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Sarathy Kannan G
What is Photoconductivity?
Photoconductivity is an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes more electrically conductive due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, or gamma radiation.
In a homogeneous material, the increase in conductivity when exposed to electromagnetic waves is = e(n.n + p.p) In a non homogeneous material the increase in conductivity is = e(n.n +p.p)
Photosensitivity
'Photosensitivity' is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light.
S = ph / d where ph = - d
total
Speed of response
It is the rate of the change in photoconductivity with change in photo excitation intensity. For materials with exponential decay, the photocurrent reaches the dark current very quickly. For materials with non exponential decay ,the decay of photocurrent takes a longer time to reach dark current.
Photoconductive Materials
The desired characteristics are High spectral sensitivity in the wavelength region of interest Higher quantum efficiency Higher photoconductive gain Higher speed of response and lesser noise
These are highly sensitive in the visible region of radiation. They have high photoconductive gains (103 to 104) . poor response time (about 50 ms). The response gets reduced at higher illumination levels indicating the presence of traps.
Material Lead sulphide Indium Antimony Mercury-doped Germanium Cadmium mercury telluride Copper-doped germanium Cadmium sulphide Cadmium selenide
Detection Range (m) 0.6-3.0 1.0-7.0 2.0-13 3.0-15 2.0-2.5 0.4-0.8 0.5-0.9
Photo Diode
A photo diode is a reverse biased P-N junction diode which is designed to respond to photon absorption.
Principle
A reverse biased P-N junction diode has a reverse saturation current which is mainly due to flow of the minority carriers. If light is allowed to fall on such a reverse biased P-N junction diode , addition electron hole pairs are generated in both P and N region . It produced a very large change in minority carriers conc. And hence increases the reverse current through the diode.
2000 Lm/m2
Diode
1500 Lm/m2
Current (mA)
1000 Lm/m2
Dark current
Reverse Voltage V
Uses
Photodiode can turn its current ON and OFF in nanosecond therefore , it is used where light is required to be switched OFF and ON at a very fast rate A photodiode is used in light detection in light operated switches, reaching of computer punched cards and type etc. In optical communication system. Used in instrumentation, control automation and communication
PhotoVoltaic Effect
The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate electricity.
pair of electrodes is immersed in an electrolyte and light is allowed to incident on one of them , a potential difference is created between electrodes . This phenomenon is called photovoltaic effect. Device based on this effect are known as Photo-Voltaic cell . This photovoltaic cell are the devices in which light energy is use to create a potential difference so developed is directly proportional to the frequency and intensity of incident light.
Semiconductor
Metal
Light
+
R -
Solar Cell
The four materials normally employed in photoconductive devices are: Cadmium Sulphide (CdS), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), lead sulphide (PbS) and Thallium Sulphide (TlSIn a typical construction of photoconductive device, thin film is deposited on an insulating substrate. The electrodes are formed by evaporating metal such as gold through a mask to give comb -like pattern as shown[above fig]. The geometry results in a relatively large area of sensitive surface and a small inter electrode spacing. This helps the device to provide high sensitivity.
When the device under forward bias is illuminated with light electronhole pairs are generated. The electronhole pairs generated move in opposite directions. This results in a photocurrent.
The photoconductive cell has very high resistance in dark called dark resistance. When illuminated the resistance falls. The spectral response of CdS cell is similar to that of the human eye. The illumination characteristics of the cell is shown in figure.
Photoconductor in circuit
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