) Accuracy (0.1% of reading + 2 digits) Photo Tachometer Distance 2 to 12 (5 to 30cm) Operating Temperature 32 to 122oF (0 to 50oC) Operating Humidity 80% RH Max. Power supply 9V Battery Battery Life 40 hours (approx.) Dimensions 461700: 4.9 x 2.0 x 1.3 (124 x 51 x 33mm) Weight 461700: 4.0 oz. (114g)
1.6.1 Disadvantage of Analog Tachometer 1. Less accuracy 2. Difficult to take reading as pointer takes long time to get stable. 3. No provision of storage of values 4. Cannot compute average deviations
Digital Tachometer
1.6 .2 Advantage of Digital Tachometer 1. Accuracy is high as display is used 2. Easy to take reading as little time delay is provided. 3. Memory is provided for storage of values 4. Can compute average deviations 1.6.3 Disadvantage of Digital Tachometer 1. Since the digital tachometer is held in hand, slight variation in its position changes its speed. 2. If the speed is varying at every instant then the digital display fluctuates and makes it difficult to read the actual speed.
Digital Tachometer
Chapter 2
Working Principle
2.1 General Concept of Digital Tachometer
Tachometer consists of an optical sensor which generates pulses proportional to the speed of rotation. It counts the number of pulses sensed by the sensor and number of pulses per second gives the rps and when multiplied by 60 gives rpm.
Fig 2.1
Digital Tachometer
1.2.2. Using a slotted disk and a U shaped IR emitter detector pair to generate waveforms. 2. Magnetic Sensing 2.1. Hall Effect sensors These make use of the Hall Effect to generate pulses proportional to the speed of the shaft. 2.2. Passive magnetic sensors These make use of variable reluctance to generate pulses.
2.2.5 Display
In order to display the speed of object under observation in revolutions per minute (rpm), a common cathode 7-segment display is used with a driver IC 4511[2] to display the speed in rps as counted by the counter.
Digital Tachometer
Chapter 3
Project Stage-I
3.1 Modelling and Simulation using Multisim 3.1.1 Main Circuit
Digital Tachometer
Fig 3.2: Logic Circuit The voltage source in the Fig 3.2 represents the sensor whose output resembles that of sensor. The input wave is given as input to XNOR gates out of which one input is fed to a RC circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. The doubling of frequency can be showed from the following wave forms.
Digital Tachometer
= Or Or Or Or = =
(3.1)
(3.2)
= = (3.3)
Fig 3.4: Output waveform of Astable Multivibrator The astable multivibrator circuit is realised using IC NE555 [3]. Its output is inverted using the not gate IC 74LS04 [4] . The values of passive elements in the circuit are designed using the following formulae for a frequency of 0.66Hz i.e. 1.5 sec time period. F= 1.44 R1 + R2 C (3.4)
For a required frequency standard capacitance value is assumed. Ton=0.69*R1*C TOFF=0.69*R2*C The application demands to have Ton =.5 sec and TOFF = 1 sec. (3.5) (3.6)
Digital Tachometer
The BCD (binary coded decimal) counter (IC 4029) start counting upwards at each rising edge of clock pulse. The output of BCD counter as the name says is in BCD i.e. it cannot be displayed on a 7 segment display. To have a display on 7 segment display the output of counter is given as inputs of a BCD to 7 segment driver (IC 4511), the output of whose drives the 7segment display. The 1st pins of all IC 4029 (reset pin) are shorted, similarly the 5th pins of IC 4511 (latch enable pin) are shorted and the output of astable multivibrator is given to them; this arrangement counts up to 0.5 sec and holds the count for 1 sec(as per multivibrator design).
Digital Tachometer
Chapter 4
Project Stage-II
4.1 Hardware Implementation (Bread Board Implementation)
Digital Tachometer
Fig 4.2: Circuit diagram of infrared sensor The infrared(IR) sensor consists of IR emiter and IR reciever. An IR emitting diode is suplied with a pulse of frequency 36kHz; since the IR reciever TSOP1736[5] is responsive only when it recieves the IR signals with the carrier wave of frequency 36kHz. The IR reciever will have its output low when it is not receiving any signal. The reflected signal falls on the IR reciever causing its output to go low. This cointinous high and low output results in pulse. This pulse is fed to the logic circuit. In order to reflect the IR rays a small patch of white paint is painted on the shaft. The fig 4.3 shows the pulse generated by IR receiver.
Digital Tachometer
Digital Tachometer
Digital Tachometer
Chapter 5
Conclusion
5.1 Applications
1. Used in laboratories to measure speed of motor/generator/engine. 2.
5.3 Merits
1. Can work efficiently in any light conditions. 2. Being contactless, doesnt put load on rotating shaft.
5.5 Conclusions
1. The Digital Tachometer designed is economical for lab purposes.
Digital Tachometer
References
1. IC 4029 2. IC 4511 3. IC NE555 4. IC 74LS04 5. IC TSOP1736