taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

BNmcy Fw.- B. cmtPjv

]mc-cy {_m-WI
- p-e
- n P\n BNmcy Fw.-B. cmtP-jv, PmXn-enw-Kt- `-Zs
- at\y
kI-e-tcbpw thZw ]Tn-n-p tIc-f-nse Htc-sbmcp m]-\-amb Imiy-] th-Z
dn-k-v ^u-tj-s m-]-I\pw Ip-e-]-Xn-bp-am-Wv. hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp-tZ-hs ]p{X\pw thZ-]W
- vUn-X\
- p-amb hn.-Fk
- v. lj-h-\\
- n \npw kwkvIr-X
- nsbpw
imkv{X--fp-sSbpw {]mY-anI ]mT- ]Tn-s-Sp Ctlw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-ktm-sSm-w Xs thZ-]-T-\hpw XpSp. `mc-X-nse ]e Kpcp-Ip-e--fn-tebpw
BNm-cym-cp-ambpw ASp _w ]pen-tm Ctlw AU-bm ]nv
sse{_dn apX Kpcp-Ip ImwKvUn bqWn-th-gvknn sse{_dn hsc-bp-h Xs
]T-\-pw Kth-j-W-pw D]-bp--am-nb hyn-bm-Wv. thZ--sfbpw
imkv{X--sfbpw A[n-I-cnv 35cw ae-bmf {K- Ct-l-n-t-Xm-bn-p-v.
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv B-m-\-am-n {]-h--n-p- Z-bm-\- C--n-yqv Hm-^v th-Zn-Iv
-Uokv "th-Z kw-kvIm-c B-Nmcy' F- _-lpa-Xn \-In Ct-l-s B-Z-cnnpv.
[m-cm-fw bm-K-fpw b--fpw C-n-Ifpw \-S-n-b-Xp ]p-c-kv--cn-v a-[y-{]-tZ-inse th-Z-]-n-X--am- "b- {]-Pm-]Xn' F- BZcw Ct-l-n\v \-Inbnpv.
a-l-jn Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn m-]n- ]-tcm-]-Im-cn-Wn k-` 2008se ka-{K th-Z {]-Nmc-n-\p- "B-cy-I--T Im-cy-I-m' _lp-aXnbpw \--Ip-I-bp-mbn. Im-S-Ibnse Hmw imn[mw Kpcp-Ipew CXm-Zy-ambn Hcp tIc-fo-b\v "thZm-Nm-cy' ]w \Iphm thn sXc-s-Sp-Xv BNmcy Fw.-B. cmtP-jn-s\- X-s-bm-Wv. Rc-fv
Iem-{i-a-ns "thZ-hm-N-kv]Xn' ]pc-kvm-chpw Ct-l-n\v e`n-n-p-v. _mwqcnse {io Ac-_ntm I]m-en-imkv{Xn Cn-yqv Hm^v thZnIv Uo-kns 2012se
Sn.-hn. I]m-en-imkv{Xn ]pc-kvm-chpw Ct-l-n-\mWv e`n--Xv. sI. ao-c-bm-Wv `mcy.
a-- th-Z e-van, hn-Zym-e-v-an

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkvap-:
kXyhpw anYybpw

BNmcy Fw. B. cmtPjv

sI hn B F^v ]ntj
tImgntmSv

www.hinduveda.org

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

First Edition : June 2012

Rights Reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without prior written
permission of the author

MAXMULLER: SATHYAVUM MIDHYAUM

Vedic Literature

By

Acharya M.R. Rajesh

Rs. 30.00
Printed at:
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taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

BapJw
kw-kv-Ir-X-n \npw A-\yam-b H-cp `m-j-bn-te-v E-tKzZw ap-gp-h-\mbpw hn-h-\w sN-bv-X-Xn-s s{I-Un-v P-aIm-c\m-b am-Iv-kv ap--mWv. A-t-lw E-tKz-Zw X--a
sN-bvX-Xv P-a `m-j-bne; Cw-o-jn-emWv, A-Xp {]-kn-oI-cn-Xv {_n-o-jp-Im-cpw. th-Zw Cw-o-jv X--a sN-m {_no-jp-Im A-h-cp-sS \m-p-Im-c-s\-b Np-a-X-e-s-Sp-n-bXv. adn-v H-cp P-a-Im-cs\, A-t-l-t-m hen-b kw-kvIr-X
]-n-X-m-cp-m-bn-cn-s. G-sXm-cp k-Xym-t\z-jn-bnepw \nch-[n kw-i-b- P-\n-n-p--XmWv Cu Im-cy-.
]-e-bn-S-m-bn ]-c-p-In-S-p- {K--fpw tc-J-Ifpw Xn-sb-Sp-v ]cn-tim-[np. ap-]v ]T-\w \-S-n-b-h-cp-am-bn
_--sp. A-s\ A-h-km-\w Xo-sc {]-Xo-n-m- Nne k-Xy-n-te-v F--s-p. A-Xv am-Iv-kv ap- F- 'A`n-\-h km-b-Ws' ap-Jw aq-Sn A-gn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. ]-Wnt\m-Sv A-Xym-n-bp-m-bn-cp- H-cp a-\p-jy-s\ \-ap--hn-sS
Im-Wmw, a-X au-en-I-hm-Zn-sb-bpw, a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-c-s\bpw th-Z-v \m-emwIn-S a-X-{K--n-s m-\w am{Xw \In-b
Hcp 'km-[mc-W' a-X-hn-izm-kn-tb-bpw, k-\m-X-\ [-a-n-s
th-c-dp-m {i-an- Kq-V X-{-m-c-s\bpw \-ap-v Im-Wmw.
F-mepw Cu hn-j-b-n Iq-Sp-X ]T-\- D-m-IW-sa-v Rm-\m-{K-ln-pp. A-Xn\v Cu {Kw H-cp hgn-Imn-bm-Ip-sa- {]-Xym-i-tbm-sS,

Imiy-]m-{iaw, tImgn-tmSv
1187 anYp\w 1

B-Nm-cy Fw.B. cm-tPjv

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkvap-:
kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

taIv-kv-ap- B-cm-sW-v `m-c-Xob-sc b-Ym--n ]-cnN-b-s-Sp-t- B-h-iy-an. Imc-Ww kzm-X-{y-n-\p

ap]pw ]n]pw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnI, A-m-Zan-I ]-n-Xam, \-b-X-{--am Fm-hcpw X-s `m-c-X-n-sbpw
sshZn-I [-a-n-sbpw an-{X-am-bn ta-Iv-kv ap-sc {]-Ion-n-cpp. th-Z--fp-sS A-h-km-\-hm-v ta-Iv-kv-ap--cp-sS
th-Z-`m-jy-am-bn-cpp, AY-hm Cpw B-Wv \-p-sS bq-Wnth-gv-kn-n-X-e--fn hsc. F-m b-Ym--n ta-Iv-kvap- sshZn-I [-a-n-s an-{X-am-bn-cpp-thm? kq-v-ahpw
hn-kv-Xr-X-hpam-b H-cp ]T-\-n \n-v \-ap-v hy--am-IpXv ta-Iv-kv-ap- sshZn-I [-a-n-s an-{X-am-bn-cp-n Fp am-{X-a ssa-{Xn-bp-sS ap-Jw-aq-Sn A-Wn--Xn-\p ]n-n
A-t-l-n-\v G-sd Kq-V-e-y--fp-m-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv.
th-Zw ]Tn-bv-m-, B-[p\nI tem-I-n-\p ap-]n Cuiz-c-hm-Wnbm-b thZ-s shdpw \m-emwIn-S a-X-{K--am-bn
A-h-X-cn-n-v A-Xn-s\ th-tcm-sS \-in-n-m {i-an--h-cn
ap--\m-Wv B-[p\n-I km-b-W-s\p-t]mepw hn-ti-jn--s ta-Iv-kv ap. ]-t ta-Iv-kv-ap--cp-sS A--s\-bp- H-cp
ap-Jw ]-ecpw I-n-n, A-dn-n-n. X-s ap-Jw-aq-Sn A-gnp t]m-Im-Xn-cn-m Po-hn-Xm-y-Im-ew h-scbpw A-t-lw
]-cn-{i-an-n-cpp. A-Xn\pw ]p-d-sa- {_n-o-jp k-m-cn-s
th-{X ]n-p-Wbpw A-t-l-n-\p e-`n-n-cp-p. 1846 apX 1900 h-sc th-Z-fpw sshZn-I {K--fpw k-mZ-\w \Sn-b A-]q-h hy-n-Xz-sa- Jym-Xn A-t-l-n-\p t\-Snsm-Sp-p--Xn {_n-o-jp-Im _--{i--cm-bn-cp-p.
b-Ym--n B-cm-Wo taIv-kv-ap? F-m-W-t-l-ns tk-h\w? Fp-sIm-m-bn-cp-p A-t-l-n-s tk-h\w?
F-m-W-t-lw t\-Snb-Xv F-o hn-j-b--fn-eq-sS \-ap-smv k--cnp-t\m-mw. A-Xn\pw ap-]v `m-cXo-b N-cn-{X-cN-

10

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

\m I-m- `m-c-X-N-cn-{X-s 'kr-n-s-Sp-'Xn-s ]nm-p-d-fpw ]-cn-k-c-fpw a-\-n-em-n sh-p-Xv C-hnsS D-]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-Ipw.

N-cn-{Xw, {]-tXy-In-pw `m-c-Xo-b N-cn-{Xw C-v K-X-Im-e kwkv-Im-c-n-s K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-I hn-t-j-Ww sN-p--Xn-\-p-dv cm-jv-{So-b-am-b A-\- km-[y-X-I-sf Nq-j-Ww sN-p-
ta-J-e-bm-bn am-dn-bn-cn-p-p. \q-m-p-I-fp-sS ss]-Xr-Iw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp- `m-c-X-n-s N-cn-{Xw F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv XnI-pw hn-I-e-am-bn-m-sW-v F-m-h-cpw k--Xn-m-dp-v. Hmtcm Ip-n-bpw kvI
- q-fn X-s ]q-n-Is
- c-p-dn-v ]Tn-p-tm
A-h-cp-sS-ta A-Sn-t-n-p- Ip-sd I-t]m-e-I-n-X IY-I Cu hn-I-e-am-b kn-m---fp-sS "im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b" Bhn-jv-m-c-am-Wv. C-v kv-Iq-fn ]Tn-n-p- N-cn-{X-]p-kv-XIw Xp-d-v t\m-n-bm A-hn-sS \-p-sS N-cn-{X-te-J-\-ns Xp-S-w ssk--h \m-K-cn-I-X-bn-em-sW-p Im-Wmw. lmc-, tam-l-Rv-P-Zm-tcm Xp-S-n ap-Jy-ta-J-e-I-sf-p-dn-pw Ah-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-p-dn-p-ap- hn-h-c-W-am-bn-cn-pw
]n-o-Sp-m-hp-I. \-K-cm-kq-{X-W-n kn-p-X-S \m-K-cn-IX ssI-h-cn- t\---fp-sS hn-ti-j-W-n-\v ti-jw _n. k
-- n.
1500-am-tm-Sv A-Sp-v B-cy-m C-y-bn {]-th-in-v {Zmhn-U-am-b lm-c---tam-l-Rv-PZm-tcm kw-kv-Im-c--sf \-inn-s-pw A-[n-\n-th-i
- n-eqsS \-h-kw-kv-Im-cw sI-n--Spp-sh-pw hn-Zym-e-b--fn
]Tn-n-p-p. Cu hn-h-c-W{]-Im-cw A-{I-a-Im-cn-I-fm-b
B-cy-m h-S-p-]-Sn-m-dp
`m-K-p-Iq-sS `m-c-X-n IS-v ssk--h \m-K-cn-I-cp-ambn bp-w-sN-p-I-bpw h-S-t
C-y-bn B-[n-]-Xyw m]n-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-sh-pw
sIm-p-Ip-n-I-sf ]Tn-n-pp. ]n-o-Sm-W-s{X Cu Bs{]m^. taIvkvap-
cy-m E-tKz-Zw ]-m-_n

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

11

sh-v 'sa-\-s-Sp--Xv'! C-Xv ]p-kv-X-I--fn am-{X-a- Fssk-tm-]o-Un-b {_n-m-\n--bn-epw Im-Wmw.

k--I-em-im-e-bn-se-p-tm-sg-pw B-cy-m-cp-sS Cu A[n-\n-th-i-n-s `m-jm-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b sX-fn-hm-Wv ]Tn-np-I. h-S-t C-y-bn \n-pw B-cy-m-cm \n-jv-m-knX-cm-b {Zm-hn-U-m-cp-sS `m-jm tKm-{Xw B-cy-m-cn \n-v hyXy-kv-X-am-W-s{X. \-c-hw-i im-kv-{X-{]-Im-c-hpw B-cy-m {Zmhn-U-cn \n-v G-sd hy-Xy-kv-X-am-W-s{X. {Zm-hn-U ]-Xn-aq-pw C-cp- sXm-en-bp--h-cpw B-cy-m \o-e--p-I-fpw
sh-fp- i-co-c-ap--h-cp-am-W-s{X. CuZr-i -P-\k-aq-l-s-pdn-v B-cy-m-cp-sS km-ln-Xy-am-b E-tKz-Z-n h-n-n-ps-p C-h I-s-p-p. A-X-dn-b-W-sa-n ta-Iv-kv-ap X--a-sN-bv-X th-Zw hm-bn--W-sa-v \n-t-i-ap-v.
1500 _n.-kn bn \-S- B-cy B-{I-a-W-n-t\m, 1200 tem
1000 _n.--kn.-- bn EtKzZw c-Nn--s-p-sh--Xn-t\m bm-sXm-cp
sX-fn-hpw \n-c--s-Sp-p-an-.C-h-bn \n-s-mw ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-W-n-s-bpw `mjm im-kv{- X-n-s-bpw \-ch
- w-i im-kv{- X-n-s-bpw A-Sn-m\-n kz-cq-]n-s-Sp- im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b kn-m--am-Wv Bcy-\m-{I-a-W-sa-v h-cp-n-o-p-p. F-m Cu kn-mw _o-Pm-hm-]w sN-bv-X 18mw \q-m-n cm-jv-{So-b-hpw hwio-b-hpw a-X-]-c-hpw tZ-io-b-hp-am-b i-n-I bq-tdm-n-s\ `cn-n-cp-p. A-v ssk--h \m-K-cn-I-X-tbm--`m-jm im-kv-{Xtam- \-c-hw-i im-kv-{X-tam h-f-p ]--en-n-cp-p-an-. Cu
kn-m--n-s cq-]o-I-c-W-n-\v A-Sn-]-Wn--Xm-h-s,
Bo sk-an-n-kn-k-hpw (Anti-Semiticism) bq-tdm-]y hw-io-b-hmZ-hp-am-Wv. P- tZ-io-b-X-bpw A-Xn-\v Ip-S-]n-Sn-p. ]p-cm-hkv-Xp K-th-j-Ww (Archeology) cq-]-sa-Sp-n-p-t]m-ep-an-m-bn-cp-p
Cu B-cy-\m-{I-a-Ww {]-Jym-]n-p-tm! Cu kn-m--s
\ym-bo-I-cn-m-hp- co-Xn-bn tam-l-Rv-P-Zm-tcm \m-K-cn-I-Xsb hym-Jym-\n-m-\pw C-h-v I-gn-n-cp-n-.C-hn-sS N-cn-{X-s hym-Jym-\n-p--h X--fp-sS Im-gv-Nm-Sn-s \n-d-a-\p-kcn-m-Wv A-Xv sN-bv-Xp-Xo--sX-v ImWm {]-bm-k-an-. tem-I-s-p-dn-v X--fp-sS Zm-i-\n-Iam-b Im-gv--m-Sn \n-p-sIm-m-Wv A-h N-cn-{X-s cq-]s-Sp-n-b-sX-v Im-Wmw. C--s\ t\m-p-tm bq-tdm-]y

12

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

18mw \q-m-n A-h-cp-sS-Xmb Im-gv--m-Sn N-cn-{X-s

hym-Jym-\n--Xm-bn Im-Wm
{]-bm-k-an-. C--cw N-cn-{X
hym-Jym-\--sf an- hw-i-fpw tKm-{X--fpw a-X--fpw
tNm-Zyw sN-bv-Xp-I-gn-pXm\pw. bq-tdm-]y-m-cp-sS A-tacn- A-[n-\n-th-iw C-Xn-\v
D-t- am-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv. ]p-tcmK-a-\ bq-tdm-]y kw-kv-Im-cn-s hym-]-\-am-bn C-Xn-s\
H-cp Im-e-v hym-Jym-\n-n-cpp. F-m {]m-No-\ A-tatUhnUv t{^mfn
cn- kw-kv-Im-c-s X-Is-dn- ss]-im-Nn-I-am-b
bq-tdm-]y A-{I-a-s-bm-Wv C-v C-tX N-cn-{Xw Xp-d-p-Imp--Xv.sIm-tfm-Wn-b A-[n-\n-th-iw sIm-v kz-Xzw \-jv-S-s-
N-cn-{X-I-Y-\-am-Wv `m-c-X-n-s-Xv. A-Xn-sem-m-a-t-Xv Bcy-\m-{I-a-W-kn-m--w. bq-tdm-sk-{Sn-Iv (Eurocentric) hym-Jym-\-fp-sS B-Wn--m-Wv Bcy\m-{I-a-W-hm-Zw. {]-i-kv-X sshZn-I ]-Wv-Un-X-\pw A-ta-cn- C-n-yq-v -Hm-^v th-Zn-Iv Uo-kn-s U-b-d-Iv-S-dp-am-b tU-hn-Uv t{^m-fn Cu kn-m--cq]-h-Xv-I-c-W-s-p-dn-v ]-d-bp--Xn--s\-bm-Wv. 'N-cn-{X-Im-cm-sc am-{Xw kw-_-n-p- tI-h-e-am-b A-m-Z-an-Iv knm--a- B-cy-\m-{I-a-Ww. tIm-f-\n-hm-gv-N-m-e-v {_n-o-jpIm `m-c-X-s h-S-v--sX-v hn-`-P-\-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p. C-Xv
]n-o-Sv an- cm-jv-{So-b-m-cpw X--fp-sS {Z-an-U-hy-n-Xzw Dun-D-d-n-m-\p- B-Wn--m-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-p. C-y N-cn{X-n-s a-sm-cp ho--W-m C-tX B-cy-\m-{I-a-W knm-w D-]-tbm-Kn-v h- kw-L--\-s hym-Jym-\n-p. BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-sf A-Sn--a-n B-cy-m I-d-]p-c-- ]p-cm-W
{]-am-Wn-h-Kam-bn-o-p-sh-m-bn-cp-p A-h-cp-sS I-s. kw-kv-Im-c-iq-\y-am-b B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fp-sS P-]-\-ambn k\m-X\-[--s I-cn-tX-p Im-Wn-p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

13

A-h-sc a-X-]-cn-h--\w sN-p- ap-ow {In-kv-Xy a-Xm Cu kn-m--s D-]-tbm-Kn-p. F-m hn-tZ-i B-i-b-fpw C-y-v G-sX-n-epw X-c-n-ep- X-\n-a-bm- kwkv-Im-c-ap-s- h-kv-Xp-X-sb \n-cm-I-cn-p. A-Xn-\m--s
hn-tZ-i-k-m-dp-I-sf-bpw B-i-b--sf-bpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-m-hXm-sW-pw `m-jyw N-a-p. B-[p-\n-Iw, {]-tXy-In-pw ssh-ZnI -hn-cp- cm-jv-{So-b-Im-gv-N-m-Sp-I hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn-\pw Db-n-m-p--Xn-\pw C-y ]-{X--fn-q-Sn Cu kn-mw {]-N-cn-n-p--Xv A-km-[m-c-W-a-. C-Xn \n-pw `m-cX-n-\v X-\-Xm-b hy-n-Xz-tam `mc-XobXz-tam C-s-pw adn-v H-cp ]-w kw-kv-Im-c--fp-sS k-aq-l-am-Wn-hn-sS-bp--sXpw A-h ]-d-bp-p. C-h-cm-I-s, F-m-h-cpw X-s Cu D-]`q-J-Wv-U-n-te-v ]p-d-p-\n-p-h--h-cm-Wp-Xm-\pw. A-XpsIm-p-X-s Cu hn-j-b-s-p-dn-v ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[-\ \-Sp--Xv `m-c-X-s kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw G--hpw i--amb _u-n-I-kw-`-h-am-bn-cn-pw'-. (1)
k-c-kz-Xo-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-p-m-bn-cp- kw-kv-Im-c- Cp-I-s-n. Iq-Sm-sX sam-l-P-Rv-P-Zm-tcm, l-c-, tem-
Xp-S-n-tb-S--fn-se kw-kv-Im-c--p ssh-Zn-Im-i-b--tfmSp- - s]m-cp--w tUm F-kv.-- B. d-- m-hp, sF-cm-h-Xw a-lm-tZh F-n-h Aw-Ko-I-cn-n-p-ap-v. lm-c- kw-kv-Im-c-ns ssh-Zn-I ]n-p-S--sb-p-dn-v A-t\-Iw ]T-\--fpw ]p-dp-h-p-I-gn-p.- (2)
]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-W-n-s i--am-b sX-fn-hp-I-fpw CXn-\p-v. (3)
a-sm-cp-Iq- B-cy-m B-{I-an--Xpw \m-K-cn-I-X X-I-Xp-sa-mw C-tm X-n--d-n-p-v. A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bn B-cy-m ]p-d-sa-\n-v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-mw.-(4)
B-cy\m-{I-aW
- k
- n-m-w kz-cq-]n-s-Sp-s
- X-s
- \-sb-pw
A-Xv F-hn-sS sN-s-n-\n-p-p-sh-pw \-ap-v ]-cn-tim[n-mw. 17mw \q-m-n-s B-Zy-Z-i-tbm-sS `m-c-X-kw-kv-Im-chpw km-ln-Xy-hpw tem-I-P-\-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j {i--bv-v ]m{X-am-bn. 1757 m-kn-bp--n-\v ti-jw C-y-bn-se-n-b
k hn-eyw tPm-kn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Cw-o-jp-Im `m-c-Xo-b kmln-Xy-]-T-\-n-s l-cn:{io Ip-dn--Xv. 1788 k hn-eyw

14

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

tPm-kv I---bn P-o-kv B-bn m-\-ta-p. 1789 Ct-lw im-Ip--fw Cw-o-jn-te-v X--a sN-bv-Xp. 1794 a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bpw hn-h--\w sN-bv-Xp {]-kn-o-I-cn-p. kw-kvIr-X-s k-m--\m B-Z-cn-n-cp- C-t-lw F-gp-Xn. "kwkv-Ir-X `m-j-bv-v A-Xn-s ]p-cm-X-\X
-- zw F-p-X-s-bm-bmepw A-p-X-I-c-am-b L-S-\-bp-v. A-Xv {Ko-n-t\-m-fpw ]q-hpw em-n-t\-m k-ar--hpw c-n-t\-m-fpw A-\p-]-a ku-cy-tm-sS ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-am-b-Xp-am-Wv. (5) k. hn-eyw tPmkn-s k-lm-b-I-\m-bn-cp-p sl-dn tXm-a-kv tIm {_p-v
(17651835). C-t-lw On the Vedas F-sm-cp {]-_-w X-m-dmn. Xp-S-v s{^-U-dn-Iv jv-fo-K (17731829), B-K-v hnlw thm jv-fo-K (17671835) Xp-S-n-b-h-cpw kw-kv-Ir-X
km-ln-Xy-hpw Z-i-\-hpw ]T-\w \-S-n. C-h-sc-mw X-s
Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s k-tlm-Z-c Zm-cm-in-tm-lv 'kn-td-A-Iv-_'
F- t]-cn F-gp-Xn-b D-]-\n-j-n-s t]-jy X--abn \n-m-Wv {]-tNm-Z-\w D-sm--Xv. {^-U-dn-Iv jv-fo-K
"On the Languages and Wisdom of the Hindu" (6) F- {K--hpw c-Nn-p.
B-Izn-n Zp-]-tdm F- {^-p ]-Wv-Un-X Hu-]-\m-JXv F- em-n \m-a-n D-]-\n-j-p-I X--a sN-bvXp. A-t-l-n-\v D-]-\n-j-n-s\-p-dn-v ]-d-bm-\p-m-bn-cp-Xv C-Xm-bn-cp-p. "D-]-\n-j-p- k-ap--X-am-b a-\p-jym-\-n-s D---am-Wv.-.-.-. A-Xm-sW-s Po-hn-X-n-s
km-z-\w, a-c-W-n-s-bpw" (7) P- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b t[mw,
hn-eyw an-kn-tm-jv Xp-S-n-b-hcpw C-tX a-X-m-cm-bn-cp-p.
{]-Ir-Xn-hm-Zn-bpw {^-p-Im-c-\p-am-b ]o-td tkm-W-td-v F-gpXn-b-Xv C--s\-bm-Wv: "\mw C-ym-m-cp-sS C-S-bn Z-inp--Xv A-Xn-s hn-im-e-am-b ]-g-a-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS m-\w
B-n-m-\m-Wv A-hn-tS-bv-v B-fp-I sN-s-n-b-Xv. `mc-Xw A-Xn-s {]-`-bn a-p P-\--p a-X-hpw \n-b-a--fpw
{]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xp. Cu-Pn-]v-Xpw {Ko-kpw A-h-cp-sS I-Y-I-pw
A-dn-hn-\pw `m-c-X-tm-Sv I-S-s-n-cn-p-p" (8)
C--cw F-gp-p-I P- ]-Wv-Un-X-sc G-sd kzm-[o\n-p. A-Xv A-h-sc kw-kv-Ir-X-tm-S-Sp-n-p. `m-c-Xo-b kwkv-Im-c-s A-h D--X-am-bn hm-gv-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. s{]m^. hn-\n-v-kn-s hm-p-I-fn ]-d-m "]-Sn-m-dv BZy-am-bn `m-c-Xo-b km-ln-Xy-s-p-dn--dn--tm `m-c-X-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

15

n \n-p h-cp- G-Xv {K-n-\pw A-Xn-]p-cm-X-\-amsbm-cp Im-e-L-w I-n-p {]-h-W-X P-\--p-mbn-cp-p. a-\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS AY-hm am-\-h kw-kv-Im-c-ns-sb-n-epw I-fn-sm-n F-t]m-se-bm-W-h I-n-cp-Xv." (-9)
Cu Xm-]-cyw kzm-`m-hnI-hpw a-\w-\n-d--Xp-am-bn-cpp. k-Xy-n-s A-Sn-m-\n-ep- C--cw {]-kv-Xm-h\-I-fn ap-hn-[n-I-sfm-pw
k hnyw tPmkv
X-s-bn-m-bn-cp-p. k-Xy-k-am-b Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fm-I-s As {In-kv-Xy ]mXn-cn-am-sc-bpw Pq-X-k-aq-l-s-bpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw hn-f-dn-]nSn-n-p. sk-an-n-Iv a-X-k-aq-l-n A-m-e-p-m-bn-cp-
A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X hn-iz-{]-kn--am-Wv. ]-n-bv-pw {In-kv-Xp-aX-n-\pw tZm-jw sN-p- H-n-t\-bpw A-Xv sh-dp-sX hn-n-.
thm--b A-Xn-s c--km-n-bm-bn-cp-p. A-t-lw tZ-in-s B-m-hn-s\-p-dn-pw [m-n-I hn-j-b--sf-p-dnp-sa-gp-Xn-b te-J-\w k-Xyw sh-fn--p-sIm-p-h-p. A-tl-n-s\-Xn-sc ]-n- Ip-cn-ip-bp-w X-s \-S-n. sldn-v
kn- C-Xn-t\-p-dn-v \-S-p- \n-co--Ww A-m-e-s
am-\-kn-Im-h- ]p-d-p-sIm-p-h-cp-p. "Xm-c-X-aym-Xo-X-amb co-Xn-bn C--cw h-kv-Xp-X-I B-Zy-am-bn ]-d--Xv tjm-t\-mdm-bn-cp-p. bq-tdm-]y, {In-kv-Xy Im-em-h--bn-se
ta-L-K--\-am-bn-cp-p- A-Xv.-"(11) X--fp-tS-X-m- Im-gv-N-mSp-I h-p-]p-e-p--h-s-Xn-sc-bp- bm-Ym-n-Xn-I {Inkv-Xy ]p-tcm-ln-X-cp-sS A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X a-Xn-bm-b sX-fn-hmWp tdm-_-v kkv-an-n-s (184694) I-Y. ' The religion of the
Semeties' F- {K--n-s I-m-hm-b A-t-lw A-t_-o-\nse {^o N-v tIm-f-Pn-se lo-{_p s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-p. Xs im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b K-th-j-W--p t\-sc-bp-m-b B-{Ia-W--sf A-t-lw \n-`-b-\m-bn t\-cn--Xn-s\-p-dn-v se-hn-

16

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

kv kv-s]-Uv F-gp-Xp--Xv hm-bn-p-I- "ss_-_n-fn-s\-p-dnv H-cp hn-iz-hn-m-\-tIm-i-n h- a-X-hn-cp- te-J-\n-\v a-X-\n--bv-p- in- G-p hm-t-n-h-p. ]-t
A-Xn \n-p c--s-p-sh-n-epw 'lo-{_p `m-jbpw km-lnXy-hpw' F- te-J-\w Encyclopedia Britanica bn F-gp-Xn-b-Xv tImf-Pn-se s{]m-^-k tPm-en-bn \n-v ]n-cn-p hn-Sp--Xn-emWv F-n-b-Xv. (12)
ssh-Zn-I kw-kv-Im-c-s B-Z-cn-p--Xv Xo-sc sh-p-s]mdp-n-m {In-kv-Xy ]m-Xn-cn-am X-m-dm-bn-cp-n-. `m-c-Xkw-kv-Im-cw am-\-h kw-kv-Im-c-n-s I-fn-sm-n-em-bn--h {]m-No-\ Pq-X B-cy-m-cp-sS k--Xn ]-c--c-bm-sW-v
I-W-p-Iq-n. kr-jv-Sn-bn {_-m-hv k- Po-hn-I-pw hkv-Xp--pw \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp-sh-v (13). hn-eyw tPm-Wneq-sS A-h A-dn-p. B-Z-apw C--s\ X-s-sb-v ]-g-b
\n-b-a-n Im-Wmw. (14) ]-t Pq-X X--fm-Wv G--hpw {]mNo-\ P-\-X-Xn-sb-v hn-iz-kn-p.(15) F-m, 1654 A-b-en-se B-v _n-j-v B-j Xm ]Tn-- aX-{K--fn
\n-pw kr-jv-Sn \-S--Xv 4004 _n.--kn. bn-em-sW-v sX-fn-ncn-p--Xm-bn {]-Jym-]n-p. 17mw \q-m-n-s A-h-km-\-am-btXm-sS Im-e-\n--b-n-\v bq-tdm-]y-m Cu I-W-v kzo-Icn-p. A--s\ {In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw 4004 h-jw ap-v B-Zw kr-jvSn \-S-n-b-Xm-bn A-h Aw-Ko-I-cn-p(16). A-Xn-\m-X-s BZ-an-t\-m {]m-No-\-am-b G-sX-n-epw kw-kv-Im-c-s-tbm `mj-tb-tbm Aw-Ko-I-cn-m bq-tdm-]y kw-kv-Ir-X s{]m-^k-am Iq-Sn X-m-dm-Im- \n-e-h-p. B-g-n th-cn-d-nb Cu ap-hn-[n F-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v F.--F-v. tk-bn-kn-s
hm-p-I-fn-q-Sn hm-bn-mw. "a-\p-jy-s\ kw-_-n-n-S-tmfw A-h-s N-cn-{Xw C-pw \-p-sS ss_-_n-fn-s A-Xn-nbn X-s ]-cn-an-X-s-n-cn-p-p. a-\p-jy A-Sp--Im-ev kr-jv-Sn--s--h-\m-sW- ]-g-b [m-c-W C-pw Nn-e-bn-S-fn \n-e-\n-p-p. A-hn-sS \-ap--Xv I-s-m-t\ Ign-bp-I-bn-. hn-a-i-\m--I N-cn-{X-Im-c-m F-v hn-ti-jnn--s-Sp--h C-pw a-\p-jy-s B-hn-`m-h-Im-ew Np-cpn-m-Wn-m b-Xv-\n-p-p. 4004 _n.--kn.--bn-em-Wv tem-Ikr-jv-Sn-sb-v ]Tn-n--s- H-cp X-e-ap-d-tbm-Sv, a-\p-jy-s XpS--n-\v e---W-n-\v h-jw ]-g--ap-s-v ]-d-m

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

17

A-h--Xv hn-iz-kn-m-t\m kzo-I-cn-m-t\m {]-bm-k-am-bn-cnpw(17). cq-V-aq-e-am-b ap-hn-[n-I-fp-sS ]p-Xn-b-cq-]-am-Wv {]-ikv-X \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{X--\m-b F.--F-v. sk-bv-kv (A.H. Sayce)
tc-J-s-Sp-n-b-Xv.ta-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS `q-X-Imew
P-a-\nbn-e tktUm \-K-c-n 1823 Un-kw-_ B-dn-\mWv s{^U-dnIv ta-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS P-\\w. A-t-l-n-s ]nXm-hv hneyw ayq-e H-cp {K--im-e-bp-sS sN-b-am-\m-bn-cp-p.
1841 sl-kv-Iq hn-Zym-`ym-kw ]q-n-bmn-b s{^-U-dn-Iv
43 `m-jm hn-m-\-n
en-]v-kn-Kv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn
\n-v tUm--td-v t\-Sp-Ibpw
sN-bvXp. A-t-l-n-s A[ym-]-I sl-a t{_mthm-kv kw-kv-Ir-Xw ]Tn-m
A- t - l - n- \ p
t{]- c - W
\In. ]- t s{^- { U- d n- I v
sshZn-I kw-kv-Ir-Xw A-`y-kn-Xn-\p sX-fn-hp-I-fn. 1844
A-t-lw {^m-kv t_m-n
\npw Xp-e-\m--I hym-I-cWhpw s{^- { U- d n- I v jv - f o- K en \npw Z-i-\-fpw A`y-kn-m s_-en bq-WnZmcm intmlv
th-gv-kn-n-bn tN-p. 1845
am-n ]m-co-kn sN-v s{]m-^. bq-Pn _-tWm-^n
\npw E-tKz-Zw A-`y-kn-m sN-p. km-b-W-`m-jy-s B[m-c-am-n-bp- _-tWm^n-s hym-Jym-\w A-t-lw ]Tnp.
]-t {^p `m-j-bn th-{X kzm-[o-\-anm-Xpw th{X h-cp-am-\-anm-Xpw ]T-\w ap-Sn. B k-ab-v Cw-n s{]m-^-k Fv. F-v. hnk-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-a-dn-bp-
H-cp sN-dp--mc-s\ B-h-iy-am-bn hp. _-t\m-^v A-Xn-\mbn taIv-kv ap--cp-sS t]-cv ip-]m-i sN-bvXp. Xp-S-v A-tlw Cw--n Hm-Ivkv-t^m-Uv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn F-ntp. A-Xm-bn-cp-p ]n-o-Sv A-t-l-n-s {]-h--\
ta-Je.

18

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

Hcp ta-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS B-h-iyIX

{_n-ojv Cu-kv-v C-ym-I--\n-v 19mw \q-m-n H-cp
am-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS B-hiyw Fp-sIm-p-mbn? AXpw Cwojpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw \-m-bn ssI-Imcyw sN-m-\-dn-bm-
P-a-Im-c\m-b H-cp 24 Im-cs? `m-cXo-b im-kv-{X- ]Tnv A-Xn K-thj-Ww \S-n A-Xn-se B-i-b---Sn-m\-n `c-Ww \-S-m th-n-bm-bn-cpp-thm? AtXm `mcXob im-kv-{X-sf hn-Ir-Xam-b a-n A-h-X-cn-n-v X-t-iob-v X--fp-sS [a-tm-Sv sh-dp-v D-m-n-o-p-I-tbm?
{_n-o-jv k-m-cn-\v taIv-kv ap--sc-sm-p X-s H-cp
th-Z-`mjyw sN-n-t- B-h-iy-sa-m-bn-cp-p? 1847 kmb-W `m-jy-am-sX a-v `m-jy--sfmpw X-s D-m-bn-cpnt? kw-kv-Ir-X-nepw Cw-o-jnepw i-cmi-cn A-dn-hp am{X-ap-m-bn-cp- H-cm-sf P-Sn-eam-b E-tKz-Zw `mjyw sN-m
F-t sX-c-s-Sp-Xv? P-a-\n-bnepw Hm-Iv-kvt^m-Unepw
hen-b kw-kvIr-X ]-n-X-m D-m-bn-cn-s Fp-sIm-v
{_n-o-jv k-m taIv-kv ap--cp-sS th-Z-`m-jy-n-\v h-epXmb {]-Nmc-Ww \-In?
E-tKz-Zw A-Xn hnim-e {K--am-Wv. 10552 a-{--fpw 153826
{]mNo-\ kw-kvIr-X ]Z--fp-ap-v. AXns km-Z-\-n\pw
Cw-o-jv X-a-pw 8 hjw h-sc F-Sp-pw. B-b-Xn-\m
A-h-v I-gn-hp- H-cm-sf A-t]-n-v H-cp sN-dp--mc-s\
th-W-am-bn-cp-p. c-m-a-Xm-bn B hy-n H-cp {_n-o-jp-Im-c\m-bn-cn--cpXv, aq-m-a-Xm-bn ss{I-kv-X-h an-j\-dn {]-h-\--v A-\p-kr-X-am-bn F-gp-Xp- B-fm-bn-cn-Ww. \n-b-ambpw s{]m-^. hn-k ap-sc A-t]-n-v henb
kw-kvIr-X ]-n-X-\m-bn-cpp. F-m A-t-lw 60Im-c\pw
{_n-o-jv hw-i-P-\p-am-bn-cpp. th-Z-`m-jy-n-\m-bn th- ka-bw am-n-sh-m I-gn-bp--bm-fp-am-bn-cp-n. bq-Pn _tWm^v, {^m-kv t_mv, ap-sc kw-kv-Ir-Xw ]Tn-n- At\m-Uv t{_m-thkv, dp-tUm-^v thm dqv, Xn-tbm-U
tKm-Uv kv-- F-n-hcpw ap--cp-sS k-a-Im-eo-\-cm-bn-cpp C-h-sc-sbmw X-n-sm-m-Wv th-Z-`m-jy-n-\v apsd sX-c-s-Sp-p--Xv.

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

19

a-X-]-cn-h--\-{i-a
a-p a-X--fn \npw X-fp-sS a-X-n-te-v B-fp-Isf Iq-p-I, Iq-Sp-X t]-sc aX-]-cn-h-\w \-S-np-I
F-p-Xv {In-kv-Xp-a-X-ns {]-Jym]n-X e-y-am-Wv
F- X-c-n-em-Wv hnhn-[ k`-I-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-nepw ]mXn-cn-am-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-nepw
A-me-v {]-h--\-
\-S-p-h-n-cp-Xv. {_n-o-jv
`c-Ww \n-e-hn h-cp--Xn\pw
\q-m-p-I ap-]v t]m-p- s{^U-dnIv jvfoK
K-en-se sk v tk-hydpw C-en-bn-se tdm-_-v Un t\m-_v-en-bpw (15771656) `m-c-X-n-sen \n-ch-[n t]-sc a-X-]-cn-h-\w \-S-n-bn-cpp. tKmhm C-Izn-knj-s Im-e-v (15801812) X-t-io-bcm-b lnp- {Iq-ca
- mw-hn-[w ]o-Un-n-s
- -n-pv. B-bn-c
- W
- n\p
t]-sc Po-h-t\m-sS Np-s-cn-p-Ibpw sImp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-pv.
t\m-_v-en-bmI-s Xm C--en-bn-se tdm-a {_m--W-\m-sWp ]-d-bp-I-bpw 1578 'F-Pp-thZw' F- t]-cn H-cp I-]S th-Zw c-Nn-p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-m 1840 A-t-l-ns Iq-S-X-{- ]p-d--dn-bp-tm-tg-v \n-ch-[n t] X-fp-sS a-Xw hn-v ]p-dp-t]m-bn-cp-p.
18mw \q-m-n sP-kyq-v an-j\-dn A-t kp-t_m-bn-kv
`m-c-X-n-se-n F-m I-m-S-I-bn-se ln-p- A-tl-n-\p ap-n h-g-n-bn. 1793 _m-]v-n-v N-n-s Hcp hn`mKw d-h. hneyw sI-dn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-n `m-c-X-nse-p-Ibpw sIm--p k-ao-]w 1799 ko-cw-]p-an-j
m-]n-p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. a-X-]-cn-h--\-n-\p th-n ]-e
{i-a-fpw \-S-n-sb-nepw cm-Pmdmw tam-l tdm-bn-bp-sS
Xmn-I _p-n-p ap-n A-h ]-cmP-bw t\-cn-p.

20

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

a-X-]-cn-h--\-{i-a--sfp-dn-v dmw tam-l tdmbv

X-s {_m--Wn- am-Kkn- s aqmw e- - n
(1821) dmw tam-l- tdm-bv
F-gpXn
"During the last twenty years a body
of English gentlemen who are called
missionaries have been publicly
endeavouring in several ways to convert
Hindus and Muhammadans of this country
into Christianity. The first way is that
publishing and distributing among the
natives various books, large and small,
dptUm^v thm tdmv
reviling both religions and abusing and
ridiculing the Gods and saints of the former (Hindus): the second way is that of standing
in front of the doors of the natives or in public roads to preach the excellency of their own
religion and the debasedness of that of others; the third way is that if any natives of low
origin become Christian from the desire of gain or from any other motives, these gentlemen
employ and maintain them as a necessary encouragement to others to follow their
example.
It is true that the apostle of Jesus Chrust used to preach the superiority of the
Christian religion to the natives of different countries; but we must recollect that they were
not of the rulers of those countries where they preached. Were the missionaries likewise
to preach the Gospel and sitribute books, in countries not conquered by the English
such as Turkey and Persia etc: which are much nearer England they would be
esteemed a body of men truly zealous in propgagating relgion and in following the
exmaple of the founders of Christianity. In Bengal where the English are the sole rulers
and the mere name of Englishman is sufficeint to frighten humble inhabitants and upon
their relgion can not be viewed in the eyes of God or public as a justifiable act, for wise
and good men always feel disinclind to hurt those that are of much less strength than
themselves and if such weak creatures be dependent on them and subject to their
authority they can never attempt even in thought to mortify their feelings'' (Christ-A, Myth
by Varma pp. 61-62)

1821 sIm---bn A-hn-iz-k-\o-bw F-p hn-fn-m-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

21

hp- kw`-hw \-Sp. B kw-`-h-amIs Cu-v Cym I-\n-bp-tSbpw bq-tdm-]y N-n-sbpw `m-c-X-kw-_-nbm-b {ia--fn Im-cyam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-n.
cm-Pmdmw tam-l tdm-bn-sb a-X-]-cn-h-\w \S-n Irkv-Xym-\n-bm-p--Xn-\p- kyq-n e--\n-se an-j skm-sskn ko-cw-]p tI{n-se ]m-Xn-cn hneyw B-U-an-\p \In.
A-Xn-\m-bn B-Uw \n-ch-[n X-h-W cm-Pmdmw tam-l dm-bnbp-am-bn _--sp. A-h X-n im-kv-{X N--I \-Sp.
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-se {Sn-\n-n Xn-b-dnbm-b ]n-Xmhv, ]p-{X, ]-cnip-m-m-hv F- hn-j-b-n N- h-snb-tm dmw
tam-l dm-bv th-Z--fp-sSbpw D-]-\n-j-p--fp-sSbpw A-Snm-\-n ln-p-hn-s G-tI-iz-c-hm-Zw A-h-X-cn-n-v ]mXn-cn-sb ]-cm-P-b-s-Spn. A-Xn-s\ Xp-S-v hneyw B-Uw
sa-bv G-gv 1821 X-s kp-lr-n-\v F-gp-Xn "tb-ip-hn-s\-pdn-v dmw tam-l dm-bn-p- kw-i-b- Xo-m amk-tfm-fw Rm A-t-l-tm-Sv kw-km-cnp. an. tb-vkpw B
{]-h-\
-
- n F-tm-sSm-a
- p-m-bn-cpp. ]-t hm-Z
-
A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xn-\v R- \-t hn-j-anp. tb-ip-hn-s
kn-m--sf kzo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn-\p dm-bv ap-tm-p sh hm-Z-sf t\-cn-Sp--Xn-\v F-\n-v i-n-bn F- Imcyw
]-d-bp-hm Rm a-Sn-p-n. am-{X-a A-Xn-\m-bn Rm D-bn- hm-Z- ]--X-n-\p ap-n F-p IW-s F amXncn-bmWv.'' (Life and Letters of Ram Mohan Roy P. 68 Bharti......) Xp-Sv hneyw G-Uw {In-kv-Xpa-Xw D-t]-n-v ln-p a-Xw kzo-Icnp. C-Xn-s\ Xp-S-v e- an-j skm-ssk-n A-h-cp-sS
1822se hmjn-I dn-tm-n F-gpXn. "\-p-sS H-cp ap k-Zky-\m-bn-cp- an. B-Uw D-b-s-gp-t- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-pdn-v X-cwXm-gv- Nn--I A-h-X-cn-n-p-Ibpw \-p-sS tZh\m-b tb-ip Ir-kv-Xp-hn-s tZ-h-Xz-s \n-cm-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p B-b-Xn-\m e- skm-ssk-n A-t-lhp-am-bp- Fm _-fpw A-h-km-\n-n-n-cn-pp.'' (Bharti
p. 4)

H-cp ]m-Xn-cn-bp-sS a-Xw am-w an-j-\-dnI-sf B-g-n Nnn-np. Ir-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS {Xn-Xz-s \-m-bn A-h-X-cn-nm th-n th-Z
- f
- nepw _-lp-tZ-hm-cm-[\
- b
- p-v F-p m]n-p-hm I-gn-hp- hy-n-sb A-h Dp-t\m-n-sm-n-

22

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

cpp. ln-p aX-s hn-Ir-X-cqt]-W A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xn-\v

tbm-Kyam-b hy-n-sb A-h tX-Sn-sm-n-cpp, a-X-]-cn-h-\ {i-a--v B-w Iq-m. A-h-cp-sS Im-n-cn-v sh-dpsX-bm-bn, {_n-o-jp-Im-sc c-n-m Pa\nbn \npw Hcm-sf-n s{^-Un-Iv taIv-kv ap-.
Cu-kv-v Cym I--\n-bp-sS D--chv
G-{]n 15, 1847 Cu-v C-ym-I-\n ta-Iv-kv ap- EtKz-Zw Cw-o-jn-te-v hn-h-\w sN-p-Xp kw-_-n-v
Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Spp. A-Xn-s ]n-t-v ap- X-s A--bv-v
F-gpXn "G-sXm-n\mtWm Rm-\n-{X-Im-ew ]-Wn-s-Xv AsXmw In-n-sb-Xv F-\n-n-tmgpw hn-iz-kn-m h-. Aln-p--Xn-t\-m F-{X-b-[n-I-am-Wv Rm t\-Snb-Xv F-mWn-tm Rm\m-tem-Nn-p--Xv.......X-m-dm-n-b 50 jo-p-I
{]-Xn-h-jw F-\n-v I--\n-v sIm-Sp-Ww, {]-kn-o-I-c-Wn-\v C-Xn-\m-bn Rm 200 ]u-m-Wv B-h-iy-s-Xv. H-cp
jo-n-\v \m-ep ]u-v sh-v sam-w 400 jo-p-I-fp-sa-n-ep-ap-Xm-Wv ]Wn. A-Xmb-Xv A-Sp- F-p h-j-t-v F-\nv kp-J-am-bn sN-m-hp- ]Wn, am-{X-a AXn-s\m-sSm-w av ]-Z-hn-I h-ln--bp-am-hmw..........{]n-b-s- A-t C-tm
\n--sf-p ]-d-bpp? C-Xv F-\n-v {]-Xo-n-m-hp--Xnsbpw A-p-das?'' (Life and letter of Max Muller Vol. 1 Page 60-61)
ap--cp-sS th-Z hym-Jym\w
E-tKz-Zw k-m-Z-\w- sN-m\pw `mjyw F-gp-Xm\pw km-bW `m-jy-s-bm-Wv ta-Iv-kv-ap- B-{i-bn-Xv. F-m kmb-W am-{X-a A-Xph-sc th-Z--p `mjyw F-gp-Xn-bn-cpXv. kv-I--kzman, sh--S-am-[h, D-S, `--`mkv--c B\- Xo- F-n-h km-bW-\p ap-t] th-Z-`mjyw sNbv-X-h-cmWv. ap--cp-sS k-a-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp- kzm-an Z-bm-\-
k-c-kz-Xnbpw th-Z-`m-jy-Im-c-\m-Wv.
km-b-Wm-Nm-cy-cp-sS th-Z-`m-jy-s D-]-Po-hn-m-Wv ap-
X-s `mjyw B-cw-`n--sX-nepw km-bW-s\ A-tX]-Sn kzoI-cn-p-I-b A-t-lw sN-bv-XXv. km-bW-s bo-b `mjy-s Iq-Sp-X ssh-cq-]y-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn A-h-X-cn-n--bm-Wv
sN-bv-XXv. F-n-\v ]-e i--pw Bcpw I-ev-]n-m-
A- w t]mepw ap- \In. Xm F- v Im- c - W -

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

23

memtWm th-Z-`mjyw Xp-S-nb-Xv A-Xn-\p-th-n hm-p-Ifp-sS A-s A-t-lw am-n-a-dn-p.

a-{-n-se G-sX-nepw H-cp i-s ap-Jy-am-bn-v
euIn-I kw-kv-Ir-X-n A-Xn-s A-w I-s-n A-Xn\-Sn-m-\-s-Sp-n A-s hn-kv-X-cn-p ssi-en-bmWv A-t-lw kzo-I-cn-Xv. a-{-n-s ap-Jy hn-jb-s {]Xn-]m-Zn-p- tZ-hX-sb D-t]-n-v X-\n-v tXm-n-b co-Xnbn F-gp-Xm Xp-S-n.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn EtKz-Z-nse Hcp a{w
bp-RvP-n {_[v\a-cpjw Nc-w ]-cn-X-pjx
tcmN-t tcmN-\mZnhn (E-tKzZw 1.6.1)
Cu a-{-n-se {_[v\ i--n-\v ap- \-In-bn-cn-p A-w IpXn-c F-mWv. km-b-Wm-Nm-cy kq-cy Fm-Wv A-w ]-d-n-cn-p-Xv. AXp-t]mepw F{Xtbm
t`-Z-am-bn-cpp. ss\-cpn-I {]-{In-b-bp-sS A-Sn-m-\-n
A-Xn-\v ]-c-am-m-hv F-m-Wv A-w.
th-tZm-m-c-I\pw a-lm-a-\o-jnbpw Xm-]-k-t{i-jvT-\p-am-bncp- a-l-jn Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn am-Iv-kv-ap--cp-sS {]-kn-oIr-Xam-b th-Z-`m-jy-n-s Nn-e Aw-i- I--Xn-\p tijw
C-s\ F-gpXn: 'tam--aq-ecp-sS kw-kvIr-X km-ln-Xyhpw
A-ev-]w th-Z-hym-Jym-\hpw Iv F-\n-v tXm-p-Xv At- l w B- c ym- h - - n- s e
B-fp-I-fp-sS Nn-e hym-Jym-\ I-v Ip-ds
- m-s As\ X-sbpw ]n-s tXm-nb-h-hpw F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sWmWv.''ap--cp-sS kw-kv-Ir-X`m-j-bn-ep- kzm-[o-\-anm-bva-sb-p-dn-v i-cnpw A-dn-bmhp- Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn ap-cp-sS `m-jy-s A-ev-]w
t]mepw am-\n-n-cp-n. Zbm\--k-c-kzXn Po-hn-n-cn-p- cmPmdmw taml-tdmbv

24

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

Ime-v ap- At-l-n\v a-dp]-Sn \-In-bn. A-t-ln-s a-c-W-ti-jw ap- F-gpXn. "a-cn--Xn-\p-tijw sh-fnw h- hn-j-b--fn \npw a-\-n-em-m km-[n-p-Xv,
Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn km-aq-ly ]-cn-jv-c-W {]-h--\-n
t\-h-gn-m-c\pw \n-a-e-\p-am-bn-cp-n F-mWv.'' (Nn-]v-kv
{^w F P-a h-v tjm-]v thm-fyw 2 t]-Pv 182)
th-Z--fp-sS m-\w
ta-Iv-kv-ap--cp-sS Zr-n-bn
I-Sp- {In-kv-Xp-a-X hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp- ta-Iv-kv ap- thZ-sf ss_-_n-fn-t\-m F{Xtbm Xm-sg--n-ep- Ir-Xnbm-bm-Wv I-Xv. A-t-lw ]-dp. "a-v G-sXm-cp [m-an-I
{K--t-m [man-I in-Ww \-Ip- {K-- ]g-b \n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b \n-b-a-hp-am-Wv F--Xn H-cp kw-i-bhp-an. C-Xv ]-]m-X ]q-Wam-b A-`n-{]m-b-am-sW-p tXmmw. F-m G-sXm-cp ho--W-n-eq-sS t\m-n-bmepw
ss_-_n ]pXn-b \n-b-a-am-Wv k-tm-aw. A-Xn-\p tijw Jp-dm-\pw. Xp-S-v h-cp--h-bm-Wv b-lq-Z-cp-sS ]-g-b \n-bahpw _u--cp-sS {Xn-]n-S-Ihpw th-Z-fpw A-h-kv-sXbpw'' (taIv-kv ap--cp-sS I-p-I hm-fyw c-v t]-Pv 322323)
th-Z-`m-jy-Im-c\m-b am-Iv-kv ap- thZ-s A-[n-t-]nm\pw a-Sn-m--bm-fm-bn-cpp. X-\n-p a-\-n-em-Im- thZ-s--dn-v A-t-lw F-gpXn. "Large number of vedic hymns are childish
in the extreme, tedious, low and common place'' (Chips from a German Workshop P. 27)
"Now what do we find in the Veda? No doubt here and there a few philosophical hymns
which have been quoted so often that people have begun to imagine that the veda is a
kind of collection of orphic hymns. We also find some purely mythological hymns in which
the Devas or Gods have assumed nearly as much dramatic personality as in the
homeric hymns'' (India 11 pp 98-99)

t_m-U sNb
tI-W t_m-U {_n--\n-se k---cn H-cm-fm-bn-cpp.
X-s Im-e-ti-jw X-s kz-v ]p{Xn F-en-k-_-n-s t]cn A-t-lw F-gp-Xn-sh-p. ]-t F-en-k-_-v 19mw h-bn-s a-c-W-sp. {_n--Wn-se sN--lm-an-se {Sn\n-n N-n, C-s\ tc-J-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. "C-y-mcp-sS hn-ip- a-X-{K--sf ^-e-{]-Zamw hn-[w a-\-n-em-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

25

m\pw Ah-sc Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v a-X-]-cn-h-\w sNm\pw F-s cm-Py-m-sc {]m-]v-X-\m-p- H-m-Wv kw-kvIr-X-`m-j-bn-ep- A-Km-[-m-\w'' B-b-Xn-\mbn Hm-Ivkvt^m-Uv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn t_m-U sN-b m-]n-s-p. 1780 I-fn-epw 90I-fnepw C-y-bn ]-m-f-m-c-\m-bn
tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn t_m-U C-y-m-sc a-X-]-cn-h-\w
\-S--W-sa- D-d- ]--m-c-\m-bn-cpp. A-Xn-\m-bn ss__n kw-kv-Ir-X-n-te-v hn-h-\w sN-p-I-bm-Wv thXv F-v A-t-lw Xn-cn--dnp. kw-kv-Ir-Xw `q-cn-`m-Kw Cym-mpw A-dn-bm- `m-j-bm-bn-cp-n-p-Iq-Sn Fp-sImm-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-n-te-v ss_-_n hn-h-\w sN-m
B-tem-Nn-Xv? Imc-Ww k-h-Wcpw k-aq-l-n-se D--Xcpw
kw-kvIr-X t{]-an-Itfm B `m-j-bn {]m-ho-Wy-ap--hcpw
k-aq-l-n kzm-[o-\-ap--h-cp-am-bn-cpp. A-h-cn-te-v Fp-Xv k-aql-s H-m-sI a-Xw am-m k-lm-b-I-am-sWv tI-W t_m-U I-cpXn. ]-t hn-eyw tPm-kn-s\tm-ep-h Cu Im-gv-N-m-Sn-s\ A-\p-Iq-en-n-cp-n. ss__n-fn D- A-Zv-`p-X-sf C-y-m-v kzo-I-cn-m hnj-a-ap-m-In Fpw F-m A-Xv A-h-cn H-cp A-Zv-`pXhpw D-m-n-s-p-ap- ]--m-c-\m-bn-cp-p A-tlw.

kzman Zbm-\ kc-kzXn

t_mU s{]m-^k
- -jn-n-\pf-f a--cw
t_m-U kw-kv-Ir-X s{]m^-k-jn-n-\p-th-n s{]m-^.
-tam-\n-b hn-eyw-kpw s{]m-^.
ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-dpw X-n Hcn I-Sp- a--cw X-s
\-Sp.- -\n-cm-Zv.-- kn.-- Nu-[-cn taIv-kv ap-f-f-dp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{Xn Cu h-kv-Xp-X F-gp-Xnbn-p-v.- tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kn\p th-n {]-N-cn-n- Cu
t\m-o-kv C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I-fpsS {]-tXy-In-pw ap-ff
- d
- p-sS {Inkv-Xp-a-X {]-N-c-W-t{]-aw hy-

26

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

-am-p-p.- 1832 em-Wv kw-`-hw. -"bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n k-am-PmwK- s{]m-^-k-sd sX-c-s-Sp-p-tm- t_mUs FtUm-hv-san-s hn-\n-tbm-K-s kw-_-n-v A-t-l-n-\pm-bn-cp-- D-n-jv-S-e-y- ^-e-{]-Z-am-p--Xn-\p-f-f I-hy-s hn-kv-a-cn-p Iq-Sm.A-tm {]m-Y-an-I e-yw F-m-Wv? H-v.-- `m-c-Xo-b-sc
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v aX-]cnh--\w sN-p--Xn-\v A-t-ln-s cm-Py-m-sc i--cm-pw hn-[w hn-ip--{K---fp-sS
{]-N-c-W-hpw hn-m-]-\-hpw A-h-n-S-bn \-S-p-I. -[mcm-fw {]-am-W-]-{X--fp-am-bn c-v A-t]--I D-v.-- s]m-XpP-\-Pn-lz-I Cu a--c-s ]-cn-K-W\m-l-a-m--Xm-bn Xf-fp-n-. -A-tm-sg-m-Ipw ^-ew?
C-cp-h-cpw tem-Iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-p- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cm-bn s]mXp-k--X-tm-sS {]-Jym-]n--s-Sp-p.-- F-m A-h-cn-semcm hn-ti-j-am-bpw A-\y-hy-n-bm-bpw h-en-sbm-cp-kw-Lw
C-y-bn-se \-p-sS k-am-Pmw-K--fm {]-iw-kn-X-\m-Ip-p.
Cu Cw-o-jp-Im A-t-l-m ]Tn-n-bv--s--h, -]-Tn-nbv--s--Xn-t\m-Sv Ir-X--X-bp-f-f-h,- hy-n-]-c-am-bn A-tl-tm-Sv _--s--h H-cp b-{-k-ap--bw t]m-se a-lm-Imcyw \n-d-th-p--Xn-\v X-m-dm-bn \n-ev-p-p.A-h-v k--Xn-Zm-\w \Im-\n-s-n-epw A-h-cp-sS i_v-Zw \-p-sS sN-hn-I-fn-epw Nn-epw ap-g-t--Xm-bn-cn-pp.-- A-h-v A-h-cp-sS B-fns\-b-dn-bmw,- X-t-io-b-sc-b-dnbmw,\n-Xy-k---n-em-WpXm-\pw.-- A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bs A-\m-Z-cn-p--Xv _p-nbm-tWm?
Cu s{]m-^-k-jn-v Hm-Ivkv-t^m-Un-s am-{X-a-,-bq-tdmn-t-Xpw A-ta-cn--bp-tS-Xp-a. C
-- -Xv C-Uy-bv-p-f-f-Xm-Wv;
C-Xv {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-\p-f-f-Xm- Cuiz-c-N-{ -hn-Zym-km-K
Wv.-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

27

\-ap--tm C-y-sb \-m-bn A-dn-bp-I-bpw kv-t\-lnp-I-bpw sN-p- B-fn-\p thm-p sN-mw! A-t-l-n-s
F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fm t]m-epw ss{I-kv-X-h-m-]-\-n-s Xm-Xv]-cy--sf \n-n-]v-X-am-bn--s kw-c-n-p- B-sf-
\n-e-bv-v A-t-lw hn-Jym-X-\m-W-sm.ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-dp-sS A-\p-bm-bn-I C-Xn-\p \-ev-In-b a-dp-]-Sn
Im-Wp-I. s]m-Xp-k--X-{]-Im-cw ]-d-bp--Xv H-cm tem-ImwKo-Im-c-ap-f-f ]-Wv-Un-X-\pw a-t-bm kp-lr-p-I-pw injy-m-pw \-m-b-dn-bm-hp- ]-Wv-Un-X-\p-am-W-s{X.-- a-cw aq-v A-n-a-Z-i-bn-se-n-b-tm tUm.--]q-tk (Dr.Pusey)
ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-sd k--Xn-Zm-\w sIm-v A-\p-{K-ln-m \nt-in--Xn-\p Im-c-Ww F-gp-Xp-p.-- a-t-sXm-cp kw-kv-Ir-X ]-WvUn-X-t\-m-fpw tk-h-\w C-y-bn-se kp-hn-ti-j-n-\p,-kphn-ti-j-I-v A-h-cp-sS (ln-p--fp-sS) hn-ip- {K--
Xp-d-p Im-p-I h-gn,- sN-bv-Xn-p-v (28) C--s\ a-Xw am--n\p th-n b-Xv-\n--h-sc a-l-jn-Xp-ey-cm-bn B-cm-[n-p--Xnse---am-Wp-f-f-sX-p Nn-n-t--Xp hm-b-\-m-cm-Wv
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-{]-Nm-c-I\m-b
am-Iv-kv ap
A-Sn-bp-d- {In-kv-Xp-a-X hn-izm-knbpw a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-\p-am-bncp- ap- a-X-{]-N-c-W-n-\m-bn In-m-hp- Fm A-h-k-cfpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. A-Xv `m-jm hn--m\-am-bmepw
th-Z`
- m-jy-am-bmepw. l-np [- {K--sf hn-Ir-Xc
- q-]
- n
A-h-X-cn-np-I am-{X-a A-t-lw sN-bv-XXv. th-Z-sbpw
ln-pa-X-{K---sfbpw F--s\-bm-Wv C-I-gv-t--sXpw
A-t-lw X-s {]-`m-j-W--fn-eq-sS an-j-\-dn-am-sc ]Tn-n-p.
{_n-o-jv C-y-bp-sS A-me-s B-m-\w sIm--bm-bn-cpp. B-b-Xn-\m-s a-X-{]-N-c-W-n-\p Npm ]n-Sn-Xpw sIm-- X-s-bm-bn-cpp. ]-t 18mw
\q-m-n-epw 19mw \q-m-nepw _w-Km-fn B--Sn- `-n{]-m-\w ln-p-[-a-n-\v ]pXn-b D-W-tIn-b k-a-b-am-bncpp. A-\m-Nm-c--s-Xn-sc cwK-p h-cm hn-Zym-`ym-kw
t\Sn-b bp-hm--fp-sS H-cp \n-c X-s D-m-bn-cp-p. dmw taml tdmbv, Cu-iz N-{ hn-Zym-kmK, tIi-hv N-{ sk
Xp-S-nb-h-scm-s B t{i-Wn-bnep-h-cm-bn-cp-p. {_-

28

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

k-am-Pn-I-tfm-Sv {In-kv-Xpa-Xw kzo-I-cn-m th-n am-Iv-kv ap ]-e X-h-W A-t]-n-p-Ibpw A-h-cp-am-bn X--n
G-s-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cpp. {]-Xm-]v N-v a-Ppw-Zm F- Hcp {_- k-am-Pn-v A-t-lw F-gpXn. C-Xv F-gp-Xnb-Xv a-cn-p-Xn-\v 16 am-kw ap-]m-Wv F-p-IqSn Hm--Ww.
"{]n-b an-{Xta, `m-cXo-b [a-s ip-o-I-cn-p-hm \n \-S-p- {]-h-\-s h-j--fm-bn Rm t\mn-m-Wpp. B {]-h--\--fn-eq-sS \n- \n--fp-sS
[a-s a-p [-a--fpsS, hn-injym Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n-s ]cn-ip-npw ]q-W-X-bvpw k-ao-]-t-v sIm-p-h-cp-hm-\p {i-a--fm-sWpw Rm I-p.........\n- ]-eXpw Xy-Pnn-pv. _-lp-tZh-Xm hmZw, aq-n ]q-P, _-enZm-\ ]q-P XpS-nb-h-sbm-s. Rm a-\-n-em-n-bn-S-tm-fw {]mNo-\ [a {K-- A-\p-im-kn-p- th-Z Cu-iz-co-b-am-Wv F hm-Zhpw \n- D-t]-n-n-cn-p-p.
\n- H-cn- H-cp-an-p I-gn-m (A[n-\n-th-i-ns
Xz-imkv{Xw kzoI-cnv Ah-tcm-sSmw tNmteJI) C-h e--\n-\n-tm, tdm-an \n-tm, P-\o-h-bn
\n-tm, tamkv-tIm-bn \ntm h--h-cmtWm Fsmpw
\n thh-em-Xn-s-tS-n-h-cn-. A-h-scm-s {In-kv-Xp-hns k-t-i- \n--fn F-n-p--Xn-\p- {i-aw am{Xw
\-S-p--h-cmWv. ]n-o-Sv \n- ]pXn-b \n-baw (ss_-_n)
F-Sp-v kz-bw hm-bnq. F-n-v kz-bw Xo-cp-am-\nq. tb-iphn-s hN-\w \n-sf k-p--\m-ppthm Ctbm F-v.
R--fp-sS A-Sp-vh- {]-Im-cw X-s-bm-Wv tb-ip \n-fp-sS A-Sppw h-cp-Xv. Imc-Ww kp-hn-ti-j--fn Ahs hn-iz-k\o-b h-N-\- kp-c-n-X-am-n-sh-n-pv. B
hm-p-I kzo-I-cn-p-I-bm-sW-n \n- H-cp Ir-kv-Xym\n-bm-Wv.
X
-- m--fp-sS \m-p-Im-tc-bpw Xm--tf-bpw {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ ]-cky-am-bn ]n-p-S-cp--Xn X-S--s-Sp-p- {]-bm-k--tfh-sb-v F-tm-Sp ]-d-bp-I.-- Rm F-gp-Xp-tm Rm-\pw Ftm-Sv tbm-Pn-p--h-cpw F--s\-bm-Wv A-h-sb t\-cn-p ]cn-l-cn--sX-v F-gp-Xn A-dn-bn-mw. F-s Im-gv--m-Sn Cy-bn-se \-sm-cp-`m-K-hpw {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v am-w IqSn--gn-p.-- Xm--v {In-kv-Xp-hn-s A-\p-bm-bn B-Im hn-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

29

ti-j -t{]-c-W-sbm-pw th-.-- [o-c-am-bn A-Sn-h-bv-q.-- Xm--fnhn-sS X-I-cp-I-sbm-p-an-.-- a-dp-I-c-bn Xm--fp-sS A-t\-Iw kplr-p- kzmK-X-tam-Xn Im-p-\n-ev-pw.- A-h-cn Xm-fp-sS ]-g-b kp-lr-pw k-l-{]-h--I-\p-am-b F-^v.-- ta-Iv-kv
ap-f-f-td-m k-p-jv-S Nn--\m-bn B-cpw Im-Wn-.- (Vol.II.ch
xxxxIV.p 415-416)

tIi-hv N-{ sk, tZ-th-{\m-Y Sm-tKm, `m-c-X-n BZy-ambn sF.kn.Fkv. t\Sn-b k-tXy-{-\m-Yv Sm-tKm C-hscbpw Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n tN-m ap- {i-aw \-S-n-bncpp. A-Xn hn-P-bn-m I-gn-bm--Xn-ep- Ip-WvTn-Xw At-lw C-s\ hy--amn "Iq-Sp-X sN-dp-hpw i-n-imen-bp-amh-Ww F-m-Wv F-s B-{Klw. I-gn-bp--Xph-sc Fs a-X-n-\p-th-n \n-jvTm-]q-w ]-cn-{i-aw \-S-mw.''
(I-p-I thm-fyw c-v t]-Pv 2829)
C-y-m-sc a-Xw am-m-\p- A-t-l-n-s Xo-{h-X-cam-b
B-thiw. tcm-Ki
-
- b
- n-n-Sp-sIm-v k sln B-tmn-\v A-b- I-n \npw hy--am-Ipw.
"B-tcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn-em-bmepw Am-n-Spw {]-h-n-p an-j-\-dn-am-cn F-\n--ti-jw hn-izm-k-an. \-ap-v dmw
tam-l dm-bntb-tbm, tIi-hv N-{-sk-ns\tbm t]m-ep-
B-fpI-sf hopw `m-c-X-nte-v A-b-bv-m km-[n-pI-bpw, Ir-kv-Xpa-Xw F-s-v
i-cnpw A-dn-bp- H-cp Bv _n-j-n-s\ \-ap-v I--bn-te-v In-p-Ib
- p-am-sW-n
I--S-p Xp-dpw ap-]p Xs C-y-m-sc \-ap-v Irkv-Xym-\n-I-fm-n-am-mw.''
(I- p- I thmfyw c- v
t]-Pv 398)
-th-Z-X--a-bpw kw-kv-IrX-Nc
- n-{X-IY
- \
- h
- pw F-gp-Xn-b apf-f 'B-Ky Uyq-n-\p' (Cy Im-cy-n-\p-f-f a-{n) - tIihv N{-sk

30

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

F-gp-Xn-b I-n ]-d-p

""C-y-bp-sS {]m-No-\-a-Xw \-jv-S-{]m-b-a-t{X. C
-- -tm {In-kvXp-a-Xw B m-\w G-s-Sp-p-n-s-n A-Xm-cp-sS Ip--amWv?''. (Vol .I.XVI.P.378)
ap-hn-[n-I-fn-eq-sS K-th-j-W-bm-{X sN-bv-X
kw-kv-Ir-X ]-Wv-Un-X-
t_mU kw-kv-Ir-X s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp- hn-k am\y-\m-bn-cp-p. F
-- -m sN-b-dn-t\m-Sp I-S-m-Sv A-t-l-n-\pm-bn-cp-p.-The Religions and philosophical system of the Hindus F- t]cn A-t-l-sam-cp ]p-kv-X-Iw X-s c-Nn-p. F-n-\m-Wv C-c-sam-cp ]p-kv-X-Iw Xm c-Nn--sX-v A-t-lw hy--amp-p-v.-- ln-p--fp-sS a-X-k-{-Zm-b-s G--hpw \- co-Xnbn F-Xn- h-en-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Wv-Un-X-\pw l-bn _-dnm-c-\pw {]-i-kv-X-\p-am-b tPm ayq-bn G-s-Sp-n-b 200
]u-v kv-tm-f-jn-v hn-Zym-n-I-v e-`n-m th-nbm-Wv Cu e-Iv-N-dp-I F-gp-Xn-b-Xv(19). Cu hm-p-I-fn c-p
Im-cy- \n-g-en-p-p.--H-v,-I-Sp- ln-p-a-X-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmp- co-Xn-bn hn-Zym-n-I-sf hm-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv A-s hn-Zym-`ym-k-co-Xn.--c-v im-kv-{Xo-b-X-tbm k-Xy-k-X-tbm H-p-an-m--Xm-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-]-T-\-hpw Z-i-\-]-T-\-hpw.C--s\-bp-f-f ]T-\-co-Xn-sIm-v `m-c-X-kw-kv-Im-c-s i-cn-bmb co-Xn-bn a-\-n-em-m B-s-n-epw I-gn-bp-tam? sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-s-bpw N-cn-{X-t-bpw \m-\m-hn-[-am-p--Xn\p th-n dp-tUm-^v tdm-v (Rudolf Roth) kp en--td-
B v K-jn-sj Zv th-Zv (Zur Litetature and Geschi the des veda)(20) F-
{]-_-w c-Nn-p.-1852 bm-kv--s \n-cp-w ]p-d-n-d-n.-P-- ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-n-epw a-pw A-l-m-cw ]q-p tdm-v
P- `m-jm-im-kv-{Xw sIm-v \n-cp--t-m `w-Kn-bmbn th-Z-a-{--v `m-jyw c-Nn-m-sa-v sh-p-hn-fn-p. X
-- s \n-cp--`m-jy-n-s A-h-Xm-cn-I-bn tdm-v sF-X-tc-b{_m--W-n-se H-cp J-Wv-Un-I-bv-v sX-m-b hym-Jym-\w \In-b-Xv tKm-Uv--dn \n-v I-Sp- ]-cn-lm-kw G-p-hmn-sb--Xv X-s tdm-n-s ]m-Wv-Un-Xyw F-{X-am-{X-ap-sp hn-fn--dn-bn-p-p.-- (Cf. Panini P.198). U-yp. k
-- n. h
-- n-v-\n-bpw
C-tX co-Xn-bn-ep-f-f ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-{]-Z-i-\w \-S-n. A
-- -t-l-ns A-`n-{]m-b-n P- Nn-m-[m-c-bp-sS Im-X-em-b Aw-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

31

i--fm-Wv th-Zw D-sm-f-fp--Xn-\v F-m-e-t-bpw b-Ym h-gn-Im-n.-(21)

s{]m-^.-- ta-Iv-kv-ap-f-f-sc kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Wv-Un-X-cn k--t{ijvT-\m-bn ]-e-cpw ]m-cm-p-p. sacred books of the east F- 50 thmfy- F-Un-p sN-bv-X-Xp-sIm-pw A-t\-Iw {K---fp-sS
I-m-hv F-- \n-e-bv-pw ta-Iv-kv-ap-f-f-sc E-jn-bm-bn--s
Nn-e `m-c-Xo-b B-cm-[n-p-p.-- ln-p--sf a-X-]-cn-h--\w
sN-p--Xn-m-bn th-Z-hn-h--\w \n--ln-p-I F- ey-hp-am-bn Hm-Iv-kv-t^m-Un-se t_m-U sN-b-dn-se-n-b amIv-kv-ap-f-f-cp-sS an-j-\-dn {]-h--\- F-p-sIm-tm hnkv-a-cn-p.- A-`y-kv-X-hn-Zy-cpw, ]-Wv-Un-X-cp-am-b N-cn-{X-Im-c-amh-sc ta-Iv-kv-ap-f-f-dp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{Xw A-dn--h-c-.-- ta-Iv-kv-apf-f-v kw-kv-Ir-Xw t\-sc sNm-s tI-m t]m-epw a-\-nem-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-s--Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X-. -\n-cm-Zv.-- kn. N
-- u-[-cn-bpsS hm-p-I-fn-\n-v A-Xp a-\-n-em-mw.-- Im-Wp-I.- 1855
H-cp \m Hm-Iv-kv-t^m-Un-se ap-dn-bn Nn-e ssI-s-gp-p {]Xn-I ]-I-n-sm-n-cn-s I-dp- \o-f Ip-m-bw [-cn-

Joseph Boden's will, 15 August 1811

"I do hereby give and bequeath all and singular my said residuary
estate and effects, with the accumulations thereof, if any, and the
stocks, funds, and securities whereon the same shall have been laid
out and invested, unto the University of Oxford, to be by that body
appropriated in and towards the erection and endowment of a
Professorship in the Shanskreet language, at or in any or either of
the Colleges in the said University, being of opinion that a more
general and critical knowledge of that language will be a means of
enabling my countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of
India to the Christian Religion, by disseminating a knowledge of the
Sacred Scriptures amongst them, more effectually than all other
means whatsoever."
tIW t_mUs hn]{Xw

32

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

H-cp C-y-m-c A-hn-sS

sN-p.-- A-t-lw ap-f-f-sd A`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-X-Xv H-hm-p-t]m-epw a-\-n-em-Im `m-j-bn-em-Wv.-- ta-Iv-kv-ap-ff a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn G-Xp `m-jbn- e m- W v kw- k m- c n- - s X- p
tNm-Zn-p.-- k--i-I A-pXw- Iq-dn-sm-v tNm-Zn-p.-- Xm-v kw-kv-Ir-Xw a-\-n-emhp-I-bnt.?-- "C- Rm-\n-Xp-hsc A-Xp ]-d-p-tI-n-n-.'(22)
-F-m ]-e-cp-tS-bpw [m-c-W
am-Ivk
- va
- p-ff
- `m-cX
- s
- G-sd
kv-t\-ln-p-I-bpw th-Z-\-thmm-\-n-\p-th-n {]-b-Xv-\np-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-sh-m-Wv. -sat-m-f {]-`p-hn-s B-m\p-h-n-bm-bn-cp-p A-t-lsa-v `q-cn-]-w t]-cpw A-dnp-Im-Wn-.- 1855 Un-kw-_ 28\v ta-Iv-kv-ap-f-f Hm-Iv-kvt^m-Un m-\-ta-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p- ap-]v sa-tm-f-sb Ip.- H-cp- a-Wn-q sa-tm-f-bp-sS kw-km-cw {i-hn- ap-f-f
C--s\-bm-Wv F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. -Rm Hm-Iv-kv-t^m-Un-te-v a-S-nb-Xv Zp:Jn-X-\pw _p-n-am-\p-am-bm-Wv.(23) {In-kv-Xp-a-X-{]-N-c-Wn-\p-th-n ap-f-f \-S-n-b ]p-Wy-I---sf-m-sW-p
\-ap-p ]-cn-tim-[n-mw.- ta-Iv-kv -ap-f-f-dp-sS {]m-No-\-kw-kv-IrX-N-cn-{X-sa- ]p-kv-X-I-n-te-v {i- --Wn--s.-- Im-e-ns ]-cn-]q--X-bn {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-se k-Xy--fn-te-p a\p-jy-cm-in-sb {]-th-in-n-p--Xn-\p-ap-]v, B a-\p-jy-hKn-\v H-p-pw X-s {I-a-{]-hr--am-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw \-tI-Xv B-h-iy-am-sW-p N-cn-{Xw ]Tn-n-p--Xm-bn tXm-pp.-- Iq-Sp-X D--X-am-b k-Xy-n-s {]-Im-i-s a-\p-jy-cmin D-p-I-cm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-p--Xn-\p ap-]v a-\p-jy bpn-bp-sS F-m tl-Xzm-`m-k--sf-bpw ]m-tS -bn-n--Ww.
B-cy tem-I-n-s A-Xn-cp-I-sf ew-Ln-p-sIm-p _p--a-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

33

Xw hym-]n-p I-gn-n-cp-p. a-- -\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS hn-im-e-am-b

`m-K-p-f-f {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-s B-K-a-\-s A-Xp X-S-psh-p \-p-sS ]-cn-an-X-am-b ho--W-n-\p tXm-p-am-bn-cnmw-. F-m B-bn-cw h-j- H-cp Zn-h-k-am-bn Im-Wp-
ssZ-h-n-s Zr-jv-Sn-bn a-p {]m-No-\-a-X--sf t]m-se Xs B a-X-hpw {In-kv-Xp-hn-s B-K-a-\-n-\p h-gn H-cp-n-bXm-bn-cn-pw. -ssZ-h-n-s k-Xy-n-te-p a-\p-jy-lr-Z-b-fp-sS A-Z-ay-am-b B-Imw--sb A-Km-[-am-p-hm-\pw i--amp-hm-\pw B a-X-n-s sh-dpw sX-p-I-fn-eq-sS k-lm-bn-np-m-hpw(24). -th-Z--sf ap-f-f tXm-n-b-Xp-t]m-se X--a
sN-bv-Xv A-h-sb _m-en-i--fpw \o-c-k--fpw \n-m-c--fp-amn Xo-p.-- Xm X-n-a sN-bv-X th-Z-a-{--sf Ip-dn-v C-s\ F-gp-Xn The large number of Vedic hymmns and childish in the extreme:
tedious, low, common place (25). C-hn-tS-bpw A-h-km-\n-p-n-.-- A-hbn (th-Z--fn) k-c-f-hpw {]m-Ir-X-hpw _m-en-i-hp-am-b Nn-I-fp-sS A-cn-In-em-bn C-p \-ap-v A-`n-\-b-hpw c-mw X-chpw, aq-mw-X-c-hp-am-bn tXm-p- ]-e B-i-b--fpw D-smf-fp-p (26). -ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-sd E-jn-bm-bn k-am-Z-cn-p--h-v,A-t-l-n-\p a-X-]-c-am-bn A-m-e-s {In-kv-Xy ]m-Xn-cnam-p-m-bn-cp- a-Xmk-ln-jv-Wp-X F-{X-am-{X-ap-m-bn-cp-psh-v A-dn-bn-.- -kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS ss_-_n-I-Y {]m-No-\ t]jy-m-cn \n-v I-Sw sIm--Xm-sW-p tUm.--kv-]o-K Fgp-Xn. t-- a-Iv-kv-ap-f-f-v A-Xv H-pw X-s k-ln-m-\m-bn-,-At-l-sa-gp-Xn tUm.--kv-]o-K-en-t\-tm-ep-f-f F-gp-p-Im H-p
a-\-n-em--Ww. A-bm bm-sXm-cp Z-b-bpw A-ln-p-n-.-A-bm kz-bw I-cp-W-bv-m-bn B-{K-ln-p-Iq-Sm.-- A-bm ss__n-fn-s\ hn-a-in-n-p-f-f sIm-Sp-m-n-s Xn-c-am-e-I-fn Abm-fn-d-n-hn- bp--I--en-s\-Xn-sc C-cp-p--I `o-a-am-bn hjn-p--Xv A-bm-v {]-Xo-n-p-I-bpw sN-mw(27) C-Xp IqSm-sX ]m-gv-kn-I-sf {In-kv-Xp-a-X-nte-p a-X-]-cn-h--\w
sN-t- B-h-iy-I-X-sb-Ip-dn-pw ap-f-f X-s 'P- ]Wn-p-c-bn-se D-W--]q-fp-I 'F- Ir-Xn-bn hn-i-Z-am-bn
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-v.- (Vol.I.ch.XV.P.346)
I-p-I-fn \n-pw A-t-l-n-s Ir-Xn-I-fn \n-pw
ap-f-f-dp-sS {In-kv-Xp-a-X-tm-Sp-f-f A-`n-hm-Rv-O-bpw kv-t\-lhpw B-Z-c-hpw hy--am-Ip-p.-- H-w A-t-l-n-\v C-X-c-a-X-

34

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

-tfm-Sp-f-f A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw.In-g-n-s hn-ip--{K-

B-dp J---fn-em-bn E-tKz-Z-n-s Cw-ojv '`m-jyw' Xm-dm-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw 1876 taIvkvap- Hm-Ivkv-t^m-Uv bqWn-th-gv-kn-n-bn-se `m-jm-im-kv-{X-h-Ip-n \npw hn-c-anp.
E-tKz-Z-n-s Bw-Kte-b hn-h--\-n-eq-sS {_n-ojv Cuv Cym I--\n-bp-sS I-n-ep-n-bm-bn-o- A-t-lw
bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn \npw hn-c-an- ti-jhpw sh-dp-sX-bn-cpn. Cu-v Cym I--\n-bp-sS X-s k-lm-b-tm-sS taIv-kv-ap- A-Xn-_r-lm-b H-cp ]--Xn-v Xp-S--anp. bqtdm-]y Ir-kv-Xpa-Xw G-jy-bn-sepw hym-]nnp-I F-
D-t-iy-tm-sS G-jy a-X--sf-bpw, X-z-Nn--I-sfbpw Zi-\--sfbpw H-cp ko-co-kn k-mZ-\w sN-p-I, A-h-bv-v
hym-Jym-\w \Ip-I F _rl-Zv ]-Xn G-sSpp. Cu {K---fn
t\-cn-v bq-tdm-]y a-Xsbpw G-jy Z-i-\-sfbpw Xm-c-Xayw sNp- H-cp k-ao-]-\-a
A-t-lw sh-p ]p-en-bXv. bq-tdm-]y Irkv-Xp-a-X-n-\v A-\p-Iqeam-b X-c-n Cu {K- s f hym- J ym- \ nm km-a-y-ap- ]nX-sc I-s-m-\p Npa-Xe
- ap--m-bncpp. C-cp-]-tXm-fw ]n-X-am-sc C-Xn-\m-bn
A-t-lw I-sn. CXn [m-cm-fw P-a\
- n-mcp-ap-m-bn-cpp. G-I-tZiw ap-Xp h-jt- m-fw
ITn-\ {]-b-Xv-\w \S-n

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

35

tem-I-n-se G-gv a-X--fp-sS {]ap-J {K--sf Cw-o-jnte-v hn-h-\w sN-bv-Xv 50 hm-fy--fm-bn {]-kn-o-I-cn-p.
1900 H-tm-_ 28\v ta-Iv-kv ap- A--cnp. F-mepw
A-t-lw Xp-S-n-sh- Cu _rl-Zv ]--Xn 1910 h-sc Xp-Sp.
Cu ko-co-kmWv sacred books of the east (In-g-n-s hn-ip- {K-) F- t]-cn 50 hm-fy--fn-em-bn {]-kn-o-I-cn-n-p-Xv. (Cu te-JI-s ssI-h-iw B {K--tiJ-cw ap-gp-h-\mbpw
Dv) C-Xn ln-p-[-a-s-p-dn-p am-{Xw 21Hm-fw {K- Dv. A-Xn-\p ]pd-sa Cmw aXw, _p--aXw, ssN-\okv a-Xw Xp-S-n-b-h-sb-p-dn-pw \-ap-v C-Xn Im-Wmw. GsXm-cp eyw shp-sIm-s-nepw _r-lm-b Cu ]Xn G-s-Sp--h-cp-sS ey-t_m-[hpw \n--b-Zm-Vyhpw \ap-v Im-Wm-Xn-cp-p-IqSm.
Ing-ns hnip--{K--
thmfyw aXw
hnh\w
{K- ns t]cpw hnj- b hpw
D]-\n-j-p-, Omtm-Kyw,
1
lnp
taIvkvap-
Xe-h-Im-cw, sFX-tc-bw, Iujo-X-Io,
hmP-k-t\bn
2
lnp tPmv _yqe Zn tk{IUv temkv Hm^v Zn
Bcymkv (B-]-kvXw-_, KuX-a,
hkn-jvT, _um-b-\)
Zn tk{IUv _pvkv Hm^v ssN\
3
ssN\
sPbnwkv
(I^yq-jm-\n-kw, mknIv Hm^v
seKv
ln-dn, mknIv Hm^v t]mb-{Sn)
kc-Xp-jv{SPbnwkv
Zn skv AhkvX
4
Usakvt
5
6
7
8

kc-Xp-jv{S- C.U_yp shv

Cmw
C.-Fv ]ma
lnp Pqenbkv tPmfn
lnp
Imin-\mYv
{Xyw_Iv
tXev
Cmw
C.-Fv ]ma

]lhn sSIvv
Z sImdm (thmfyw 1)
Z Cn-yqv Hm^v hnjvWp
Z `K-h-ZvKoX hnv Zn
k\-pPm-Xob B v Zn A\p-KoX
Z sImdm (thmfyw 2)

36

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

10

_p

taIvkv ap,
hntKm
t^mkv_m

[-]-Z, kp-\n-]m-X

11

_p

Sn. Uyp. dnkv

tUhnkv

alm-]-cn-\n--W-kp-, Z [
Im-m-h-m\ kp,
tXhn--kp-m-\-, BIm-tb
kp, tItXm-Jn-e-kp-,
alm-kp-Z--\-kp-,
kmkh kp

12

lnp

Pqen-bkv Fnv iX-]Y {_mWw

13

_p

14

lnp

Sn. Uyp. dnkv hn\-bm-sSIvv, ]Xn-sam Zn

tUhnkv, sla alm-h
HmU_Kv
tPmv _yqe tk{IUv temkv Hm^v Zn Bcymkv

15

lnp

taIvkv ap

16

ssN\

sPbnwkv seKv

17

_p

18

kc-Xp-jv{S-

19

_p

kmap-h t_

20

_p

Sn. Uyp. dnkv Ip-h (hn-\b sSIvv)

tUhnkv, sla
HmU_Kv

21

_p

Fv. tI

22

ssP

sl
sPtm_n

ITw, apWvU-Iw, ssXn-co-bw,

_rl-Zm-c-WyIw, tizXm-iz-X-cw,
{]iv\w, ssa{Xm-b-Wn D]-\n-jp-
tk{IUv _pvkv Hm^v ssN\
(]mv 2 Zn C InwKv)

Sn. Uyp. dnkv alm-h-, Ip-h

tUhnkv, sla
HmU_Kv
C.-U-yp. shv ]lhn sSIvv
F sse^v Hm^v _p ss_
Aiz-tLmj

Z k[ ]pWvU-cnI Hm Zn
temkv Hm^v Zn {Sq tem
ssP\-kq-{Xmkv

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

23

kc-Xp-jv{S-

Pbnwkv
Usakvt

24

kc-Xp-jv{S-

C.-U_yp shv

25
26

lnp
lnp

tPmv _yqe Z temkv Hm^v a\p

Pqen-bkv Fn iX-]Y {_mWw

27

ssN\

sPbnwkv seKv

28

ssN\

sPbnwkv seKv

29

lnp

sla
HmU_Kv

30

sla
HmU_Kv

taIvkv ap

31

kc-Xp-jv{S-

32
33

lnp
lnp

34

lnp

35

_p

Sn. Uyp.
dnkvtU-hnkv

Z Izy Hm^v InwKv anen

36

_p

Z Izy Hm^v InwKv anen

37

kc-Xp-jv{S-

38

lnp

39
40
41

ssN\
ssN\
lnp

Sn. Uyp.
dnkvtU-hnkv
Sn. Uyp.
shv
tPmv
Xot_mv
sPbnwkv seKv
sPbnwkv seKv
Pqen-bkv Fnv

37

Z skv AhkvX (thmfyw 3)

s]lhn sSIvv

tk{IUv _pvkv Hm^v ssN\

(Z eo Io _pv Hm^v ssdvkv)
tk{IUv _pvkv Hm^v ssN\
(Z eo Io _pv Hm^v ssdvkv)
Krly-kq-{Xm-kv, imwJm-b-\,
Biz-em-b-\, ]mc-kv-c, JmZnc
Krly-kq-{X, tKm`n-e, lnc-Wy-tIin, B]-kvXw-_, b-]-cn-`mj
kq{X
skv AhkvX

temdkv
tlhv an
taIvkv ap thZnIv lnwkv
Pqen-bkv tPmfn Z ssa\ tem _pvkv
_rl-kv]Xn
tPmv Xot_mv Z thZm kq{X

s]lhn sSIvv
thZm--kq{X
Z sSIvv Hm^v Xmthm-bnkw
Z sSIvv Hm^v Xmthm-bnkw
iX-]Y {_mWw

38

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

42

lnp

43
44

lnp
lnp

45

ssP

46

lnp

47

kc-Xp-jv{S-

48

lnp

49

_p

50

tamdnkv
qw^oUv
Pqen-bkv Fnv
Pqen-bkv Fnv
sl
sPtm_n
sla
HmU_Kv
Sn. Uyp.
shv
tPmv
Xot_mv

lnwkv Hm^v AY-th-Zmkv

iX-]-Y-{_m-Ww
iX-]-Y-{_m-Ww
sPbn kq{Xmkv
lnwkv Sp An
s]lhn sSIvv
thZm--kq{X

FtUzUv
_pnv alm-bm\ sSIvv
ss_kv tImh,
taIvkv ap,
XmIm Ipkpdp
Pq\ntdm
CUIvkv
tamdnkv
P\-d CUIvkv
hn\nvkv hnv
F {]nt^kv
BX BWn
saIvtUm-W

hn. s-- h-_

Cw--n `m-c-Xo-b kw-kv-m-c-s-bpw kw-kv-Ir-X-km-lnXy-t-bpw I-f--s-Sp-p-tm P--\n-bn B tPm-en
sh-_-m-bn-cp-p. l
-- mw-t_m-n-t\-tm-ep-f-f-h `-K-h-Zv-KoX-sb ]p-I-gv-n-b-Xv A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-tbm-sS t\m-n-- sh_ a-lm-`m-c-X-hpw `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-bpw {In-kv-Xy Nn-m-[m-c-bn
\n-v kzm-[o-\-ap-sm--Xm-sW-s-gp-Xn. F
-- -gp-Xn-b-Xn--s\ -Ir-jv-W-a-X-m-cp-sS {]-tXy-I-h-w ]p-kv-X-Iw ap-gp-h \nd-p \n-ev-p-p-sh--Xv {i-m-l-am-Wv.-- {In-kv-Xy C-Xnlm-k--fpw a-p ]m-m-Xy-kzm-[o-\--fpw bm-sXm-cp ]m-In-g-bp-an-m-sX C-Xn Z-in-mw (29). sh-_-dn-s C-tX Im-gv-Nm-Sv sh-v ]p-e-n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-p.-- tem-dn-kv-\-dpw(30), -C. h
-- m-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

39

(31)

jv-t_- tlm-]v-In-kpw Cu kn-m---sf ]-e-cpw AwKo-I-cn-n-cp-n-s-n-epw a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\v {In-kv-Xy Im-e-L-t-m {]m-No-\-X I-ev-]n-m A-h X-m-dm-bn-.-- C-Xp
sIm-m-Wv _-nw-N-{-N-tXm-]m-[ym-b X-s Ir-jv-W-N-cy F Ir-Xn-bn sh-_-sd-p-dn-v C--s\ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.-- ""hn-JymX-\m-b sh-_ ]-Wv-Un-X X-s. F-m A-t-lw kw-kvIr-Xw ]Tn-m-\m-cw-`n--Xv C-y-sb kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw \n`m-Ky-I-c-am-b \n-an-j-n-em-sW-p Nn-n-m Rm \n_-n-X-\m-Ipw. C--se-bp-sS P- Im-m-f--n-s ]nX-e-ap-d-m-v `m-c-X-n-s {]m-No-\-Io-n-bp-am-bn kz-bw
C-W-n-t-cm I-gn-bp-n-.-- C-Xp-sIm-m-Wv `m-c-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-cw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Cu-bn-sS am-{Xw D-m-b-Xm-sW-v m-]nm {i-an-p--Xv.-- {In-kv-Xp P-\n-p--Xn-\pw \q-m-p-Iv ap-]v c-Nn--s--Xm-Im-sa-v hn-iz-kn-m A-h-smcn--epw I-gn-bm--Xv. (32)sh-_-dpw tKm-Uv-v---dpw
sh-_-dpw t_m-bv-v-en-pw (Boerthlink) tN-p kw-kv-Ir-X\n-L-p Sanskrith Worterbuch F- t]-cn F-gp-Xn. C
-- -cp-h-tc-bpw
k-lm-bn--Xv Ip (Kuhn)B-bn-cp-p.-- sX-m-b-Xpw km--ev-]n-Ihp-am-b `m-jm-im-kv-{X-X-Xz- ]n-p-S--Xp Iq-Sm-sX \n-ch-[n A--n-i-Ip-I-fpw C-Xn\p-m-bn-cp-p. s-- {]m-^. t-- KmUvk
- vd
- d
-
- Cu sX-p-Is
- f Nqn-m-n \n-L-p-hn-s\ \nin-X-am-bn--s hn-a-in-p. tm-`n-n-f-In-a-dn- sh-_
tKm-Uv --dn-s B-tcm-]W--p a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm-sX
A-t-l-s hy-n-]-c-am-bn
B-t-]n-m-\m-Wv ap-Xn-Xv. (33)thm--_p-jn-s\ Ip-dn-pf-f tKm-Uv --dp-sS Im-gvN-]m-Sp-I am-\-kn-I-am-b Ah--I Xo-pw X-In-Sw a- sh

40

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

dn--Xn-s e--W-am-sW-v(34) -A-t-l-sa-gp-Xn. s{]m-^. t-- dmv,- t_m-bn-v en-v,- sh-_ Ip F-n-h `m-c-X-s C-Igv-n-s-m \-S-n-b Kq-Vm-tem-N-\ s{]m-^.-- tKm-Uv-kv-d-d sh-fn--p-sIm-p-h-p.-- tUm. t-- _m-bn-v-en-n-\v ]m-Wn\n-bp-tS-bpw, Im-Xym-b-\-t-bpw a-pw hym-I-c-W-n-se G-hpw e-fn-X-am-b \n-b-a- Iq-Sn a-\-n-em-m I-gn-bn-s-Xv G--hpw A-Sp- A-h-k-c-n--s Nq-n-m-Wn-t-Xv F-s I-S-a-bm-Wv. {]m-am-Wn-I {K---fn A-Xv D-]tbm-Kn-p--sX--s\-sb-pw A-bm--dn-bn-. \
-- n-L-p-hnse A-t-l-n-s `m-K-p-f-f sX-p-I \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wv(35).
F-p-sIm-m-Wv C--s\ kw-`-hn--Xv F-m-sW-n, Bcy-kw-kv-m-c-s Ip-d-p Im-Wn-m-\pw, \-p-sS \m-K-cn-I-X
]p-d-p Im-Wn-m-Xn-cn-m-\p-am-Wv F- D--cw kp-hy-am-bn--s e-`n-pw. -im-kv-{Xo-b-K-th-j-I-sc- t]-cn X-np \-S-n-b C-h-sc sh-fn--p sIm-p-h-cm tKm-Uv- am-{X-ta D-m-bn-cp-p-f-fq. -F-m C-y A-m-Z-aojy-cm-I-s B-cy\m-{I-a-W-kn-m--m-cm-I-s, sh-_-sd-bpw
ap-f-f-td-bpw kp-e-`-am-bn D--cn-pw.-tKm-Uv---sd kq-Nn-np-I-t]m-ep-an-.-- Im-c-Ww tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kv,- sh-_, Iq,
-t_m-bn-v-en-v F-n-h-sc A-\p-K-an-m am-{X-ta th-Z--fn
B-cym-{I-a-Ww I-s-m I-gn-bq F--Xp-X-s.tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kv
C-t-lw kp-hy--am-bn X-s \-bw {]-Jym-]n-Xm-Wv. {-- ]Jym-]-\w C--s\ ""{_m--Wn-kw A-Xn-\m--s a-cn-Ww''(36).- ""{_m--Wn-k-n-s i--am-b tIm--bp-sS a-Xns-p-I Ip-cn-in-s ]-S-bm-fn-I h-f-v A-h-km-\w X-Is-dn-bp-tm {In-kv-Xym-\n-n-bp-sS hn-P-bw kq-Nn-n-bv--sSp-I-bpw ap-gp-an--s-Sp-I-bpw sN-pw''(37). -dp-tUm-^v tlm-bn\o, -dn-m-Uv-Km-s_ hn-\n-v-kv,- F.-- _n.- -Io-v F-n-h-cpw
C--c-m X-s. hn-\n-v-kv,- F.-- _n. I
-- o-v F-n-h-cpw
an-j-W-dn {]-h--\--p th-n C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I-fp-sS
th-j-a-Wn--h-cm-Wv. C--s\ `m-c-X-t-bpw \-p-sS kwkv-m-c-t-bpw C-I-gv-n-s-m kp-Zo-L-hpw b-Xv-\-]q-hp-am-b {]-h--am-Wv C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I sN-bv-X-Xv.-- X-fp-sS km-t-Xn-I-h-f--bp-sS ]n-_-e-n tIm-f-\n-I

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

41

kr-jv-Sn-s-Sp- {_n-o-jp-Im A-Xv \ym-b-h--cn--Xp hnhn-[ A-`n-{]m-b--tfm-sS-bm-Wv.-- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-cm-b tIm-f-\n- \nhm-kn-Is

- f ]-cn-jI
v- c
- n-t-X
- v sh-ff
-
- m-cs
- {]m-cm-_[
v- w (white
man's burden) B-bn-cp-p.`q-tKm-f-n-se C-X-c P-\--fp-am-bn _--s- bq-tdm-]y
an- C-S--fn-te-bpw X-t-i-hm-kn-I X--fn \n-p hy-Xykv-X-cm-sW-p I-s-n. D-- --X km-t-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sS klm-b-m A-h- C-h-sc Xp-S-p \o-p-I-tbm A-Sn-a-I-fmp-I-tbm sN-bv-Xp.-- A-h-sc kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw [m-n-Iam-bn \o-Xn-hX
- I
v- c
- n-m {]-bmk-ap--sX-n-epw km--n-Iam-bn em-`-I-c-am-bn-cp-p C-Xv.
[m-n-I-am-bn X--fp-sS {]hr-n \o-Xn-a-Xv-I-cn-m-\m-Wv
hw-io-b-hm-Zw cq-]-s-Sp-n-bXv. B-bn-S-bv-m-Wv kw-kv-IrX-km-ln-Xy-n t{i-jvT-Xsb-p-dn-p- B-cy F-
i-_v-Zw tI--Xv. t]-jy kmln-Xy-n-epw C-tX- i-_Zv- w Ah I-s-n. B-cy i-_v-Zn-\v t{i-jvT-sa-m-Wv Aw. jvf
- o-Ke
- n-t\-tm-ep-h
-
C-tX A--n X-s-bm-
-
Wv A-Xp kzo-I-cn--Xv. sl- tKmUv
dn-tam-n cm-Pyw F- A-n-em-Wv Cu i-_v-Zw kzo-I-cn--Xv. ]n-Iv-Z-d-dn-t\-tm-ep-h B-cy-i-_v-Zw hw-io-b-am-b A--n-em-Wv kzo-I-cn-t-sX-p hm-Zn-p. C-Xn-\n-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-]-T-\w H-cp A-km[m-c-W k-Xyw ]p-d-p-sIm-p-h-p. kw-kv-Ir-Xw, {Ko-v, emn F-o `m-j-I-p X-n A-\ym-Zr-i-am-b kzm-[o-\w
Im-Wm I-gn-p. Cu `m-j-I-p X-n {]m-No-\-Im-ev D-m-bn-cp- _--s Ip-dn-p--Xm-bn-cp-p km-ayw.
F-m hw-io-b-am-bpw km--n-I-am-bpw km-t-Xn-I-am-bpw
ta-em-f-m-cm-b X--fp-sS `m-j-bpw kw-kv-Im-c-hpw A-Sn-a-cm-Pyn \n-p-m-b-Xm-sW-v Aw-Ko-I-cn-m A-h-p I-gn-

42

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

bp-am-bn-cp-n-. hn-P-b-n-s D-pw-K-irw-K-n hn-cm-Pn-ncp- {_n-o-jp-Im t\-c-s kq-Nn-n- ta-Iv-k-vap- Xp-Sn-b ]-Wv-Un-X-cp-sS k-lm-b-tm-sS H-cp hm-Zw ap-tm-p
sh-p C-y-bn-se B-cy\m-{I-a-Ww. em-n, {Ko-v, kw-kv-IrX `m-j-I kw-km-cn-n-cp- P-\-k-aq-l--sf-mw H-cp {]-tZi-p h-kn--h-cm-bn-cn--W-sa-pw A-Xv a-t[y-jy-bn-em-bn-cn-W-sa-pw A-h \n-K-a-\w \-S-n. C-Xn-\v `m-jm-im-kv-{X-]c-am-b ]n-_-e-ap-s-pw A-Xp th-Z--fn Im-Wm-sa-pw
B-cy--{Zm-hn-U bp--h--\-I th-Z--fn Im-Wp--Xm-bpw
ta-Iv-kv-ap--, {Kn-^n-v Xp-S-n-b-h ]-d-p. X--fp-sS Cy A-[n-\n-th-i-s \ym-b-h-Xv-I-cn-m-\pw hn-`-Pn-p-I, aXw am-p-I Xp-S-n-b X-z--p-am-bn ]-Wv-Un-tXm-Nn-X-amb- co-Xn-bn B-cym-[n-\n-th-i-hm-Zw {]-N-cn-n-p. A--s\ EtKz-Zw F--Xv ln-p-hn-t-Xv F--Xn-t\-m C-tm--bq-tdm]y-m-cp-sS-Xm-Wv. C-y-bn A-h-km-\-am-bn Xm-a-k-ap-d-n-p-Xn-\v ap-]p- B-cy-m-cp-sS n-Xn-bm-Wv A-Xn {]-Xn^-en-n-p-(38)
- sX-pw A-Xn-\m ln-p-[-w `m-c-X-n-teX-s-pw A-Xp-h-gn X--fp-tS-Xp-t]m-se ssh-tZ-in-I-am-sWpw bp-tdm-]y-m hm-Zn-p. X--fp-sS `-c-W-n-\v [m-n-I]n-p-W-bv-p-th-n {_n-o-jp-Im Cu kn-m-w D-]-tbmKn-p. `m-c-Xo-b-\p X--fp-sS `q-X-Im-e-s kw-_-n-tm, tZio-b-X-sb-p-dn-tm A-`n-am-\n-m H-p-an-m-Xm-Ip--Xm-bn
{_n-o-jp-Im {]-N-cn-n-p. C-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX Bcy Z-kyp-kw-L-\w -{]-Jym-]n-p hn-`-P-\-n-s hn-p-]m-Im-\pw A-h-p
I-gn-p. bq-tdm-]y B-cy-m-cm-sW-v kz-bw A-h-Im-i-sSp-tm `m-c-X-n-se B-cy-\m-{I-a-W-n-s c-m-a-s Ae am-{X-am-Wv X--fp-sS B-K-a-\-sa-pw A-h k-ap-Zv-tLm-jnp.a-t[y-jy kn-m-w
B-cy-m a-t[y-jy-bn \n-m-Wv hym-]n--sX- kn-mw B-Zy-am-bn {]-N-cn-n--Xv 1820 sP.-- Pn. tdm-Uv B-Wv. th\n-Zm-Zn-se B-Zy A-[ym-b-n-se {]-Xn-]m-Zy-a-\p-k-cn-v _m-Iv{Sn-b C-dm-Im-cp-sS B-Zy-\m-Sm-bn {]-Jym-]n-bv--s-p(39). C-X\p-k-cn-v B-cy-m-cp-sS D-d-hn-Sw Im-kv-]n-b I-S-en-\p In-gpw ]m-tcm-]m-an-k, Ip-jv ]--X--p h-S-p-am-bn-cnm-sa-v Du-ln-p. {In-kv-Xp-a-X {]-Nm-c-Ww em-m-n {]-h-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

43

n- ta-Iv-kv-ap- X-s-bmWv Cu a-t[y-jy kn-m-n-s ]n-n-epw. 1884 Bcy-m X--fp-sS hn-`-P-\-n\v ap-]v F-hn-sS Xm-a-kn-ncp-p-sh--Xn-\v D--cw thW-sa-n 40 h-jw ap-]v
]-d--Xp X-s Rm D-d-np ]-d-bpw. A-Xv G-jy-bn-sehn-sS-tbm B-Wv.-- G-jy-bn
F-hn-sS-tbm F- {]-tbm-Kn A-hy--X \n-e-\np-p(40). h-jw ap-]v At-lw sN--n-b _m-Iv-{Sn-btamWn-b hneywkv
X-s-bm-bn-cn--Ww A-t-ln-s a-\-n. ta-Iv-k-ap kp-hy--am-bn-X-s a-t[y-jy kn-m-w {]-N-cn-n-ncp-p. Im-Wp-I- C-y-bn-ep--Xpw a-t-Xv h-S-p ]-Sn-m-sd
bq-tdm-n-ep--Xpw Cu c-v A-cp-hn-I-fpw H-m-bn-t-cp- tI{--ew G-jy-bm-Wv. c-m-a-Xm-bn ]-cn-jv-Ir-X Po-h-s {]-Ya-tI-{--fpw G-jy-bn-em-Wv. aq--ma-Xm-bn- ]n-o-Sp \mw ImWp--Xv a-t[y-jy-bn \n-p- hw-io-b X-cw-Kw bq-tdm-ns\- Io-g-S-p--Xm-Wv. 4mw \q-m-n lq-W-m-cpw 13mw \qm-n aw-tKm-fn-b-cpw \-S-n-b-Xv A--c-n-ep--Xm-Wv. \mem-a-Xm-bn bq-tdm-n \n-v {]-tXy-In-pw kv-Im-Un-t\-hn-bbn \n-m-bn-cp-p Ip-Sn-tb--sa-n I-S bm-{X-sb kw-_n-v \n-c-h-[n hm-p-I km-am-\y-am-b B-cy-`m-j-bn ImWp-am-bn-cp-p(41)
C--s\ `m-jm-]-c-am-bpw hw-io-b-am-bpw m-]n-bv--s-
kn-m--am-Wv C--s B-cy\m-{I-a-W- hm-Zw. Cu m-]nbv
- s
- - B-cy\m-{I-aW
- k
- n-m-
- n-s D-]
m-Xm--p
k-Xy-k--X-tbm im-kv-{Xo-b-X-tbm H-pw X-s {]-am-W-am-bncp-n-s-p I-p. C-v Cu h-kv-Xp-X H-s-m-t]-pw A-dnbmw. A-m-e-p-X-s thm--b-dn-s\-tm-ep--h Cu kXyw Xp-d-p ]-d-n-cp-p. ]-e X-e--fp-tS-bpw B-hn-jv-m--fpw im-n-bp-tS-bpw k-am-[m-\-n-s-bpw Zq-X-m-cp-am-

44

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

b B {_m-lv-a-W-cp-sS A-\pbm-bn-I C-p \-p-sS GPp-am Iq-en--Wn-m-cp-ambn-cn-p-p. ]m-m-Xy-cm-b

\mw A-h-cp-sS \m-Sp sIm-b-Sn-v B a-p tNm-c-sIm-v
Ip-Xn-p. ]-cm-{I-a-n-epw
\o-NX
- b
- n-epw \mw A-hs
- c F-s\ A-Xn-i-bn-n-cn-p-p
F- pw A- d n- h n A- h - t cm F-{X-tbm A-[-a-m-cmsW-pw \mw sX-fn-bn-p Ign-p. Cu `q-an-bn \-psS bq-tdm-]y cm-jv-{S-
B--l-Xy sN-bv-Xp. A-hnsS \mw t]m-b-Xp ]-W-hpw
{]-Xm-]-hpw ssI-h-cn-m
am-{X-am-Wv. F-m ]p-cm-X\ {Ko-p-Im- A-hn-tS-v (Cy-bn-te-v) t]m-b-Xv hn-m-\w k-m-Zn-bv-m am-{X-am-bncp-p(42). thm--b Xp-S-p- ]-Sn-m-dpw h-S-p-ap- __-c-m C-y-sb-p-dn--dn--tm A-h A-hn-Sp-s k-n Im-am-Xp-c-cm-bn. Cu _-_-c-m Iq-Sp-X ]-cn-jvIr-X-cpw ip-jv-Im-n-bp--h-cp-am-b-tm ]p-Xn-b-]p-Xn-b Bh-iy--sf kr-jv-Sn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Cu ]p-Xn-b B-h-iy kz-cq-]n-p--Xn-\m-bn `m-c-X-N-cn-{X-s A-h hn-I-ehpw ]-n-e-hp-am-n. C-v `m-c-X-n-se Nn-e N-cn-{X-Im-c-m
A-Xv a-\-n-em-n-b-Xv ip-`-kq-N-I-am-Wv. {_n-o-jp-Im-cp-sS Ncn-{X-c-N-\-sb--n {]-i-kv-X N-cn-{X-K-th-j-I-\m-b s{]m-^. hn.
cw-Km-Nm-cy ]-d-bp--Xn--s\-bm-Wv. Cu-Pn-]v-n-s-bpw sa-tkmsm-tm-an-b-bp-sS-bpw ]-g-w I-W-m-n-b-tm B Im-ew
Np-cp-n-b-Xp {In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw 5000 h-j--p ap-m-sWpw `m-c-n-s {]m-No-\ N-cn-{Xw A-h-sb A-\p-I-cn-p-Xm-I-bm A-h-sb-m F-{X-tbm ]n-o-Sp-m-b-Xm-sW-pw
F-gp-Xn-sh- {_n-o-jp-Im-cpw A-ta-cn--m-cp-am-b hn-Zzm-m
h--\m-Xo-X-am-b t{Zm-l-am-Wv ]-S-p-hn-n-cn-p--Xv (44). a-{Zm-

taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

45

kv k--I-em-im-e-bn-se N-cn-{X-hn-`m-K-n-s X-e-h-\m-bn-cp {io \o-e-I-WvT-im-kv-{Xn-I B-Zy-Im-e-v hn-tZ-i ]-WvUn-X-sc A-\p-K-an-n-cp- hy-n-bm-bn-cp-p. F-m ]n-oSp k-Xyw a-\-n-em-n-b A-t-lw F-gp-Xn. ]-sm--Xmw \qm-n-se bq-tdm-n-s ]q--[m-c-W-I-fp-sS sh-fn--n Fgp-X-s- hn-a-i-\ ]T-\-a-m-sX C-Xp a-s-m-Wv? Cu hn-ai-\-]m-T-sa-mw B-cw-`n--Xv Cw-o-jv- `-c-W-Iq-S-hpw bq-tdm-]y
an-j-\-dn-am-cp-am-Wv. Cu hn-a-i-\-]m-T-am-I-s an. te--s hnim-e-am-b ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-n-eq-sS km-a-y-tm-sS tc-J-s-Spn-bn-cn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p. 19mw \q-m-n-s B-cw`-n P--\n-bp-sS k-^-e-am-Im-Xn-cp- {]-Xym-i-I-p te-s Nn-m-K-Xn-sb hm-s-Sp-p--Xn ]-p-m-bn-cp-p
(45)
. a-sm-cp {]-i-kv-X ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-Wv Ir-jv-W-am-Nm-cy-ep. `m-cX-k-m-dn-s ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-I-\m-b A-t-lw bq-tdm]y-cp-sS lr-Z-b-[m-c F-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v tIm-dn-bn--Xp Im-WpI." A-Sp--Im-e-v hn-I-kn-p-h- cm-jv-{S--fn P-\n- Cu
]m-m-Xy-{K--Ir-p-I-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-b e-y-n-\p ]I-cw a-p \n-n-]v-X-am-b Xm-]-cy--p-th-n F-gp-Xn-bpm-n-b N-cn-{X-{K-- ]-e-hn-[-n-epw h-o-b-am-b ]-]m-Xw \n-d--h-bm-Ip-p. am-{X-a- A-h {]m-No-\-`m-c-Xn-s N-cn-{X-s b-Ym--am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-bv-p--Xn-\v B]--c-am-Ip-p. N-cn-{X-{]-kn--am-b k-Xy-n-s sX-fn-hv lmP-cm-m I-gn-bm--Xp-sIm-v kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-b k-lm-\p`q-Xn A--cw F-gp-p-Im-v In-p-I-bn-".(46)

kq-N-\-I
1.
2.

3.

4.-

The Myth of the aryan Invasion of India. Dravid Frawely, Voice of India, P4
Vedic Aryans and the Origins of Civilization: A Literary and Scientific
Perspective By Navaratna Rajaram and David Frawely (Ottawa and New
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S-n-b-h Im-Wp-I.sdm-ao-fm-Ym- C-q--cn s]-Spw.Romila Thaper Archeology and Language at the roots of anciant India. Journal

46
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taIvkv ap: kXyhpw anYybpw

of the Asistic Society
of Bombe, Vol-64-66, 1989-1991.
Frederik Bodmer (1805) The Loom of Language VI Edition London P 180

Cu ]p-kv-X-I-n C-t-lw C-y-bn-\n-m-Wv C-tm--P--\n-Iv Ip-Spw_w h-p-tN--sX-v ]-d-bp-p. 'A Literary History of India, by R W. Frazer,
London, P.5 note 2 third Impression - 1915. Im-Wp-I'.
Quoted in ' A History of Indian Litrature' by M. Winternitz, English translation,
Vol.I.P- 20(1927) Iq-tS-sX New Indian Antiquary, Vol. No.1 April 1938, P.59,
lon-v kn--dn-s te-J-\w. Cu D--c-Wn-bp-sS aq-ew 'Parergaet Paralipomena
Vol.II .427. 1851.Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la China(Paris-1782) P.Sonnarat. Quoted
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Guy Deleury. (Paris:Robert Laffont.1991) P. 16-17.
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en-)
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 1.-21

18.
19.
20.

Genesis 11.10
"......................... that the Jewish race is by far the oldest of all these"Fragments of Magathenes p.103
"Archbishop Usher's famed Chronology which so long Dominated the Ideas
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Hisorians History of the world, Vol. I p. 626. 1908. Duncan X-s 'A Scheme
of Egyptian Chornology 'Landon; 1932' F-gp-Xp-p. "It is Strange to see that
Wilkinson Place Menes (or Manu the first king if Egypt) as low as 2320. but it
is to be remembered that in 1836 English Speaking Scholars were still under
the hypnotic influens of usher's Biblical Chronology. The dates printed in the
Bible were regarded as Sacred, and it was Positively wicked to disregad
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Antiquity of Civilized Man Journal of the Royal Anthropological Instituted of
Great Britian and Ireland, Vol. 60 July-Dec-1930
Sanskirt-English Dictionary.by Sir.M.Monier Williams, preface.p.IX 1899.
Eminent Orientalists. Madras.p 72.
English hn-h--\w Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1847 {]-kn-

21.22.
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American or.Soc.Proc: Oct. 1867

Sholar Extra-Ordinary, Nizard-C.Choudhury p.287.
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Chips from a German Workshop, Second Edition 1866.p.27
India, What can it teach us,Lecture IV p.118 1882
Chips from a German workshop Genesis and zend Avesta p. 147
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47

300.footnote.
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India.p.429.Bostorn. 1895.

Ir-jv-Wm-Nm-cy, 4mw A-[ym-bw. -Cw-n-jv hn-h--\-n \n-v.Panini and "His place in Sanskrith Literature" Allahabad Edition p 200, 1914.
Sn p 200
Sn p.195
Modern India and the Indians by M.Williams third.ed.1879 p. 261
I bid p.262
The hymns of the Rgveda, Ralph T.H. Griffith (Delhi Motplal Banarsidas; 1973)
Rigvedia India p.356 by A-C. Dass.
American Encyclopedia
History of Civilation in Ancient India p.26-27.R C.Dutta.
Voltiare, Fragments historiquas sur I' Inde (First Ed. Geneva 1773) Eivers
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Fragments historiques sur I' Inde. Op.Git.p.383. voltiare.
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The cradle of Indian History. p. 3 Adyar Libray,Madras.1947
J.A.H.R.S. vol. xx.p.187

48

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Imntbm? Zfn-Xsc {Iqin-m a\p Bh-iy-s-pthm? iq{Z
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