Vectors in Physics

Vectors in Physics
Scalars vs. Vectors

Some quantities in Physics are uniquely determined by one number mass, temperature, speed, distance, etc. These are called SCALARS
Scalars vs. Vectors

There are other quantities that require more than one number velocity, acceleration, displacement, etc. These are called VECTORS
Characteristics of Vectors
A vector is represented as an arrow. An arrow has length and direction. So does a vector. Visual representation: Out of page: Into page:
Vector Addition
Vector Addition
A table in the room...
Vector Addition
A table in the room... A bug moves from point O...
O
Vector Addition
P
A table in the room... A bug moves from point O... to point P on the table.
Vector Addition
P
A table in the room... A bug moves from point O... to point P on the table. But, the table also moves
Vector Addition
P
Vector Addition
P S
The bugs position in the room is then point S.
Vector Addition
P S
The bugs position in the room is then point S. What you observe if these two motions happen simultaneously
Vector Addition
P S
Vector Addition
P S
OS = OP + P S
The vector OS is the vector OP plus the vector PS
Vector Addition Head-to-Tail Method

To add vectors A & B...
A

A B

Translate one vector to the other, head-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector

A
C = A+B

Translate one vector to the other, head-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector Draw resultant vector from tail of rst
to head of last

A
C = A+B

Translate one vector to the other, head-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector Draw resultant vector from tail of rst
to head of last Result does not depend on order, so
C =B+A
Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

A

A B
Translate one vector to the other, tail-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector

A B
Translate one vector to the other, tail-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector Complete the parallelogram

A B
C = A+B
Translate one vector to the other, tail-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector Complete the parallelogram Draw resultant vector from tails of vectors to
opposite corner of parallelogram

A B
C = A+B
Translate one vector to the other, tail-to-tail Magnitude & direction do not change So, same vector Complete the parallelogram Draw resultant vector from tails of vectors to
opposite corner of parallelogram Easy to see that...
A+B =B+A
Vector Addition Subtraction

A + ( A ) = 0

A + ( A ) = 0
What is the meaning of A ?

A + ( A ) = 0
What is the meaning of A ? If this is displacement, it is the vector required to return to the start.

A + ( A ) = 0
What is the meaning of A ? If this is displacement, it is the vector required to return to the start. That would make the displacement zero.

A + ( A ) = 0
What is the meaning of A ? If this is displacement, it is the vector required to return to the start. That would make the displacement zero. It is simply the same vector in the opposite direction.

A + ( A ) = 0
A A
What is the meaning of A ? If this is displacement, it is the vector required to return to the start. That would make the displacement zero. It is simply the same vector in the opposite direction.

To determine
A B
AB = C

To determine
A B
Rewrite as A + ( B ) = C
AB = C

B A B
To determine
Rewrite as A + ( B ) = C Use head-to-tail method with A & B
AB = C

C
B A
To determine

Draw resultant vector from tail of rst
AB = C
to head of last

C
B A
To determine

Draw resultant vector from tail of rst
AB = C
to head of last
Order does matter
A B = B A
Vector Decomposition Components

z

z
P

z
P

z
Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

z

z

z

Az
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes Unit vectors
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes Unit vectors
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
Ay
Ax x
Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes Unit vectors One unit in length Point in positive direction Hat indicates unit vector

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x
A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Magnitude of vector A:
Ay
|A| =
Ax x
A2 + A2 + A2 x y z

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
|A| =
Ax x
A2 + A2 + A2 x y z

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z |A| = A2 + A2 + A2 x y z
Ay
Example:
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Example:
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Example:
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Example:
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62 |A| = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62 |A| = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62 |A| = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70

Ay
Ax x

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62 |A| = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70 Az 6 cos = = |A| 70

Az
z
A
P
z x
O
Ay
Ax x
A = 3 5 + 6 x y z |A| = 32 + (5)2 + 62 |A| = 9 + 25 + 36 = 70 Az 6 cos = = |A| 70 6 1 = cos 70
Vector Components In Two Dimensions

Given magnitude & direction

Ax = |A| cos

Ax = |A| cos
Ay = |A| sin

Ax = |A| cos
Given components
Ay = |A| sin

Ax = |A| cos
Given components
|A| = A2 + A2 x y
Ay = |A| sin

Ax = |A| cos
Given components
|A| = A2 + A2 x y Ay 1 = tan Ax
Ay = |A| sin
Angle may be measured relative to the x or y axis. Be careful.
Unit Vector Notation

Find total displacement...

Each pace = 0.75 m

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) y

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y |D| = (4.37)2 + (1.63)2 = 4.66 m
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y |D| = (4.37)2 + (1.63)2 = 4.66 m 1.63 1 = tan = 20.5o 4.37
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y |D| = (4.37)2 + (1.63)2 = 4.66 m 1.63 1 = tan = 20.5o 4.37
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + vector notation: x y Vector addition is straightforward with unit2.12) + (3.75 2.12) D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y |D| = (4.37)2 + (1.63)2 = 4.66 m 1.63 1 = tan = 20.5o 4.37
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + vector notation: x y Vector addition is straightforward with unit2.12) + (3.75 2.12) D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y C = A + B = (Ax + Bx ) + (Ay2 + By ) 2 x y |D| = (4.37) + (1.63) = 4.66 m 1.63 1 = tan = 20.5o 4.37
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + vector notation: x y Vector addition is straightforward with unit2.12) + (3.75 2.12) D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y C = A + B = (Ax + Bx ) + (Ay2 + By ) 2 x y |D| = (4.37) + (1.63) = 4.66 m D = A B = (Ax Bx ) + (Ay By )= 20.5o x tan1 1.63 y = 4.37
D= A+B+C

Each pace = 0.75 m
A = (3.75 m) B = (2.25 m) y x
C = (3(cos 45o ) m) (3(sin 45o ) m) x y
C = (2.12 m) (2.12 m) x y
D = (2.25 + 2.12) + (3.75 2.12) x y D = (4.37m) + (1.63m) x y |D| = (4.37)2 + (1.63)2 = 4.66 m 1.63 1 = tan = 20.5o 4.37
D= A+B+C
Position Vector
Position Vector
Position:
Position Vector
Position:
position vector = r
Position Vector
Position:
position vector = r
SI unit: meter, m
Position Vector
Position:
position vector = r
SI unit: meter, m
= x + y r x y
Displacement Vector
Displacement Vector
Displacement:
Displacement Vector
Displacement:
= r r r0
Displacement Vector
Displacement:
= r r r0 SI unit: meter, m
Displacement Vector
Displacement:
Written as a sum:
Displacement Vector
Displacement:
Written as a sum:
= + r r0 r
Velocity Vectors
Velocity Vectors
Average velocity:
Velocity Vectors
Average velocity:
v av r = t
Velocity Vectors
=r v av t SI unit: meter per second, m/s
Average velocity:
Velocity Vectors
Average velocity:
Instantaneous velocity:
Velocity Vectors
Average velocity:
= lim r v t0 t
Velocity Vectors
Average velocity:
= lim r v t0 t SI unit: meter per second, m/s
Acceleration Vectors
Average acceleration:
a av v = t
a av v = t
SI unit: meter per second, m/s
a av v = t
Instantaneous acceleration:
a av v = t

= lim v a t0 t
a av v = t

= lim v a t0 t
2
Direction is the same as change in velocity
Direction is the same as change in velocity
Relative Motion
Two objects in motion relative to each other, and to a third Object one moves relative to object two Object two moves relative to object three These two relationships can be used to determine object ones motion relative to object three
Relative Motion
Relative Motion
Example:
Relative Motion
Example:
P
Bugs motion relative to table
Relative Motion
Example:
P S
Bugs motion relative to table Tables motion relative to room
Relative Motion
Example:
P S
Bugs motion relative to table Tables motion relative to room Bugs motion relative to room
Relative Motion
Example:
P S
For displacement, we would write:
Relative Motion
Example:
rbt
P S

Bugs displacement relative to Table rbt
Relative Motion
Example:
rbt
rtr

Bugs displacement relative to Table rbt Tables displacement relative to Room r
tr
Relative Motion
Example:
rbt
P
rbr
rtr

Bugs displacement relative to Table rbt Tables displacement relative to Room rtr Bugs displacement relative to Room r
br
Relative Motion
Example:
rbt
P
rbr
rtr

Bugs displacement relative to Table rbt Tables displacement relative to Room rtr Bugs displacement relative to Room r
br
= + r r rbr bt tr

Vectors in Physics

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Vectors in Physics

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Vectors in Physics

Scalars vs. Vectors

Scalars vs. Vectors

The bugs position in the room is then point S.

The vector OS is the vector OP plus the vector PS

Vector Addition Head-to-Tail Method

Vector Addition Head-to-Tail Method

To add vectors A & B...

Vector Addition Head-to-Tail Method

To add vectors A & B...

Vector Addition Head-to-Tail Method

To add vectors A & B...

to head of last Result does not depend on order, so

Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

opposite corner of parallelogram

Vector Addition Parallelogram Method

opposite corner of parallelogram Easy to see that...

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

What is the meaning of A ?

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Vector Addition Subtraction

Rewrite as A + ( B ) = C Use head-to-tail method with A & B

Vector Addition Subtraction

Rewrite as A + ( B ) = C Use head-to-tail method with A & B

Vector Addition Subtraction

Rewrite as A + ( B ) = C Use head-to-tail method with A & B

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes Unit vectors

Vector Decomposition Components

Projections of vector A on to x, y, & z axes Unit vectors

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components

Vector Decomposition Components