Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
www.cisco.com
Agenda
Networking History
How a LAN Is Built
LAN Topologies
LAN/WAN Devices
www.cisco.com
1-2
Networking History
www.cisco.com
Early Networks
Samuel Morse
www.cisco.com
1-4
Telephone Network
Bell Telephone
Analog Network
www.cisco.com
1-5
Important Developments
1966Carterphone attached to phone lines to transmit radio calls to construction workers 1975FCC ruled that equipment can attach to phone lines if it meets specifications
www.cisco.com
1-6
Telephone Network
MCI AT&T
Pacific Bell
Bell Atlantic
www.cisco.com
1-7
1960s1970s Communications
Digital Network
Low-Speed Access Lines
IBM Host Computer Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Application Programs Database Printing
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-8
Problem
www.cisco.com
1-9
1 bit 0 bit
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Start Bit
Stop Bit
www.cisco.com
1-10
SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator
Translates digital computer signals to analog signals which the telephone world can understand and vice versa
www.cisco.com
1-11
SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator Translates digital computer signals to analog signals which the telephone world can understand and vice versa
POTS
Modem
Mainframe Host
www.cisco.com
1-12
Another SolutionMultiplexing
MultiplexerAllows multiple signals to be carried across a single physical medium
BroadbandAble to carry multiple signals simultaneously BasebandCarries only one signal at a time
Mainframe Host
www.cisco.com
1-13
www.cisco.com
1-14
1960s1970s Communications
Sunnyvale Branch
Digital
Digital
POTS
Mainframe Host
www.cisco.com
1-15
1960s1970s Communications
Sunnyvale Branch
Dedicated Leased Lines
Digital
Digital
Digital
POTS
Dialup Modem Connection
Mainframe Host
www.cisco.com
1-16
File storage
Processing power Printing options Smart terminals
www.cisco.com
1-17
www.cisco.com
1-18
The Internet
ANSNET (Advanced Networks and Services)
Took over NFSNET in 1990 Formed by MCI, MERIT, and IBM for commercial uses Upgraded 1.5-Mbps links to 45 Mbps, sold to AOL in 1995
Mid 1980s, collection of networks viewed as The Internet TCP/IP is the glue that holds it together January 1992, Internet Society formed Primary applications
E-mail, news, remote login, file transfer, WWW
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-19
1990sGlobal Internetworking
19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers 1995Multiple backbones, hundreds of regional nets, tens of thousands of LANs, millions of hosts, tens of millions of users
www.cisco.com
1-20
www.cisco.com
Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other devices that can communicate with each other in a small area (< ~ 3000 m or 1000 feet)
www.cisco.com
1-22
Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media Control the network privately under local administration Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices
www.cisco.com
1-23
Banyan VINES
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-24
www.cisco.com
1-25
Wiring Hub
Printer
(Also has a NIC)
Wiring Hub
NIC
Serves as center of network Contains multiple independent but connected modules where network equipment can be connected
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-26
Connectors
Wiring Hub
NIC
www.cisco.com
1-27
Network Cabling
Media connecting network components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable LAN cables only carry one signal at a time WAN cables can carry multiple signals simultaneously
www.cisco.com
1-28
RJ-45 Connector
1-29
Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket Braided Copper Shielding Plastic Insulation Copper Conductor
BNC Connector
Medium
200/500 m
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1-30
Fiber-Optic Cable
Outer Jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material Plastic Shield Glass Fiber and Cladding
Most expensive
Up to 2 km
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1-31
Throughput Needs !!
100,000 bits
7,300,000 bits/screen 30 pictures/second 224,000,000 bps!!! 2,457,000 bits/screen 30 screens/second 73,728,000 bps
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1-32
64,000 bps
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
Bandwidth
The total capacity of a given network medium or protocol
THROUGHPUT = BANDWIDTH - OVERHEAD
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-33
Throughput Rate
Speed 9,600 bps 24,000 bps
10,000 pages = 53 MB (Megabytes)
Transmit Time = = = = = 12.27 hrs 4.91 hrs 2.1 hrs 7.1 min 42.4 sec
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
=
=
4.24 sec
0.42 sec
1 Byte = 8 bits
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-34
LAN Topologies
www.cisco.com
LAN Topologies
Define network device organization Four common types
Bus topology Tree topology
Star topology
Ring topology
www.cisco.com
1-36
www.cisco.com
1-37
www.cisco.com
1-38
Repeaters at each component Unidirectional transmission links Closed loop Typically used in FDDI networks
www.cisco.com
1-39
LAN/WAN Devices
www.cisco.com
LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
www.cisco.com
1-41
Hub
Device that serves as the center of a star topology network, sometimes referred to as a multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a concentrator; no forwarding intelligence
www.cisco.com
1-42
Hubs
123 126
124
127
Hub
125
128
Amplifies signals Propagates signals through the network Does not filter data packets based on destination No path determination or switching Used as network concentration point
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1-43
Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets between two network segments. More intelligent than hubanalyzes incoming packets and forwards (or filters) them based on addressing information.
www.cisco.com
1-44
Bridge Example
123 126
124
Bridge
127
Hub
125
Hub
128
Segment 1
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information Collects and passes packets between two network segments Maintains address tables Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used primarily in Token Ring LANs)
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-45
Switches
Use bridging technology to forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission rate between two stations that are directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address tables called content-addressable memory (CAM).
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-46
SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
31
34 35
32
100 Mbps
33
36
Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can filter) Provides full dedicated transmission rate between stations that are connected to switch ports Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-47
Routers
Interconnect LANs and WANs Provide path determination using metrics Forward packets from one network to another Control broadcasts to the network
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
www.cisco.com
1-48
Summary
LANs are designed to operate within a limited geographic area Key LAN components are computers, NOS, NICs, hubs, and cables
www.cisco.com
1-49
Presentation_ID
www.cisco.com
50