8-96

8-113 A well-insulated room is heated by a steam radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan. The
average temperature in the room after 30 min, the entropy changes of steam and air, and the exergy
destruction during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The kinetic and
potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The air pressure in the room remains constant and thus the air
expands as it is heated, and some warm air escapes. 4 The environment temperature is given to be T
0
=
10C.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air
at room temperature (Table A-2).
Analysis We first take the radiator as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves.
The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as

) (
0) = PE = KE (since ) (
2 1 out
1 2 out
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
u u m Q
W u u m U Q
E E E
=
= = =
=
43 42 1
43 42 1
10C
4 m 4 m 5 m
Steam
radiator
Using data from the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
some properties are determined to be

( )
kJ/kg.K 0562 . 6 kJ/kg.K, 3028 . 1
kJ/kg 2088.2 , 40 . 417
/kg m 1.6941 , 001043 . 0 kPa 100
kJ/kg.K 5081 . 7
kJ/kg 2654.6
/kg m 1.0805
C 200
kPa 200
3
1 2
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
= =
= =
= =
)
`

=
=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg f
g f
s s
u u
P
s
u
T
P
v v
v v
v

kg 0.01388
/kg m 1.0805
m 0.015
kJ/kg.K 1639 . 5 0562 . 6 0.6376 3028 . 1
kJ/kg 1748.7 2088.2 0.6376 417.40
6376 . 0
001043 . 0 6941 . 1
001043 . 0 0805 . 1
3
3
1
1
2 2
2 2
2
2
= = =
= + = + =
= + = + =
=

=
v
V
v
v v
m
s x s s
u x u u
x
fg f
fg f
fg
f

Substituting,
Q
out
= (0.01388 kg)( 2654.6 - 1748.7)kJ/kg = 12.58 kJ
The volume and the mass of the air in the room are V = 445 = 80 m
3

and
( )( )
( )( )
kg 98.5
K 283 K /kg m kPa 0.2870
m 80 kPa 100
3
3
1
1 1
air
=

= =
RT
P
m
V

The amount of fan work done in 24 min is
kJ 216 s) 60 kJ/s)(24 150 . 0 (
in fan, in fan,
= = = t W W
&
We now take the air in the room as the system. The energy balance for this closed system is expressed as
) (
1 2 in fan, in
out b, in fan, in
system out in
T T mc H W Q
U W W Q
E E E
p
= +
= +
=

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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8-97
since the boundary work and U combine into H for a constant pressure expansion or compression
process. It can also be expressed as
) ( ) (
1 2 avg , in fan, in
T T mc t W Q
p
= +
& &
Substituting, (12.58 kJ) + (216 kJ) = (98.5 kg)(1.005 kJ/kgC)(T
2
- 10)C
which yields T
2
= 12.3C
Therefore, the air temperature in the room rises from 10C to 12.3C in 24 minutes.
(b) The entropy change of the steam is
( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 0.0325 = = = K kJ/kg 7.5081 5.1639 kg 0.01388
1 2 steam
s s m S
(c) Noting that air expands at constant pressure, the entropy change of the air in the room is
( )( ) kJ/K 0.8012 = = =
K 283
K 285.3
ln K kJ/kg 1.005 kg 98.5 ln ln
0
1
2
1
2
air

P
P
mR
T
T
mc S
p

(d) We take the contents of the room (including the steam radiator) as our system, which is a closed
system. Noting that no heat or mass crosses the boundaries of this system, the entropy balance for it can be
expressed as

{
air steam gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
0 S S S
S S S S
+ = +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1
Substituting, the entropy generated during this process is determined to be
K kJ 0.7687 8012 . 0 0325 . 0
air steam gen
/ = + = + = S S S
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 218 = = = ) kJ/K 7687 . 0 ( K) 283 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X

Alternative Solution In the solution above, we assumed the air pressure in the room to remain constant.
This is an extreme case, and it is commonly used in practice since it gives higher results for heat loads, and
thus allows the designer to be conservative results. The other extreme is to assume the house to be airtight,
and thus the volume of the air in the house to remain constant as the air is heated. There is no expansion in
this case and thus boundary work, and c
v
is used in energy change relation instead of c
p
. It gives the
following results:
C 13.2
2
= T
( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 0.0325 K kJ/kg 7.5081 5.1639 kg 0.01388
1 2 steam
= = = s s m S
kJ/K 0.7952 =
K 283
K 286.2
ln K) kJ/kg kg)(0.718 5 . 98 ( ln ln
1
2
1
2
air
0
= + =
V
V
v

R m
T
T
mc S
kJ/K 7627 . 0 7952 . 0 0325 . 0
air steam gen
= + = + = S S S
and
kJ 216 = kJ/K) K)(0.7627 283 (
gen 0 destroyed
= = S T X
The actual value in practice will be between these two limits.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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8-98
8-114 The heating of a passive solar house at night is to be assisted by solar heated water. The length of
time that the electric heating system would run that night, the exergy destruction, and the minimum work
input required that night are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in
the glass containers themselves is negligible relative to the energy stored in water. 3 The house is
maintained at 22C at all times. 4 The environment temperature is given to be T
0
= 5C.
Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are = 1 kg/L and c = 4.18
kJ/kgC (Table A-3).
Analysis (a) The total mass of water is
( )( ) kg 1000 L 20 50 kg/L 1 = = = V
w
m
80C
water
50,000 kJ/h
22C
Taking the contents of the house, including the water as our
system, the energy balance relation can be written as
water 1 2 water
0
air water out in e,
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
T T mc U
U U U Q W
E E E
= =
+ = =
=

43 42 1
43 42 1

or, W
water 1 2 ,
)] ( [ T T mc Q t
out in e
=
&
Substituting,
(15 kJ/s)t - (50,000 kJ/h)(10 h) = (1000 kg)(4.18 kJ/kgC)(22 - 80)C
It gives
t = 17,170 s = 4.77 h
(b) We take the house as the system, which is a closed system. The entropy generated during this process is
determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system that includes the house and its
immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the
surroundings at all times. The entropy balance for the extended system can be expressed as

{
water
0
air water gen
out b,
out
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
S S S S
T
Q
S S S S
= + = +
= +

43 42 1
43 42 1

since the state of air in the house remains unchanged. Then the entropy generated during the 10-h period
that night is

( )( ) kJ/K 1048
K 278
kJ 500,000
K 353
K 295
ln K kJ/kg 4.18 kg 1000
ln
0
out
water
1
2
out b,
out
water gen
= + =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
T
Q
T
T
mc
T
Q
S S

The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 291,400 = kJ/K) K)(1048 278 (
gen 0 destroyed
= = S T X
(c) The actual work input during this process is
kJ 550 , 257 = s) 70 kJ/s)(17,1 15 (
in act, in act,
= = t W W
&
The minimum work with which this process could be accomplished is the reversible work input, W
rev, in
.
which can be determined directly from

kWh 9.40 =
= =
kJ 33,850 =
kJ -33,850 = 400 , 291 550 , 257
out rev,
destroyed in act, in rev,
W
X W W
That is, 9.40 kWh of electricity could be generated while heating the house by the solar heated water
(instead of consuming electricity) if the process was done reversibly.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-99
8-115 Steam expands in a two-stage adiabatic turbine from a specified state to specified pressure. Some
steam is extracted at the end of the first stage. The wasted power potential is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 The turbine is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible. 4 The
environment temperature is given to be T
0
= 25C.
Analysis The wasted power potential is equivalent to the rate of exergy destruction during a process, which
can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its definition .
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
The total rate of entropy generation during this process is determined by taking the entire turbine,
which is a control volume, as the system and applying the entropy balance. Noting that this is a steady-flow
process and there is no heat transfer,
{
] 1 . 0 9 . 0 [ 0 9 . 0 1 . 0
0
0
1 2 3 1 gen gen 3 1 2 1 1 1
gen 3 3 2 2 1 1
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
s s s m S S s m s m s m
S s m s m s m
S S S S
+ = = +
= +
= = +
&
& &
& & &
&
& & &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


And ] 1 . 0 9 . 0 [
1 2 3 1 0 gen 0 destroyed
s s s m T S T X + = = &
9 MPa
500C
From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through 6)

K kg / kJ 6603 . 6
kg / kJ 4 . 3387
C 500
MPa 9
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P
STEAM
13.5 kg/s
STEAM
15 kg/s
kg / kJ 4 . 2882
MPa 4 . 1
2
1 2
2
=
)
`

=
=
s
s
h
s s
P
I II
1.4 MPa
and,
50 kPa

kJ/kg 0 . 2943
) 4 . 2882 4 . 3387 ( 88 . 0 4 . 3387
) (
2 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
=
=
=

=
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h

90%
10%
K kg / kJ 7776 . 6
kJ/kg 0 . 2943
MPa 4 . 1
2
2
2
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
P

kJ/kg 6 . 2314 7 . 2304 8565 . 0 54 . 340
8565 . 0
5019 . 6
0912 . 1 6603 . 6
x kPa 50
3 3
3
3
1 3
3
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
h x h h
s
s s
s s
P

and
kJ/kg 3 . 2443
) 6 . 2314 4 . 3387 ( 88 . 0 4 . 3387
) (
3 1 1 3
3 1
3 1
=
=
=

=
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h


K kJ/kg 0235 . 7 5019 . 6 9124 . 0 0912 . 1
9124 . 0
7 . 2304
54 . 340 3 . 2443
x
kJ/kg 3 . 2443
kPa 50
3 3
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
s x s s
h
h h
h
P

Substituting, the wasted work potential is determined to be
kW 1514 = = = kJ/kg ) 6603 . 6 6.7776 0.1 + 7.0235 kg/s)(0.9 K)(15 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
& &

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-100
8-116 Steam expands in a two-stage adiabatic turbine from a specified state to another specified state.
Steam is reheated between the stages. For a given power output, the reversible power output and the rate of
exergy destruction are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there
is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 The turbine is adiabatic and
thus heat transfer is negligible. 4 The environment
temperature is given to be T
0
= 25C.
2 MPa
500C
Heat
30 kPa
x = 97%
2 MPa
350C
Stage II
8 MPa
500C
Stage I
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through 6)

K kg / kJ 7266 . 6
kg / kJ 5 . 3399
C 500
MPa 8
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P
5 MW

K kg / kJ 9583 . 6
kg / kJ 7 . 3137
C 350
MPa 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P

K kg / kJ 4337 . 7
kg / kJ 3 . 3468
C 500
MPa 2
3
3
3
3
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P

K kJ/kg 5628 . 7 8234 . 6 97 . 0 9441 . 0
kJ/kg 5 . 2554 3 . 2335 97 . 0 27 . 289
97 . 0
kPa 30
4 4
4 4
4
4
= + = + =
= + = + =
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg f
s x s s
h x h h
x
P
Analysis We take the entire turbine, excluding the reheat section, as the system, which is a control volume.
The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
0
E E
E E E
& &
4 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
&
43 42 1
& &
=
= =

)] ( ) [(
4 3 2 1 out out 4 2 3 1
h h h h m W W h m h m h m h m + = + + = + &
& &
& & & &
Substituting, the mass flow rate of the steam is determined from the steady-flow energy equation applied to
the actual process,
kg/s 4.253
kJ/kg ) 5 . 2554 3 . 3468 7 . 3137 5 . 3399 (
kJ/s 5000
4 3 2 1
out
=
+
=
+
=
h h h h
W
m
&
&
The reversible (or maximum) power output is determined from the rate form of the exergy balance applied
on the turbine and setting the exergy destruction term equal to zero,
] pe ke ) ( ) [(
] pe ke ) ( ) [(
) ( ) (
0
0 0
3 4 0 4 3
0 0
1 2 0 2 1
4 3 2 1 out rev,
out rev, 4 2 3 1
out in
exergy of
change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
n destructio
exergy of Rate
e) (reversibl 0
destroyed
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer exergy tra net of Rate
out in



+ +
+ =
+ =
+ + = +
=
= =
s s T h h m
s s T h h m
m m W
W m m m m
X X
X X X X
&
&
& &
&
&
& & & &
& &
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
&
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1
&
43 42 1
& &



Then the reversible power becomes

| |
kW 5457 =
+ +
+ =
+ + + =
K] kJ/kg ) 4337 . 7 5628 . 7 7266 . 6 K)(6.9583 298 (
kJ/kg ) 5 . 2554 3 . 3468 7 . 3137 9.5 kg/s)[(339 253 . 4 (
) (
3 4 1 2 0 4 3 2 1 out rev,
s s s s T h h h h m W &
&
Then the rate of exergy destruction is determined from its definition,
kW 457 = = = 5000 5457
out out rev, destroyed
W W X
& & &
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-101
8-117 One ton of liquid water at 80C is brought into a room. The final equilibrium temperature in the
room and the entropy generated are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The room is well insulated and well sealed. 2 The thermal properties of water and air are
constant at room temperature. 3 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero. 4 There are no work interactions involved.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). The constant volume specific
heat of water at room temperature is c
v
= 0.718 kJ/kgC (Table A-2). The specific heat of water at room
temperature is c = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-3).
Heat
Water
80C
4 m 5 m 6 m
ROOM
22C
100 kPa
Analysis The volume and the mass of the air in the room are
V = 4x5x6 = 120 m
kg 141.74
) K 295 )( K /kg m kPa 0.2870 (
) m 120 )( kPa 100 (
3
3
1
1 1
air
=

= =
RT
P
m
V

Taking the contents of the room, including the water, as
our system, the energy balance can be written as
( ) ( )
air water
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
0 U U U E E E + = = =
43 42 1
43 42 1

or | | ( ) ( ) | | 0
air 1 2 water 1 2
= + T T mc T T mc
v

Substituting, ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) 0 C 22 C kJ/kg 0.718 kg 141.74 C 80 C kJ/kg 4.18 kg 1000 = +
o o o o
f f
T T
It gives the final equilibrium temperature in the room to be
T
f
= 78.6C
(b) We again take the room and the water in it as the system, which is a closed system. Considering that
the system is well-insulated and no mass is entering and leaving, the entropy balance for this system can be
expressed as

{
water air gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
0 S S S
S S S S
+ = +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1
where

( )( )
( )( ) K kJ 16.36
K 353
K 351.6
ln K kJ/kg 4.18 kg 1000 ln
K kJ 17.87
K 295
K 351.6
ln K kJ/kg 0.718 kg 141.74 ln ln
1
2
water
0
1
2
1
2
air
/
/
= = =
= = + =
T
T
mc S
mR
T
T
mc S

V
V
v

Substituting, the entropy generation is determined to be
S
gen
= 17.87 - 16.36 = 1.51 kJ/K
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 427 = = = kJ/K) K)(1.51 283 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
(c) The work potential (the maximum amount of work that can be produced) during a process is simply the
reversible work output. Noting that the actual work for this process is zero, it becomes
kJ 427 = = =
destroyed out rev, out act, out rev, destroyed
X W W W X
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-102
8-118 An insulated cylinder is divided into two parts. One side of the cylinder contains N
2
gas and the
other side contains He gas at different states. The final equilibrium temperature in the cylinder and the
wasted work potential are to be determined for the cases of piston being fixed and moving freely.
Assumptions 1 Both N
2
and He are ideal gases with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in the
container itself is negligible. 3 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible.
Properties The gas constants and the constant volume specific heats are R = 0.2968 kPa.m
3
/kg.K is c
v
=
0.743 kJ/kgC for N
2
, and R = 2.0769 kPa.m
3
/kg.K is c
v
= 3.1156 kJ/kgC for He (Tables A-1 and A-2)
Analysis The mass of each gas in the cylinder is

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
kg 0.808
K 298 K /kg m kPa 2.0769
m 1 kPa 500
kg 4.77
K 353 K /kg m kPa 0.2968
m 1 kPa 500
3
3
He
1
1 1
He
3
3
N
1
1 1
N
2
2
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
RT
P
m
RT
P
m
V
V

He
1 m
3

500 kPa
25C
N
2

1 m
3

500 kPa
80C
Taking the entire contents of the cylinder as our system, the 1st
law relation can be written as
( ) ( )
He 1 2 N 1 2
He N
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
)] ( [ )] ( [ 0
0
2
2
T T mc T T mc
U U U
E E E
+ =
+ = =
=
v v
43 42 1
43 42 1

Substituting,
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) 0 C 25 C kJ/kg 3.1156 kg 0.808 C 80 C kJ/kg 0.743 kg 4.77 = +
o o o o
f f
T T
It gives T
f
= 57.2C
where T
f
is the final equilibrium temperature in the cylinder.
The answer would be the same if the piston were not free to move since it would effect only
pressure, and not the specific heats.
(b) We take the entire cylinder as our system, which is a closed system. Noting that the cylinder is well-
insulated and thus there is no heat transfer, the entropy balance for this closed system can be expressed as

{
He N gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
2
0 S S S
S S S S
+ = +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1
But first we determine the final pressure in the cylinder:

( )( )( )
kPa 510.6
m 2
K 330.2 K /kmol m kPa 8.314 kmol 0.372
kmol 0.372
kg/kmol 4
kg 0.808
kg/kmol 28
kg 4.77
3
3
total
total
2
He N
He N total
2
2
=

= =
= + = |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
= + =
V
T R N
P
M
m
M
m
N N N
u

Then,
( ) ( ) ( ) kJ/K 0.361
kPa 500
kPa 510.6
ln K kJ/kg 0.2968
K 353
K 330.2
ln K kJ/kg 1.039 kg 4.77
ln ln
2
2
N
1
2
1
2
N
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
P
P
R
T
T
c m S
p

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-103
( ) ( ) ( )
K kJ 034 0 395 . 0 361 . 0
kJ/K 0.395
kPa 500
kPa 510.6
ln K kJ/kg 2.0769
K 298
K 330.2
ln K kJ/kg 5.1926 kg 0.808
ln ln
He N gen
He
1
2
1
2
He
2
/ . = + = + =
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S S S
P
P
R
T
T
c m S
p

The wasted work potential is equivalent to the exergy destroyed during a process, and it can be determined
from an exergy balance or directly from its definition , X T
gen destroyed
=
0
S
kJ 10.1 = = = kJ/K) K)(0.034 298 (
0 destroyed gen
S T X
If the piston were not free to move, we would still have T
2
= 330.2 K but the volume of each gas would
remain constant in this case:

( )( )
( )( )
kJ/K 0.021 258 . 0 237 . 0
kJ/K 0.258
K 298
K 330.2
ln K kJ/kg 3.1156 kg 0.808 ln ln
kJ/K 0.237
K 353
K 330.2
ln K kJ/kg 0.743 kg 4.77 ln ln
He N gen
He
0
1
2
1
2
He
N
0
1
2
1
2
N
2
2
2
= + = + =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S S S
R
T
T
c m S
R
T
T
c m S

V
V
V
V
v
v

and kJ 6.26 = = = kJ/K) K)(0.021 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-104
8-119 An insulated cylinder is divided into two parts. One side of the cylinder contains N
2
gas and the
other side contains He gas at different states. The final equilibrium temperature in the cylinder and the
wasted work potential are to be determined for the cases of piston being fixed and moving freely.
Assumptions 1 Both N
2
and He are ideal gases with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in the
container itself, except the piston, is negligible. 3 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is
negligible. 4 Initially, the piston is at the average temperature of the two gases.
Properties The gas constants and the constant volume specific heats are R = 0.2968 kPa.m
3
/kg.K is c
v
=
0.743 kJ/kgC for N
2
, and R = 2.0769 kPa.m
3
/kg.K is c
v
= 3.1156 kJ/kgC for He (Tables A-1 and A-
2). The specific heat of copper piston is c = 0.386 kJ/kgC (Table A-3).
Analysis The mass of each gas in the cylinder is

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
kg 0.808
K 353 K /kg m kPa 2.0769
m 1 kPa 500
kg 4.77
K 353 K /kg m kPa 0.2968
m 1 kPa 500
3
3
He
1
1 1
He
3
3
N
1
1 1
N
2
2
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
RT
P
m
RT
P
m
V
V

Copper
He
1 m
3

500 kPa
25C
N
2

1 m
3

500 kPa
80C
Taking the entire contents of the cylinder as our system, the 1st
law relation can be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
)] ( [ )] ( [ )] ( [ 0
0
Cu 1 2 He 1 2 N 1 2
Cu He N
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
2
2
T T mc T T mc T T mc
U U U U
E E E
+ + =
+ + = =
=
v v
43 42 1
43 42 1

where
T
1, Cu
= (80 + 25) / 2 = 52.5C
Substituting,

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) 0 C 52.5 C kJ/kg 0.386 kg 5.0
C 25 C kJ/kg 3.1156 kg 0.808 C 80 C kJ/kg 0.743 kg 4.77
= +
+
o o
o o o o
f
f f
T
T T

It gives
T
f
= 56.0C
where T
f
is the final equilibrium temperature in the cylinder.
The answer would be the same if the piston were not free to move since it would effect only
pressure, and not the specific heats.
(b) We take the entire cylinder as our system, which is a closed system. Noting that the cylinder is well-
insulated and thus there is no heat transfer, the entropy balance for this closed system can be expressed as

{
piston He N gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
2
0 S S S S
S S S S
+ + = +
= +
43 42 1
43 42 1
But first we determine the final pressure in the cylinder:

( )( )( )
kPa 508.8
m 2
K 329 K /kmol m kPa 8.314 kmol 0.372
kmol 0.372
kg/kmol 4
kg 0.808
kg/kmol 28
kg 4.77
3
3
total
total
2
He N
He N total
2
2
=

= =
= + = |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
= + =
V
T R N
P
M
m
M
m
N N N
u

Then,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-105
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
kJ/K 0.0334 021 . 0 386 . 0 374 . 0
kJ/K 0.021
K 325.5
K 329
ln K kJ/kg 0.386 kg 5 ln
kJ/K 0.386
kPa 500
kPa 508.8
ln K kJ/kg 2.0769
K 353
K 329
ln K kJ/kg 5.1926 kg 0.808
ln ln
kJ/K 0.374
kPa 500
kPa 508.8
ln K kJ/kg 0.2968
K 353
K 329
ln K kJ/kg 1.039 kg 4.77
ln ln
piston He N gen
piston
1
2
piston
He
1
2
1
2
He
N
1
2
1
2
N
2
2
2
= + + = + + =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S S S S
T
T
mc S
P
P
R
T
T
c m S
P
P
R
T
T
c m S
p
p

The wasted work potential is equivalent to the exergy destroyed during a process, and it can be determined
from an exergy balance or directly from its definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 9.83 = = = kJ/K) K)(0.033 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
If the piston were not free to move, we would still have T
2
= 330.2 K but the volume of each gas would
remain constant in this case:

( )( )
( )( )
kJ/K 0.020 021 . 0 249 . 0 250 . 0
kJ/K 0.249
K 353
K 329
ln K kJ/kg 3.1156 kg 0.808 ln ln
kJ/K 0.250
K 353
K 329
ln K kJ/kg 0.743 kg 4.77 ln ln
piston He N gen
He
0
1
2
1
2
He
N
0
1
2
1
2
N
2
2
2
= + + = + + =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S S S S
R
T
T
c m S
R
T
T
c m S

V
V
V
V
v
v

and kJ 6.0 = = = kJ/K) K)(0.020 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-106
8-120E Argon enters an adiabatic turbine at a specified state with a specified mass flow rate, and leaves at
a specified pressure. The isentropic efficiency of turbine is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible. 4 Argon is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The specific heat ratio of argon is k = 1.667. The constant pressure specific heat of argon is c
p
=
0.1253 Btu/lbm.R (Table A-2E).
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus & & m m m
1 2
& = = . We take the isentropic turbine as the
system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-
flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
0
E E
E E E
& &
4 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
&
43 42 1
& &
=
= =

1
370 kW
Ar

T


) (
0) pe ke (since
2 1 out ,
2 out , 1
s s
s s
h h m W
Q h m W h m
=
+ =
&
&
&
&
&
&
From the isentropic relations,
R 5 . 917
psia 200
psia 30
R) 1960 (
667 . 1 / 667 . 0 / ) 1 (
1
2
1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
s
s
P
P
T T
2
Then the power output of the isentropic turbine becomes
( ) hp 123.2 =
Btu/min 42.41
hp 1
R ) 5 . 917 R)(1960 Btu/lbm .1253 lbm/min)(0 40 (
2 1 out ,
|
.
|

\
|
= =
s p s
T T c m&
&
W
Then the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is determined from
77.1% = = = = 771 . 0
hp 2 . 123
hp 95
out ,
out ,
s
a
T
W
W
&
&

(b) Using the steady-flow energy balance relation ( )
2 1 out ,
T T c m
p a
= &
&
W above, the actual turbine exit
temperature is determined to be
R 1 . 1156 F 1 . 696
hp 1
Btu/min 41 . 42
R) Btu/lbm .1253 lbm/min)(0 (40
hp 95
1500
out ,
1 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
p
a
c m
W
T T
&
&

The entropy generation during this process can be determined from an entropy balance on the turbine,

{
) ( 0 0
1 2 gen gen 2 1
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
s s m S S s m s m S S S S = = + = = + &
& &
& &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &

where
Btu/lbm.R 02816 . 0
psia 200
psia 30
ln R) Btu/lbm (0.04971
R 1960
R 1156.1
ln R) Btu/lbm 1253 . 0 ( ln ln
1
2
1
2
1 2
=
= =
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
p

The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
hp 3 . 14
Btu/min 42.41
hp 1
R) Btu/lbm R)(0.02816 37 lbm/min)(5 40 ( ) (
1 2 0 gen 0 destroyed
= |
.
|

\
|
= = = s s T m S T X &
& &

Then the reversible power and second-law efficiency become
hp 3 . 109 3 . 14 95
destroyed out , out rev,
= + = + = X W W
a
& & &
and 86.9% = = =
hp 3 . 109
hp 95
rev
II
W
W
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-107
8-121 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] The feedwater of a steam power plant is preheated using steam
extracted from the turbine. The ratio of the mass flow rates of the extracted steam and the feedwater are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat loss from the device to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
Properties The properties of steam and feedwater are (Tables A-4 through A-6)

K kJ/kg 2.0417
kJ/kg 719.08
C 170 C 10
MPa 2.5
K kJ/kg 0.7038
kJ/kg 209.34
C 50
MPa 2.5
C 179.88
K kJ/kg 2.1381
kJ/kg 762.51
liquid sat.
MPa 1
K kJ/kg 6.6956
kJ/kg 2828.3
C 200
MPa 1
C 170 @
4
C 170 @
4
2 4
4
C 50 @
3
C 50 @
3
3
3
2
MPa 1 @ 2
MPa 1 @ 2
2
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
o
o
o
o
f
f
f
f
f
f
s s
h h
T T
P
s s
h h
T
P
T
s s
h h
P
s
h
T
P
Analysis (a) We take the heat exchanger as the system, which is
a control volume. The mass and energy balances for this steady-
flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:
2.5
MPa
Feedwater
1 MPa
200C
Steam
from
turbine
4
3
2
1
sat. liquid
Mass balance (for each fluid stream):
fw s
m m m m m m m m m m m & & & & & & & & & & & = = = = = = =
4 3 2 1 out in
(steady) 0
system out in
and 0

Energy balance (for the heat exchanger):



0) pe ke (since
0
4 4 2 2 3 3 1 1
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
= = + = +
= = =
W Q h m h m h m h m
E E E E E
& &
& & & &
& &
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
&
43 42 1
& &

Combining the two, ( ) ( )
4 3 1 2
h h m h h m
fw s
= & &
Dividing by and substituting, & m
fw

( )
( )
0.247 =

=
kJ/kg 2828.3 762.51
kJ/kg 719.08 209.34
1 2
4 3
h h
h h
m
m
fw
s
&
&

(b) The entropy generation during this process per unit mass of feedwater can be determined from an
entropy balance on the feedwater heater expressed in the rate form as
{
0 ) ( ) (
0
0
gen 4 3 2 1
gen 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
entropy of
change of Rate
0
system
generation
entropy of Rate
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr net of Rate
out in
= + +
= + +
= = +
S s s m s s m
S s m s m s m s m
S S S S
fw s
&
& &
&
& & & &
43 42 1
& &
43 42 1
& &


( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) fw kg kJ/K 0.213 7038 . 0 0417 . 2 6956 . 6 1381 . 2 247 . 0
3 4 1 2
gen
= + = + = s s s s
m
m
m
S
fw
s
fw
&
&
&
&

Noting that this process involves no actual work, the reversible work and exergy destruction become
equivalent since The exergy destroyed during a
process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its definition ,
.
destroyed out rev, out act, out rev, destroyed
X W W W X = =
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
feedwater kJ/kg 63.5 / . = = = fw) kg K kJ 213 K)(0 298 (
gen 0 destroyed
S T X
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-108
8-122 EES Problem 8-121 is reconsidered. The effect of the state of the steam at the inlet of the feedwater
heater on the ratio of mass flow rates and the reversible power is to be investigated.
Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows:

"InputData"
"Steam(letst=steamdata):"
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
T_st[1]=200[C]
{P_st[1]=1000[kPa]}
P_st[2]=P_st[1]
x_st[2]=0"saturatedliquid,quality=0%"
T_st[2]=temperature(steam,P=P_st[2],x=x_st[2])

"Feedwater(letfw=feedwaterdata):"
T_fw[1]=50[C]
P_fw[1]=2500[kPa]
P_fw[2]=P_fw[1]"assumenopressuredropforthefeedwater"
T_fw[2]=T_st[2]-10

"Surroundings:"
T_o=25[C]
P_o=100[kPa]"Assumedvalueforthesurrroundingspressure"
"Conservationofmass:"
"Thereisoneentrance,oneexitforboththesteamandfeedwater."
"Steam:m_dot_st[1]=m_dot_st[2]"
"Feedwater:m_dot_fw[1]=m_dot_fw[2]"
"Letm_ratio=m_dot_st/m_dot_fw"
"ConservationofEnergy:"
"Wewritetheconservationofenergyforsteady-flowcontrolvolume
havingtwoentrancesandtwoexitswiththeaboveassumptions.Since
neitheroftheflowratesisknoworcanbefound,writetheconservation
ofenergyperunitmassofthefeedwater."
E_in-E_out=DELTAE_cv
DELTAE_cv=0"Steady-flowrequirement"
E_in=m_ratio*h_st[1]+h_fw[1]
h_st[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T_st[1],P=P_st[1])
h_fw[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T_fw[1],P=P_fw[1])
E_out=m_ratio*h_st[2]+h_fw[2]
h_fw[2]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T_fw[2],P=P_fw[2])
h_st[2]=enthalpy(Fluid$,x=x_st[2],P=P_st[2])

"ThereversibleworkisgivenbyEq.7-47,wheretheheattransferiszero
(thefeedwaterheaterisadiabatic)andtheExergydestroyedissetequal
tozero"
W_rev=m_ratio*(Psi_st[1]-Psi_st[2])+(Psi_fw[1]-Psi_fw[2])
Psi_st[1]=h_st[1]-h_st_o-(T_o+273)*(s_st[1]-s_st_o)
s_st[1]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T_st[1],P=P_st[1])
h_st_o=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T_o,P=P_o)
s_st_o=entropy(Fluid$,T=T_o,P=P_o)
Psi_st[2]=h_st[2]-h_st_o-(T_o+273)*(s_st[2]-s_st_o)
s_st[2]=entropy(Fluid$,x=x_st[2],P=P_st[2])
Psi_fw[1]=h_fw[1]-h_fw_o-(T_o+273)*(s_fw[1]-s_fw_o)
h_fw_o=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T_o,P=P_o)
s_fw[1]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T_fw[1],P=P_fw[1])
s_fw_o=entropy(Fluid$,T=T_o,P=P_o)
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-109
Psi_fw[2]=h_fw[2]-h_fw_o-(T_o+273)*(s_fw[2]-s_fw_o)
s_fw[2]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T_fw[2],P=P_fw[2])

m
ratio
[kg/kg] W
rev
[kJ/kg] P
st,1
[kPa]
0.06745 12.9 100
0.1067 23.38 200
0.1341 31.24 300
0.1559 37.7 400
0.1746 43.26 500
0.1912 48.19 600
0.2064 52.64 700
0.2204 56.72 800
0.2335 60.5 900
0.246 64.03 1000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.24
0.28
P
st[1]
[kPa]
m
r
a
t
i
o
[
k
g
s
t
/
k
g
,
f
w
]

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
P
st[1]
[kPa]
W
r
e
v
[
k
J
/
k
g
f
w
]

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-110
8-123 A 1-ton (1000 kg) of water is to be cooled in a tank by pouring ice into it. The final equilibrium
temperature in the tank and the exergy destruction are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Thermal properties of the ice and water are constant. 2 Heat transfer to the water tank is
negligible. 3 There is no stirring by hand or a mechanical device (it will add energy).
Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is c = 4.18 kJ/kgC, and the specific heat of ice
at about 0C is c = 2.11 kJ/kgC (Table A-3). The melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at 1
atm are 0C and 333.7 kJ/kg..
Analysis (a) We take the ice and the water as the system, and disregard
any heat transfer between the system and the surroundings. Then the
energy balance for this process can be written as
ice
-5C
80 kg
WATER
1 ton
water ice
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in Change
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra Net
out in
0
0
U U
U
E E E
+ =
=
=
43 42 1
43 42 1

0 )] ( [ ] ) C 0 ( ) C 0 ( [
water 1 2 ice liquid 2 solid 1
= + + + T T mc T mc mh T mc
if
o o

Substituting,
(
( )( )( )
80
2
2
kg){(2.11 kJ / kg C)[0 (-5)] C+ 333.7 kJ / kg +(4.18 kJ / kg C)( 0) C}
1000 kg 4.18 kJ / kg C 20 C 0

+ =
o o o
o o
T
T
o

It gives T
2
= 12.42C
which is the final equilibrium temperature in the tank.
(b) We take the ice and the water as our system, which is a closed system .Considering that the tank is
well-insulated and thus there is no heat transfer, the entropy balance for this closed system can be
expressed as

{
water
S S S
S S S S
+ = +
= +
ice gen
entropy in
Change
system
generation
Entropy
gen
mass and heat by
ansfer entropy tr Net
out in
0
43 42 1
43 42 1
where

( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
kJ/K 115.783
K 273
K 285.42
ln K kJ/kg 4.18
K 273
kJ/kg 333.7
K 268
K 273
ln K kJ/kg 2.11 kg 80
ln ln
kJ/K 109.590
K 293
K 285.42
ln K kJ/kg 4.18 kg 1000 ln
ice
liquid
1
2
melting
solid
1
melting
ice
liquid melting solid ice
water
1
2
water
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ + =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
T
mc
T
mh
T
T
mc
S S S S
T
T
mc S
ig

Then, kJ/K .193 6 783 . 115 590 . 109
ice water gen
= + = + = S S S
The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition ,
gen 0 destroyed
S T X =
kJ 1815 = kJ/K) K)(6.193 293 (
gen 0 destroyed
= = S T X
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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