Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ON
Mr. NRAPENDRA KUMAR (Ex.ENGINEER,CHILLA POWER HOUSE) Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR VERMA (LECTURER, EEE DEPT.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER UNIVERSITY MORADABAD-244001 AUGUST-2012
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Mr. NRAPENDRA KUMAR (Ex.ENGINEER,CHILLA POWER HOUSE) Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR VERMA (LECTURER, EEE DEPT.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER UNIVERSITY MORADABAD-244001 AUGUST- 2012
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete engineer. Practical knowledge is very important to develop and apply engineering skills. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity to acknowledge and to express gratitude to those who were associated with me during my training at CHILLA POWER HOUSE, Haridwar. Special thanks to Mr. NRAPENDRA KUMAR for providing me with an opportunity to undergo training under his able guidance and offering me a very deep knowledge of practical aspects of industrial work culture. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to CHILLA POWER HOUSE authorities for allowing me to undergo the training in this prestigious organization. I will always remain indebted to them for their constant interest and excellent guidance in my training work, moreover for providing me with an opportunity to work and gain experience.
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION TO HYDRO POWER
1.1) History of hydro power 1.2) Hydro electric power / hydroelectricity 1. 3) Types of hydro power plants 1.4) Sizes of hydroelectric power plants 1.5) Layout of hydroelectric power plant 1.6) Selection of site of hydro-electric power plant 1.7) Advantages & disadvantages of hydro power plant
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01 02 03 06 07 10 11
13-20
13 13 15 16 17 19
21-27
21 23 24 26
28-29
28 28 28 29 29
5. PROTECTION SCHEME
5.1) Protection from internal faults 5.2) protection with external faults 5.2.1) Lightning arrester 5.2.2) Circuit breaker
30-34
30 32 32 33
CONCLUSION REFERENCE
35 36
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Figure 1.1
Water pressure (from the weight of the water and gravity) forces the water through the penstock and onto the blades of a turbine. A turbine is similar to the blades of a child's pinwheel. But instead of breath making the pinwheel turn, the moving water pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The turbine spins because of the force of the water. The turbine is connected to an electrical generator inside the powerhouse. The generator produces electricitythat travels over long-distance power lines to homes and businesses. The entire process is called hydroelectricity.
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Figure 1.2
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level
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(b) Diversion
Figure 1.3
A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam. (c) Pumped Storage When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle .Two reservoirs at different altitudes are required. When the water is released, from the upper reservoir, energy is created by the down flow which is directed through high-pressure shafts, linked to turbines. In turn, the turbines power the generators to create electricity. Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a pump shaft to the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump.
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The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National Grid the process usually takes place overnight when national electricity demand is at its lowestA dynamic response Dinorwig's six generating units can achieve maximum output, from zero, within 16 seconds. Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up facility during periods of excessive demand on the national grid system.
Figure 1.4
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Figure 1.5
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Figure 1.6
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is Dive rted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation.The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressureexerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head race.
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(b) Spillway
Figure 1.7 A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible (c) Penstock And Tunnel Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain. (d) Surge Tank Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water there by regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.
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Power Station Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The difference between headrace and tailrace is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation of electricity.
Figure 1.8
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Disadvantages 1. Susceptible to vagaries of nature such as draught. 2. Longer construction period and high initial cost. 3. Loss of large land due to reservoir. 4. Non-availability of suitable sites for the construction of dam. 5. Displacement of large population from reservoir area and rehabilitation. 6. Environmental aspect reservoirs verses river ecology. 7. High cost of transmission system for remote sites.
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8. They use up valuable and limited natural resources. 9. They can produce a lot of pollution. 10. Companies have to dig up the Earth or drills wells to get the coal,oil,and gas. 11. For nuclear power plants there are waste disposal problems.
Key facts about hydro power plant 1. World-wide, about 20% of all electricity is generated by hydropower. 2. Hydropower is clean. It prevents the burning of billion gallons of oil or 120 million tons of coal each year. 3. Hydropower does not produce greenhouse gasses or other air pollution. 4. Hydropower leaves behind no waste. 5. Hydropower is the most efficient way to generate electricity. Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the available energy into electricity. The best fossil fuel plants are only about 50% efficient. 6. Water is a naturally recurring domestic product and is not subject to the whims of foreign suppliers.
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2.1) INTRODUCTION
Ganga river and its tributaries in Himalayan region have Vast irrigation and power potential. Since there was no storage scheme on river ganga or it tributaries, the the major portion of available water resources flows down to sea. Garwal-Rishikesh-chilahydel scheme is a run off the river scheme, which envisages utilization of a drop of 33m in river ganga from virbhdra to chilla i.e 4km upstream of ganga canel head works at bhimgoda.The river discharge available at Virbhdra(4km down stream of rishikesh) is to diverted in to power channel ,14.3 km long. After generating power at chilla power house the water is again put into the ganga through a tail race,1.2 km long .The discharge available in the river,up to 20,000 cusees is utilized for the generation of power. The availability of water will keep on improving with the construction of dams upstream of Virbhdra. The main components of the scheme are (a) Barrage of Virbhdra (b) Power channel (c) Power house complex at chilla (a) Barrage at virbhdra A 312m long barrage has been constructed across river Ganga at Virbhdra(4km down stream of rishikesh).This barrage is in boulder stage of river and comprises 15 days each of width 18m.The height of barrage gates is 11.15m,highest so far in in the country.Provision has made fpr the silt excluder to reduce entry of bed load in the power channel.The head regulator of power channel consist of 5 days,each 11m wide.
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power channel is lined with concrete walls to reduce the water losses. A silt ejector has been constructed in head reach of the power channel. The channel is the biggest power in the country with a capacity of 20,000 cusecs. At place it is running in embankment of 33m height, the highest embankment of any power channel in the country. It would be appropriative to call this power channel An Eastern Dam14.3m long. The power channel crosses 12 rivers and rivulets in its journey from virbhdra to chilla power house. One of these is a super-passage and the rest are aqueducts.
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Uint 1st start Uint 2nd start Uint 3rd start Uint 4th start
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Power channel
This is the channel that carries that carries water from the river to the power house forbay. Power channel is provided with silt ejectors to remove silt from time to time. LENTH BED WIDTH WATER DEPTH 14.3Km 12.5m 9.1m
Forbay
At this point ,water enters from head race in to penstocks.
Spillway
These are gates that provided to bypass excess water.These are float gates that act automatically and open-close depending on the water level.
Penstock
These are large pipes that take water from the forbay to turbine. These are four such penstock one for each machine.The entry of water in penstrock can be stoped by closing gate at mouth of penstock.
Tail race
This is the channel that takes used water back to the river. LENGTH 1.2Km
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Technical parameters
Type Rated Output Maximum Head Rated net head Normal speed Number of guid vanes Guid vanes height Max.guid vanes opening Runner outlet diameter Spiral outlet diameter Main shaft diameter Maximum speed rise Maximum pressure rise Direction of rotation Kalpan 38.3mw 35.0m 32.5m 187.5rpm 24 1500mm 390mm 4000mm 6000mm 650nm 45% 30% Clockwise
Operating oil pressure for governing 40kg/cm2 system Maximum axial load transferred from 375 Tonnes turbine to generator thrust bearing
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Line changing capacity at the rated 32Mvar voltage with 15% Of rated excitation.
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Transformer Main Transformer (4 Units) Connection Power rating HV side voltage LV side voltage Line current(HV) Line current(LV) Star-Delta 42.5 MVA 139 KV 11 KV 176.5 A 2231 A
Tap Positions HV Side (KV) 145.95 142.475 139.00 135.50 132.05 Tap Position 1 2 3 4 5 LV Side (KV) 11 11 11 11 11
Auxiliary Transformer (4 Units) Power Rating Voltage at no load HV side Voltage at no load LV side Current (HV side) Current (LV side) Switch yard Specifications of equipments in the switch yard are
Equipments Manufacturer Capacity
Generator Main Transformer Air Blast Circuit Breaker Isolator CT PT Coupling Capacitor Wave Trap
Lighting Arrester
36 MW 11/39 KV,42.5 MVA 1250 A 1250 A 800/400/200 A 132 110/500 MHZ 630/0.5 MH 30 KV/10 KA
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Figure 3.1
Power channel It is the first stage of water conducting system. It is formed by diverting the river in smaller part i.e. Canal/Power Channel (Neher). River Ganga is diverted by a barrage into a power channel of 14.3 km length. It connects river and intake. Intake It is the place where the water is stored before entering it into penstock
Pen stock
Here the intake water is supplied to the turbine. The process of energy conversion began form here. The potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy. The water is passed under the effect of gravity from a high of 32.5 m (100 ft.) via a pipe of dia 6 m (20 ft.). The pressure of pan stock is 3.5 kg/cm3 Draft tube A draft tube is one important part of a turbine, which is used to transform water into energy. A turbine draft tube is found within the piping system of a turbine. These draft tubes are used in turbines that function in jets, dams, or anywhere else where turbines help do difficult mechanical work. Turbines need to have a minimum amount of water to propel them in order to produce enough energy. Early versions of turbines, however, did not include draft tubes in their design. Without them, the pressure could drop because of lack of water, and in turn, the entire turbine could fail to work and power could be lost.
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3.2) TURBINE
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbomachinewith at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. There are four type of hydro turbine named as:
Pelton turbine Francis turbine Kaplan turbine Turgo turbine Cross-flow turbine (Banki-Michell turbine or Ossberger turbine)
Kaplan types of turbine are used in CHILLA. The Kaplan turbine is invented by Prof. Viktor Kaplan of Austria during 1913-1922 and a great development of early 20th century.The Kaplan turbine has some specific properties as The Kaplan is of the propeller type, similar to an airplane propeller. The difference between the Propeller and Kaplan turbines is that the Propeller turbine has fixed runner blades while the Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner blades angles. It is a pure axial flow turbine uses basic aerofoil theory. The Kaplans blades are adjustable for pitch and will handle a great variation of flow very efficiently. They are 90% or better in efficiency and are used in place of the old (but great) Francis types is good in many of installations. They are very expensive and are used principally in large installations. The Kaplan turbine, unlike all other propeller turbines, the runner's blades were movable. The application of Kaplan turbines are from a head of 2m to 40m. The advantage of the double regulated turbines is that they can be used in a wider field. The double regulated Kaplan turbines can work between 15% and 100% of the maximum design discharge.
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Figure 3.2
Turbine contains four type of baring:1. Thrust guide baring 2. Upper guide bearing 3. Lower guide bearing 4. Turbine bearing
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3.3) GENERATOR
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. It is analogous to a water pump, which causes water to flow (but does not create water). The source of mechanical energy water falling through a turbine or waterwheel The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms. Mechanical Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine
Electrical Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or dynamo the armature windings generate the electric current. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator. Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator.
Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than in the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field winding on the rotor and the stator as the armature winding. Only a small amount of field current must be transferred to the moving rotor, using slip rings. Direct current machines (dynamos) require a commutator on the rotating shaft to convert the alternating produced by the armature to direct current, so the armature winding is on the rotor of the machine. Excitation Generators require direct current to energize its magnetic field. The DC field current is obtained from a separate source called an exciter. Either rotating or static-type exciters are used for AC power generation systems. There are two types of rotating exciters: brush and brushless. The primary difference between brush and brushless exciters is the method used to transfer the DC exciting current to the generator fields. Static excitation for the generator fields is provided in several forms including field-flash voltage from storage batteries and voltage from a system of solid-state components. DC generators are either separately excited or self-excited. Excitation systems in current use include direct-connected or gear-connected shaft-driven DC generators, belt-driven or separate prime mover or motor-driven DC generators, and DC supplied through static rectifiers.
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The brush-type exciter can be mounted on the same shaft as the AC generator armature or can be housed separately from, but adjacent to, the generator. When it is housed separately, the exciter is rotated by the AC generator through a drive belt. The distinguishing feature of the brush-type generator is that stationary brushes are used to transfer the DC exciting current to the rotating generator field. Current transfer is made via rotating slip rings (collector rings) that are in contact with the brushes. A rotating-rectifier exciter is one example of brushless field excitation. In rotating-rectifier exciters, the brushes and slip rings are replaced by a rotating, solid-state rectifier assembly. The exciter armature, generator rotating assembly, and rectifier assembly are mounted on a common shaft. The rectifier assembly rotates with, but is insulated from, the generator shaft as well as from each winding. Static exciters contain no moving parts. A portion of the AC from each phase of generator output is fed back to the field windings, as DC excitations, through a system of transformers, rectifiers, and reactors. An external source of DC is necessary for initial excitation of the field windings. On engine driven generators, the initial excitation may be obtained from the storage batteries used to start the engine or from control voltage at the switchgear.
3.4) TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through these secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. The windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.
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Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.
Figure 3.3
Energy losses An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers, energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%..Experimental transformers using superconducting windings achieve efficiencies of 99.85%. The increase in efficiency can save considerable energy, and hence money, in a large heavily loaded transformer; the trade-off is in the additional initial and running cost of the superconducting design. Losses in transformers (excluding associated circuitry) vary with load current, and may be expressed as "no-load" or "full-load" loss. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on the electrical supply and a running cost. Designing transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost so that there is a trade between initial costs and running cost. Transformer losses are divided into losses in the windings, termed copper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss. Losses in the transformer arise from:
.
Winding resistance Hysteresis losses Eddy currents Magnetostriction Mechanical losses Stray losses
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Check its satisfactory running on `Auto. 4.3) TOP COVER DRAIN SYSTEM
Main supply of `ON for DPM. Vibration noise in the pump motor. Any leakage from the water piping.
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Oil Pressure System Check if there is any abnormal sound in the running of the motor and pump unit of OPU. Check the oil level in pressure accumulator. Check any oil leakage from oil piping and its valve. Check for overheating of motor. Note the timing of OPU pumps running.
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46
5 6 7 8 9 10
40 99 27 60 64 50
loss of excitation Pole slipping relay Under voltage relay Auxiliary relay Earth fault relay Over current relay
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Figure 5.1
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Figure 5.3
Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected between each electrical conductor in system and the Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike. If protection fails or is absent, Lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances.
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5.2.2) Circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Operation of a circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Operation The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protection relays, and an internal control power source.
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Figure 5.3
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.
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CONCLUSION
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other energy source, renewable or non renewable, can match it. Producing electricity from hydropower is cheapest because once a dam has been built and the equipment installed, the energy source-flowing water is free. Although Hydropower does present a few environmental problems the inherent technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy. This training proved an opportunity for encounter with such huge machines like hydrogenerator ,transformers etc. The architecture of Hydropower plant way various units are linked and the way working of whole plant is controlled make the students realize that Engineering is not just structural description but greater part is planning and management. It provides an opportunity to learn tech. Used at proper place and time can save a lot of labour. However, training has proved to be satisfactory. It has allowed us an opportunity to get an exposure of the practical implementation of theoretical fundamentals.
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REFERENCES
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING (NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL) BY A.K. RAJA & AMIT P. SRIVASTAVA, MANISH DWIVEDI. WWW.CENTREFORENERGY.COM WWW.EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG WWW.BRIGHTHUB.COM WWW.UJVNL.COM WWW.CENTRE-ENERGY.COM
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