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taIvkvap-:
kXyhpw anYybpw
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BapJw
kw-kv-Ir-X-n \npw A-\yam-b H-cp `m-j-bn-te-v E-tKzZw ap-gp-h-\mbpw hn-h-\w sN-bv-X-Xn-s s{I-Un-v P-aIm-c\m-b am-Iv-kv ap--mWv. A-t-lw E-tKz-Zw X--a
sN-bvX-Xv P-a `m-j-bne; Cw-o-jn-emWv, A-Xp {]-kn-oI-cn-Xv {_n-o-jp-Im-cpw. th-Zw Cw-o-jv X--a sN-m {_no-jp-Im A-h-cp-sS \m-p-Im-c-s\-b Np-a-X-e-s-Sp-n-bXv. adn-v H-cp P-a-Im-cs\, A-t-l-t-m hen-b kw-kvIr-X
]-n-X-m-cp-m-bn-cn-s. G-sXm-cp k-Xym-t\z-jn-bnepw \nch-[n kw-i-b- P-\n-n-p--XmWv Cu Im-cy-.
]-e-bn-S-m-bn ]-c-p-In-S-p- {K--fpw tc-J-Ifpw Xn-sb-Sp-v ]cn-tim-[np. ap-]v ]T-\w \-S-n-b-h-cp-am-bn
_--sp. A-s\ A-h-km-\w Xo-sc {]-Xo-n-m- Nne k-Xy-n-te-v F--s-p. A-Xv am-Iv-kv ap- F- 'A`n-\-h km-b-Ws' ap-Jw aq-Sn A-gn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. ]-Wnt\m-Sv A-Xym-n-bp-m-bn-cp- H-cp a-\p-jy-s\ \-ap--hn-sS
Im-Wmw, a-X au-en-I-hm-Zn-sb-bpw, a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-c-s\bpw th-Z-v \m-emwIn-S a-X-{K--n-s m-\w am{Xw \In-b
Hcp 'km-[mc-W' a-X-hn-izm-kn-tb-bpw, k-\m-X-\ [-a-n-s
th-c-dp-m {i-an- Kq-V X-{-m-c-s\bpw \-ap-v Im-Wmw.
F-mepw Cu hn-j-b-n Iq-Sp-X ]T-\- D-m-IW-sa-v Rm-\m-{K-ln-pp. A-Xn\v Cu {Kw H-cp hgn-Imn-bm-Ip-sa- {]-Xym-i-tbm-sS,
Imiy-]m-{iaw, tImgn-tmSv
1187 anYp\w 1
taIvkvap-:
kXyhpw anYybpw
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A-h-sc a-X-]-cn-h--\w sN-p- ap-ow {In-kv-Xy a-Xm Cu kn-m--s D-]-tbm-Kn-p. F-m hn-tZ-i B-i-b-fpw C-y-v G-sX-n-epw X-c-n-ep- X-\n-a-bm- kwkv-Im-c-ap-s- h-kv-Xp-X-sb \n-cm-I-cn-p. A-Xn-\m--s
hn-tZ-i-k-m-dp-I-sf-bpw B-i-b--sf-bpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-m-hXm-sW-pw `m-jyw N-a-p. B-[p-\n-Iw, {]-tXy-In-pw ssh-ZnI -hn-cp- cm-jv-{So-b-Im-gv-N-m-Sp-I hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn-\pw Db-n-m-p--Xn-\pw C-y ]-{X--fn-q-Sn Cu kn-mw {]-N-cn-n-p--Xv A-km-[m-c-W-a-. C-Xn \n-pw `m-cX-n-\v X-\-Xm-b hy-n-Xz-tam `mc-XobXz-tam C-s-pw adn-v H-cp ]-w kw-kv-Im-c--fp-sS k-aq-l-am-Wn-hn-sS-bp--sXpw A-h ]-d-bp-p. C-h-cm-I-s, F-m-h-cpw X-s Cu D-]`q-J-Wv-U-n-te-v ]p-d-p-\n-p-h--h-cm-Wp-Xm-\pw. A-XpsIm-p-X-s Cu hn-j-b-s-p-dn-v ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[-\ \-Sp--Xv `m-c-X-s kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw G--hpw i--amb _u-n-I-kw-`-h-am-bn-cn-pw'-. (1)
k-c-kz-Xo-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-p-m-bn-cp- kw-kv-Im-c- Cp-I-s-n. Iq-Sm-sX sam-l-P-Rv-P-Zm-tcm, l-c-, tem-
Xp-S-n-tb-S--fn-se kw-kv-Im-c--p ssh-Zn-Im-i-b--tfmSp- - s]m-cp--w tUm F-kv.-- B. d-- m-hp, sF-cm-h-Xw a-lm-tZh F-n-h Aw-Ko-I-cn-n-p-ap-v. lm-c- kw-kv-Im-c-ns ssh-Zn-I ]n-p-S--sb-p-dn-v A-t\-Iw ]T-\--fpw ]p-dp-h-p-I-gn-p.- (2)
]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-W-n-s i--am-b sX-fn-hp-I-fpw CXn-\p-v. (3)
a-sm-cp-Iq- B-cy-m B-{I-an--Xpw \m-K-cn-I-X X-I-Xp-sa-mw C-tm X-n--d-n-p-v. A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bn B-cy-m ]p-d-sa-\n-v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-mw.-(4)
B-cy\m-{I-aW
- k
- n-m-w kz-cq-]n-s-Sp-s
- X-s
- \-sb-pw
A-Xv F-hn-sS sN-s-n-\n-p-p-sh-pw \-ap-v ]-cn-tim[n-mw. 17mw \q-m-n-s B-Zy-Z-i-tbm-sS `m-c-X-kw-kv-Im-chpw km-ln-Xy-hpw tem-I-P-\-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j {i--bv-v ]m{X-am-bn. 1757 m-kn-bp--n-\v ti-jw C-y-bn-se-n-b
k hn-eyw tPm-kn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Cw-o-jp-Im `m-c-Xo-b kmln-Xy-]-T-\-n-s l-cn:{io Ip-dn--Xv. 1788 k hn-eyw
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tPm-kv I---bn P-o-kv B-bn m-\-ta-p. 1789 Ct-lw im-Ip--fw Cw-o-jn-te-v X--a sN-bv-Xp. 1794 a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bpw hn-h--\w sN-bv-Xp {]-kn-o-I-cn-p. kw-kvIr-X-s k-m--\m B-Z-cn-n-cp- C-t-lw F-gp-Xn. "kwkv-Ir-X `m-j-bv-v A-Xn-s ]p-cm-X-\X
-- zw F-p-X-s-bm-bmepw A-p-X-I-c-am-b L-S-\-bp-v. A-Xv {Ko-n-t\-m-fpw ]q-hpw em-n-t\-m k-ar--hpw c-n-t\-m-fpw A-\p-]-a ku-cy-tm-sS ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-am-b-Xp-am-Wv. (5) k. hn-eyw tPmkn-s k-lm-b-I-\m-bn-cp-p sl-dn tXm-a-kv tIm {_p-v
(17651835). C-t-lw On the Vedas F-sm-cp {]-_-w X-m-dmn. Xp-S-v s{^-U-dn-Iv jv-fo-K (17731829), B-K-v hnlw thm jv-fo-K (17671835) Xp-S-n-b-h-cpw kw-kv-Ir-X
km-ln-Xy-hpw Z-i-\-hpw ]T-\w \-S-n. C-h-sc-mw X-s
Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s k-tlm-Z-c Zm-cm-in-tm-lv 'kn-td-A-Iv-_'
F- t]-cn F-gp-Xn-b D-]-\n-j-n-s t]-jy X--abn \n-m-Wv {]-tNm-Z-\w D-sm--Xv. {^-U-dn-Iv jv-fo-K
"On the Languages and Wisdom of the Hindu" (6) F- {K--hpw c-Nn-p.
B-Izn-n Zp-]-tdm F- {^-p ]-Wv-Un-X Hu-]-\m-JXv F- em-n \m-a-n D-]-\n-j-p-I X--a sN-bvXp. A-t-l-n-\v D-]-\n-j-n-s\-p-dn-v ]-d-bm-\p-m-bn-cp-Xv C-Xm-bn-cp-p. "D-]-\n-j-p- k-ap--X-am-b a-\p-jym-\-n-s D---am-Wv.-.-.-. A-Xm-sW-s Po-hn-X-n-s
km-z-\w, a-c-W-n-s-bpw" (7) P- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b t[mw,
hn-eyw an-kn-tm-jv Xp-S-n-b-hcpw C-tX a-X-m-cm-bn-cp-p.
{]-Ir-Xn-hm-Zn-bpw {^-p-Im-c-\p-am-b ]o-td tkm-W-td-v F-gpXn-b-Xv C--s\-bm-Wv: "\mw C-ym-m-cp-sS C-S-bn Z-inp--Xv A-Xn-s hn-im-e-am-b ]-g-a-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS m-\w
B-n-m-\m-Wv A-hn-tS-bv-v B-fp-I sN-s-n-b-Xv. `mc-Xw A-Xn-s {]-`-bn a-p P-\--p a-X-hpw \n-b-a--fpw
{]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xp. Cu-Pn-]v-Xpw {Ko-kpw A-h-cp-sS I-Y-I-pw
A-dn-hn-\pw `m-c-X-tm-Sv I-S-s-n-cn-p-p" (8)
C--cw F-gp-p-I P- ]-Wv-Un-X-sc G-sd kzm-[o\n-p. A-Xv A-h-sc kw-kv-Ir-X-tm-S-Sp-n-p. `m-c-Xo-b kwkv-Im-c-s A-h D--X-am-bn hm-gv-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. s{]m^. hn-\n-v-kn-s hm-p-I-fn ]-d-m "]-Sn-m-dv BZy-am-bn `m-c-Xo-b km-ln-Xy-s-p-dn--dn--tm `m-c-X-
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n \n-p h-cp- G-Xv {K-n-\pw A-Xn-]p-cm-X-\-amsbm-cp Im-e-L-w I-n-p {]-h-W-X P-\--p-mbn-cp-p. a-\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS AY-hm am-\-h kw-kv-Im-c-ns-sb-n-epw I-fn-sm-n F-t]m-se-bm-W-h I-n-cp-Xv." (-9)
Cu Xm-]-cyw kzm-`m-hnI-hpw a-\w-\n-d--Xp-am-bn-cpp. k-Xy-n-s A-Sn-m-\n-ep- C--cw {]-kv-Xm-h\-I-fn ap-hn-[n-I-sfm-pw
k hnyw tPmkv
X-s-bn-m-bn-cp-p. k-Xy-k-am-b Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fm-I-s As {In-kv-Xy ]mXn-cn-am-sc-bpw Pq-X-k-aq-l-s-bpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw hn-f-dn-]nSn-n-p. sk-an-n-Iv a-X-k-aq-l-n A-m-e-p-m-bn-cp-
A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X hn-iz-{]-kn--am-Wv. ]-n-bv-pw {In-kv-Xp-aX-n-\pw tZm-jw sN-p- H-n-t\-bpw A-Xv sh-dp-sX hn-n-.
thm--b A-Xn-s c--km-n-bm-bn-cp-p. A-t-lw tZ-in-s B-m-hn-s\-p-dn-pw [m-n-I hn-j-b--sf-p-dnp-sa-gp-Xn-b te-J-\w k-Xyw sh-fn--p-sIm-p-h-p. A-tl-n-s\-Xn-sc ]-n- Ip-cn-ip-bp-w X-s \-S-n. sldn-v
kn- C-Xn-t\-p-dn-v \-S-p- \n-co--Ww A-m-e-s
am-\-kn-Im-h- ]p-d-p-sIm-p-h-cp-p. "Xm-c-X-aym-Xo-X-amb co-Xn-bn C--cw h-kv-Xp-X-I B-Zy-am-bn ]-d--Xv tjm-t\-mdm-bn-cp-p. bq-tdm-]y, {In-kv-Xy Im-em-h--bn-se
ta-L-K--\-am-bn-cp-p- A-Xv.-"(11) X--fp-tS-X-m- Im-gv-N-mSp-I h-p-]p-e-p--h-s-Xn-sc-bp- bm-Ym-n-Xn-I {Inkv-Xy ]p-tcm-ln-X-cp-sS A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X a-Xn-bm-b sX-fn-hmWp tdm-_-v kkv-an-n-s (184694) I-Y. ' The religion of the
Semeties' F- {K--n-s I-m-hm-b A-t-lw A-t_-o-\nse {^o N-v tIm-f-Pn-se lo-{_p s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-p. Xs im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b K-th-j-W--p t\-sc-bp-m-b B-{Ia-W--sf A-t-lw \n-`-b-\m-bn t\-cn--Xn-s\-p-dn-v se-hn-
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kv kv-s]-Uv F-gp-Xp--Xv hm-bn-p-I- "ss_-_n-fn-s\-p-dnv H-cp hn-iz-hn-m-\-tIm-i-n h- a-X-hn-cp- te-J-\n-\v a-X-\n--bv-p- in- G-p hm-t-n-h-p. ]-t
A-Xn \n-p c--s-p-sh-n-epw 'lo-{_p `m-jbpw km-lnXy-hpw' F- te-J-\w Encyclopedia Britanica bn F-gp-Xn-b-Xv tImf-Pn-se s{]m-^-k tPm-en-bn \n-v ]n-cn-p hn-Sp--Xn-emWv F-n-b-Xv. (12)
ssh-Zn-I kw-kv-Im-c-s B-Z-cn-p--Xv Xo-sc sh-p-s]mdp-n-m {In-kv-Xy ]m-Xn-cn-am X-m-dm-bn-cp-n-. `m-c-Xkw-kv-Im-cw am-\-h kw-kv-Im-c-n-s I-fn-sm-n-em-bn--h {]m-No-\ Pq-X B-cy-m-cp-sS k--Xn ]-c--c-bm-sW-v
I-W-p-Iq-n. kr-jv-Sn-bn {_-m-hv k- Po-hn-I-pw hkv-Xp--pw \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp-sh-v (13). hn-eyw tPm-Wneq-sS A-h A-dn-p. B-Z-apw C--s\ X-s-sb-v ]-g-b
\n-b-a-n Im-Wmw. (14) ]-t Pq-X X--fm-Wv G--hpw {]mNo-\ P-\-X-Xn-sb-v hn-iz-kn-p.(15) F-m, 1654 A-b-en-se B-v _n-j-v B-j Xm ]Tn-- aX-{K--fn
\n-pw kr-jv-Sn \-S--Xv 4004 _n.--kn. bn-em-sW-v sX-fn-ncn-p--Xm-bn {]-Jym-]n-p. 17mw \q-m-n-s A-h-km-\-am-btXm-sS Im-e-\n--b-n-\v bq-tdm-]y-m Cu I-W-v kzo-Icn-p. A--s\ {In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw 4004 h-jw ap-v B-Zw kr-jvSn \-S-n-b-Xm-bn A-h Aw-Ko-I-cn-p(16). A-Xn-\m-X-s BZ-an-t\-m {]m-No-\-am-b G-sX-n-epw kw-kv-Im-c-s-tbm `mj-tb-tbm Aw-Ko-I-cn-m bq-tdm-]y kw-kv-Ir-X s{]m-^k-am Iq-Sn X-m-dm-Im- \n-e-h-p. B-g-n th-cn-d-nb Cu ap-hn-[n F-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v F.--F-v. tk-bn-kn-s
hm-p-I-fn-q-Sn hm-bn-mw. "a-\p-jy-s\ kw-_-n-n-S-tmfw A-h-s N-cn-{Xw C-pw \-p-sS ss_-_n-fn-s A-Xn-nbn X-s ]-cn-an-X-s-n-cn-p-p. a-\p-jy A-Sp--Im-ev kr-jv-Sn--s--h-\m-sW- ]-g-b [m-c-W C-pw Nn-e-bn-S-fn \n-e-\n-p-p. A-hn-sS \-ap--Xv I-s-m-t\ Ign-bp-I-bn-. hn-a-i-\m--I N-cn-{X-Im-c-m F-v hn-ti-jnn--s-Sp--h C-pw a-\p-jy-s B-hn-`m-h-Im-ew Np-cpn-m-Wn-m b-Xv-\n-p-p. 4004 _n.--kn.--bn-em-Wv tem-Ikr-jv-Sn-sb-v ]Tn-n--s- H-cp X-e-ap-d-tbm-Sv, a-\p-jy-s XpS--n-\v e---W-n-\v h-jw ]-g--ap-s-v ]-d-m
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A-h--Xv hn-iz-kn-m-t\m kzo-I-cn-m-t\m {]-bm-k-am-bn-cnpw(17). cq-V-aq-e-am-b ap-hn-[n-I-fp-sS ]p-Xn-b-cq-]-am-Wv {]-ikv-X \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{X--\m-b F.--F-v. sk-bv-kv (A.H. Sayce)
tc-J-s-Sp-n-b-Xv.ta-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS `q-X-Imew
P-a-\nbn-e tktUm \-K-c-n 1823 Un-kw-_ B-dn-\mWv s{^U-dnIv ta-Iv-kv ap--dp-sS P-\\w. A-t-l-n-s ]nXm-hv hneyw ayq-e H-cp {K--im-e-bp-sS sN-b-am-\m-bn-cp-p.
1841 sl-kv-Iq hn-Zym-`ym-kw ]q-n-bmn-b s{^-U-dn-Iv
43 `m-jm hn-m-\-n
en-]v-kn-Kv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn
\n-v tUm--td-v t\-Sp-Ibpw
sN-bvXp. A-t-l-n-s A[ym-]-I sl-a t{_mthm-kv kw-kv-Ir-Xw ]Tn-m
A- t - l - n- \ p
t{]- c - W
\In. ]- t s{^- { U- d n- I v
sshZn-I kw-kv-Ir-Xw A-`y-kn-Xn-\p sX-fn-hp-I-fn. 1844
A-t-lw {^m-kv t_m-n
\npw Xp-e-\m--I hym-I-cWhpw s{^- { U- d n- I v jv - f o- K en \npw Z-i-\-fpw A`y-kn-m s_-en bq-WnZmcm intmlv
th-gv-kn-n-bn tN-p. 1845
am-n ]m-co-kn sN-v s{]m-^. bq-Pn _-tWm-^n
\npw E-tKz-Zw A-`y-kn-m sN-p. km-b-W-`m-jy-s B[m-c-am-n-bp- _-tWm^n-s hym-Jym-\w A-t-lw ]Tnp.
]-t {^p `m-j-bn th-{X kzm-[o-\-anm-Xpw th{X h-cp-am-\-anm-Xpw ]T-\w ap-Sn. B k-ab-v Cw-n s{]m-^-k Fv. F-v. hnk-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-a-dn-bp-
H-cp sN-dp--mc-s\ B-h-iy-am-bn hp. _-t\m-^v A-Xn-\mbn taIv-kv ap--cp-sS t]-cv ip-]m-i sN-bvXp. Xp-S-v A-tlw Cw--n Hm-Ivkv-t^m-Uv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn F-ntp. A-Xm-bn-cp-p ]n-o-Sv A-t-l-n-s {]-h--\
ta-Je.
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a-X-]-cn-h--\-{i-a
a-p a-X--fn \npw X-fp-sS a-X-n-te-v B-fp-Isf Iq-p-I, Iq-Sp-X t]-sc aX-]-cn-h-\w \-S-np-I
F-p-Xv {In-kv-Xp-a-X-ns {]-Jym]n-X e-y-am-Wv
F- X-c-n-em-Wv hnhn-[ k`-I-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-nepw ]mXn-cn-am-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-nepw
A-me-v {]-h--\-
\-S-p-h-n-cp-Xv. {_n-o-jv
`c-Ww \n-e-hn h-cp--Xn\pw
\q-m-p-I ap-]v t]m-p- s{^U-dnIv jvfoK
K-en-se sk v tk-hydpw C-en-bn-se tdm-_-v Un t\m-_v-en-bpw (15771656) `m-c-X-n-sen \n-ch-[n t]-sc a-X-]-cn-h-\w \-S-n-bn-cpp. tKmhm C-Izn-knj-s Im-e-v (15801812) X-t-io-bcm-b lnp- {Iq-ca
- mw-hn-[w ]o-Un-n-s
- -n-pv. B-bn-c
- W
- n\p
t]-sc Po-h-t\m-sS Np-s-cn-p-Ibpw sImp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-pv.
t\m-_v-en-bmI-s Xm C--en-bn-se tdm-a {_m--W-\m-sWp ]-d-bp-I-bpw 1578 'F-Pp-thZw' F- t]-cn H-cp I-]S th-Zw c-Nn-p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-m 1840 A-t-l-ns Iq-S-X-{- ]p-d--dn-bp-tm-tg-v \n-ch-[n t] X-fp-sS a-Xw hn-v ]p-dp-t]m-bn-cp-p.
18mw \q-m-n sP-kyq-v an-j\-dn A-t kp-t_m-bn-kv
`m-c-X-n-se-n F-m I-m-S-I-bn-se ln-p- A-tl-n-\p ap-n h-g-n-bn. 1793 _m-]v-n-v N-n-s Hcp hn`mKw d-h. hneyw sI-dn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-n `m-c-X-nse-p-Ibpw sIm--p k-ao-]w 1799 ko-cw-]p-an-j
m-]n-p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. a-X-]-cn-h--\-n-\p th-n ]-e
{i-a-fpw \-S-n-sb-nepw cm-Pmdmw tam-l tdm-bn-bp-sS
Xmn-I _p-n-p ap-n A-h ]-cmP-bw t\-cn-p.
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hp- kw`-hw \-Sp. B kw-`-h-amIs Cu-v Cym I-\n-bp-tSbpw bq-tdm-]y N-n-sbpw `m-c-X-kw-_-nbm-b {ia--fn Im-cyam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-n.
cm-Pmdmw tam-l tdm-bn-sb a-X-]-cn-h-\w \S-n Irkv-Xym-\n-bm-p--Xn-\p- kyq-n e--\n-se an-j skm-sskn ko-cw-]p tI{n-se ]m-Xn-cn hneyw B-U-an-\p \In.
A-Xn-\m-bn B-Uw \n-ch-[n X-h-W cm-Pmdmw tam-l dm-bnbp-am-bn _--sp. A-h X-n im-kv-{X N--I \-Sp.
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-se {Sn-\n-n Xn-b-dnbm-b ]n-Xmhv, ]p-{X, ]-cnip-m-m-hv F- hn-j-b-n N- h-snb-tm dmw
tam-l dm-bv th-Z--fp-sSbpw D-]-\n-j-p--fp-sSbpw A-Snm-\-n ln-p-hn-s G-tI-iz-c-hm-Zw A-h-X-cn-n-v ]mXn-cn-sb ]-cm-P-b-s-Spn. A-Xn-s\ Xp-S-v hneyw B-Uw
sa-bv G-gv 1821 X-s kp-lr-n-\v F-gp-Xn "tb-ip-hn-s\-pdn-v dmw tam-l dm-bn-p- kw-i-b- Xo-m amk-tfm-fw Rm A-t-l-tm-Sv kw-km-cnp. an. tb-vkpw B
{]-h-\
-
- n F-tm-sSm-a
- p-m-bn-cpp. ]-t hm-Z
-
A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xn-\v R- \-t hn-j-anp. tb-ip-hn-s
kn-m--sf kzo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn-\p dm-bv ap-tm-p sh hm-Z-sf t\-cn-Sp--Xn-\v F-\n-v i-n-bn F- Imcyw
]-d-bp-hm Rm a-Sn-p-n. am-{X-a A-Xn-\m-bn Rm D-bn- hm-Z- ]--X-n-\p ap-n F-p IW-s F amXncn-bmWv.'' (Life and Letters of Ram Mohan Roy P. 68 Bharti......) Xp-Sv hneyw G-Uw {In-kv-Xpa-Xw D-t]-n-v ln-p a-Xw kzo-Icnp. C-Xn-s\ Xp-S-v e- an-j skm-ssk-n A-h-cp-sS
1822se hmjn-I dn-tm-n F-gpXn. "\-p-sS H-cp ap k-Zky-\m-bn-cp- an. B-Uw D-b-s-gp-t- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-pdn-v X-cwXm-gv- Nn--I A-h-X-cn-n-p-Ibpw \-p-sS tZh\m-b tb-ip Ir-kv-Xp-hn-s tZ-h-Xz-s \n-cm-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p B-b-Xn-\m e- skm-ssk-n A-t-lhp-am-bp- Fm _-fpw A-h-km-\n-n-n-cn-pp.'' (Bharti
p. 4)
H-cp ]m-Xn-cn-bp-sS a-Xw am-w an-j-\-dnI-sf B-g-n Nnn-np. Ir-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS {Xn-Xz-s \-m-bn A-h-X-cn-nm th-n th-Z
- f
- nepw _-lp-tZ-hm-cm-[\
- b
- p-v F-p m]n-p-hm I-gn-hp- hy-n-sb A-h Dp-t\m-n-sm-n-
22
23
24
Ime-v ap- At-l-n\v a-dp]-Sn \-In-bn. A-t-ln-s a-c-W-ti-jw ap- F-gpXn. "a-cn--Xn-\p-tijw sh-fnw h- hn-j-b--fn \npw a-\-n-em-m km-[n-p-Xv,
Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn km-aq-ly ]-cn-jv-c-W {]-h--\-n
t\-h-gn-m-c\pw \n-a-e-\p-am-bn-cp-n F-mWv.'' (Nn-]v-kv
{^w F P-a h-v tjm-]v thm-fyw 2 t]-Pv 182)
th-Z--fp-sS m-\w
ta-Iv-kv-ap--cp-sS Zr-n-bn
I-Sp- {In-kv-Xp-a-X hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp- ta-Iv-kv ap- thZ-sf ss_-_n-fn-t\-m F{Xtbm Xm-sg--n-ep- Ir-Xnbm-bm-Wv I-Xv. A-t-lw ]-dp. "a-v G-sXm-cp [m-an-I
{K--t-m [man-I in-Ww \-Ip- {K-- ]g-b \n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b \n-b-a-hp-am-Wv F--Xn H-cp kw-i-bhp-an. C-Xv ]-]m-X ]q-Wam-b A-`n-{]m-b-am-sW-p tXmmw. F-m G-sXm-cp ho--W-n-eq-sS t\m-n-bmepw
ss_-_n ]pXn-b \n-b-a-am-Wv k-tm-aw. A-Xn-\p tijw Jp-dm-\pw. Xp-S-v h-cp--h-bm-Wv b-lq-Z-cp-sS ]-g-b \n-bahpw _u--cp-sS {Xn-]n-S-Ihpw th-Z-fpw A-h-kv-sXbpw'' (taIv-kv ap--cp-sS I-p-I hm-fyw c-v t]-Pv 322323)
th-Z-`m-jy-Im-c\m-b am-Iv-kv ap- thZ-s A-[n-t-]nm\pw a-Sn-m--bm-fm-bn-cpp. X-\n-p a-\-n-em-Im- thZ-s--dn-v A-t-lw F-gpXn. "Large number of vedic hymns are childish
in the extreme, tedious, low and common place'' (Chips from a German Workshop P. 27)
"Now what do we find in the Veda? No doubt here and there a few philosophical hymns
which have been quoted so often that people have begun to imagine that the veda is a
kind of collection of orphic hymns. We also find some purely mythological hymns in which
the Devas or Gods have assumed nearly as much dramatic personality as in the
homeric hymns'' (India 11 pp 98-99)
t_m-U sNb
tI-W t_m-U {_n--\n-se k---cn H-cm-fm-bn-cpp.
X-s Im-e-ti-jw X-s kz-v ]p{Xn F-en-k-_-n-s t]cn A-t-lw F-gp-Xn-sh-p. ]-t F-en-k-_-v 19mw h-bn-s a-c-W-sp. {_n--Wn-se sN--lm-an-se {Sn\n-n N-n, C-s\ tc-J-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. "C-y-mcp-sS hn-ip- a-X-{K--sf ^-e-{]-Zamw hn-[w a-\-n-em-
25
m\pw Ah-sc Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v a-X-]-cn-h-\w sNm\pw F-s cm-Py-m-sc {]m-]v-X-\m-p- H-m-Wv kw-kvIr-X-`m-j-bn-ep- A-Km-[-m-\w'' B-b-Xn-\mbn Hm-Ivkvt^m-Uv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n-bn t_m-U sN-b m-]n-s-p. 1780 I-fn-epw 90I-fnepw C-y-bn ]-m-f-m-c-\m-bn
tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn t_m-U C-y-m-sc a-X-]-cn-h-\w
\-S--W-sa- D-d- ]--m-c-\m-bn-cpp. A-Xn-\m-bn ss__n kw-kv-Ir-X-n-te-v hn-h-\w sN-p-I-bm-Wv thXv F-v A-t-lw Xn-cn--dnp. kw-kv-Ir-Xw `q-cn-`m-Kw Cym-mpw A-dn-bm- `m-j-bm-bn-cp-n-p-Iq-Sn Fp-sImm-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-n-te-v ss_-_n hn-h-\w sN-m
B-tem-Nn-Xv? Imc-Ww k-h-Wcpw k-aq-l-n-se D--Xcpw
kw-kvIr-X t{]-an-Itfm B `m-j-bn {]m-ho-Wy-ap--hcpw
k-aq-l-n kzm-[o-\-ap--h-cp-am-bn-cpp. A-h-cn-te-v Fp-Xv k-aql-s H-m-sI a-Xw am-m k-lm-b-I-am-sWv tI-W t_m-U I-cpXn. ]-t hn-eyw tPm-kn-s\tm-ep-h Cu Im-gv-N-m-Sn-s\ A-\p-Iq-en-n-cp-n. ss__n-fn D- A-Zv-`p-X-sf C-y-m-v kzo-I-cn-m hnj-a-ap-m-In Fpw F-m A-Xv A-h-cn H-cp A-Zv-`pXhpw D-m-n-s-p-ap- ]--m-c-\m-bn-cp-p A-tlw.
t_mU s{]m-^k
- -jn-n-\pf-f a--cw
t_m-U kw-kv-Ir-X s{]m^-k-jn-n-\p-th-n s{]m-^.
-tam-\n-b hn-eyw-kpw s{]m-^.
ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-dpw X-n Hcn I-Sp- a--cw X-s
\-Sp.- -\n-cm-Zv.-- kn.-- Nu-[-cn taIv-kv ap-f-f-dp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{Xn Cu h-kv-Xp-X F-gp-Xnbn-p-v.- tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kn\p th-n {]-N-cn-n- Cu
t\m-o-kv C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I-fpsS {]-tXy-In-pw ap-ff
- d
- p-sS {Inkv-Xp-a-X {]-N-c-W-t{]-aw hy-
26
-am-p-p.- 1832 em-Wv kw-`-hw. -"bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n k-am-PmwK- s{]m-^-k-sd sX-c-s-Sp-p-tm- t_mUs FtUm-hv-san-s hn-\n-tbm-K-s kw-_-n-v A-t-l-n-\pm-bn-cp-- D-n-jv-S-e-y- ^-e-{]-Z-am-p--Xn-\p-f-f I-hy-s hn-kv-a-cn-p Iq-Sm.A-tm {]m-Y-an-I e-yw F-m-Wv? H-v.-- `m-c-Xo-b-sc
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v aX-]cnh--\w sN-p--Xn-\v A-t-ln-s cm-Py-m-sc i--cm-pw hn-[w hn-ip--{K---fp-sS
{]-N-c-W-hpw hn-m-]-\-hpw A-h-n-S-bn \-S-p-I. -[mcm-fw {]-am-W-]-{X--fp-am-bn c-v A-t]--I D-v.-- s]m-XpP-\-Pn-lz-I Cu a--c-s ]-cn-K-W\m-l-a-m--Xm-bn Xf-fp-n-. -A-tm-sg-m-Ipw ^-ew?
C-cp-h-cpw tem-Iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-p- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cm-bn s]mXp-k--X-tm-sS {]-Jym-]n--s-Sp-p.-- F-m A-h-cn-semcm hn-ti-j-am-bpw A-\y-hy-n-bm-bpw h-en-sbm-cp-kw-Lw
C-y-bn-se \-p-sS k-am-Pmw-K--fm {]-iw-kn-X-\m-Ip-p.
Cu Cw-o-jp-Im A-t-l-m ]Tn-n-bv--s--h, -]-Tn-nbv--s--Xn-t\m-Sv Ir-X--X-bp-f-f-h,- hy-n-]-c-am-bn A-tl-tm-Sv _--s--h H-cp b-{-k-ap--bw t]m-se a-lm-Imcyw \n-d-th-p--Xn-\v X-m-dm-bn \n-ev-p-p.A-h-v k--Xn-Zm-\w \Im-\n-s-n-epw A-h-cp-sS i_v-Zw \-p-sS sN-hn-I-fn-epw Nn-epw ap-g-t--Xm-bn-cn-pp.-- A-h-v A-h-cp-sS B-fns\-b-dn-bmw,- X-t-io-b-sc-b-dnbmw,\n-Xy-k---n-em-WpXm-\pw.-- A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bs A-\m-Z-cn-p--Xv _p-nbm-tWm?
Cu s{]m-^-k-jn-v Hm-Ivkv-t^m-Un-s am-{X-a-,-bq-tdmn-t-Xpw A-ta-cn--bp-tS-Xp-a. C
-- -Xv C-Uy-bv-p-f-f-Xm-Wv;
C-Xv {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-\p-f-f-Xm- Cuiz-c-N-{ -hn-Zym-km-K
Wv.-
27
\-ap--tm C-y-sb \-m-bn A-dn-bp-I-bpw kv-t\-lnp-I-bpw sN-p- B-fn-\p thm-p sN-mw! A-t-l-n-s
F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fm t]m-epw ss{I-kv-X-h-m-]-\-n-s Xm-Xv]-cy--sf \n-n-]v-X-am-bn--s kw-c-n-p- B-sf-
\n-e-bv-v A-t-lw hn-Jym-X-\m-W-sm.ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-dp-sS A-\p-bm-bn-I C-Xn-\p \-ev-In-b a-dp-]-Sn
Im-Wp-I. s]m-Xp-k--X-{]-Im-cw ]-d-bp--Xv H-cm tem-ImwKo-Im-c-ap-f-f ]-Wv-Un-X-\pw a-t-bm kp-lr-p-I-pw injy-m-pw \-m-b-dn-bm-hp- ]-Wv-Un-X-\p-am-W-s{X.-- a-cw aq-v A-n-a-Z-i-bn-se-n-b-tm tUm.--]q-tk (Dr.Pusey)
ta-Iv-kv ap-f-f-sd k--Xn-Zm-\w sIm-v A-\p-{K-ln-m \nt-in--Xn-\p Im-c-Ww F-gp-Xp-p.-- a-t-sXm-cp kw-kv-Ir-X ]-WvUn-X-t\-m-fpw tk-h-\w C-y-bn-se kp-hn-ti-j-n-\p,-kphn-ti-j-I-v A-h-cp-sS (ln-p--fp-sS) hn-ip- {K--
Xp-d-p Im-p-I h-gn,- sN-bv-Xn-p-v (28) C--s\ a-Xw am--n\p th-n b-Xv-\n--h-sc a-l-jn-Xp-ey-cm-bn B-cm-[n-p--Xnse---am-Wp-f-f-sX-p Nn-n-t--Xp hm-b-\-m-cm-Wv
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-{]-Nm-c-I\m-b
am-Iv-kv ap
A-Sn-bp-d- {In-kv-Xp-a-X hn-izm-knbpw a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-\p-am-bncp- ap- a-X-{]-N-c-W-n-\m-bn In-m-hp- Fm A-h-k-cfpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. A-Xv `m-jm hn--m\-am-bmepw
th-Z`
- m-jy-am-bmepw. l-np [- {K--sf hn-Ir-Xc
- q-]
- n
A-h-X-cn-np-I am-{X-a A-t-lw sN-bv-XXv. th-Z-sbpw
ln-pa-X-{K---sfbpw F--s\-bm-Wv C-I-gv-t--sXpw
A-t-lw X-s {]-`m-j-W--fn-eq-sS an-j-\-dn-am-sc ]Tn-n-p.
{_n-o-jv C-y-bp-sS A-me-s B-m-\w sIm--bm-bn-cpp. B-b-Xn-\m-s a-X-{]-N-c-W-n-\p Npm ]n-Sn-Xpw sIm-- X-s-bm-bn-cpp. ]-t 18mw
\q-m-n-epw 19mw \q-m-nepw _w-Km-fn B--Sn- `-n{]-m-\w ln-p-[-a-n-\v ]pXn-b D-W-tIn-b k-a-b-am-bncpp. A-\m-Nm-c--s-Xn-sc cwK-p h-cm hn-Zym-`ym-kw
t\Sn-b bp-hm--fp-sS H-cp \n-c X-s D-m-bn-cp-p. dmw taml tdmbv, Cu-iz N-{ hn-Zym-kmK, tIi-hv N-{ sk
Xp-S-nb-h-scm-s B t{i-Wn-bnep-h-cm-bn-cp-p. {_-
28
k-am-Pn-I-tfm-Sv {In-kv-Xpa-Xw kzo-I-cn-m th-n am-Iv-kv ap ]-e X-h-W A-t]-n-p-Ibpw A-h-cp-am-bn X--n
G-s-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cpp. {]-Xm-]v N-v a-Ppw-Zm F- Hcp {_- k-am-Pn-v A-t-lw F-gpXn. C-Xv F-gp-Xnb-Xv a-cn-p-Xn-\v 16 am-kw ap-]m-Wv F-p-IqSn Hm--Ww.
"{]n-b an-{Xta, `m-cXo-b [a-s ip-o-I-cn-p-hm \n \-S-p- {]-h-\-s h-j--fm-bn Rm t\mn-m-Wpp. B {]-h--\--fn-eq-sS \n- \n--fp-sS
[a-s a-p [-a--fpsS, hn-injym Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n-s ]cn-ip-npw ]q-W-X-bvpw k-ao-]-t-v sIm-p-h-cp-hm-\p {i-a--fm-sWpw Rm I-p.........\n- ]-eXpw Xy-Pnn-pv. _-lp-tZh-Xm hmZw, aq-n ]q-P, _-enZm-\ ]q-P XpS-nb-h-sbm-s. Rm a-\-n-em-n-bn-S-tm-fw {]mNo-\ [a {K-- A-\p-im-kn-p- th-Z Cu-iz-co-b-am-Wv F hm-Zhpw \n- D-t]-n-n-cn-p-p.
\n- H-cn- H-cp-an-p I-gn-m (A[n-\n-th-i-ns
Xz-imkv{Xw kzoI-cnv Ah-tcm-sSmw tNmteJI) C-h e--\n-\n-tm, tdm-an \n-tm, P-\o-h-bn
\n-tm, tamkv-tIm-bn \ntm h--h-cmtWm Fsmpw
\n thh-em-Xn-s-tS-n-h-cn-. A-h-scm-s {In-kv-Xp-hns k-t-i- \n--fn F-n-p--Xn-\p- {i-aw am{Xw
\-S-p--h-cmWv. ]n-o-Sv \n- ]pXn-b \n-baw (ss_-_n)
F-Sp-v kz-bw hm-bnq. F-n-v kz-bw Xo-cp-am-\nq. tb-iphn-s hN-\w \n-sf k-p--\m-ppthm Ctbm F-v.
R--fp-sS A-Sp-vh- {]-Im-cw X-s-bm-Wv tb-ip \n-fp-sS A-Sppw h-cp-Xv. Imc-Ww kp-hn-ti-j--fn Ahs hn-iz-k\o-b h-N-\- kp-c-n-X-am-n-sh-n-pv. B
hm-p-I kzo-I-cn-p-I-bm-sW-n \n- H-cp Ir-kv-Xym\n-bm-Wv.
X
-- m--fp-sS \m-p-Im-tc-bpw Xm--tf-bpw {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ ]-cky-am-bn ]n-p-S-cp--Xn X-S--s-Sp-p- {]-bm-k--tfh-sb-v F-tm-Sp ]-d-bp-I.-- Rm F-gp-Xp-tm Rm-\pw Ftm-Sv tbm-Pn-p--h-cpw F--s\-bm-Wv A-h-sb t\-cn-p ]cn-l-cn--sX-v F-gp-Xn A-dn-bn-mw. F-s Im-gv--m-Sn Cy-bn-se \-sm-cp-`m-K-hpw {In-kv-Xp-a-X-n-te-v am-w IqSn--gn-p.-- Xm--v {In-kv-Xp-hn-s A-\p-bm-bn B-Im hn-
29
ti-j -t{]-c-W-sbm-pw th-.-- [o-c-am-bn A-Sn-h-bv-q.-- Xm--fnhn-sS X-I-cp-I-sbm-p-an-.-- a-dp-I-c-bn Xm--fp-sS A-t\-Iw kplr-p- kzmK-X-tam-Xn Im-p-\n-ev-pw.- A-h-cn Xm-fp-sS ]-g-b kp-lr-pw k-l-{]-h--I-\p-am-b F-^v.-- ta-Iv-kv
ap-f-f-td-m k-p-jv-S Nn--\m-bn B-cpw Im-Wn-.- (Vol.II.ch
xxxxIV.p 415-416)
tIi-hv N-{ sk, tZ-th-{\m-Y Sm-tKm, `m-c-X-n BZy-ambn sF.kn.Fkv. t\Sn-b k-tXy-{-\m-Yv Sm-tKm C-hscbpw Ir-kv-Xp-a-X-n tN-m ap- {i-aw \-S-n-bncpp. A-Xn hn-P-bn-m I-gn-bm--Xn-ep- Ip-WvTn-Xw At-lw C-s\ hy--amn "Iq-Sp-X sN-dp-hpw i-n-imen-bp-amh-Ww F-m-Wv F-s B-{Klw. I-gn-bp--Xph-sc Fs a-X-n-\p-th-n \n-jvTm-]q-w ]-cn-{i-aw \-S-mw.''
(I-p-I thm-fyw c-v t]-Pv 2829)
C-y-m-sc a-Xw am-m-\p- A-t-l-n-s Xo-{h-X-cam-b
B-thiw. tcm-Ki
-
- b
- n-n-Sp-sIm-v k sln B-tmn-\v A-b- I-n \npw hy--am-Ipw.
"B-tcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn-em-bmepw Am-n-Spw {]-h-n-p an-j-\-dn-am-cn F-\n--ti-jw hn-izm-k-an. \-ap-v dmw
tam-l dm-bntb-tbm, tIi-hv N-{-sk-ns\tbm t]m-ep-
B-fpI-sf hopw `m-c-X-nte-v A-b-bv-m km-[n-pI-bpw, Ir-kv-Xpa-Xw F-s-v
i-cnpw A-dn-bp- H-cp Bv _n-j-n-s\ \-ap-v I--bn-te-v In-p-Ib
- p-am-sW-n
I--S-p Xp-dpw ap-]p Xs C-y-m-sc \-ap-v Irkv-Xym-\n-I-fm-n-am-mw.''
(I- p- I thmfyw c- v
t]-Pv 398)
-th-Z-X--a-bpw kw-kv-IrX-Nc
- n-{X-IY
- \
- h
- pw F-gp-Xn-b apf-f 'B-Ky Uyq-n-\p' (Cy Im-cy-n-\p-f-f a-{n) - tIihv N{-sk
30
31
32
33
34
35
tem-I-n-se G-gv a-X--fp-sS {]ap-J {K--sf Cw-o-jnte-v hn-h-\w sN-bv-Xv 50 hm-fy--fm-bn {]-kn-o-I-cn-p.
1900 H-tm-_ 28\v ta-Iv-kv ap- A--cnp. F-mepw
A-t-lw Xp-S-n-sh- Cu _rl-Zv ]--Xn 1910 h-sc Xp-Sp.
Cu ko-co-kmWv sacred books of the east (In-g-n-s hn-ip- {K-) F- t]-cn 50 hm-fy--fn-em-bn {]-kn-o-I-cn-n-p-Xv. (Cu te-JI-s ssI-h-iw B {K--tiJ-cw ap-gp-h-\mbpw
Dv) C-Xn ln-p-[-a-s-p-dn-p am-{Xw 21Hm-fw {K- Dv. A-Xn-\p ]pd-sa Cmw aXw, _p--aXw, ssN-\okv a-Xw Xp-S-n-b-h-sb-p-dn-pw \-ap-v C-Xn Im-Wmw. GsXm-cp eyw shp-sIm-s-nepw _r-lm-b Cu ]Xn G-s-Sp--h-cp-sS ey-t_m-[hpw \n--b-Zm-Vyhpw \ap-v Im-Wm-Xn-cp-p-IqSm.
Ing-ns hnip--{K--
thmfyw aXw
hnh\w
{K- ns t]cpw hnj- b hpw
D]-\n-j-p-, Omtm-Kyw,
1
lnp
taIvkvap-
Xe-h-Im-cw, sFX-tc-bw, Iujo-X-Io,
hmP-k-t\bn
2
lnp tPmv _yqe Zn tk{IUv temkv Hm^v Zn
Bcymkv (B-]-kvXw-_, KuX-a,
hkn-jvT, _um-b-\)
Zn tk{IUv _pvkv Hm^v ssN\
3
ssN\
sPbnwkv
(I^yq-jm-\n-kw, mknIv Hm^v
seKv
ln-dn, mknIv Hm^v t]mb-{Sn)
kc-Xp-jv{SPbnwkv
Zn skv AhkvX
4
Usakvt
5
6
7
8
]lhn sSIvv
Z sImdm (thmfyw 1)
Z Cn-yqv Hm^v hnjvWp
Z `K-h-ZvKoX hnv Zn
k\-pPm-Xob B v Zn A\p-KoX
Z sImdm (thmfyw 2)
36
10
_p
taIvkv ap,
hntKm
t^mkv_m
[-]-Z, kp-\n-]m-X
11
_p
alm-]-cn-\n--W-kp-, Z [
Im-m-h-m\ kp,
tXhn--kp-m-\-, BIm-tb
kp, tItXm-Jn-e-kp-,
alm-kp-Z--\-kp-,
kmkh kp
12
lnp
13
_p
14
lnp
15
lnp
taIvkv ap
16
ssN\
sPbnwkv seKv
17
_p
18
kc-Xp-jv{S-
19
_p
kmap-h t_
20
_p
21
_p
Fv. tI
22
ssP
sl
sPtm_n
Z k[ ]pWvU-cnI Hm Zn
temkv Hm^v Zn {Sq tem
ssP\-kq-{Xmkv
23
kc-Xp-jv{S-
Pbnwkv
Usakvt
24
kc-Xp-jv{S-
C.-U_yp shv
25
26
lnp
lnp
27
ssN\
sPbnwkv seKv
28
ssN\
sPbnwkv seKv
29
lnp
sla
HmU_Kv
30
sla
HmU_Kv
taIvkv ap
31
kc-Xp-jv{S-
32
33
lnp
lnp
34
lnp
35
_p
Sn. Uyp.
dnkvtU-hnkv
36
_p
37
kc-Xp-jv{S-
38
lnp
39
40
41
ssN\
ssN\
lnp
Sn. Uyp.
dnkvtU-hnkv
Sn. Uyp.
shv
tPmv
Xot_mv
sPbnwkv seKv
sPbnwkv seKv
Pqen-bkv Fnv
37
temdkv
tlhv an
taIvkv ap thZnIv lnwkv
Pqen-bkv tPmfn Z ssa\ tem _pvkv
_rl-kv]Xn
tPmv Xot_mv Z thZm kq{X
s]lhn sSIvv
thZm--kq{X
Z sSIvv Hm^v Xmthm-bnkw
Z sSIvv Hm^v Xmthm-bnkw
iX-]Y {_mWw
38
42
lnp
43
44
lnp
lnp
45
ssP
46
lnp
47
kc-Xp-jv{S-
48
lnp
49
_p
50
tamdnkv
qw^oUv
Pqen-bkv Fnv
Pqen-bkv Fnv
sl
sPtm_n
sla
HmU_Kv
Sn. Uyp.
shv
tPmv
Xot_mv
FtUzUv
_pnv alm-bm\ sSIvv
ss_kv tImh,
taIvkv ap,
XmIm Ipkpdp
Pq\ntdm
CUIvkv
tamdnkv
P\-d CUIvkv
hn\nvkv hnv
F {]nt^kv
BX BWn
saIvtUm-W
39
(31)
jv-t_- tlm-]v-In-kpw Cu kn-m---sf ]-e-cpw AwKo-I-cn-n-cp-n-s-n-epw a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\v {In-kv-Xy Im-e-L-t-m {]m-No-\-X I-ev-]n-m A-h X-m-dm-bn-.-- C-Xp
sIm-m-Wv _-nw-N-{-N-tXm-]m-[ym-b X-s Ir-jv-W-N-cy F Ir-Xn-bn sh-_-sd-p-dn-v C--s\ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.-- ""hn-JymX-\m-b sh-_ ]-Wv-Un-X X-s. F-m A-t-lw kw-kvIr-Xw ]Tn-m-\m-cw-`n--Xv C-y-sb kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw \n`m-Ky-I-c-am-b \n-an-j-n-em-sW-p Nn-n-m Rm \n_-n-X-\m-Ipw. C--se-bp-sS P- Im-m-f--n-s ]nX-e-ap-d-m-v `m-c-X-n-s {]m-No-\-Io-n-bp-am-bn kz-bw
C-W-n-t-cm I-gn-bp-n-.-- C-Xp-sIm-m-Wv `m-c-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-cw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Cu-bn-sS am-{Xw D-m-b-Xm-sW-v m-]nm {i-an-p--Xv.-- {In-kv-Xp P-\n-p--Xn-\pw \q-m-p-Iv ap-]v c-Nn--s--Xm-Im-sa-v hn-iz-kn-m A-h-smcn--epw I-gn-bm--Xv. (32)sh-_-dpw tKm-Uv-v---dpw
sh-_-dpw t_m-bv-v-en-pw (Boerthlink) tN-p kw-kv-Ir-X\n-L-p Sanskrith Worterbuch F- t]-cn F-gp-Xn. C
-- -cp-h-tc-bpw
k-lm-bn--Xv Ip (Kuhn)B-bn-cp-p.-- sX-m-b-Xpw km--ev-]n-Ihp-am-b `m-jm-im-kv-{X-X-Xz- ]n-p-S--Xp Iq-Sm-sX \n-ch-[n A--n-i-Ip-I-fpw C-Xn\p-m-bn-cp-p. s-- {]m-^. t-- KmUvk
- vd
- d
-
- Cu sX-p-Is
- f Nqn-m-n \n-L-p-hn-s\ \nin-X-am-bn--s hn-a-in-p. tm-`n-n-f-In-a-dn- sh-_
tKm-Uv --dn-s B-tcm-]W--p a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm-sX
A-t-l-s hy-n-]-c-am-bn
B-t-]n-m-\m-Wv ap-Xn-Xv. (33)thm--_p-jn-s\ Ip-dn-pf-f tKm-Uv --dp-sS Im-gvN-]m-Sp-I am-\-kn-I-am-b Ah--I Xo-pw X-In-Sw a- sh
40
dn--Xn-s e--W-am-sW-v(34) -A-t-l-sa-gp-Xn. s{]m-^. t-- dmv,- t_m-bn-v en-v,- sh-_ Ip F-n-h `m-c-X-s C-Igv-n-s-m \-S-n-b Kq-Vm-tem-N-\ s{]m-^.-- tKm-Uv-kv-d-d sh-fn--p-sIm-p-h-p.-- tUm. t-- _m-bn-v-en-n-\v ]m-Wn\n-bp-tS-bpw, Im-Xym-b-\-t-bpw a-pw hym-I-c-W-n-se G-hpw e-fn-X-am-b \n-b-a- Iq-Sn a-\-n-em-m I-gn-bn-s-Xv G--hpw A-Sp- A-h-k-c-n--s Nq-n-m-Wn-t-Xv F-s I-S-a-bm-Wv. {]m-am-Wn-I {K---fn A-Xv D-]tbm-Kn-p--sX--s\-sb-pw A-bm--dn-bn-. \
-- n-L-p-hnse A-t-l-n-s `m-K-p-f-f sX-p-I \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wv(35).
F-p-sIm-m-Wv C--s\ kw-`-hn--Xv F-m-sW-n, Bcy-kw-kv-m-c-s Ip-d-p Im-Wn-m-\pw, \-p-sS \m-K-cn-I-X
]p-d-p Im-Wn-m-Xn-cn-m-\p-am-Wv F- D--cw kp-hy-am-bn--s e-`n-pw. -im-kv-{Xo-b-K-th-j-I-sc- t]-cn X-np \-S-n-b C-h-sc sh-fn--p sIm-p-h-cm tKm-Uv- am-{X-ta D-m-bn-cp-p-f-fq. -F-m C-y A-m-Z-aojy-cm-I-s B-cy\m-{I-a-W-kn-m--m-cm-I-s, sh-_-sd-bpw
ap-f-f-td-bpw kp-e-`-am-bn D--cn-pw.-tKm-Uv---sd kq-Nn-np-I-t]m-ep-an-.-- Im-c-Ww tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kv,- sh-_, Iq,
-t_m-bn-v-en-v F-n-h-sc A-\p-K-an-m am-{X-ta th-Z--fn
B-cym-{I-a-Ww I-s-m I-gn-bq F--Xp-X-s.tam-Wn-b hn-eyw-kv
C-t-lw kp-hy--am-bn X-s \-bw {]-Jym-]n-Xm-Wv. {-- ]Jym-]-\w C--s\ ""{_m--Wn-kw A-Xn-\m--s a-cn-Ww''(36).- ""{_m--Wn-k-n-s i--am-b tIm--bp-sS a-Xns-p-I Ip-cn-in-s ]-S-bm-fn-I h-f-v A-h-km-\w X-Is-dn-bp-tm {In-kv-Xym-\n-n-bp-sS hn-P-bw kq-Nn-n-bv--sSp-I-bpw ap-gp-an--s-Sp-I-bpw sN-pw''(37). -dp-tUm-^v tlm-bn\o, -dn-m-Uv-Km-s_ hn-\n-v-kv,- F.-- _n.- -Io-v F-n-h-cpw
C--c-m X-s. hn-\n-v-kv,- F.-- _n. I
-- o-v F-n-h-cpw
an-j-W-dn {]-h--\--p th-n C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I-fp-sS
th-j-a-Wn--h-cm-Wv. C--s\ `m-c-X-t-bpw \-p-sS kwkv-m-c-t-bpw C-I-gv-n-s-m kp-Zo-L-hpw b-Xv-\-]q-hp-am-b {]-h--am-Wv C-tUm-f-Pn-p-I sN-bv-X-Xv.-- X-fp-sS km-t-Xn-I-h-f--bp-sS ]n-_-e-n tIm-f-\n-I
41
42
bp-am-bn-cp-n-. hn-P-b-n-s D-pw-K-irw-K-n hn-cm-Pn-ncp- {_n-o-jp-Im t\-c-s kq-Nn-n- ta-Iv-k-vap- Xp-Sn-b ]-Wv-Un-X-cp-sS k-lm-b-tm-sS H-cp hm-Zw ap-tm-p
sh-p C-y-bn-se B-cy\m-{I-a-Ww. em-n, {Ko-v, kw-kv-IrX `m-j-I kw-km-cn-n-cp- P-\-k-aq-l--sf-mw H-cp {]-tZi-p h-kn--h-cm-bn-cn--W-sa-pw A-Xv a-t[y-jy-bn-em-bn-cn-W-sa-pw A-h \n-K-a-\w \-S-n. C-Xn-\v `m-jm-im-kv-{X-]c-am-b ]n-_-e-ap-s-pw A-Xp th-Z--fn Im-Wm-sa-pw
B-cy--{Zm-hn-U bp--h--\-I th-Z--fn Im-Wp--Xm-bpw
ta-Iv-kv-ap--, {Kn-^n-v Xp-S-n-b-h ]-d-p. X--fp-sS Cy A-[n-\n-th-i-s \ym-b-h-Xv-I-cn-m-\pw hn-`-Pn-p-I, aXw am-p-I Xp-S-n-b X-z--p-am-bn ]-Wv-Un-tXm-Nn-X-amb- co-Xn-bn B-cym-[n-\n-th-i-hm-Zw {]-N-cn-n-p. A--s\ EtKz-Zw F--Xv ln-p-hn-t-Xv F--Xn-t\-m C-tm--bq-tdm]y-m-cp-sS-Xm-Wv. C-y-bn A-h-km-\-am-bn Xm-a-k-ap-d-n-p-Xn-\v ap-]p- B-cy-m-cp-sS n-Xn-bm-Wv A-Xn {]-Xn^-en-n-p-(38)
- sX-pw A-Xn-\m ln-p-[-w `m-c-X-n-teX-s-pw A-Xp-h-gn X--fp-tS-Xp-t]m-se ssh-tZ-in-I-am-sWpw bp-tdm-]y-m hm-Zn-p. X--fp-sS `-c-W-n-\v [m-n-I]n-p-W-bv-p-th-n {_n-o-jp-Im Cu kn-m-w D-]-tbmKn-p. `m-c-Xo-b-\p X--fp-sS `q-X-Im-e-s kw-_-n-tm, tZio-b-X-sb-p-dn-tm A-`n-am-\n-m H-p-an-m-Xm-Ip--Xm-bn
{_n-o-jp-Im {]-N-cn-n-p. C-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX Bcy Z-kyp-kw-L-\w -{]-Jym-]n-p hn-`-P-\-n-s hn-p-]m-Im-\pw A-h-p
I-gn-p. bq-tdm-]y B-cy-m-cm-sW-v kz-bw A-h-Im-i-sSp-tm `m-c-X-n-se B-cy-\m-{I-a-W-n-s c-m-a-s Ae am-{X-am-Wv X--fp-sS B-K-a-\-sa-pw A-h k-ap-Zv-tLm-jnp.a-t[y-jy kn-m-w
B-cy-m a-t[y-jy-bn \n-m-Wv hym-]n--sX- kn-mw B-Zy-am-bn {]-N-cn-n--Xv 1820 sP.-- Pn. tdm-Uv B-Wv. th\n-Zm-Zn-se B-Zy A-[ym-b-n-se {]-Xn-]m-Zy-a-\p-k-cn-v _m-Iv{Sn-b C-dm-Im-cp-sS B-Zy-\m-Sm-bn {]-Jym-]n-bv--s-p(39). C-X\p-k-cn-v B-cy-m-cp-sS D-d-hn-Sw Im-kv-]n-b I-S-en-\p In-gpw ]m-tcm-]m-an-k, Ip-jv ]--X--p h-S-p-am-bn-cnm-sa-v Du-ln-p. {In-kv-Xp-a-X {]-Nm-c-Ww em-m-n {]-h-
43
n- ta-Iv-kv-ap- X-s-bmWv Cu a-t[y-jy kn-m-n-s ]n-n-epw. 1884 Bcy-m X--fp-sS hn-`-P-\-n\v ap-]v F-hn-sS Xm-a-kn-ncp-p-sh--Xn-\v D--cw thW-sa-n 40 h-jw ap-]v
]-d--Xp X-s Rm D-d-np ]-d-bpw. A-Xv G-jy-bn-sehn-sS-tbm B-Wv.-- G-jy-bn
F-hn-sS-tbm F- {]-tbm-Kn A-hy--X \n-e-\np-p(40). h-jw ap-]v At-lw sN--n-b _m-Iv-{Sn-btamWn-b hneywkv
X-s-bm-bn-cn--Ww A-t-ln-s a-\-n. ta-Iv-k-ap kp-hy--am-bn-X-s a-t[y-jy kn-m-w {]-N-cn-n-ncp-p. Im-Wp-I- C-y-bn-ep--Xpw a-t-Xv h-S-p ]-Sn-m-sd
bq-tdm-n-ep--Xpw Cu c-v A-cp-hn-I-fpw H-m-bn-t-cp- tI{--ew G-jy-bm-Wv. c-m-a-Xm-bn ]-cn-jv-Ir-X Po-h-s {]-Ya-tI-{--fpw G-jy-bn-em-Wv. aq--ma-Xm-bn- ]n-o-Sp \mw ImWp--Xv a-t[y-jy-bn \n-p- hw-io-b X-cw-Kw bq-tdm-ns\- Io-g-S-p--Xm-Wv. 4mw \q-m-n lq-W-m-cpw 13mw \qm-n aw-tKm-fn-b-cpw \-S-n-b-Xv A--c-n-ep--Xm-Wv. \mem-a-Xm-bn bq-tdm-n \n-v {]-tXy-In-pw kv-Im-Un-t\-hn-bbn \n-m-bn-cp-p Ip-Sn-tb--sa-n I-S bm-{X-sb kw-_n-v \n-c-h-[n hm-p-I km-am-\y-am-b B-cy-`m-j-bn ImWp-am-bn-cp-p(41)
C--s\ `m-jm-]-c-am-bpw hw-io-b-am-bpw m-]n-bv--s-
kn-m--am-Wv C--s B-cy\m-{I-a-W- hm-Zw. Cu m-]nbv
- s
- - B-cy\m-{I-aW
- k
- n-m-
- n-s D-]
m-Xm--p
k-Xy-k--X-tbm im-kv-{Xo-b-X-tbm H-pw X-s {]-am-W-am-bncp-n-s-p I-p. C-v Cu h-kv-Xp-X H-s-m-t]-pw A-dnbmw. A-m-e-p-X-s thm--b-dn-s\-tm-ep--h Cu kXyw Xp-d-p ]-d-n-cp-p. ]-e X-e--fp-tS-bpw B-hn-jv-m--fpw im-n-bp-tS-bpw k-am-[m-\-n-s-bpw Zq-X-m-cp-am-
44
45
kv k--I-em-im-e-bn-se N-cn-{X-hn-`m-K-n-s X-e-h-\m-bn-cp {io \o-e-I-WvT-im-kv-{Xn-I B-Zy-Im-e-v hn-tZ-i ]-WvUn-X-sc A-\p-K-an-n-cp- hy-n-bm-bn-cp-p. F-m ]n-oSp k-Xyw a-\-n-em-n-b A-t-lw F-gp-Xn. ]-sm--Xmw \qm-n-se bq-tdm-n-s ]q--[m-c-W-I-fp-sS sh-fn--n Fgp-X-s- hn-a-i-\ ]T-\-a-m-sX C-Xp a-s-m-Wv? Cu hn-ai-\-]m-T-sa-mw B-cw-`n--Xv Cw-o-jv- `-c-W-Iq-S-hpw bq-tdm-]y
an-j-\-dn-am-cp-am-Wv. Cu hn-a-i-\-]m-T-am-I-s an. te--s hnim-e-am-b ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-n-eq-sS km-a-y-tm-sS tc-J-s-Spn-bn-cn-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p. 19mw \q-m-n-s B-cw`-n P--\n-bp-sS k-^-e-am-Im-Xn-cp- {]-Xym-i-I-p te-s Nn-m-K-Xn-sb hm-s-Sp-p--Xn ]-p-m-bn-cp-p
(45)
. a-sm-cp {]-i-kv-X ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-Wv Ir-jv-W-am-Nm-cy-ep. `m-cX-k-m-dn-s ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-I-\m-b A-t-lw bq-tdm]y-cp-sS lr-Z-b-[m-c F-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v tIm-dn-bn--Xp Im-WpI." A-Sp--Im-e-v hn-I-kn-p-h- cm-jv-{S--fn P-\n- Cu
]m-m-Xy-{K--Ir-p-I-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-b e-y-n-\p ]I-cw a-p \n-n-]v-X-am-b Xm-]-cy--p-th-n F-gp-Xn-bpm-n-b N-cn-{X-{K-- ]-e-hn-[-n-epw h-o-b-am-b ]-]m-Xw \n-d--h-bm-Ip-p. am-{X-a- A-h {]m-No-\-`m-c-Xn-s N-cn-{X-s b-Ym--am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-bv-p--Xn-\v B]--c-am-Ip-p. N-cn-{X-{]-kn--am-b k-Xy-n-s sX-fn-hv lmP-cm-m I-gn-bm--Xp-sIm-v kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-b k-lm-\p`q-Xn A--cw F-gp-p-Im-v In-p-I-bn-".(46)
kq-N-\-I
1.
2.
3.
4.-
The Myth of the aryan Invasion of India. Dravid Frawely, Voice of India, P4
Vedic Aryans and the Origins of Civilization: A Literary and Scientific
Perspective By Navaratna Rajaram and David Frawely (Ottawa and New
Delhi World Heritage Press, 1994)
Chronologies in old World Archeology, Third Edition , edited by Robert W.
Ehrich Vol 1 (University of Chicago Press, 1992), Chapter 26, The Indus
Valley , Baluchistan, and Halmano Traditions: Neolitic through Bronze age. Xp-
S-n-b-h Im-Wp-I.sdm-ao-fm-Ym- C-q--cn s]-Spw.Romila Thaper Archeology and Language at the roots of anciant India. Journal
46
5.
6.
7.
8.-
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Cu ]p-kv-X-I-n C-t-lw C-y-bn-\n-m-Wv C-tm--P--\n-Iv Ip-Spw_w h-p-tN--sX-v ]-d-bp-p. 'A Literary History of India, by R W. Frazer,
London, P.5 note 2 third Impression - 1915. Im-Wp-I'.
Quoted in ' A History of Indian Litrature' by M. Winternitz, English translation,
Vol.I.P- 20(1927) Iq-tS-sX New Indian Antiquary, Vol. No.1 April 1938, P.59,
lon-v kn--dn-s te-J-\w. Cu D--c-Wn-bp-sS aq-ew 'Parergaet Paralipomena
Vol.II .427. 1851.Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la China(Paris-1782) P.Sonnarat. Quoted
Les Indes Florissantes - Anthologie des- Voyageurs Francais (1750-1820)
Guy Deleury. (Paris:Robert Laffont.1991) P. 16-17.
Lectures in calcutta University. August,1923, Printed in 1925 Some Problems
of Indian Literature P.3.
hm-bn-p-I. Will Durant s Story of Philosophy. p. 241.
New Indian Artiquary, April 1938. p. 67.
An Introduction to Mytholog. New York ({]-kn-o-I-cn- Xo-b-Xn ]p-kv-X-I-n-
en-)
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 1.-21
18.
19.
20.
Genesis 11.10
"......................... that the Jewish race is by far the oldest of all these"Fragments of Magathenes p.103
"Archbishop Usher's famed Chronology which so long Dominated the Ideas
of man....."
Hisorians History of the world, Vol. I p. 626. 1908. Duncan X-s 'A Scheme
of Egyptian Chornology 'Landon; 1932' F-gp-Xp-p. "It is Strange to see that
Wilkinson Place Menes (or Manu the first king if Egypt) as low as 2320. but it
is to be remembered that in 1836 English Speaking Scholars were still under
the hypnotic influens of usher's Biblical Chronology. The dates printed in the
Bible were regarded as Sacred, and it was Positively wicked to disregad
them.'
Antiquity of Civilized Man Journal of the Royal Anthropological Instituted of
Great Britian and Ireland, Vol. 60 July-Dec-1930
Sanskirt-English Dictionary.by Sir.M.Monier Williams, preface.p.IX 1899.
Eminent Orientalists. Madras.p 72.
English hn-h--\w Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1847 {]-kn-
21.22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
16.
17.
n-I-cn-p.-
47
300.footnote.
Die Bhagavad Gita F- t]-cn 1874 F-gp-Xn-b te-J-\w.India, old and new, Netyork,1902,p. 146. Also cf. his Religions of
India.p.429.Bostorn. 1895.
Ir-jv-Wm-Nm-cy, 4mw A-[ym-bw. -Cw-n-jv hn-h--\-n \n-v.Panini and "His place in Sanskrith Literature" Allahabad Edition p 200, 1914.
Sn p 200
Sn p.195
Modern India and the Indians by M.Williams third.ed.1879 p. 261
I bid p.262
The hymns of the Rgveda, Ralph T.H. Griffith (Delhi Motplal Banarsidas; 1973)
Rigvedia India p.356 by A-C. Dass.
American Encyclopedia
History of Civilation in Ancient India p.26-27.R C.Dutta.
Voltiare, Fragments historiquas sur I' Inde (First Ed. Geneva 1773) Eivers
Completes (paris: Hachette 1893) vol 22,p.386
Fragments historiques sur I' Inde. Op.Git.p.383. voltiare.
History of pre-Muslman India-vol-11. vedic India part 1. 1937. p. 145
All India Orientel Confernece, Dec.1941,part II,p. 64.1946
The cradle of Indian History. p. 3 Adyar Libray,Madras.1947
J.A.H.R.S. vol. xx.p.187
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