Elementary Functions

Elementary Functions
exponential, trigonometric, logarithm, branches of multiple valued functions

Sukanta Pati
pati@iitg.ernet.in
pati@iitg.ernet.in p.1/12
Elementary functions
Dene ex+iy := ex eiy .
Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;
b) |ez |
= ex , so ez = 0;
b) |ez |
= ex , so ez = 0; c)
1 ez
= ez ;

Dz ez = ez ;
b) |ez |
= ex , so ez = 0; c)
1 ez
= ez ; d)

Dz ez = ez ; e) ez+i2 = ez ;
b) |ez |
= ex , so ez = 0; c)
1 ez
= ez ; d)

Dz ez = ez ; e) ez+i2
= ex , so ez = 0; c) = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ;
b) |ez |
1 ez
= ez ; d)

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

b) |ez |

E Do we have a z s.t. ez
= 1?

b) |ez |

= 1? From ex eiy = 1,

b) |ez |

= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |

R27 f be analytic on D, f = f .
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |

R27 f be analytic on D, f = f .
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .
Put g

b) |ez |
= ez f .

R27 f
be analytic on D , f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n . = f . Put g = ez f . So g = 0.

b) |ez |

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
= f . Put g = ez f . So g = 0. So f = kez on D.

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
y=1

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
y=1 1
[y
= 1 + 2 maps to the same ray]

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
Geometry
ez

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
Geometry
ez
x=1

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
Geometry
ez
x=1 e

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
Geometry
ez
x=1 e

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
Geometry
ez
x=1 e

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c) c

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)
ea d c

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)
ea d c
polar grid
coordinate grid

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)
ea d c
polar grid
coordinate grid What happens if we raise the coordinate grid by 2 ?

R27 f
= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n .

b) |ez |
ez
Geometry
(b, d)
(a, c)
ea d c
polar grid
coordinate grid
What happens if we raise the coordinate grid by 2 ? The same image.
eiz eiz sin z:= , 2i
eiz eiz eiz + eiz sin z:= , cos z:= . 2i 2
eiz eiz eiz + eiz sin z:= , cos z:= . (Dened in a way as if z is real.) 2i 2
eiz eiz eiz + eiz sin z:= , cos z:= . (Dened in a way as if z is real.) 2i 2 R28(about sin z , cos z )
a) sin2 z
+ cos2 z = 1. (direct)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
+ w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w. (direct)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
+ cos2 z = 1. (direct) = cos w (b),
+ w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w. (direct)
c) sin(/2 + w)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
+ w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w. (direct) = cos w (b), cos(/2 + w) = sin( + w) = sin w.
c) sin(/2 + w)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
+ w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w. (direct) + w) = cos z cos w sin z sin w. (c+b) = cos w (b), cos(/2 + w) = sin( + w) = sin w.
c) sin(/2 + w) d) cos(z
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
e) sin z is odd, cos z is even. (direct)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
e) sin z is odd, cos z is even. (direct) f) sin(z
+ 2) = sin z , cos(z + 2) = cos z . (direct)
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
e) sin z is odd, cos z is even. (direct) f) sin(z g) sin z
+ 2) = sin z , cos(z + 2) = cos z . (direct) = 0 iff z = n ; cos z = 0 iff z = (2n + 1) ; n Z. (direct) 2
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
+ 2) = sin z , cos(z + 2) = cos z . (direct) = 0 iff z = n ; = cos z , Dz cos z = sin z . (direct) cos z = 0 iff z = (2n + 1) ; n Z. (direct) 2
h) Dz sin z
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
eiz : a pt on circle |z| = ey . cosh y ; | sin z|: dist betwn pts on two circles.]
[
h) Dz sin z i) sinh y
| sinh y|{| sin z|, | cos z|} so sin z, cos z are unbounded.
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
[
| sinh y|{| sin z|, | cos z|} so sin z, cos z are unbounded.
j) sin z
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y , cos z = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y!!
a) sin2 z b) sin(z
[
| sinh y|{| sin z|, | cos z|} so sin z, cos z are unbounded. = ez , sin z = sin z , cos z = cos z .
j) sin z k) ez
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y , cos z = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y!!
mapping under sin z
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say.
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1.
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1. So (u, v) are on an ellipse.
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
move one round on the ellipse.
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1. So (u, v) are on an ellipse. Moving x [0, 2) we
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
[ cosh, sinh increase on positives.]
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1. So (u, v) are on an ellipse. Moving x [0, 2) we move one round on the ellipse. What about y = 1?
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1. So (u, v) are on an ellipse. Moving x [0, 2) we move one round on the ellipse. What about y = 1?
mapping under sin z
sin z =
e e 2i
iz
iz
y=1
sin(x + i) = sin x cosh 1 + i cos x sinh 1 = u + iv , say. Then v u ( cosh 1 )2 + ( sinh 1 )2 = 1. So (u, v) are on an ellipse. Moving x [0, 2) we move one round on the ellipse. What about y = 1? Strip: 0 x < 2 ?
mapping under sin z
sin z
mapping under sin z

2
sin z
mapping under sin z

2
sin z
mapping under sin z

2
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y .
mapping under sin z

2
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y . Any pt, right of (1, 0) is obtained for two values of y .
mapping under sin z
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y . Any pt, right of (1, 0) is obtained for two values of y .
mapping under sin z
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y . Any pt, right of (1, 0) is obtained for two values of y . sin(iy) = i sinh y . One y -one image.
mapping under sin z
sin z
mapping under sin z
sin z
mapping under sin z
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y . Any pt, right of (1, 0) is obtained for two values of y . sin(iy) = i sinh y . One y -one image. sin( + iy) = 4 u2 v 2 = 1 . One y -one image. 2
cosh y 2 + i sinh y . So 2
mapping under sin z
sin z
sin(/2 + iy) = cosh y . Any pt, right of (1, 0) is obtained for two values of y . sin(iy) = i sinh y . One y -one image. sin( + iy) = 4 u2 v 2 = 1 . One y -one image. 2
cosh y 2 + i sinh y . So 2
more elementary functions
tan z:=
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
tan z:= sinh z:=
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
ez +ez . 2
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
tan z:= sinh z:=
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
ez +ez . These are entire. 2
tan z:= sinh z:= R29
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
sinh2 z = 1. (direct)
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
sinh2 z = 1. (direct) b) cosh(iz) = cos z . (direct)
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
i sin z . (direct)
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
i sin z . (direct) d) cosh(z) = cosh z , sinh(z) = sinh z . (direct)
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z
+ 2i) = cosh z , sinh(z + 2i) = sinh z . (As ez+2i = ez )
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z
Logarithm Given a = 0.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez
i sin z . (direct) d) cosh(z) = cosh z , sinh(z) = sinh z . (direct) = a?
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez
If z satisfy the eqn,
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez
If z satisfy the eqn, then so does z
+ 2i.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez
If z satisfy the eqn, then so does z
+ 2i. Denote this set of values by [[log a]].
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

If z satisfy the eqn, then so does z Write a
= rei , z = x + iy .
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

= rei , z = x + iy . So ex eiy = rei .
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

= rei , z = x + iy . So ex eiy = rei . So x = ln r, y = + 2n .
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

= rei , z = x + iy . So ex eiy = rei . So x = ln r, y = + 2n . = {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
So [[log a]]
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

= rei , z = x + iy . So ex eiy = rei . So x = ln r, y = + 2n . ln r + i Arg a ( called the principal value of [[log a]]). = {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
So [[log a]] Log a:=
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

E [[log 1]] =
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

= rei , z = x + iy . So ex eiy = rei . So x = ln r, y = + 2n . ln r + i Arg a ( called the principal value of [[log a]]).
Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.
= 0.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.
= 0. [[log 1]] =
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
= i .
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
= i . e[[log a]] =
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
= i . e[[log a]] = eln |a|+i =
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
= i . e[[log a]] = eln |a|+i = |a|ei = a.
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
sin z cos z ,
cot z:=
cos z sin z ,
csc z:=
1 sin z ,
sec z:=
1 cos z .
ez ez , 2
cosh z:=
a) cosh2 z
c) sinh(iz) =
e) cosh(z

Which z satisfy ez

Log 1
= {ln |a| + i[[arg a]]}.
E [[log 1]] = {i2n | n Z}.

Log 1
[[log ea ]] = {a + i2n | n Z}.
= i . e[[log a]] = eln |a|+i = |a|ei = a.
= 0. [[log 1]] = {i(2n+1) | n Z}.
log z as a function
log z as a function
Take two z, w on unit circle.
log z as a function
Then [[arg z]] [[arg w]]
= .
log z as a function
= .
Take z, w
= 0.
log z as a function
= .
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means
log z as a function
= .
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]].
log z as a function
= .
Take z, w
That is, they are on the same circle
log z as a function
= .
Take z, w
That is, they are on the same circle and have same argument set.
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
That is, they are on the same circle and have same argument set. That is z
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies
Alternately, [[log z]]
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies z = e[[log z]] = e[[log w]] = w.
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies z = e[[log z]] = e[[log w]] = w.

What is the problem?
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies z = e[[log z]] = e[[log w]] = w. log z is one-many.

log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies z = e[[log z]] = e[[log w]] = w. log z is one-many. How do I make it one-one?

log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w
= 0. The [[log z]] = [[log w]] means ln |z| = ln |w|, [[arg z]] = [[arg w]]. = [[log w]] implies z = e[[log z]] = e[[log w]] = w. log z is one-many. How do I make it one-one? Restrict .

log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

Take D = r > 0, 2 < 2 + 2.[ View this as C \ {0} with (r, ) rei .]
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3ei2 2
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3ei2 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Take f : D C as f (z) = ln |z| + i, : value of arg z in D.
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Take f : D C as f (z) = ln |z| + i, : value of arg z in D. f one-one?
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ?
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ? No. As an = 3ei2+ n
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ? No. As an = 3ei2+ n a.
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ? No. As an = 3ei2+ n a. But f (an )
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ? No. As an = 3ei2+ n a. But f (an ) ln 3 + i2
log z as a function
= . = w.
Take z, w

2 + 2 3e
i2
3i 2
ln 3
Y.
Is f cts at a
= 3ei2 ? No. As an = 3ei2+ n a. But f (an ) ln 3 + i2 = f (a).
log z as a function
log z as a function
Take D2 := r > 0, 2 < < 2 + 2.[ View: cut plane C minus the ray with argument 2 + 2.]
log z as a function
Take D2 := r > 0, 2 < < 2 + 2.[ View: cut plane C minus the ray with argument 2 + 2.] R30 Take f : D2 C as f (z) = ln |z| + i, : value of arg z in D2 . Then f is analytic
with f (z)
1 = z.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u .
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) =
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) = C.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
Let [[f ]] be multiple valued on S
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) =
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
C. A branch of f is an analytic function g
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) = D S s.t.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
C. A branch of f is an analytic function g on a domain
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) = D S s.t. g(z) [[f (z)]]
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
rur = v , rvr = u . Partials are cts. f (z) = D S s.t. g(z) [[f (z)]] for each z D .
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.
R31 Let f be analytic on a D, and log z be a branch dened on a domain containing D.
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
chain rule log f is analytic on D and Dz log f
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.

By

=
f f .
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.

By

=
f f .
E g(z)
= ln |z| + i(2 + )
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.

By

=
f f .
E g(z)
= ln |z| + i(2 + ) is a branch of [[log z]]
log z as a function
with f (z)
1 = z.
Pr.
ur +ivr ei
1 = z.

By

=
f f .
E g(z)
= ln |z| + i(2 + ) is a branch of [[log z]] on {z | 1 < |z| < 2, 0 < < /2}.
branch, branch cut, branch points
R32 There is no branch of arg z on 0 < |z| < 1.

Pr. If so, let f be it.

Pr. If so, let f be it. Then f (|z|
= 1) is a compact connected subset of R,

= 1) is a compact connected subset of R, must be some [a, b].

= 1) is a compact connected subset of R, must be some
[a, b]. By defn, two distinct points on |z| = 1 have disjoint argument sets.


a+b 2 has
[a, b]. By defn, two distinct points on |z| = 1 have disjoint argument sets. So c =
exactly one preimage, say w .


a+b 2 has
exactly one preimage, say w . Then f takes {|z|
= 1} \ {w} to a disconnected set.


a+b 2 has
E Take [[f (z)]] = log[2(z3)] on D = {z | z = 3}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has
exactly one preimage, say w . Then f takes {|z| A branch g with g(5) = ln 4+i8 :

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
g(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7 (3).
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has
exactly one preimage, say w . Then f takes {|z| A branch g with g(5) = ln 4+i8 : For this branch g(1) is

So [[f (5)]]

g(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7 (3).
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

For this branch g(1) is not dened;
g(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7 (3).
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

For this branch g(1) is not dened;
g(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7 (3). g(3i) is
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
g(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7 (3). For this branch g(1) is not dened; g(3i) is ln 6 2 + i(8.75) .
= {ln 4+i2n}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.
Take branch h(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7.5 (3).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1)


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 .


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i)


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]
= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
Take branch h(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7.5 (3). Identify C
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
Take branch h(z) = ln |2(z3)|+i on D7.5 (3). Identify C removing the ray
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}. Then D7 (3) is obtained from C by


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}. Then D7 (3) is obtained from C by 3 + rei9 , r 0.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}. Then D7 (3) is obtained from C by 3 + rei9 , r 0. This ray is a branch cut for g .


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}. Then D7 (3) is obtained from C by 3 + rei9 , r 0. This ray is a branch cut for g .
A branch cut for h is


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
= {3} {z | |z 3| > 0, 7 < 9}. Then D7 (3) is obtained from C by 3 + rei9 , r 0. This ray is a branch cut for g . 0.
A branch cut for h is the ray 3 + rei9.5 , r


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
A branch cut for h is the ray 3 + rei9.5 , r Principal branch:
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
Branch cut: a portion of a line/curve that has to be removed from C to dene a branch.
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
Branch cut: a portion of a line/curve that has to be removed from C to dene a branch. Recall: g(z) = ln |z|+i(2+) is a branch of log z on D = {z | 1 < |z| < 2, 0 < < /2}.
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
corresponding branch cut (physical):
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).
[0, ) or


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).
[0, ) or (, 0] or


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).
[0, ) or (, 0] or (, 0]i etc.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).
The branch cut for the principal branch Log z is
[0, ) or (, 0] or (, 0]i etc.


a+b 2 has

So [[f (5)]]

= {ln 4+i2n}.
h(1) = ln 4+i9 . h(3i) = g(3i).
g(z) = ln |2(z 3)| + i; on D (3).
The branch cut for the principal branch Log z is
[0, ) or (, 0] or (, 0]i etc. (, 0].
Branch points: points common to all branch cuts.
For log z it is
For log z it is
0.
For log z it is
0. For log[2(z 3)] it is
For log z it is
0. For log[2(z 3)] it is 3.
Branch points: points common to all branch cuts. E Domain of analyticity of Log(2z i)?
For log z it is
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D .
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
= {z | x > 0 or y = 1 }. 2
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
= {z | x > 0 or y = 1 }. 2
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
= {z | x > 0 or y = 1 }. 2
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
= {z | x > 0 or y = 1 }. 2
For log z it is
A: Must have 2z
i D . So z
D +i 2
= {z | x > 0 or y = 1 }. 2
more logarithms
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Then a) [[log zw]]
1 = [[log z]] + [[log w]] b) [[log z ]] = [[log z]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= ln |zw| + i[[arg zw]] =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= ln |zw| + i[[arg zw]] = ln |z| + | ln |w| + i[[arg z]] + i[[arg w]]
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
= [[log 1]]
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
1 = [[log 1]] = [[log z]] + [[log z ]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
1 1 = [[log 1]] = [[log z]] + [[log z ]]. So [[log z ]] = [[log z]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
1 1 = [[log 1]] = [[log z]] + [[log z ]]. So [[log z ]] = [[log z]]. Alt: siml to a).
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
Warning [[log(z 2 )]] = ln |z 2 | + i{2 + 2n} = ln |z 2 | + i{2 + 4n} = 2[[log z]].
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
Warning [[log(z 2 )]] = ln |z 2 | + i{2 + 2n} = ln |z 2 | + i{2 + 4n} = 2[[log z]]. For z = 0, w C,
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
dene z w = ew[[log z]] .
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
E (1 + i)2
= e2[[log(1+i)]] =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}
E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
[[(1 + i)1+i ]] = e(1+i)[[log(1+i)]] =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i)
1+i
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e =
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4
R34 z w is single valued iff w Z.
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w
= ew[[log z]] =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w
= ew[[log z]] = ew(ln |z|+i Arg zi2n)
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w
= ew[[log z]] = ew(ln |z|+i Arg zi2n) = ew ln |z| eiw Arg z [[eiw2n ]]
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
= ew[[log z]] = ew(ln |z|+i Arg zi2n) = ew ln |z| eiw Arg z [[eiw2n ]] is single valued
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
[[eiw2n ]] is single valued iff
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
[[eiw2n ]] is single valued iff w Z.!!
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
E Is [[i2i ]] = [[(i2 )i ]]?
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
E Is [[i2i ]] = [[(i2 )i ]]? [[i2i ]] = e2i[[log i]] =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
E Is [[i2i ]] = [[(i2 )i ]]? [[i2i ]] = e2i[[log i]] = e2( 2 +2n) =
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff
E Is [[i2i ]] = [[(i2 )i ]]? [[i2i ]] = e2i[[log i]] = e2( 2 +2n) = e4n ;
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff

[[(i2 )i ]] = [[(1)i ]] =
R34
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff

[[(i2 )i ]] = [[(1)i ]] = ei[[log 1]] =
R34
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff

[[(i2 )i ]] = [[(1)i ]] = ei[[log 1]] = e(+2n) .
R34
more logarithms
R33 Let z, w = 0.
Pr. a) [[log(zw)]]
Then a) [[log zw]]
= [[log z]] + [[log w]].

b) {i2n}

E (1 + i)
=e
2[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2[ln
2+i( +2n)] 4 (1+i)[ln
[[(1 + i) e
1+i
[ln 2 pi 2n] i[ln 2+ +2n] 4 4
]] = e
(1+i)[[log(1+i)]]
= e
2+i( +2n)] 4
= e
2[ln
2+i ] 4
= 2i.
= e
[ln 2 2n] i[ln 2+ ] 4 4

Pr. z w iff

[[(i2 )i ]] = [[(1)i ]] = ei[[log 1]] = e(+2n) . NO!!!
R34
more logarithms
more logarithms
PV z w :
more logarithms
PV z w :
Principal value of z w
:=
more logarithms
PV z w :
:= ew Log z .
more logarithms
PV z w :
:= ew Log z . Dened on D .
more logarithms
PV z w :
2
Principal branch of z 3 is
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
e 3 Log z =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2
e 3 Log z = e 3 [ln |z|+i] =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
e 3 Log z = e 3 [ln |z|+i] = e 3 ln |z| ei
2 3
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
R35 z w is analytic on a D and Dz z w = wz w1 .
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
Pr. On a D we have log z analytic.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
Pr. On a D we have log z analytic. So is ew log z , that is, z w .
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
Pr. On a D we have log z analytic. So is ew log z , that is, z w . Now Dz z w

= Dz ew log z =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

= Dz ew log z = ew log z w = z
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
= Dz ew log z = ew log z w = wew log z e1 log z = z
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
= Dz ew log z = ew log z w = wew log z e1 log z = wz w1 . z
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
E |ic | =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
E |ic | = |ec log i | =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3
E |ic | = |ec log i | = |eci[ 2 +2n] | =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

E |ic | = |ec log i | = |eci[ 2 +2n] | = ec2 [ 2 +2n] =
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

is const iff c2
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

is const iff c2
= 0.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

E |ic | = |ec log i | = |eci[ 2 +2n] | = ec2 [ 2 +2n] = R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
is const iff c2
= 0.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3

E |ic | = |ec log i | = |eci[ 2 +2n] | = ec2 [ 2 +2n] = R36 Fix z = 0, n N.

Then (old) z n
1
is const iff c2
= 0.
= (new) z n .
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= rei .
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
i
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
1 n
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
1 n [ln r+i+i2m]
= e
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
ln r n
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
1 n [ln r+i+i2m]
= e
= {e
i +2m n
}=
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
ln r n
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
1 n [ln r+i+i2m]
= e
{e
ln r n
i +2k n
= {e
i +2m n
}=
| k = 0, . . . , n 1}.
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
ln r n
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
1 n [ln r+i+i2m]
= e
{e
ln r n
i +2k n
= {e
i +2m n
}=
| k = 0, . . . , n 1}.
1 = z ).
Ex The above is true for ve integers (use w
more logarithms
PV z w :
2 2
2 2
2 3
|z|2 ei
2 3


Pr. Put z
is const iff c2
= 0.
R36 Fix z = 0, n N.
= re . Old z
1 n
Then (old) z n
= (new) z n .
ln r n
1 n
New z
=e
1 n [[log z]]
i[ + k2 ] = n re n n , k = 0, . . . , n 1.
1 n [ln r+i+i2m]
= e
{e
ln r n
i +2k n
= {e
i +2m n
}=
| k = 0, . . . , n 1}.
1 = z ).
1
Ex The above is true for ve integers (use w Ex Let n
N. Show that log(z n ) = n log z , however log(z n ) =
1 n
log z .
Inverse trigonometric
To dene w
= sin1 z , use
To dene w
= sin1 z , use z = sin w =
eiw eiw . 2i
To dene w
eiw eiw . So e2iw 2i
1 2izeiw = 0.
To dene w
= sin1 z , use z = sin w = 2iz + [4 4z 2 ]1/2 =
eiw =
1 2
1 2izeiw = 0. So
To dene w
eiw =
1 2
2iz + [4 4z 2 ]1/2 = iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 .
1 2izeiw = 0. So
To dene w
eiw =
1 2
2iz + [4 4z 2 ]1/2 = iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . So w = i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 .
1 2izeiw = 0. So
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . 1 E sin (i) = i log(1 2).

Branches of sin
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . 1 E sin (i) = i log(1 2). case= i[ln(1+ 2) + i2n] =
Branches of sin
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . 1 E sin (i) = i log(1 2). case= i[ln(1+ 2) + i2n] = i ln(1+ 2) + 2n;
Branches of sin
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . 1 E sin (i) = i log(1 2). case= i[ln(1+ 2) + i2n] = i ln(1+ 2) + 2n; case= i[ln(1 + 2) + i + i2n] =
Branches of sin
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
z are branches of i log iz + [1 z 2 ]1/2 . 1 E sin (i) = i log(1 2). case= i[ln(1+ 2) + i2n] = i ln(1+ 2) + 2n; case= i[ln(1 + 2) + i + i2n] = i ln(1 + 2) + (2n + 1) .
Branches of sin
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .
R37 f be univalent (one-one), analytic on D,
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .
R37 f be univalent (one-one), analytic on D, g = f 1 .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2

f = 0.
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .
Assume f (D) is open, g is cts,
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

f = 0. Then g is analytic with g (f (a)) =
1 f (a) .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

g(f (z))g(f (a)) f (z)f (a) za 1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
lim
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

g(f (z))g(f (a)) f (z)f (a) za 1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
lim
= lim
za za f (z)f (a)
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

g(f (z))g(f (a)) f (z)f (a) za 1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
lim
= lim
za za f (z)f (a)
1 f (a)
= l (say).
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

g(f (z))g(f (a)) f (z)f (a) za 1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
lim
= lim
za za f (z)f (a)
1 f (a)
= l (say). Let > 0.
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

f = 0. Then g is analytic with g (f (a)) = lim
1 f (a) . g(f (z))g(f (a)) za = lim f (z)f (a) = f 1 f (z)f (a) (a) za za (z))g(f (a)) |z a| < | g(ff (z)f (a) l| < .
Pr. Note:
= l (say). Let > 0. > 0 s.t.
0<
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
0<
g(f (z))g(f (a)) za = lim f (z)f (a) = f 1 = l (say). Let > 0. f (z)f (a) (a) za za (z))g(f (a)) |z a| < | g(ff (z)f (a) l| < . As g is cts at f (a), > 0 s.t.
> 0 s.t.
0 < |w f (a)| < 0 < |g(w) a| < ; so that
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
0< 0<
g(f (z))g(f (a)) za = lim f (z)f (a) = f 1 = l (say). Let > 0. > 0 s.t. f (z)f (a) (a) za za (z))g(f (a)) |z a| < | g(ff (z)f (a) l| < . As g is cts at f (a), > 0 s.t. (g(w)))g(f (a)) |w f (a)| < 0 < |g(w) a| < ; so that | g(ff (g(w))f (a) l| .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Pr. Note:
g(f (z))g(f (a)) za = lim f (z)f (a) = f 1 = l (say). Let > 0. > 0 s.t. f (z)f (a) (a) za za (z))g(f (a)) 0 < |z a| < | g(ff (z)f (a) l| < . As g is cts at f (a), > 0 s.t. (g(w)))g(f (a)) 0 < |w f (a)| < 0 < |g(w) a| < ; so that | g(ff (g(w))f (a) l| . g(w)g(f (a)) That is lim = l. wf (a) wf (a)
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Ex Show that a branch of the inverse of an analytic function is univalent.
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Ex Show that a branch of the inverse of an analytic function is univalent. Ex a) Dz sin1 z = 12 1 . b) Dz cos1 z = 1 1 . c) Dz tan1 z = 2 2 2
(1z ) (1z )
1 1+z 2 .
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Ex Show that a branch of the inverse of an analytic function is univalent. Ex a) Dz sin1 z = 12 1 . b) Dz cos1 z = 1 1 . c) Dz tan1 z = 2 2 2 Ex Let f be a branch of z
(1z ) c (1z )
1 1+z 2 .
in a D , 0
D . Then f is analytic and f is a branch of cz c1 . /
To dene w
eiw =
1 2

1
1 2izeiw = 0. So
Branches of sin
Ex a) cos1 z = i log z + i[1 z 2 ]1/2
. b) tan1 z
i 2
log
i+z iz .

1 f (a) .
Ex Show that a branch of the inverse of an analytic function is univalent. Ex a) Dz sin1 z = 12 1 . b) Dz cos1 z = 1 1 . c) Dz tan1 z = 2 2 2
(1z ) c (1z )
1 1+z 2 .
Ex Let f be a branch of z in a D, 0 D. Then f is analytic and f is a branch of cz c1 . / Ex Let a C, |a| = 1, c R \ Q. Show that [[ac ]] is a dense subset of the unit circle, that
is, each small segment of the unit circle contains a point from [[ac ]].

Elementary Functions

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Elementary Functions

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Elementary Functions

exponential, trigonometric, logarithm, branches of multiple valued functions

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= 1? From ex eiy = 1, x = 0, y = + 2n . = f . Put g = ez f . So g = 0.

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

= 1 + 2 maps to the same ray]

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

coordinate grid What happens if we raise the coordinate grid by 2 ?

Dene ex+iy := ex eiy . R26(about ez ) a) ez ew = ez+w ;

= ex , so ez = 0; c) e1 = ez ; d) z = ez ; f) ez = ex eiy = ez ; g) |ez | = ex e|z| .

What happens if we raise the coordinate grid by 2 ? The same image.

eiz eiz sin z:= , 2i