Probleme de matematici speciale

1. Sisteme simetrice i ecuaii cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti liniare i

cvasiliniare



1. S se determine integralele prime ale sistemului simetric
xy
dz
yz
dy
xz
dx
= = .


2. S se integreze sistemul simetric
y x
dz
z y x
dy
x y
dx

=
+ +
=

.


3. S se afle integralele prime ale sistemului
z xy
dz
y
dy
x
dx
+
= = .

4. S se afle integralele prime ale sistemului de ecuaii difereniale sub form simetric
y x
dz
z x
dy
z y
dx
+
=
+
=
+
.

5. S se afle integralele prime ale sistemului de ecuatii diferentiale sub form simetric
z
dz
y
dy
z y x
dx
= =
+ +
2 2
.

6. S se afle integralele prime ale sistemului de ecuaii difereniale sub form simetric
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
y x z
dz
z x y
dy
z y x
dx

=
+
=
+
.

7. S se integreze sistemul simetric de ecuaii difereniale:
1 2
3
3 1
2
2 3
1
x x
dx
x x
dx
x x
dx

8. S se afle soluia general a ecuaiei 0
2 2
=

+
+

z
u
z
y x
y
u
y
x
u
x .

9. S se rezolve problema Cauchy

= =
> =

x z 0 y curba prin trece care

0 x 0
y
z
x
x
z
y
.

10. S se gseasc soluia general a ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti
cvasiliniar y x
y
z
x
x
z
y =

11. S se gseasc soluia general a ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti
cvasiliniar yz
y
z
x
x
z
xy =

2


12. S se integreze urmtoarea ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti cvasiliniar
) 1 (
2 2
x x
y
u
y
x
u
xy + =

13. S se integreze urmtoarea ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti cvasiliniar
( ) ( ) ( ) u
z
u
y x
y
u
x z
x
u
z y =

+ +

+ +

+

14. S se integreze urmtoarea ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti cvasiliniar
( ) xy
z
u
u z
y
u
y
x
u
x =

+ +

15. S se afle suprafaa integral a ecuaiei cu derivate pariale de ordinul nti
cvasiliniar x y
y
z
z
x
z
z =

care conine curba

=
=
2
1
y z
x


16. S se integreze ecuaia diferenial cu derivate partiale de ordinul nti liniare:
, 0
x
u
x
x
u
x
x
u
x
3
3
2
2
1
1
=

. x x u
2 1
1 x
3
=
=



2. Forme canonice ale ecuaiilor cu derivate pariale de ordinul doi, cvasiliniare.
Problema Cauchy pentru ecuaii hiperbolice

1. Aducei la forma canonic
0 u x 16
y
u
y 4
x
u
x 2
y
u
y 3
y x
u
xy 2
x
u
x
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +

R:
y
x
, xy
3
= = conduc la 0 U
U 1 U
4
1 U
2
= +

2. S se aduc la forma canonic
0
y
u
x sin
y
u
x sin
y x
u
x cos 2
x
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

R: x sin y x , x sin y x + = + = conduce la 0
U
4
2
=

3. S se aduc la forma canonic

0
y
u
y
y x
u
xy 2
x
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

.
R: y , x / y = = duce la forma canonic 0
U
2
2
=

.


4. S se aduc la forma canonic
0
y
u
y
x
u
2
2
2
2
=

n domeniul y>0
R: y 2 , x = = conduce la forma canonic 0
U 1 U U
2
2
2
2
=

.

5. S se rezolve 0
y
u
2
y x
u
3
x
u
2
2 2
2
2
=

cu condiiile
2
y 3 ) y , 0 (
x
u
, 0 ) 0 , x ( u =

=
R: ( )
2 2 3
xy 3 y x 9 x 7 y , x u + =


6. S se determine soluiile generale ale ecuaiilor:

a. 0
y
u
3
y x
u
2
x
u
2
2 2
2
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( ) y 3 x g y x f y , x u + + =

b. 0
x
u
a
y x
u
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( )
ay
e x g y f y , x u

+ =

c. 2
y
u
x
u
3
y
u
2
y x
u
5
x
u
3
2
2 2
2
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( )
7
x y 3
e y x 2 g y 3 x f y x y , x u

+ + + =

d. ) y , x ( f
y x
u
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + =
x
x
y
y
0 0
d d , f y g x f y , x u

e. 0
y
u
y
x
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( ) y / x g | xy | xy f y , x u + =

f. 0
y
u
y
y x
u
xy 2
x
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

Indicaie: se va folosi problema 3.

g. 0
x
u
x 2
y
u
y 3
y x
u
xy 2
x
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( ) y / x g | xy | xy f y , x u
3 4 / 3
+ =

h. ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
y x 16
y
u
x
u
=

R: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y x g y x f y x y , x u
2
2 2
+ + + =



7. S se rezolve problemele Cauchy
a. 0
y
u
2
x
u
6
y
u
y x
u
6
x
u
9
2
2 2
2
2
=

, ( ) 1 x 0 , x u + = , ( )
2
x 2 5 0 , x
y
u
=

R: ( ) ( ) 1 xy 6 y 9 x e 2 y 3 x xy 6 y 9 x y , x u
2 2 y 2 2 2
+ + + + + + =



b. 0
y
u
y
x
u
x
y
u
y
x
u
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

, ( )
x
e 1 , x u = , ( )
x
xe 1 , x
y
u

=

R: ( )
2
e e
2
e e
y , x u
y / x y / x xy xy
+
+

=

c. 0
y
u
9
x
u
2
2
2
2
=

, ( ) x sin 0 , x u = , ( )
2
x 0 , x
y
u
=

R: ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
t 3 x t 3 x
18
1
2
t 3 x sin t 3 x sin
y , x u + +
+
=



Transformate Laplace

1. S se determine transformata Laplace a funciilor:
a.

<
=
0 t , t 2 sin t
0 t , 0
) t ( f
2


b.

=
] 2 , 1 [ t , 0
2 t 1 , t
) t ( f

c. ( )

<

\
|

=
3
t , 0
3
t ,
3
t sin
t f

d. ( )

<

\
|

=
0 t , 0
0 t ,
3
t sin
t f

e. ( )

<

=


0 t , 0
0 t , d e
2
t f
t
0
2

Indicaie: Dac ( ) ( ) t f e t g
t
= atunci ( ) ( )
t
1
t g t ' g

+ = . Se aplic proprietile
transformatei Laplace i rezult ( )
1 p p
1
p F
+
= .

f. ( )

<

=


0 t , 0
0 t , d e sin
t f
t
0
t


g. ( )
( )

+ < +
<
=
N n , 1 n t n , h ) 1 n (
0 t , 0
t f , unde R h i 0 > sunt fixate.


2. S se determine inversele urmtoarelor transformate Laplace
a. ( )
2 p p
8 p
p F
2
+
+
=

b. ( )
( )
2
2
2
p 1
p 2 1
p F
+
+
=

c. ( )
( )
3
2
1 p
1
p F
+
=

d. ( )
( ) ( )
3
2
1 1 p
1
p F
+
=


3. S se rezolve prin utilizarea transformatelor Laplace urmtoarele ecuaii i sisteme de
ecuaii difereniale:

1. ( ) ( ) ( )
t
e 6 t x 2 t ' x 3 t ' ' x

= + , ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' x , 2 0 x = =
R: ( )
2
e e
2 t x
t t
+
=

2. ( ) ( ) t cos t ' x t ' ' ' x = + , ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' ' x , 2 0 ' x , 0 0 x = = = .
R: ( ) t sin
2
3
t cos t
2
1
t x =

3.
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t sin t x t ' ' x 2 t x
4
= + + , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' ' ' x 0 ' ' x 0 ' x 0 x = = = = .
R: ( ) t sin t
8
1
t cos t
8
3
t sin
8
3
t x
2
=

4.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = +
= + + +

1 e 3 t x 2 t ' y t ' ' x

t t y t x t ' y t ' x
t
, ( ) ( ) 1 0 ' x , 0 0 x = = , ( ) 0 0 y = .
R: ( ) 1 e t x
t
=

, ( ) t t y =

5.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

+ =
+ =
+ =
t y t x t ' z
t z t x t ' y
t z t y t ' x
, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 z 0 y 0 x = = =
R: ( ) ( ) ( )
t 2
e t z t y t x = = =

6. t cos ) t ( ' x ) t ( ' ' ' x
2
= + , 1 ) 0 ( ' ' x , 3 / 1 ) 0 ( ' x , 1 ) 0 ( x = = = .
R: t 2 sin
12
1
t cos t
2
1
) t ( x + =
7.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + =
+ =
+ + =
t z t y t x t ' z
t z t y t x t ' y
t z t y t x t ' x
, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 z 0 y , 0 0 x = = =
R: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t 2
e t z , t 2 ch t y , t 2 sh t x = = =

8.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= + + +
= + + + + +
t 2 t ' y 2 t ' ' y t x 2 t ' x 2
1 t y t ' y t ' ' y t x t ' x 2 t ' ' x
, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0 ' y , 1 0 y , 2 0 ' x , 0 0 x = = = =
R: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t cos e t t y , t sin e t t x
t t
+ = + =

9.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
+ =
t z t ' ' z
t y t x t ' ' y
t z t x t y 3 t ' ' x
, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' z , 1 0 z , 1 0 ' y , 0 0 y , 0 0 ' x 0 x = = = = = =
R: ( ) ( ) t 2 sin
8
3
t 2 cos
4
3
t 1
4
3
t x + = , ( ) ( ) t cos t 2 sin
8
1
t 2 cos
4
1
t 1
4
3
t y + = ,
( ) t cos t z = .


Calcul variaional

1. S se determine funciile y(x) care extremizeaz funcinalele urmtoare

a.
( )
( )

+
=
b
0
2
dx
x y
x ' y 1
] y [ I
Indicaie: ( )
y
' y 1
' y , y , x F
2
+
= nu depinde de x, deci const F
' y
F
' y =

de unde
2
' y 1
K
y
+
= . Lund = tg ' y gsim
( )
2
2 cos 1 K
y
+
= de unde prin derivare n raport cu
x i nlocuirea = tg ' y rezult
dx
d
2 sin K tg

= . Prin integrarea acestei ecuaii
difereniale rezult ( ) L 2 sin 2
2
K
x + + = . Obinem astfel ecuaiile parametrice ale
curbei integrale.

b. | |

+
=
b
a
2
dx
y
' y 1
y I
Indicaie: Ca la exerciiul precedent rezult
2
2 2
y
y K
' y

= care se poate integra fie
direct fie prin substituia = sin K y care conduce la

=
sin
cos
dx
dy
, de unde
= d sin K dx i n final C cos K x + = , = cos K y . Curba integral este un cerc.

c. | | ( )

=
2 /
0
2 2
dx y ' y y I , ( ) ( ) 1 2 / y , 0 0 y = =
R: ( ) x sin x y =

d. ( )

+ =
1
0
2
dx ' y ' xy ] y [ I , ( ) 0 0 y = , ( ) 4 / 1 1 y =
R: ( )
4
x x 2
x y
2

=

e.

=
2
1
2 2
dx ' y x ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) 1 2 y , 3 1 y = =
R: ( ) 1
x
4
x y =

f. ( )

+ =
e
1
2
dx y 2 ' xy ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) e e y , 0 1 y = =
R: ( ) 1 x ln x x y + =

g. ( )

+ + =
1
0
2
dx xy 12 ' yy ' y ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) 4 1 y , 1 0 y = =
R: ( ) 1 x 2 x x y
3
+ + =

h. ( )

+ + =
2 ln
0
x 2 2
dx e y 2 y 2 ' y ] y [ I , ( ) ( )
8
31
2 ln y , 0 0 y = =
R: ( )
x 3 x 2
e e x y

=

i. ( )

+ =
2
0
2
dx ' y 1 y ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) 5 2 y , 2 0 y = =
R: ( ) 1
2
2 x
x y
2
+
|

\
| +
=

2. S se determine extremalele urmtoarelor funcionale:

a. ( )

+ + =
1
0
2 2 2
dx y 4 ' y 5 ' ' y ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 sh 1 ' y , 1 ch 1 y , 0 0 ' y , 0 0 y = = = =
R: ( ) ( ) x 2 sh x y =

b. ( )

+ + =
1
0
2 2 2
dx y ' y 2 ' ' y ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 sh 1 ' y , 0 1 y , 1 0 ' y , 0 0 y = = = =
R: ( ) ( ) ( ) x sh x 1 x y =

c. ( )

=
1
0
2 2
dx ' ' y y x 720 ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ' y , 0 1 y , 1 0 ' y , 0 0 y = = = =
R: ( ) x x x x x y
2 3 6
+ =

d. ( )

=
0
1
2
dx ' ' ' y y 240 ] y [ I , ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 1 ' ' y ,
2
9
1 ' y , 1 1 y = = = , ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' ' y 0 ' y 0 y = = =
R: ( ) x x 3
2
x 3
2
x
x y
2
3 6
+ + =

Bibliografie

1. Dorin Bena, Matematici Speciale (exerciii i probleme), Editura Printech, Bucureti,
2001
2. Ioana Brz, Matematici Speciale (culegere de probleme rezolvate), Editura Psyche,
Bucureti, 2003
3. Cristian Costinescu, Mathmatiques Avances (rcueil de problmes), Litografia
UTCB, 1996
4. V.S. Vladimirov, V.P. Mihailov, A.A. Vaarin, H.H. Karimova, I.V. Sidorov, M.I.
Sabunin, Culegere de Probleme de Ecuaiile Fizicii Matematice, Nauka, Moscova, 1974
(n limba rus)