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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
2
,03$&72)-(7219$1(6

A|m:

Ic ccmpcre Ihe /cIuc| & IhecreIicc| Fcrce: fcr SIcIicncry Vcne: cf cifferenI :hcpe: i.e.
Hemi:phericc| & F|cI F|cIe:.

Apporotus:

1. Sump Icnk :Icring wcIer fcr ccn:IcnI :upp|y.
2. Mec:uring Icnk wiIh FiezcmeIer Ic mec:ure wcIer f|cw.
3. Fump & mcIcr wiIh c CcnIrc| Vc|ve in Ihe Di:chcrge Fipe fcr ccnIrc||ing f|cw.
4. Nczz|e: cf :uiIcL|e cicmeIer: {Cn|y 1 cvci|cL|e).
5. Ircn:pcrenI Nczz|e Hcu:ing wiIh nczz|e cI Ihe LcIIcm ccnnecIec Ic Di:chcrge Fipe.
. / |ever mechcni:m wiIh mcunIcL|e F|cIe: Ic mec:ure Fcrce cf lmpccI.
7. SIcp WcIch Ic mec:ure Iime fcr Fi:e cf WcIer.

Iheory:

When c jeI cf wcIer i: cirecIec Ic hiI c Vcne cf cny pcrIicu|cr :hcpe, c fcrce i: exerIec cn iI Ly
Ihe f|uic. Ihi: fcrce i: |crge encugh Ic rci:e Ihe |ever hc|cing F|cIe. lI ccI: c: |cng c: Ihe jeI i: mcking
impccI wiIh Ihe p|cIe. Ihe fcrce i: Iermec c: lmpccI Fcrce. Ihe mcgniIuce cf Ihi: fcrce exerIec cn
Ihe F|cIe/Vcne cepenc: cn Ihe Ve|cciIy cf JeI, Shcpe cf Vcne, F|uic Den:iIy & /rec cf Crc:: SecIicn
cf Ihe jeI. Mcre impcrIcnI|y, iI c|:c cepenc: cn wheIher Ihe Vcne i: Mcving cr SIcIicncry.

ln cur pre:enI experimenI, we cre ccncernec cLcuI Ihe fcrce exerIec cn Ihe SIcIicncry
F|cIe:/Vcne:. Ihe fc||cwing cre Ihe IhecreIicc| fcrmu|ce fcr cifferenI :hcpe: cf vcne, Lc:ec cn f|cw
rcIe.

1) F|cI F|cIe :
FI = / V
2


2) F|cI F|cIe inc|inec cI cng|e frcm hcrizcnIc|:

FI = / V
2
cc:

3) SymmeIric Curvec F|cIe wiIh cng|e cf F|cIe - :

FI = / V
2
{1 + cc:)

4) Hemi - Sphericc|:
FI = 2/ V
2


:KHUH
'/ - /rec cf jeI in m
2

' - Den:iIy cf wcIer = 1000 kg/m
3

'V - Ve|cciIy cf jeI in m/:ec
'FI - Ihe IhecreIicc| fcrce ccIing in Ihe cirecIicn cf jeI.


Hcwever Ihe ccIuc| fcrce c: cL:ervec Ly Ihe WeighI 8c|cnce i: |e::er Ihcn Ihe cne
cc|cu|cIec frcm cLcve eucIicn:. Fcr c given :eIup Ihe rcIic cf /cIuc| Fcrce Ic Ihe IhecreIicc| Fcrce
remcin: ccn:IcnI. Ihi: experimenI i: cimec cI fincing Ihe :cme rcIic.
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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
3
Observot|on Iob|e:
Iype cf Vcne S Nc
Iime fcr h=___ cm cf wcIer, I
{Seccnc:)
Di:Icnce cf Smc|| WeighI frcm
FivcI, x
c
_________
c.1

c.2

c.3

L
__________
L.1

L.2

L.3


Formu|oe:
I
x /
C
Icnk

/ =
4
2
G u S


)RU)ODW9DQH
FI = / V
2

/
C
V


)RU&XUYHG9DQH
FI = / V
2
{1 + cc:)
/
C
V


L
Wx
F
c

Where,
/Icnk - /rec cf Mec:uring Icnk {0.3 X 0.3 m
2
)
h - HeighI cf wcIer ccn:icerec in meIer {frcm Ihe IcL|e cLcve)
c - Nczz|e DicmeIer {8 mm cr 0.008 m)
FI - IhecreIicc| Fcrce
Fc - /cIuc| Fcrce {frcm Ihe :pring Lc|cnce)
- Den:iIy cf wcIer = 1000 Kg/m
3

/ - /rec cf nczz|e
V - Ve|cciIy cf jeI
W - Spring Lc|cnce reccing in grcm:
WF - Mc:: cf Ihe p|cIe: {Fcr F|cI Vcne: 225 & fcr Curvec Vcne: 175)

Co|cu|ot|on Iob|e:
S Nc C V = C// FI Fc
Cc-efficienI
Fc/FI
c.1

c.2

c.3

L.1

L.2

L.3


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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
4
Frocedure:

1. Fix Ihe SuiIcL|e Vcne & Nczz|e in Ihe Nczz|e Hcu:ing.
2. 8c|cnce Ihe |ever wiIhcuI Ihe :mc||/Lc|cncing weighI Ly ccju:Iing Ihe Lig weighI.
3. Fix Ihe :mc||/Lc|cncing weighI cI cpprcpricIe ci:Icnce.
4. Cpen Ihe CcnIrc| Vc|ve fu||y & :IcrI Ihe Fump.
5. /cju:I Ihe CcnIrc| Vc|ve Ii|| Ihe inciccIcr i: meeIing Ihe Eui|iLrium Mcrk.
. Mec:ure Ihe Iime Icken fcr c ccnvenienI heighI cf wcIer cc||ecIicn in Mec:uring Icnk.
7. FepecI Ihe prccecure fcr cifferenI |engIh: cf :mc||/Lc|cncing weighI.
8. Scme prccecure ccn Le u:ec fcr cncIher Vcne cr Nczz|e.

Frecout|ons:

1. Fump :hcu|c ncI Le :IcrIec if Ihe vc|Icge i: |e:: Ihcn 180 V.
2. Ihe |cwer enc cf SucIicn Fipe mu:I c|wcy: Le :uLmergec uncer wcIer in Ihe Sump Icnk.
3. E|ecIricc| neuIrc| & EcrIh ccnnecIicn: :hcu|c Le checkec ccrrecI|y.
4. FreuenI {cI |ec:I cnce in Ihree mcnIh:) grec:ing / ci|ing cf rcIcIing pcrI: i: nece::cry.
5. Ihe mcchine: :hcu|c Le cpercIec cI |ec:I :cme Iime every week Ic cvcic c|cgging.
. Leckcge: in Ihe Fiping & Nczz|e Hcu:ing :hcu|c Le checkec regu|cr|y.

kesu|t:

Ihe /cIuc| Vc|ue cf Fcrce i: c|wcy: |e::er Ihcn Ihe IhecreIicc||y cc|cu|cIec vc|ue Leccu:e:
c. Ihe ve|cciIy cf wcIer mcking impccI recuce: cue Ic grcviIy.
L. Ihere cre |c::e: cue Ic Vi:cc:iIy/FricIicn.
c. Scme wcIer crcp: mcy ncI hiI Ihe L|cce cI c||.

Ihe cvercge cc-efficienI cf impccI wc: cc|cu|cIec & fcunc cuI Ic Le
c. Fcr F|cI F|cIe_______.
L. Fcr Hemi:phericc| Vcne _______.


App||cot|ons:

Ihe Fcrce cf lmpccI cc|cu|cIec in Ihi: experimenI i: u:efu| in cc|cu|cIing Ihe wcrk ccne &
Icrue exerIec Ly Ihe jeI cf wcIer cn mcving vcne: in lmpccI IurLine: {Fe|Icn Whee|). Ihe experimenI
ccn Le u:ec Ic Ie:I Ihe fcrce: exerIec cn cifferenI :hcpe: cf p|cIe:.

Quest|ons:

1. Which :hcpe cf F|cIe hc: Ihe mcximum fcrce cf impccI
2. Why cre Hemi:phericc| Vcne: ncI u:ec in Fe|Icn whee|
3. WhcI i: Ihe effecI cf cen:iIy cf f|uic cn fcrce cf impccI
4. WhcI i: Ihe re|cIicn:hip LeIween NewIcn fcrce & kg. fcrce
5. WhcI i: Ihe ccnver:icn fccIcr fcr |.p.m. Ic m
3
/:
. WhcI i: Ihe cifference LeIween Mc:: & WeighI
7. Why i: Ihe /cIuc| Fcrce vc|ue |e::er Ihcn Ihe IhecreIicc||y cc|cu|cIec vc|ue
8. WhcI i: c nczz|e
. WhcI i: 8erncu||i: Ihecrem
10. WhcI i: Ihe Fcrmu|c fcr Fcrce if ycu kncw Ihe mcmenIum: cf Ihe f|uic Lefcre & cfIer impccI
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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ

Exper|ment No. 2

'(7(50,1$7,212))5,&7,21)$&725,1)/2:7+528*+3,3(6

A|m:
Ic ceIermine Ihe CcefficienI cf FricIicn fcr cifferenI Iype cf Fipe:.

Ihe Apporotus

1. Sump Icnk :Icring wcIer fcr ccn:IcnI :upp|y.
2. Mec:uring Icnk wiIh FiezcmeIer Ic mec:ure wcIer |eve|.
3. Fump & McIcr wiIh c CcnIrc| Vc|ve in Ihe Di:chcrge Fipe fcr ccnIrc||ing f|cw rcIe.
4. DifferenI Fipe: cf vcricu: cicmeIer: Ic experimenI wiIh.
5. DifferenIic| McncmeIer: Ic mec:ure Fre::ure-Hecc Difference cI Iwc enc: in Ihe pipe:.
. SIcp WcIch Ic mec:ure Iime fcr Fi:e cf WcIer.

Iheory:

/ny F|uic f|cwing Ihrcugh c pipe experience: re:i:Icnce frcm Ihe wc||: cf Ihe pipe cue Ic
Shecr Fcrce: cr in :imp|e Ierm: - Vi:cc:iIy. Ihe cmcunI cf |c:: cepenc: cn Ihe Ve|cciIy cf F|cw & /rec
cf ccnIccI LeIween Ihe Fipe Surfcce & F|uic. lI c|:c cepenc: upcn Ihe Iype cf F|cw, i.e. Lcmincr cr
IurLu|enI. Ihi: FricIicnc| Fe:i:Icnce ccu:e: |c:: cf Fre::ure-Hecc in Ihe cirecIicn cf f|cw c: :hcwn in
Ihe figure Le|cw. Ihi: re:u|I: in |e::er pre::ure reccing necr Ihe enc cf Fipe ccmpcrec Ic Ihe IcIc|
hecc cvci|cL|e.

Ihe re|cIicn cf Drcp cf Hecc cerivec Ly Dcrcy-Wei:Lcch i: c: fc||cw::


c.g . 2
4.f.L.V
h
2
f

Frcm Ihe cLcve fcrmu|c ccefficienI cf fricIicn cf fricIicn wi|| Le


2
f
.V . 4
.2.c.g h
/
I


Where,
'hf' - Drcp cf hecc.
'f' - CcefficienI cf FricIicn
'L' - LengIh cf pipe
'V' - Ve|cciIy cf f|cw,

'g' - /cce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy, .8m/:
2

'c' - DicmeIer cf Ihe pipe

Ihe Vc|ue cf CcefficienI cf FricIicn i: ncI ccn:IcnI & cepenc: upcn rcughne:: cf Fipe in:ice
Surfcce & Feync|c: numLer. /ny ci| ccnIenI in wcIer c|:c cffecI: iI: vc|ue.
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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
7
Observot|on Iob|e:

Iype cf Fipe S Nc
McncmeIric Feccing
Iime fcr [ = ____ cm cf wcIer
h1 h2 h = h1 + h2
/
c=_____
c.1

c.2

c.3

8
c=_____
c.1

c.2

c.3

C
c=_____
L.1

L.2

L.3


Formu|oe:
I
x /
C
Icnk

h 1 -
S
S
h
w
Hg
f



/
C
V



2
f
.V . 4
.2.c.g h
/
I




kesu|t Iob|e:

/ S Nc C V = C// f fcvercge
Fipe /
/rec=_________
c.1

c.2

c.3

Fipe 8
/rec=_________
L.1

L.2

L.3

Fipe C
/rec=_________
c.1

c.2

c.3

Where,
/Icnk - /rec cf Mec:uring Icnk {0.3 X 0.3 m
2
)
[ - HeighI cf wcIer ccn:icerec in m{frcm Ihe
IcL|e cLcve)
I - Iime Icken fcr x cm cf wcIer cc||ecIicn.
hf - hecc |c:: cue Ic fricIicn in pipe
c - Fipe DicmeIer
g - ccce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy {.81 m/:
2
)
L - LengIh cf Ihe pipe in meIer:
V- Ve|cciIy cf wcIer f|cw

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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
8
Frocedure:

1. ExcepI Ihe Vc|ve: cn reuirec pipe, c|c:e c|| Ihe cIher Vc|ve:.
2. SIcrI Ihe Fump.
3. Femcve c|| Ihe /ir 8uLL|e: frcm McncmeIer & CcnnecIing Fipe:.
4. /cju:I Ihe F|cw Ic geI SuiIcL|e Feccing:.
5. NcIe ccwn Ihe McncmeIric Feccing:.
. Mec:ure Ihe Iime fcr :uiIcL|e heighI cf wcIer cc||ecIicn in Mec:uring Icnk.
7. FepecI Ihe experimenI fcr cifferenI f|cw rcIe:.
8. Scme prccecure mcy Le fc||cwec fcr cIher pipe:.

Note: Whi|e mec:uring Ihe reccing: Ihe reference pcinI {WcIer cr Mercury |eve|:), ccnIinucu:
viLrcIicn: mcy cccur cue Ic vc|Icge chcnge:, vc|ve: eIc. in :uch cc:e:, cvercge reccing: mcy Le
Icken.)

Frecout|ons:

1. Fump :hcu|c ncI Le :IcrIec if Ihe vc|Icge i: |e:: Ihcn 180 V.
2. WcIer in Ihe Sump Icnk mu:I Le free cf cny Ci| CcnIenI.
3. Ihe |cwer enc cf SucIicn Fipe mu:I c|wcy: Le :uLmergec uncer wcIer in Ihe Sump Icnk.
4. E|ecIricc| neuIrc| & EcrIh ccnnecIicn: :hcu|c Le checkec ccrrecI|y.
5. FreuenI {cI |ec:I cnce in Ihree mcnIh:) grec:ing / ci|ing cf rcIcIing pcrI: i: nece::cry.
. Ihe mcchine: :hcu|c Le cpercIec cI |ec:I :cme Iime every week Ic cvcic c|cgging.
7. Leckcge: in Ihe Fiping & Nczz|e Hcu:ing :hcu|c Le checkec regu|cr|y.

kesu|t:

1. Hecc Lc:: cue Ic FricIicn i: prcpcrIicnc| Ic LengIh cf Fipe & Sucre cf Ve|cciIy.
2. Hecc Lc:: i: inver:e|y prcpcrIicnc| Ic in:ice cicmeIer cf pipe.
3. /vercge vc|ue cf ccefficienI cf fricIicn, 'f fcr
c. CcefficienI cf fricIicn fcr Fipe /=____________
L. CcefficienI cf fricIicn fcr Fipe 8=____________
c. CcefficienI cf fricIicn fcr Fipe C=____________
App||cot|ons:

Ihe ccefficienI cf FricIicn |eI: u: ec:i|y cc|cu|cIe Ihe |c::e: if Ihe IcIc| |engIh cf Ihe pipe & iI:
cicmeIer cre kncwn & hence |eI: u: ec:i|y cecice Ihe ce:ign pcrcmeIer cf c pipe|ine Ic Le |cic.

Quest|ons:

1. WhcI i: Ihe mecning cf Gl
2. WhcI i: Vi:cc:iIy Cr SIcIe & exp|cin NewIcn: |cw cf Vi:cc:iIy.
3. Exp|cin Ihe cifferenI Iype: cf Mcjcr Lc::e: in c Fipe F|cw.
4. WhcI i: Dcrcy Wei:Lcch EucIicn & whcI i: iI: u:e
5. WhcI i: Ihe cifference LeIween Hecc & Fre::ure
. WhcI i: Ihe u:e cf McncmeIer
7. WhcI i: Ihe uniI cf :
c. Di:chcrge
L. Fre::ure
c. Specific GrcviIy
c. Specific WeighI
e. Den:iIy
f. Vi:cc:iIy
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