01 Internetworking Basics

Internetworking Basics
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
Networking History
How a LAN Is Built
LAN Topologies
LAN/WAN Devices
CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking
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1-2
Networking History
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Early Networks
Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell

Emile Baudot
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Telephone Network
Bell Telephone
Analog Network
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Important Developments
1966Carterphone attached to phone lines to transmit radio calls to construction workers 1975FCC ruled that equipment can attach to phone lines if it meets specifications
1977FCC Part 68 enacted to define technical specifications

1984Court ordered Bell System/AT&T breakup
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Telephone Network
MCI AT&T
Pacific Bell
Bell Atlantic
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1960s1970s Communications
Digital Network
Low-Speed Access Lines
IBM Host Computer Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Application Programs Database Printing
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Problem
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Analog and Digital Signals

Digital Transmission 1s and 0s On or Off Computer-speak Analog Transmission Wires or wireless, Audio tones Info conveyed through signal amplitude, frequency, and phase
1 bit 0 bit
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Start Bit
Stop Bit
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SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator
Translates digital computer signals to analog signals which the telephone world can understand and vice versa
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SolutionModems
ModemModulator/Demodulator Translates digital computer signals to analog signals which the telephone world can understand and vice versa
POTS
Modem POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)

Modem
Mainframe Host
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Another SolutionMultiplexing
MultiplexerAllows multiple signals to be carried across a single physical medium
BroadbandAble to carry multiple signals simultaneously BasebandCarries only one signal at a time
Mainframe Host
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Baseband versus Broadband

Baseband Local-Area Network (LAN)
Broadband Wide-Area Network (WAN)
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Sunnyvale Branch
Digital
Digital
POTS
Headquarters, San Francisco
Mainframe Host
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Sunnyvale Branch
Dedicated Leased Lines
Digital
Digital
Digital
POTS
Dialup Modem Connection
Morgan Hill Branch
Headquarters, San Francisco
Mainframe Host
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Birth of the Personal Computer

Applications
File storage
Processing power Printing options Smart terminals
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The Internet1970s and 1980s

ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects Agency Network, Dept. of Defense
Developed in mid 1960s Funded research to universities and companies First packet-switched network built by BBNDec 1969 Many LANs connected to the ARPANET with TCP/IP Shut down in 1990 due to newer networks emerging
NSFNETNational Science Foundation, late 1970s

High-speed successor to ARPANET Six supercomputers: San Diego, Boulder, Champaign, Pittsburgh, Ithaca, and Princeton Supercomputers given a microcomputer which spoke TCP/IP Overloaded from the word go
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The Internet
ANSNET (Advanced Networks and Services)
Took over NFSNET in 1990 Formed by MCI, MERIT, and IBM for commercial uses Upgraded 1.5-Mbps links to 45 Mbps, sold to AOL in 1995
NFS awarded contracts to four NAPs

Pacific Bell (San Francisco), Ameritech (Chicago), MFS (Washington, D.C.), Sprint (New York City) Additional government backbones
Mid 1980s, collection of networks viewed as The Internet TCP/IP is the glue that holds it together January 1992, Internet Society formed Primary applications
E-mail, news, remote login, file transfer, WWW
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1990sGlobal Internetworking
19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers 1995Multiple backbones, hundreds of regional nets, tens of thousands of LANs, millions of hosts, tens of millions of users
Doubling every year!

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How a LAN Is Built
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Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other devices that can communicate with each other in a small area (< ~ 3000 m or 1000 feet)
What are the components?

Computers, operating system (OS), network interface card (NIC), and hubs
How is a LAN controlled?

ProtocolsFormal descriptions of sets of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information StandardsSets of rules or procedures that are either widely used or officially specified
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Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media Control the network privately under local administration Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices
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Network Operating System (OS)

Software that allows communicating and sharing of data and network resources Examples:
AppleTalk NetWare
PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS
Banyan VINES
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Network Interface Card

Amplifies electronic signals Packages data for transmission Physically connects computer to transmission media (cable)
Connector Port
Network Interface Card (NIC)

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Wiring Hub
Printer
(Also has a NIC)
Wiring Hub
NIC
Serves as center of network Contains multiple independent but connected modules where network equipment can be connected
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Cables or Transmission Media

Printer
(Also has a NIC)
Connectors
Wiring Hub
NIC
Cable Physical environments through which transmission signals pass

Twisted pair Fiber-optic cable Coaxial cable Atmosphere
RJ-45 Connector
Connectors (RJ-11, RJ-45, etc.)

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Network Cabling
Media connecting network components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable LAN cables only carry one signal at a time WAN cables can carry multiple signals simultaneously
Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper) Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable
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Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only: Shielded Insulation to Reduce EMI Twisted-Pair Outer Jacket
Color-Coded Plastic Insulation
Speed and throughput: Relative cost: Maximum cable length:

10/100 Mbps Least costly 100 m

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RJ-45 Connector
Media and connector size: Small
1-29
Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket Braided Copper Shielding Plastic Insulation Copper Conductor
BNC Connector
Speed and throughput: Relative cost:
10/100 Mbps More than UTP, but still low
Media and connector size:

Maximum cable length:
Medium
200/500 m
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1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1-30
Fiber-Optic Cable
Outer Jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material Plastic Shield Glass Fiber and Cladding
Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light (100 km)

Multimode: Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km) 100+ Mbps
Multimode Connector
Speed and throughput:
Average cost per node:

Maximum cable length:
Most expensive
Up to 2 km
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Media and connector size: Small
Throughput Needs !!
202,000,000 bits 841,000 bits
100,000 bits
7,300,000 bits/screen 30 pictures/second 224,000,000 bps!!! 2,457,000 bits/screen 30 screens/second 73,728,000 bps
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64,000 bps
Throughput Rate and Bandwidth

Throughput rate
The rate of information arriving at, and possibly passing through, a particular point in a network
Bandwidth
The total capacity of a given network medium or protocol
THROUGHPUT = BANDWIDTH - OVERHEAD
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1-33
Throughput Rate
Speed 9,600 bps 24,000 bps
10,000 pages = 53 MB (Megabytes)
Transmit Time = = = = = 12.27 hrs 4.91 hrs 2.1 hrs 7.1 min 42.4 sec
56 Kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
=
=
4.24 sec
0.42 sec
1 Byte = 8 bits
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1-34
LAN Topologies
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LAN Topologies
Define network device organization Four common types
Bus topology Tree topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Topologies are logical architectures

Actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations
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Bus and Tree Topology
Tree topology branch with multiple nodes
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Star Topology (LAN)

Center: hub, repeater, or concentrator Typically used in both Ethernet and Token Ring 5 to 100+ devices
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Ring Topology (LAN)

Redundant ring to avoid network failure
Repeaters at each component Unidirectional transmission links Closed loop Typically used in FDDI networks
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LAN/WAN Devices
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LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
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1-41
Hub
Device that serves as the center of a star topology network, sometimes referred to as a multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a concentrator; no forwarding intelligence
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Hubs
123 126
124
127
Hub
125
128
Amplifies signals Propagates signals through the network Does not filter data packets based on destination No path determination or switching Used as network concentration point
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Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets between two network segments. More intelligent than hubanalyzes incoming packets and forwards (or filters) them based on addressing information.
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Bridge Example
123 126
124
Bridge
127
Hub
125
Hub
128
Segment 1
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information Collects and passes packets between two network segments Maintains address tables Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used primarily in Token Ring LANs)
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Switches
Use bridging technology to forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission rate between two stations that are directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address tables called content-addressable memory (CAM).
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SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
31
10-Mbps UTP Cable Dedicated Switch
34 35
32
100 Mbps
100 Mbps Corporate Intranet
33
36
Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can filter) Provides full dedicated transmission rate between stations that are connected to switch ports Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM
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Routers
Interconnect LANs and WANs Provide path determination using metrics Forward packets from one network to another Control broadcasts to the network
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Summary
LANs are designed to operate within a limited geographic area Key LAN components are computers, NOS, NICs, hubs, and cables
Common LAN topologies include bus, tree, star, and ring

Common LAN/WAN devices are hubs, bridges, switches, and routers
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Presentation_ID
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50

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Internetworking Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Alexander Graham Bell

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1977FCC Part 68 enacted to define technical specifications

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Analog and Digital Signals

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Modem POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Baseband versus Broadband

Broadband Wide-Area Network (WAN)

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Headquarters, San Francisco

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Morgan Hill Branch

Headquarters, San Francisco

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Birth of the Personal Computer

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

The Internet1970s and 1980s

NSFNETNational Science Foundation, late 1970s

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

NFS awarded contracts to four NAPs

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Doubling every year!

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

How a LAN Is Built

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

What are the components?

How is a LAN controlled?

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsInternetworking

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Operating System (OS)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Interface Card

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

Network Interface Card (NIC)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cables or Transmission Media