Sunteți pe pagina 1din 24

Chapter 3: Foundations of Decision Making

1. In decision making, a problem can be defined as a discrepancy between what exists and what the problem solver desires to exist. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: 3.1

2. The second step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

3. A decision criterion defines factors that are relevant in a decision. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

4. Managers identify a problem by comparing the current state of affairs to some standard. Answer: True False
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

5. All criteria are equally important in the decision-making process. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

6. Identifying the wrong problem is just as much a failure for a manager as identifying the right problem and failing to solve it. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

7. The final step of the decision-making process is to implement the alternative that has been selected. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Objective: 3.1

8. A heuristic can simplify the decision-making process. Answer: True False


Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

9. Because heuristics simplify the decision-making process, they are unlikely to lead to errors.

Answer:

True

False

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

10. Decision makers who "cherry-pick" information that matches what they already know are guilty of confirmation bias. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

11. A basketball coach who takes a very good shooter out of a game because she missed her last two shots has availability bias. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 Objective: 3.1

12. A rational decision will never fail to provide the best and most successful solution to a problem. Answer: True False
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 90 Objective: 3.2

13. Maximizing value means a decision will have the best possible outcome for the parties involved. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

14. One assumption of bounded rationality is that managers can analyze all relevant information about all alternatives for a situation. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

15. A synonym for the word satisfice is maximize. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

16. One assumption of bounded rationality is that managers usually make rational decisions. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

17. Intuitive decision making is systematic, logical, and orderly. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

18. Intuitive decision making cannot be a part of the rational decision-making process. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

19. The expression "throwing good money after bad" is an example of an escalation of commitment. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

20. Emotions should always be strictly ignored in a decision-making process. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Objective: 3.2

21. Programmed decisions tend to be routine. Answer: True False


Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

22. A rule is simpler than a policy or a procedure to implement. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94-95 Objective: 3.3

23. Implementing a procedure requires more judgment and interpretation than implementing a policy. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 Objective: 3.3

24. A highway speed limit is an example of a policy. Answer: True False


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 Objective: 3.3

25. Managerial decisions are likely to become more programmed as managers rise in an organizational hierarchy. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

26. Most managerial decisions include an element of risk. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 96

Objective: 3.3

27. Uncertainty involves a situation in which the probability of a certain outcome is known to be small. Answer: True False
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

28. A manager is more confident of his assessment of a situation if it involves risk rather than uncertainty. Answer: True False
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

29. Group decisions tend to provide more complete information than individual decisions. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

30. An advantage of group decisions is that they increase the perception of the legitimacy of the solution. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

31. A drawback of group decision making is groupthink. Answer: True False


Diff: 1 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

32. Groups tend to be more efficient and less effective than individual decision making. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99 Objective: 3.4

33. Two major advantages of electronic meetings are anonymity and honesty. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100 Objective: 3.4

34. A country with high uncertainty avoidance and high power distance is more likely to engage in groupthink than a country with low uncertainty avoidance and low power distance. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

35. Creative solutions to problems are valued because they are new and different from traditional solutions. Answer: True False

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.5

36. Decision making begins with ________. A) selecting alternatives B) eliminating false alternatives C) identifying a problem D) identifying decision criteria Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: 3.1

37. Which of the following defines a problem in the decision-making process? A) something that causes irritation B) something that calls for attention C) a discrepancy between the ideal and the practical D) a discrepancy between what exists and what the decision maker desires to exist Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84 Objective: 3.1

38. The decision-making process consists of a series of eight steps that identify a problem and work toward ultimately ________. A) making a plan to solve the problem B) breaking down the problem into a series of steps C) determining if there is a solution to the problem D) solving the problem Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84 Objective: 3.1

39. To identify a problem, a manager ________. A) looks for unhappy customers B) compares one set of standards or goals to a second set of standards or goals C) compares the current state of affairs with some standard or goal D) uses intuition to see that things don't look right Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84 Objective: 3.1

40. A manager can faithfully execute the decision-making process, but still end up with nothing of value if ________. A) he fails to identify the correct problem B) he fails to correctly identify the steps of the process C) he fails to assign number values to different criteria D) he solves the problem inefficiently Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85

Objective: 3.1

41. A manager is considering purchasing new computers for her department. The manager spends time assessing the computers her department now has. Which stage of the decision-making process is she going through? A) development of alternatives B) implementation of an alternative C) identification of decision criteria D) identification of a problem Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84-85 Objective: 3.1

42. A manager is determining what kind of new computers she should purchase for her department. She has made a list of five different computer models for consideration. Which stage of the decision-making process is this? A) identification of decision criteria B) development of alternatives C) analysis of alternatives D) selection of an alternative Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84-85 Objective: 3.1

43. After purchasing new computers for her department, a manager is now comparing the performance of the new computers to the computers they replaced. Which stage of the decision-making process is she carrying out? A) selection of an alternative B) implementation of an alternative C) evaluation of decision effectiveness D) analysis of alternatives Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84-88 Objective: 3.1

44. For a high-tech bicycle buyer, decision criteria would be determined by ________. A) expert ratings in bike magazines B) technical specifications C) whatever most bike buyers recommend D) personal preferences of the buyer Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

45. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a decision criterion for a high-tech bicycle buyer who cares primarily about performance? A) brake assembly B) frame composition

C) warranty D) gear mechanism Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Objective: 3.1

46. Which of the following would be a fairly objective criterion by which a bicycle buyer could assess different bike models? A) style B) handling C) quality of craftsmanship D) weight Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86 Objective: 3.1

47. A manager chooses to ignore a rigorous decision-making process and select TV monitor A over monitor B because he "trusts" company A more than company B. If the decision he made was rational, which of the following is true? A) The manager must have made a mistake in calculating his weighted criteria. B) Monitor A is really the better choice. C) Monitor B is really the better choice. D) The manager should have included "trust" as a criterion. Answer:
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86-87 Objective: 3.1

48. In allocating weights to the decision criteria, which of the following is most helpful to remember? A) All weights must be the same. B) Assign the most important criterion a score, and then assign weights against that standard. C) The total of the weights must sum to 100. D) The high score should be a 10, and no two criteria should be assigned the same weight. Answer:
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86 Objective: 3.1

49. What is a heuristic? A) a purely intuitive method of decision making B) a shortcut or rule of thumb that is used for decision making C) a totally unreliable method of decision making D) a complicated and systematic method of decision making Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

50. Because they are not systematic or comprehensive, using heuristics in place of an eight-step decision-making process can lead to ________. A) more imaginative decisions

B) consistently better decisions C) decisions that more directly solve problems D) errors and biases Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

51. Which of the following is NOT a reason why managers often resort to using heuristics? A) They save time. B) They thoroughly explore all alternatives. C) They seem to eliminate ambiguity. D) They seem to eliminate complexity. Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

52. A banker opts for short-term gain despite indications that his decision might not pay off in the long run. Which error or bias is the banker guilty of? A) immediate gratification B) selective perception bias C) overconfidence D) representation Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88-89 Objective: 3.1

53. A scientist cites two studies that show a positive effect for her drug and ignores five other studies that show a negative effect. Which error or bias is she committing? A) confirmation bias B) anchoring effect C) hindsight D) self-serving Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Objective: 3.1

54. One legislator sees decreased tax revenue as the key problem in the budget. A second legislator sees increased spending as the problem. Each of these legislators has a(n) ________. A) representation bias B) self-serving bias C) framing bias D) availability bias Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Objective: 3.1

55. Which of the following is NOT a common decision-making error or bias? A) sunk costs

B) forest for the trees C) randomness D) overconfidence bias Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88-89 Objective: 3.1

56. The three main models that managers use to make decisions are ________. A) bounded rational, intuitive, systematic B) rational, bounded rational, and intuitive C) intuitive, unintuitive, rational D) rational, irrational, bounded rational Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90-92 Objective: 3.2

57. It is assumed that a rational decision maker ________. A) would face only difficult decisions B) would never make a wrong choice C) would be objective and logical D) would be subjective and impractical Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Objective: 3.2

58. What does it mean for a decision maker to maximize value? A) to make the achievement of goals as likely as possible B) to make decision making as simple as possible C) to waste as little time and energy as possible D) to make the decision to be as clear and logical as possible Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Objective: 3.2

59. Maximizing value for an organization means making sure that ________. A) the decision is as simple as possible B) the organization makes money C) the best interests of the organization are addressed D) the decision made is as rational as possible Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Objective: 3.2

60. Which of the following is NOT assumed in a rational decision? A) a clear and unambiguous problem B) value is maximized C) a clear and specific goal D) many alternatives and consequences are known

Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Objective: 3.2

61. It is assumed that in most cases, the decisions of all managers are limited by ________. A) having too much information B) greed and short-sightedness C) not being able to analyze all information for all alternatives D) not being able to act rationally or in the best interests of their organization Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

62. Which term best characterizes a decision that has bounded rationality? A) good enough B) not good enough C) rigorous and comprehensive D) virtually perfect Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

63. Software programs that use a series of questions to aid humans in decision making are called ________. A) support software B) text reading software C) expert systems D) group systems Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

64. Expert systems are primarily used to help what kinds of decision makers? A) experts B) senior managers C) lower-level managers D) top managers Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

65. Neural networks are able to outdo the performance of humans by ________. A) handling hundreds of variables at once B) analyzing symbols C) handling up to three variables at once D) reading facial expressions Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

66. Neural networks differ from expert systems in that they can ________. A) ask questions to the decision maker B) learn from experience C) draw conclusions from data D) perform sophisticated calculations Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

67. Neural networks outperfom expert systems in uncovering ________. A) potential credit card customers B) false positives for pregnancy C) credit problems in bank mortgages D) credit card fraud Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

68. Herbert Simon won the Nobel Prize in economics for his work in describing ________. A) how people avoid decisions B) how people make decisions C) how most people are perfectly rational D) how people spend money Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 Objective: 3.2

69. Which of the following is the best definition for the word satisfice? A) very satisfying B) accepts a less than perfect solution C) not sufficient D) requires a perfect solution Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

70. Simon found that in making decisions, most people satisficed because they had limited ability to ________. A) deal with difficult situations B) think independently C) be truthful and honest in situations that deal with other people D) grasp present conditions and anticipate future conditions Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

71. A person who satisfices fails to ________. A) accept the truth of a situation

B) maximize his or her decision C) understand his or her position D) make any kind of decision Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

72. Sticking to a decision despite evidence that it is a mistake is called ________. A) error enhancement B) escalation of commitment C) escalation of rationality D) satisficing commitment Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

73. Escalation of commitment can occur when people don't ________. A) accept current conditions B) understand that conditions have changed C) want to make a decision D) want to admit that an earlier decision was flawed Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

74. Which model of decision making takes advantage of unconscious reasoning? A) non-rational B) rational C) factual D) intuitive Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

75. Compared to fully rational decision making, what is a major advantage of intuitive decision making? A) fully quantified B) thoroughness C) speed D) total reliability Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

76. How often do managers typically use intuitive decision making? A) more than half of the time B) almost all of the time C) almost never D) 100 percent of the time

Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Objective: 3.2

77. Intuitive decision making can complement ________. A) neither rationality nor bounded rationality B) rational decision making only C) both rationality and bounded rationality D) bounded rationality only Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Objective: 3.2

78. Which of the following is NOT a way in which intuition guides people who are making decisions? A) Intuition provides experiences to draw from. B) Intuition draws on knowledge, skills, and training. C) Intuition provides ethics and values guidelines. D) Intuition provides a formal analysis method. Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Objective: 3.2

79. Emotions and feelings ________ decision making. A) have no effect on B) can improve C) are more important than facts and logic in D) decrease performance in Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Objective: 3.2

80. Structured problems are ________. A) incomplete B) clear and straightforward C) undefined and vague D) ambiguous Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

81. Unstructured problems are ________. A) situations in which all options are not known B) perfectly rational C) clear and straightforward D) situations in which all options are known Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

82. Which of the following is an example of a structured problem? A) deciding shipping options for a vacuum cleaner B) designing a new MP3 player C) drafting a quarterback for a pro football team D) hiring a lawyer Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

83. Which of the following is an example of an unstructured problem? A) measuring pollution levels in a power plant B) comparing gas mileage for different car models C) choosing the best wardrobe for an executive D) finding the list price of different copy machines Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

84. Structured problems typically have ________ while unstructured problems typically have ________. A) two solutions; three solutions B) only one solution; many solutions C) many solutions; one solution D) many solutions; fewer solutions Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

85. Programmed decisions work well for solving ________. A) both structured and unstructured problems B) unstructured problems C) structured problems D) poorly defined problems Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

86. Programmed decisions draw heavily on which of the following? A) mistakes made in the past B) innovative new solutions C) past solutions that were successful D) past solutions that were unsuccessful Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

87. Which of the following is NOT a type of programmed decision? A) rule

B) policy C) brainstorm D) systematic procedure Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

88. Following the directions to put together an elliptical exercise machine is an example of which way to solve a problem? A) procedure B) general practice C) rule D) policy Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 Objective: 3.3

89. A football coach makes the decision to punt or not to punt on fourth down based on whether or not he is past his own 50-yard line. Which decision-making method does the coach use? A) a rule B) a hunch C) a procedure D) a policy Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94-95 Objective: 3.3

90. Which pair or pairs of terms is true? (This question can have more than one correct answer.) A) structured problem, structured decision B) structured problem, programmed decision C) unstructured problem, nonprogrammed decision D) unstructured problem, programmed decision Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94-95 Objective: 3.3

91. A judge consults guidelines before handing down an award for damages in a legal case. What kind of decision making is she doing? A) programmed B) following a policy C) following a rule D) following a procedure Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 Objective: 3.3

92. Top managers in an organization tend to ________. A) make programmed decisions

B) solve structured problems C) solve well-defined problems D) make nonprogrammed decisions Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 Objective: 3.3

93. Which three conditions do decision makers face? A) certainty, uncertainty, confidence B) certainty, risk, uncertainty C) certainty, risk, high risk D) risk, high risk, low risk Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

94. In a condition of certainty, ________. A) some alternatives are not known B) all outcomes of all alternatives are known C) the decision is already made D) most outcomes are known Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

95. If a car buyer knows the inventory dealer price of the same car at different dealerships, he or she is operating under what type of decision-making condition? A) factual B) risk C) certainty D) uncertainty Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

96. A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring season based on last spring's outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making condition? A) certainty B) seasonal C) risk D) uncertainty Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

97. ________ is a situation in which a decision maker has only incomplete information about outcomes and does not have ability to reasonably estimate outcomes that are not known. A) Risk

B) High certainty C) Uncertainty D) Certainty Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

98. A low-level manager is most likely to solve problems under which condition? A) low certainty B) low risk C) uncertainty D) certainty Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

99. A top manager is most likely to solve problems under which condition? A) high certainty B) certainty C) uncertainty D) risk Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

100. A manager has a choice of three investment funds. To assess them, he looks at their past investment records over the previous five years. The manager is operating under which condition? A) probability B) risk C) uncertainty D) certainty Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

101. A manager has a choice of three bank CDs that pay different amounts of interest over different time periods. The manager is operating under which condition? A) certainty B) uncertainty C) jeopardy D) risk Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

102. A manager wants to invest in one of three start-up companies. All three of the companies seem to have a good business plan. None of the companies has a track record. The manager is operating under which condition?

A) risk B) certainty C) low certainty D) uncertainty Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

103. A key to what is commonly used to assess risk is for a decision maker to examine the ________ an investment. A) the promises made by a company for B) historical data for C) the minor details of D) the ads posted by a company for Answer:
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

104. Managers in organizations make group decisions ________. A) rarely B) frequently C) almost never D) never Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 96 Objective: 3.3

105. The eight steps of decision making ________. A) can only be employed by individuals B) can only be employed by groups C) can only be employed in very small groups D) can be employed by individuals and groups Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

106. One advantage of group decision making is that it usually provides ________ than individual decision making. A) less confusion B) more ethical decisions C) more information D) faster decisions Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

107. Group decisions generally feature ________ acceptance than decisions made by an individual. A) neither greater or less

B) less C) greater D) more enthusiastic Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

108. Group decision making typically increases the legitimacy of a decision because the decision was made ________. A) democratically B) over a long period of time C) by experts D) primarily by the group leader Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

109. Decisions made by individuals typically suffer from suspicions that the decision maker ________. A) did not try to analyze the situation B) is dishonest C) did not consult all interested parties D) is not rational Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

110. Seeking the views of a diverse group of people can provide a decision maker with ________ on issues. A) conventional wisdom B) universal agreement C) a foolproof way to get the perfect answer D) fresh perspectives Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

111. Which of the following is a drawback to seeking diverse views in decision making? A) less reliable decision B) more time consuming C) less time consuming D) easier decision-making process Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Objective: 3.4

112. Which phrase best summarizes the drawbacks of group decisions? A) A camel is a no racehorse when it comes to speed. B) A camel beats a racehorse in a long race. C) A camel is a racehorse put together by a committee.

D) A camel is a racehorse put together by a manager. Answer:


Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

113. Groups decisions are usually ________ individual decisions. A) more efficient but less effective B) less efficient than C) equal in efficiency to D) more efficient than Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

114. Since all members of a group are rarely equal in status, most groups suffer from ________. A) too much diversity B) gridlock C) minority domination D) majority domination Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

115. ________ can cause people in a group to fail to express their true opinions. A) Years of experience B) Group imbalance C) Pressure to conform D) Ambiguous responsibility Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

116. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of groupthink? A) complete conformity among group members B) failure to reach consensus within a group C) a group that is candid and open D) conflict among group members Answer:
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

117. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can increase the probability of groupthink? A) The group has more than 40 group members. B) Influential group members dominate the discussion and the decision-making process. C) Group leaders stress the importance of consensus above all other concerns. D) Group leaders solicit ideas from all group members without passing judgment on their ideas. Answer:
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 98 Objective: 3.4

118. Which of the following is the most effective number of people to have in a group? A) 5-7 B) 10-15 C) 2-4 D) 16-25 Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99 Objective: 3.4

119. Which of the following is used to exclusively generate creative ideas in a group setting? A) nominal group technique B) electronic meetings C) groupthink D) brainstorming Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 99 Objective: 3.4

120. Which of the following is NOT allowed in a brainstorming session? A) clear definition of the problem B) criticism or dismissal of poor ideas C) recording of all alternatives D) large number of alternatives Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99 Objective: 3.4

121. Which of the following group techniques allows group members to meet together, but at the same time facilitates independent decision making? A) small meetings of less than 10 individuals B) nominal group technique C) large meetings of over 50 individuals D) brainstorming Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99 Objective: 3.4

122. The ________ blends the nominal group technique with sophisticated computer technology. A) personal meeting B) virtual meeting C) electronic meeting D) preliminary meeting Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100 Objective: 3.4

123. What advantages does videoconferencing provide for group decision making? A) less minority domination B) anonymous expression of opinions C) savings on travel and time D) less groupthink Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100 Objective: 3.4

124. Mid-level managers in a country with high power distance are ________ than managers from a low power distance country. A) more likely to disagree with their leaders' decisions B) less likely to make safe, conservative decisions C) less likely to make risky decisions D) more likely to make risky decisions Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 100-101 Objective: 3.5

125. Mid-level managers in a country with low uncertainty avoidance are ________ than managers from a high uncertainty avoidance country. A) more likely to make risky decisions B) less likely to make foolish decisions C) less likely to make risky decisions D) more likely to avoid making decisions Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 100 Objective: 3.5

126. Individualistic countries like the United States tend to have ________ than group-oriented countries like Japan. A) less conformity and more cooperation B) more conformity and more cooperation C) more conformity and less cooperation D) less conformity and less cooperation Answer:
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 100-101 Objective: 3.5

127. The use of ringisei in Japanese organizations reflects which of the following values in Japanese culture? A) risk taking B) consensus-seeking C) tradition-following D) go-it-alone Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

128. French management style tends to be ________ in style. A) autocratic B) group oriented C) permissive D) rule following Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

129. When dealing with international organizations, managers must be ________ in order to accommodate the managing styles of different cultures. A) as strict as possible B) as thorough C) as inflexible as possible D) as flexible as possible Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

130. ________ helps people find better solutions to problems using innovative problem-solving methods. A) Planning B) Structure C) Organization D) Creativity Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

131. According to one study, about ________ of men and women were somewhat creative. A) 10 percent B) 60 percent C) 30 percent D) 1 percent Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

132. One well-accepted model states that individual creativity requires ________, or a commanding understanding of a subject matter. A) intuition B) task motivation C) high interest D) expertise Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 Objective: 3.5

133. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative problem solver?

A) frustrates easily B) tolerance for ambiguity C) self confidence D) accepts risks readily Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 Objective: 3.5

134. Which of the following traits do all creative people seem to share? A) They like to save time. B) They get along well with others. C) They don't like to work hard. D) They love their work. Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 Objective: 3.5

135. Which of the following tends to impede a person's creativity? A) being watched while you work B) clearly defined goals C) providing time and resources D) internal motivation Answer:
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 Objective: 3.5

S-ar putea să vă placă și