Chapter 4

Heat Transfer by Forced Convection (flow across cylinders and spheres)

Dr. Wael M.El-Maghlany M.El-

Flow across cylinders and spheres is frequently encountered in practice. For example, the tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger involve both shell-andinternal flow through the tubes and external flow over the tubes, and both flows must be considered in the analysis of the heat exchanger. Also, many sports such as soccer, tennis, and golf involve flow over spherical balls.

Typical flow patterns in cross flow over a cylinder

Local Nusselt Number

Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection over circular and noncircular cylinders in cross flow

All fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature (Ts+T)/2.

Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number for forced convection over sphere

Problems
1. Engine oil at 60C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate whose temperature is 20C with a velocity of 2 m/s . Determine the total the rate of heat transfer.

2. Air at 2 atm and 200 C is heated as it flows through 2.54 cm diameter pipe at velocity of 10 m/s . If heat flux maintained at wall lead to the pipe surface of 20 C above the air temperature . If the pipe is 3m long calculate the exit air temperature and total heat transfer 3. A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 110C passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s. 4. A 25-cm-diameter stainless steel is removed from the oven at a uniform temperature of 300C . The ball is then subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure and 25C with a velocity of 3 m/s. Determine the average convection heat transfer