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TableofContents
Abstract
Intodayseducationsystem,classroomteachersareupagainstanarrayofacademic demandssuchasstatewideassessment,teachereducationandtestingregulations, andeverchangingcurriculumregulations.Withthesedemands,manyteachersfind itachallengetoincorporateakeysocialcurriculumintotheirprogram.However, mostteachersbelievethattheremustbeafocusoncreatingwellrounded individualsandthatitisimperativetoaddresssocialandemotionalneedsalong withstudentsacademicneeds.Theanswertothisdilemma,accordingtomany educators,istheResponsiveClassroomapproach.ResponsiveClassroomisawidely used,researchbasedapproachtoelementaryeducationthatincreasesacademic achievement,decreasesproblembehaviors,improvessocialskills,andleadsto morehighqualityinstruction.Theapproachisbasedonthepremiseofteaching11 classroomstandards(responsiveclassroom.org).Thisactionbasedresearchproject examinesthesocialinteractionsof14kindergartenstudentsbeforeandafterthe additionoftheResponsiveClassroomapproachintheclassroom.Thegoalofthis researchistodetermineiftheResponsiveClassroomapproachimprovesstudents socialinteractionsbetweenclassmatesandteachers.Furthermore,thisresearch examinesthequalityofparentteacherrelationshipsthroughtheResponsive Classroomapproach.OverasixweekperiodthedatashowedthattheResponsive Classroomapproachimprovesstudenttostudent,studenttoteacher,andparent teacherinteractions.
Introduction PineGroveSchoolisasmallprivateschoolfoundedin1985.PineGrove
SchoolislocatedinFalmouth,MaineanupperclasssuburbofPortland.PineGrove SchoolhostsstudentsfromFalmouthandothersurroundingtownsandcitiessuch asPortland,Yarmouth,Cumberland,andScarborough.WhileFalmouthisan affluentcommunity,bothmiddleandupperclassfamiliespopulatethesurrounding towns.Therefore,PineGroveSchooleducatesstudentscomingfromasmallvariety ofsocioeconomicbackgrounds. AllteachersatPineGroveSchoolhaveaminimumofafouryearcollege degree,andareregisteredwithMaineRoadstoQualityRegistryanorganization directedtowardssupportingeducatorsthrougheducationandadvancementinthe educationalfield(muskie.usm.maine.edu/maineroads).Severaloftheteachersof PineGroveSchoolareMaineStateCertifiedteachers(PineGroveSchool,2011). PineGroveSchoolismadeupoftwopreschoolclassroomsandone kindergartenclassroom.Theactionbasedresearchwillbedoneinthekindergarten classroom.Inthisclassroom,thereareatotalof14studentswithoneteacher.The teacherinthisclassroomiscertifiedinelementaryeducationbythestateofMaine. Thekindergartenprogramrunsfrom8:00amuntil3:00pmwithanafterschool programavailablefrom3:00pm5:30pm.Thechildrenattendschoolfivedaysa week,MondaythroughFriday.Theclassroomismadeupofchildrenwhoarefiveto sixyearsoldandhavecompletedapreschoolprogrameitheratPineGroveorat anothereducationalinstitution.AfterthekindergartenprogramatPineGrove
School,studentsmoveontofirstgradeatlocalpublicandprivateschools.Public
LiteratureReview Intodayseducationsystem,classroomteachersareupagainstanarrayof
academicdemandssuchasstatewideassessment,teachereducationandtesting regulations,andeverchangingcurriculumregulations.Withthesedemands,many teachersfinditachallengetoincorporateakeysocialcurriculumintotheir program.However,mostteachersbelievethattheremustbeafocusoncreating wellroundedindividualsandthatitisimperativetoaddresssocialandemotional needsalongwithstudentsacademicneeds.PositiveBehavioralInterventionsand Supports(PBIS),anevidencebasedframeworkfordevelopingpositivebehavior,is usedinschoolsnationwidetocreateapositiveclimateforlearning.TheU.S. DepartmentofEducationiscurrentlyencouragingschooldistrictstousestimulus fundstoimplementPBIS(pbis.org).TheResponsiveClassroomcurriculumoffers manypracticalstrategiestoachieveahighqualityPBISinschools. TheResponsiveClassroomapproachisawidelyused,researchbased
approachtoelementaryeducationthatincreasesacademicachievement,decreases problembehaviors,improvessocialskills,andleadstomorehighquality instruction.Theapproachisbasedonthepremiseofteaching11classroom standards(responsiveclassroom.org): MorningMeeting:gatheringasawholeclasstogreetoneanother,share news,andwarmupforthedayahead. RuleCreation:helpingstudentscreateclassroomrulesthatallowallclass memberstomeettheirlearninggoals. InteractiveModeling:teachingchildrentonoticeandinternalizeexpected behaviorsthroughauniquemodelingtechnique.
AcademicChoice:increasingstudentmotivationbydifferentiatinginstruction andallowingstudentsteacherstructuredchoicesintheirwork. ClassroomOrganization:settingupthephysicalroominwaysthat encourageindependence,cooperation,andproductivity. WorkingwithFamilies:hearingfamiliesinsightsandhelpingthem understandtheschoolsteachingapproaches. CollaborativeProblemSolving:usingconferencing,roleplaying,andother strategiestoresolveproblemswithstudents. Endofdaycircle/meeting:gatheringasawholeclasstosaygoodbyetoone another,sharethoughtsabouttheday,andsetgoalsandgiveremindersforthe followingday. TheResponsiveClassroomapproachalsoincludespracticesthatschool communitiesadoptonaschoolwidebasis.Thisisdonetocreatecontinuityinthe environment.Thesepracticesinclude: AligningpoliciesandprocedureswithResponsiveClassroomphilosophy: makingsureeverythingfromthelunchroutinetothedisciplinepolicyenhances theselfmanagementskillsthatchildrenarelearningthroughtheResponsive Classroomapproach. AllocatingresourcestosupportResponsiveClassroomimplementation: usingtime,money,space,andpersonneltosupportstaffinlearningandusing theResponsiveClassroomapproach. Planningallschoolactivitiestobuildasenseofcommunity:giving childrenandstaffopportunitiestolearnaboutandfromallschoolmembers throughactivitiessuchasallschoolmeeting,crossagerecessorlunch,buddy classrooms,andcrossagebookclubs. Welcomingfamiliesandthecommunityaspartners:involvingtheminthe childrenseducationbymaintainingtwowaycommunication,invitingparents andotherstovisitandvolunteer,andofferingfamilyactivities.
From20012004,researchersattheUniversityofVirginiasCurrySchoolof
Educationconductedalongitudinal,quasiexperimentalstudyonhowthe ResponsiveClassroomapproachaffectschildrensacademicandsocialskills.This studycomparedchildrenatsixschoolsinanurbandistrictintheNortheast.Three schoolsimplementedtheResponsiveClassroomapproachandthreeschoolsdidnot. ThequasiexperimentaldesignisoneofthetwotypesthatNoChildLeftBehind considersappropriateforeducationalresearch.Thestudy,ledbyDr.SaraE.Rimm KaufmanandfundedbytheDuBarryFoundation,foundthattheResponsive Classroomapproachisassociatedwithbetteracademicandsocialoutcomesfor elementaryschoolchildren(Kaufman,2008). Thestudyyieldedsixkeyfindingsaboutchildrenandteachersatschools
trainedintheapproachthroughavarietyofdifferenttrainingopportunities. ResponsiveClassroomoffersonedayworkshops,weeklonginstitutes,followup consultations,andschoolwideconferencesorconsultations.Theseworkshops includeTheResponsiveClassroomSampleranoverviewofthecurriculum, whichallowsteacherstoexperiencemorningmeetingandtoseethepracticesof ResponsiveClassroominaction;AnOverviewforAdministratorsaworkshop targetedatschooladministratorswhichofferswaystoincorporateResponsive Classroomintotheschoolandcommunityonabroadlevel;andChild DevelopmentMattersaworkshoplookingatthedevelopmentofK8students inregardstoasocialcurriculum. WhileKaufmansstudy(2008)ofResponsiveClassroomshowsclear
DataCollectionandAnalysis
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Overasixweekperiodeachstudentinthetargetgroupwillbeintroducedto
thebenchmarksoftheResponsiveClassroomcurriculum.Duringthisintervention, Interactivemodelingwillbeusedwhenexplainingtostudentswhatbehavior(s)are expectedofthem,alongwithpositiveteacherlanguageatalltimes,andlogical consequencesfornegativebehavior.Parentrelationshipswillbefosteredthrough ResponsiveClassroomrecommendedcommunications.Allstudentswillparticipate inadailymorningmeeting,createpositive,clearrulesfortheclassroom,participate inguideddiscoveriesofclassroommaterialsandstations,andparticipatein collaborativeproblemsolving. Thefocusofthisactionbasedresearchprojectistoimproveatargetedgroup ofstudentssocialinteractionswiththeirclassmatesandteacher.Furthermore,this actionbasedresearchisfocusedtowardsimprovingteachertoparentinteractions withinasixweekperiodusingvariousactivitiesbasedontheResponsiveClassroom socialcurriculum.Itisexpectedthatoverasixweektimeperiodofintervention, studentssocialinteractionswithclassmatesandteacherswillimprove.Itisalso expectedthatparentswillbesatisfiedwiththeirparentteacherrelationshipand communications. Theinterventionfocusedonfourteenstudents,tenmalesandfourfemales whowillbereferredtoasstudentsAtoNthroughoutthisdocument.Thefourteen studentsusedinthisresearcharesatisfactorilymeetingtheacademicguidelinesof PineGroveSchool(PineGroveSchool,2011).
11 Thetargetedstudentsare5and6yearoldmaleandfemalestudentswhoare
Developing A,H,J,M A,D,G,H,J C,J,M A,G,H,J E,G,H,J,M A,H,J A,D,E,G,H,J,M C,M A,C,G,K,M
Consistently B,C,E,F,G,I,K,L, N B,C,E,F,I,K,L,N B,F,I,K,L,N B,C,F,I,L,N A,B,C,F,I,L,N B,C,F,L,I,M,N B,C,F,I,K,L,N B,F,I,L,N B,F,I,L,N
12 ThedatainTableIshowthat5outofthe14targetstudentsareconsistently
ThedatainTableIIshowthat4outofthe14targetstudentsareconsistently
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Introduced
K D,E,H,J J
ThedatainTableIIIshowthat,afterthe6weekintervention,6outofthe14
14
Introduced D M M
Developing
ThedatainTableIVshowthat12outofthe14targetstudentsare
consistentlydisplayingpositivestudenttoteacherinteractionsinallareasonaday todaybasisatPineGroveSchoolinNovember2011.Twooutofthe14target studentsaredevelopingtheirsocialinteractionswithteachers,withallstudents reachingsomebenchmarksconsistently.Thisdatashowsthatthetargetstudents teacherstudentinteractionsimprovedinallareasduringthe6weekperiodoftime. Thefollowingdatawascollectedthroughastudentquestionnaire.Targetstudents receivedthequestionnaireandwerereadthequestions.Answerswerecollected throughasmileyfacesurvey(AppendixC).Studentswereremindedofthe possibleanswers(always,mostofthetime,sometimes,ornever)aftereach question.
TableV:TargetStudentsResponsestoStudentQuestionnaire Question# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ThedatainTableVshowthat,attheendofthesixweekperiod,most Always 7/14 9/14 6/14 10/14 9/14 12/14 11/14 12/14 12/14 14/14 10/14 Mostofthe time 4/14 3/14 4/14 2/14 3/14 2/14 3/14 2/14 1/14 0/14 1/14 Sometimes 3/14 2/14 4/14 2/14 2/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 1/14 0/14 3/14 Never 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14
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16
Parentswereprovidedthequestionnaireinthetheirchildshomeworkfolder. Whilealltargetstudentsparentswereprovidedwithquestionnaires,only10 parentscompletedandreturnedthequestionnaire. TableVI:ParentResponsestoParentQuestionnaire Question# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 10/10 10/10 9/10 10/10 10/10 10/10 9/10 10/10 8/10 10/10 10/10 10/10 Yes RoomforImprovement 0/10 0/10 1/10 0/10 0/10 0/10 0/10 0/10 2/10 0/10 0/10 0/10
17 ThedatainTableVIshowthat,attheendofthesixweekperiod,allparents
Summary Basedonthedataandanalysiscollectionforthisactionbasedresearch
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studenttostudentinteractions,withninestudentsdevelopingtheirsocial interactions.Eightofthosestudentswerenotperformingsomeofthesocial benchmarksatall.Fourstudentswereconsistentlyperformingpositivestudentto teacherinteractions,withtenstudentsdevelopingtheirsocialinteractions.Fiveof thosestudentswerenotperformingsomeofthesocialbenchmarksatall.Once ResponsiveClassroomwasintroducedtotheclassroom,sixstudentswere consistentlyperformingpositivestudenttostudentinteractions,witheight studentsdevelopingtheirsocialinteractions.Justfourstudentswerenot performingsomeofthesocialbenchmarksatall.Studentteacherinteractions improvedtotwelvestudentsconsistentlyperformingallsocialinteractions,with twostudentsdevelopingtheirinteractionsandallstudentsconsistentlyperforming somebenchmarks.Studentandparentquestionnairesshowedallaround satisfactionwithstudentstudent,studentteacher,andparentteacher relationships.
BasedonthisdataitisclearthattheResponsiveClassroomapproach
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ReferencesCited
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Kaufman,Sara(2011).ResponsiveClassroomEfficacyStudy(RCES).Charlottesville, Virginia:UniversityofVirginia,CurrySchoolofEducation. MaineDepartmentofEducation.(2011)LearningStandardsandGuidelines. RetrievedSeptember2011,fromhttp://www.maine.gov/education/standards.htm MaineRoadstoQuality.(2011)Promotingandsupportingprofessionalisminthe earlycareandeducationfield.RetrievedSeptember2011,from http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/maineroads PineGroveSchool.(2011)Studentandteacherprofiles.RetrievedSeptember2011 fromPineGroveSchoolFalmouth,ME. PositiveBehavioralInterventionsandSupport.(2011)EffectiveSchoolWide Interventions.RetrievedSeptember2011,fromhttp://www.pbis.org ResponsiveClassroom.(2011)Educatorscreatingsafe,challenging,andjoyful elementaryschools.RetrievedSeptember2011,from http://www.responsiveclassroom.org
Appendices
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22
Developing
Introduced
Consistently
23
Introduced
Developing
Consistently
AppendixC StudentQuestionnaire
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Always MostofthetimeSometimesNever
2.) Doyoufeelthatyouarekindtoyourclassmates?
3.) Doyoufeelthatyourclassmatesarehelpfultoyou?
4.) Doyoufeelthatyouarehelpfultoyourclassmates?
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6.) Doyoufeelcomfortableaskingyourclassmatestoplayorworkwithyou?
8.) Doyouenjoymorningcircletime?
9.)Doyouunderstandandagreewiththerulesofourclassroom?
10.)Doyoufeelcomfortabletalkingtoyourteacheraboutproblemsorconcerns?
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Yes AlittlebetterIfeelthesamewayIalwayshaveIfeelworse
AppendixD ParentQuestionnaire 1. Mychildsteachersaregettingtoknowmychilds personalityanditsobviousfromtheirinteractionsthat theyareconnectingwithhim/herandare attentive/responsivetohis/herneeds Thestaffshowssensitivitytomychildsseparation issues,andskillfullyhelpstofacilitateapositive transitionwhenappropriate. Ihavefoundthatmychildsteachersfindadaily opportunitytoshareanobservation,tidbitof informationorananecdoteaboutmychildsdayat schoolwithparent/babysitter. Forlearningthebasicsaboutwhatsnewinthe classroom,IfindtheWhiteBoardhelpfulin communicatingspecificinformationtome. Othermethodsofcommunicationsuchasclassroom newsletters(viaemail),flyersfromtheoffice,email notice,etc.keepmeinformedaboutupcomingevents. Iamcomfortablewiththestyleandformofguidance andlimitsettingusedbymychildsteacher. Ihaveadequateopportunitytodiscusswhatmychild islearningandunderstandhowmychildsprogressis measured. IfeelasenseofcommunityatPineGrove. IfindtheCommunityBulletinusefultofindoutabout specialeventsmyfamilycanenjoyoutsideofPine Groveinthecommunity. Eventsthatparentsareinvitedtocontributetothe communityfeelatPineGrove. Mychildsteacherasksmeaboutourfamilys backgroundandcultureanddiscusseswithmehow thatmayaffectmychildseducationalexperience. Mychildsteacherisfriendly,efficient,attentivetomy calls/emailsandresponsivetomyconcerns. Yes
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Roomfor Improvement
2. 3.