Chapter 9: Stress Transformation

Finish Chapter 9 Work Problems

Chapter9:StressTransformation

9.5StressinShaftsDuetoAxialLoadandTorsion
Example: Anaxialforceof900Nandatorqueof2.5Nmareappliedtothe shaftasshown.Iftheshafthasdiameterof40mm,determinetheprincipal stressesatapointPonitssurface.
avg = R= ( x + y 2 x y = 0 + 716.2kPa = 358.1 kPa 2 0 716.2 2 ) + (198.9)2 2

2 = 409.7 kPa

)2 + 2 = ( xy

Combinedloadings(Ch.8)
1 =N/A

C (avg, 0) C (358.1,0) A (x , xy) A (0, 198.9) x

= Tc/J x
2

3 Clockwise angle = 14.5o

InitialstresselementatP 1 = 767.7 kPa 2 = -51.5 kPa

9.6StressVariationsThroughoutaprismaticBeam

StressTrajectories&Contours

Direction(orientation)contours whichgivethedirectionsof principalstressesofequal magnitude

Tensileprincipalstresscontourswhich givethelocationsofidenticaltensile principalstresses

Example

AtankistobemadebyrollingflatsheetofAISI1040colddrawnsteelintothe spiralshapeasshown,wherethespiralmakesanangleof65 withthe horizontalaxisofthetank.P=1.75MPa,Di=900mm. (a)Specifyathickness,t,toprovideN=4basedonsy orN=6basedonsu. (b)Determinethestressconditiononanelementalignedwiththeweld.

True3DViewofInitialStressElement (notusedinthisexample)

InitialStresselement =PrincipalStressElement

StressElementalong WeldLine v

1=y=Hoop 2=x=Longitudinal 3=z= Radial

1=y=Hoop 2=x=Longitudinal

vw wv

w 25 Xaxis

1=y=Hoop 2=x=Longitudinal

25 CCW

Contd

(a) Specify a thickness, t, to provide N = 4 based on s y or N = 6 based on s u . p = 1.75MPa AISI 1040 CD steel : s y = 565MPa, su = 669MPa Assume thin walled cylinder & Dm = given nominal Di = 900mm 565 = 141.3MPa 4 4 s 669 d = u = = 111.5MPa = smaller of the two = allowable 6 6 pDm pDm pDm (1.75MPa)(900mm) Q Hoop = t min = = = = 7.06mm 2t 2 Hoop 2 allowable 2(111.5MPa)

d =

sy

For preferred size, specify t = 8 mm check validity of thin wall assumption Dm = Di + t = 900 + 8 = 908mm(mean ) Dm 908 = = 113.5 > 20 t 8 thin wall assumption is correct (done)

(b) Determine the stress condition on an element aligned with the weld. Construct the initial stress element (stress element based on the X - Y coordinates) : In this case the initial stress element is the same as the principal stress element pDm (1.75MPa)(908mm) 1 = y = Hoop or Tangential = = = 99.31MPa 2t 2(8mm) 2 = x = Longitudinal = 1 = 49.66 MPa 2

1=y=Hoop=99.31MPa 2=x=Longitudinal=49.66MPa

Center = avg = (1 + 2 ) / 2 = (99.31 + 49.66) / 2 = 74.48 MPa Radius = R = (1 2 ) / 2 = (99.31 49.66) / 2 = 24.83 MPa Rotate CCW by 2x25 = 50 to find the po int s on the circle that represent the stress condition along the weld. w = avg R cos(50) = 74.48 24.83 cos(50) = 58.52 MPa wv = R sin(50) = 24.83 sin(50) = 19.02 MPa v = avg + R cos(50) = 74.48 + 24.83 cos(50) = 90.44 MPa

InitialStressElement=PrincipalStress Element, andaspecialcaseinMohrscircle

(CW) vw
Xaxis

(v,vw)

w
R

O=avg

1 +

v=90.44MPa vw=19.02MPa wv =58.52MPa w

25 CCW Xaxis

wv

50 CCW

(w,wv)
StressElementalongWeldLine

Contd

Summary

InitialStresselement =PrincipalStressElement

StressElementalong WeldLine

1=y=Hoop=99.31MPa 2=x=Longitudinal=49.66MPa

v=90.44MPa vw=19.02MPa wv =58.52MPa w

25 CCW Xaxis

1=y=Hoop 2=x=Longitudinal

vw

wv w 25

9.7AbsoluteMaximumShearStress
General3D stateofstress Thru3Dstresstransformation and actingonanyskewedplane canbedetermined.

Thereisanorientationhavingonly principalstresses(min,int, max) actingontheelement Triaxial Stress.

Atanotherorientationthe absolutemaximumshear stressabsmax willoccur.

Howtofindabsmax

max min abs max = 2 max + min avg = 2

Circle with the largest R

Aplanestresscasewith principalstresseshavingthe samesign

Needtotakea3Dviewandfind absmax when theinplaneprincipalstresseshavethesame sign bothtensileorbothcompressive

abs max = ( x 'z ' )max =

max 0 max = 2 2

Bothtensile

Givenplanestresscase

Aplanestresscasewith principalstresseshavingthe oppositesign

No needtotakea3Dviewwhentheinplane principalstresseshavetheopposite one tensileandonecompressive

abs max = ( x ' y' )max =

max min 2

Oppositesign

Givenplanestresscase

Review:MohrsCircle

Key: max istheradiusofthelargestcircle.

Initial Stress Elements

Need3DView

(cw)

(cw)

(cw)

Need3DView

1=0

2=0

3=

1=0 >2>3
SpecialCase2inTextbook

1>2=0 >3

1>2>3 =0
SpecialCase1inTextbook

Principal Stress Elements

Example: Duetotheappliedloading,theelementatthepointontheframeissubjectedtothestateof
stressshown.Determinetheprincipalstressesandtheabsolutemaximumshearstressatthepoint.

max = -10+41.2=31.2 min = -10-41.2 = -51.2 = 38.0o

Oppositesign

Example: Thepointonthesurfaceofthecylindricalpressurevesselissubjectedtothestateofstress.
Determinetheabsolutemaximumshearstressatthepoint.

Thisisacasethatprincipalstresseshavethesamesign,soneedto thinkthestressstatein3D.

Anorientationofanelement45 withinthe min 32 0 planecontainingmax=32MPaandmin=0 = max = = 16 MPa abs max 2 2 yieldsthestateofabsolutemaximumshear + min 32 + 0 stressandtheassociatedaveragenormal avg = max = = 16 MPa 2 2 stress.

Homework # 10
Due Thursday April 16 9-69 9-73 9-75 9-88 9-97 Exam 2: Thursday 4/23/09 (not next Thursday)

Lets work some problems

Materialsafterthisslideareextra references

Chapter11:TheGeneralCaseofCombinedStressandMohrsCircle
Goals:

Design Project

Stress Analysis

MaxPrincipal Stress

Combined Stress

InitialStateof Stress

MinPrincipal Stress MaxShear Stress

directoruniaxial direct torsional bending v(beam)

InitialStressElement
(basedonxyzcoordinates)

MohrsCircle

y
A
y x

yx

xy

MoreaboutInitialStressElementforaGeneralCaseofCombinedStresses

(Combined)NormalStress
DirectNormal and/or BendingStress

(Combined)ShearStress
TorsionalShear and/or VerticalShear

y yx xy x
Point of Interest

x xy

y x

Plane Stress

yx y

Whataretheresultants(calledmaxprincipalstressandminprincipal stress)andmax (maximumshear)duetoallstressescombined?

StressTransformation:UniaxialStress

A =

A cos
P

x =

P A

N P V
y x

Forces
S=P

N = P cos V = P sin

N P cos P = = cos 2 = x cos 2 A A A cos V P sin P = = = sin cos = x sin cos A A A cos

When = 0, = max = x When = 45, = max = 1 x 2

StressTransformation:BiaxialStress(noshearstress)
A y
Force equilibrium in the direction of : ( A sec ) = ( x A ) cos + ( y A tan ) sin 1 1 = x cos 2 + y sin2 = ( x + y ) + ( x y ) cos 2 2 2 Force equilibrium in the direction of : ( A sec ) = ( x A ) sin ( y A tan ) cos 1 = ( x y ) sin cos = ( x y ) sin 2 2 To find ' and ' , substitute + for : 2 1 1 ' = ( x + y ) ( x y ) cos 2 + ' = x + y 2 2 1 ' = ' = ( x y ) sin 2 2

Q = 1 ( + ) + 1 ( ) cos 2 x y x y 2 2 varies from x to y ; Among these stresses

one is the largest and the other is the smallest. Such max and min values of normal stress are called principal stresses

StressTransformation:GeneralCaseofPlaneStress
y yx x xy x yx y x y
General normal and shear stress equations : 1 1 = ( x + y ) + ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 1 = ( x y ) sin 2 xy cos 2 2

xy

1 1 d = 0 max = max principal stress = 1 = ( x + y ) + [ ( x y )]2 + 2 xy 2 2 d 1 1 ( x + y ) [ ( x y )]2 + 2 xy 2 2 = 0 (i.e.,There are no shear stresses on the principal planes) min = min principal stress = 2 =
d =0 d
Rememberthemax=((x/2)2+xy2) inCh.10?

xy

yx

1 max = [ ( x y )]2 + 2 (occur at 45 to the principal planes) xy 2 1 = ( x + y ) = avg (i.e., max is accompanied with avg ) 2

Combine and gives : 2 This is an equation of a circle with center at = avg and = 0 ( avg )2 + 2 = ( x y )2 + 2 xy

MohrsCircle

SpecialCases:BothPrincipalStressesHavetheSameSign
1>2>3=0(Botharetensile) 1=0>2>3(Botharecompressive)

1 ( Max Pr incipal Stress Min Pr incipal Stress ) 2 It can be viewed as a uniaxial stress max = case (no ) with max and min principal stresses acting on an initial stress element and we want to find the max .

PlaneStress

Case1:1>2>3=0(BothAreTensile)
1 = Max Pr incipal Stress from the 1st Mohr ' s Circle 2 = Min Pr incipal Stress from the 1st Mohr ' s Circle 3 = 0 = True Min Pr incipal Stress max = 1 2
1 1 ( x + y ) = (200 + 120) = 160 MPa 2 2

y x

x-y plane

First Mohr ' s Circle : Center , o = avg = a=

1 1 ( x y ) = (200 120) = 40 MPa 2 2 b = xy = 40 MPa max = R = a 2 + b 2 = 40 2 + 40 2 = 56.6 MPa 1 = avg + R = 160 + 56.6 = 216.6 MPa 2 = avg R = 160 56.6 = 103.4 MPa Q 1 and 2 have the same sign ! Thus, we need to consider a 3 D case. i.e., 3 = 0 is now the true min imum principal stress, and 1 216.6 = 108.3 MPa ( 1 3 ) = 1 = 2 2 2 is the true max imum shear stress. max =
SameSign y-z plane

1
x-z plane

x-y plane

Case2:1=0>2>3(BothareCompressive)
1 = 0 = True Max Pr incipal Stress 2 = Max Pr incipal Stress from the 1st Mohr ' s circle 3 = Min Pr incipal Stress from the 1st Mohr ' s circle max = 3 2
3=186.6MPa

First Mohr ' s Circle : 1 1 Center , o = avg = ( x + y ) = (50 180) = 115 MPa 2 2 1 1 a = ( x y ) = (50 + 180) = 65 MPa 2 2 b = xy = 30 MPa max = R = a 2 + b 2 = 65 2 + 30 2 = 71.6 MPa 1 = avg + R = 115 + 71.6 = 43.4 MPa 2 = avg R = 115 71.6 = 186.6 MPa Q 1 and 2 have the same sign ! Thus, we need to consider a 3 D case. i.e., 1 = 0 is now the true max imum principal stress, 2 = 43.4 MPa, and 3 = 186.6 MPa (true min principal) and 1 186.6 ( 1 3 ) = 3 = = 93.3 MPa 2 2 2 is the true max imum shear stress. max =

2=43.4MPa

Review:MohrsCircle

Key: max istheradiusofthelargestcircle.

Initial Stress Elements

Need3DView

(cw)

(cw)

(cw)

Need3DView

1=0

2=0

3=

1=0 >2>3
SpecialCase2inTextbook

1>2=0 >3

1>2>3 =0
SpecialCase1inTextbook

Principal Stress Elements