Anbeshi 2069

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"cGj]ifL"
@)^(
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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

ljZn]if0ffTds
cWoog k|ltj]bg
cf]/]s g]kfn
afns'df/L, nlntk'/
cGj]ifL"
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg
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@)^(
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"
cf]/]s g]kfn
o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf

nflu ul/g] s'g} klg cleofgsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt ;|f]t v'nfO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
or
ii
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n]vs
M
;+lhtf ltlD;gf
;Nnfxsf/
M
8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L
;Dkfbg
M
8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L
tYof k|zf]wg M
k|ljgf t08'sf/
cfj/0fn]cfp6 M /d]z e08f/L s[i0ff rf}w/L
d'b|0f
M
Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=
cfly{s ;xof]u M
ldh]l/o/, hd{gL
ISBN: 9789937256728
k|sfzs M cf]/]s g]kfn

kf]=a=g+= !#@##, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
Email: ics@worecnepal.org
Website: www.worecnepal.org
ljifo;"rL
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kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx / ljZn]if0f

@ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f
@=! lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] If]qut l:ylt
@=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x
@=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/
@=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff
@=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
@=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw
@=* k|efljtsf] k]zf
@=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfxdfly k/]sf] c;/
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kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f

#=! dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f
#=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :jkx
#=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x
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.w
or
kl/R5]b !M kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
!=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldf
!=# cWoog ljlw
l.o
rg
cfef/
b'O{ zAb
sfo{ut kl/efiff
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(
3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/

k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f
k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f
k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f
k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f
k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/
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l.o
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#=$
#=%
#=^
#=&
#=*
#=(
#=!)
or
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kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f

$=! dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f
$=@ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :jkx
$=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x
$=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
$=% k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f
$=* k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f
$=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/
.w
kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/
%=! anfTsf/
%=@ anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/
%=# k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
%=$ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/
%=% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf
%=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
%=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
%=* anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/
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l.o
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kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f

^=! of}lgs lx+;f
^=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;f
^=# of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/
^=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
^=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
^=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
^=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
^=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x
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kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/

*=! dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
*=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
*=# k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw
*=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
*=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf
*=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
*=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
*=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x
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.w
or
kl/R5]b & M xTof

&=! xTof
&=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof
&=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
&=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof
&=^ k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof
&=& k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof
ec
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kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u

!)=! k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f
!)=@ k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f
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l.o
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kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld

(=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld
(=@ kL8ssf] pd]/
(=# kL8ssf] n}ls ljj/0f
(=$ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf
(=% kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf
(=^ kL8ssf] k]zf
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kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx
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or
kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg

;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo
lrqxsf] ;"rL
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rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
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rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt

rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x?
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rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx
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rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
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ec
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rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx
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rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
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rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf
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rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x
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rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx k|ltztdf
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rf6{ g+= !@ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx / kL8ssf] ;DaGw
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rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx
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.w
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rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx
rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf
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kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf
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l.o
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rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdf k/]sf] c;/x k|ltztdf 68

rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x
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rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
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rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= @# pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 77

rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f
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rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f
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rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 79

rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
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rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
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.w
or
rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x
rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

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rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

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rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 91

rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf] cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x?

rf6{ g+=#& pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of}lgs lx+;fsf] cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;f
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l.o
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rf6{ g+= #* of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g++=$! of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;fsf
kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k]zf / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
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rf6{ g+= $$ of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/]sf c;/x
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rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw
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rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof
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rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof
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rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / xTof
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or
ec
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rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffx
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rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof
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.w
rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof
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rf6{ g+= %$ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] j}jflxs cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= %% a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] z}lIfs cj:yf
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rf6{ g+= %^ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] ;fIf/tfsf] :t/
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rf6{ g+=%& a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] hfltut ljj/0f
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rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/
rf6{ g+=%# a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 116
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rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/x
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rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x
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rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}ls ljj/0f
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rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf

rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf
rf6{ g+ ^%
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf
l.o
rg
rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf] k]zf / a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] cj:yf
kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f
rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt
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rf6{ g+= ^& lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf nflu ;+:yfn] o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf]
ljj/0f k|ltztdf
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rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x -k|ltztdf _
140
rf6{ g+= &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
140
rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x
141
.w
or
rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
141
rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf
142
rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/
rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf
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143
of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2]Zox
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
cf]/]s g]kfnn] ljut % jif{b]lv dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf

36gfxsf] clen]vLs/0fug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cf]/] s g]kfnn]
ljleGg /fli6o b}lgs kqklqsfxdf k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf
lx+;f ;DalGw 36gfxsf] cg'udg u/L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]
cGTosf nflu ;Dk'0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ hjfkmb]lx / pQ/bflo
aGgsf nflu k}/jL ug{] p2]Zon] x/]s dlxgf dfl;s k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5. o;sf ;fy} cf]/]s
g]kfnn] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] cg'udg tyf
:ynut e|d0f u/L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ ;~rf/
dfWoddf / cGtlqmof sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ub{}
;/f] sf/nfxsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] sfo{ ;d]t ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
or
o;/L dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] clen]vLs/0fu/L

To;sf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ;lxtsf] jif{ k':ts tof/ ug'{sf
p2]Zox lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] l:yltsf] klxrfg u/L dlxnfdfly x'g]

lx+;flj? /fHonfO{ plrt sfg'g, lglt lgod, of]hgf lgdf{0f
u/L cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ bafj lbg] tyf ;r]t
u/fpg] .
lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kg{]
If]qxsf] klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ clkn
ug{] .
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] Gofodf kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu
pgLxsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
/ To;df k|efljt dlxnfxsf] kx'r
F ;'lglZrt ug{ k}/jL ug{] .
.w
11
cfef/
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGToljgf dlxnfclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf

x'g ;Qm}g. ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / b]zdf lbuf] zflGtsf nflu
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo cfjZos 5. o;y{ o; cj:Yffsf] cGTo
;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn JolQm,
gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx, /fhgLltsdL{x, ;+:yf / ;d"x ;a}sf]
;xsfo{af6 dfq} ;Dej 5.
ec
ne
pa
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf ha;Dd aflx/ cfpFb}g

ta;Dd o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg ufx|f] x'G5 / o;sf] cGTosf
nflu ul/Psf k|of;x k|of;df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g\. o;y{
dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ug{] p2]Zon] dlxnflx+;f
lj?sf] cleofgdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] w]/} ;\3;+:yf, dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/sdL{xsf] ;+o'Qm k|of; xf] cGj]ifL sf] kfrf}+ c\s.
.w
or
12
lkQ[;QfTds ;f]r xfaL /x]sf] ;dfhdf cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?

af]Ng cem}klg dlxnfxnfO{ Tolt ;lhnf]5}g. oBlk cfkm"dfly ePsf
lx+;fsf 36gfx cGo dlxnfxn] ef]Ug' gk/f] ;\ eGg] cfsf+Iffsf
;fy cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;fx; a6'Ng'x'g]
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL dlxnfxk|lt cf]/]s g]kfn ljz]if s[t1tf JoQm ub{5.
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx aflx/ NofpFbf dlxnfxn] ;'/Iff
/ cGo hf]lvdxsf] ;d]t ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5.
oBlk ;d'bfo:t/df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsxn]
cfkm"dfly kg{] hf]lvd / r'gf}ltsf] k|jfxljgf cfgf 3/, l5d]s /
lhNnfdf 36]sf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxnfO{ aflx/ Nofpg
ug'{ePsf] ;fx;, w}o{ / sfdsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub{} cfkm"n] clen]vg
u/]sf 36gfx cf]/] s g]kfnsf] tYof zfvfdf k7fpg' x'g] ;Dk'0f{
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsxk|lt xfdL ljz]if cfef/ k|s6 ug{
rfxG5f}+ .
cf]/] s g]kfnsf lhNnf sfof{noxdf /x] / ;d'bfo:t/af6 k|fKt dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gfxnfO{ b:tfj]hLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg'x'g] df]/
zfvfsf zflGt bg'jf/, pbok'/ zfvfsf /df du/, l;/xf zfvfsf
x]df sfsL{, wg'iff zfvfsf k|d] z d08n, s}nfnL zfvfsf ljg' /f0ff, /
bf zfvfsf lx/fdl0f rf}w/LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
o; k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{sf nflu tYofnfO{ ;dfof]hg, ljZn]if0f tyf

lrqxsf] tof/L / k|ltj]bg n]vg u/L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{]
cf]/] s g]kfnsL sfo{qmd ;+of]hs ;+lhtf ltlD;gfnfO{ cf]/] s g]kfn
cfef/ k|s6 ub{5. o;sf ;fy} o; sfo{df ;3fp k'ofpg' x'g] tYof
zfvfsf k|lagf t08'sf/nfO{ klg cf]/]s g]kfn ljz]if wGojfb JoQm
ub{5. 36gf ;+sngdf ;xof]u k'ofpg' x'g] cf]/]s g]kfnsf snf
/fO{, lglndf /fO{, lbkf l3ld/] tyf ljg' e'h]nnfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ . ;xof]uo;}u/L o; k':ts tof/Lsf qmddf ;xof]u ug'{x'g]
cf]/]s g]kfnsf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdLnfO{ klg
ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+.
cf]/] s g]kfnsf ;+:Yffks cWoIf 8f=/]0f' /fhe08f/LnfO{ o; k':tsnfO{
d"t{ k lbgsf nflu pxfFn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] ;'emfj, lgb{] zg tyf
;xof]uk|lt ;+:yf cfef/ k|s6 ub{5.
.w
or
cf]/] s g]kfnsf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/LnfO{

cToGt} sd ;dodf klg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;Dkfbg u/L o; k':tssf]
k|sfzgsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'e
{ Psf]df ljz]if cfef/k|s6
ub{5f}+. cfj/0f tyf ;fh;Hhf u/L of] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg
;xof]u ug'{ x'g] cf]/]s g]kfnsf k|sfzg zfvfsf /d]z e08f/L /
s[i0ff rf}w/LnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb glbO /xg ;lsb}g. ;fy} cGj]ifL d'b|0f
ug'{ x'g] ljsf; Jof~h' tyf Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=, eQmk'/
k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf JolQmxafx]s klg cGo ljleGg JolQmxsf]

;xof]un] dfq of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] xf]. o; k':ts tof/Lsf
nflu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf kn] ;3fpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmxnfO{ cf]/]s
g]kfn wGojfb lbb} xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5.

afa'/fd uf}td
sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs
cf]/] s g]kfn
13
b'O{ zAb
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] jf:tljstf af/] df hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zn]

tof/ kfl/Psf] of] jif{ k':ts cGj]ifLdlxnf cfGbf]ngsf nflu
Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|sfzg xf].
ec
ne
pa
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;dfhsf x/]s ;+/rgfdf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf]

lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf / ;f]rsf] kl/0ffd xf]. To;sf] kmn:jk
jif{}lg xhf/f}+ g]kfnL dlxnfx ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s kdf lx+;f vKg afWo agfO{Psf
5g\. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / ltgsf cfofd / kl/df0fxn] clxn]
dlxnfx cfqmfGt ePsf 5g\. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf]
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjg
hLpg kfpg] clwsf/, :jtGq / ;'/lIft kdf hLjg ofkg ug{
kfpg] clwsf/, :j:y jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/sf] xgg\ u/]sf] 5. 3/b]lv ;fj{hlgs :yn;Dd ljleGg
lx+;fx a9\bf] s|ddf /x] sf] o; jif{ k':ts cGj]ifL n] b]vfPsf]
5. o;n] dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf, JolQmTjdf,
cfTd;Ddfgdf, pTkfbgdf / kl/jf/df k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eg]
b]zsf]ljsf;, pTkfbg /eljiosf ;Gtltxdf ;d]t k|efj kfb{5.
or
14
.w
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b]zdf ;fdflhs Gofo / lbuf]

zflGtsf] :yfkg x'g ;Qm}g. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf
b]zdf g t lbuf] zflGtsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 g t nf]stflGqs
u0ftGq g} lbuf] x'g ;Qm5. dlxnfdfly x'g] x/]s k|sf/sf lx+;fx
ck/fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ xf]. JolQmut txb]lv
gLltut tx;Dd /x] sf] lje]bk"0f{ Pjd\ lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf,
;f]r / wf/0ff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] sf/s tTj xf]. jt{dfg
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotfsf] cf8df dlxnfdfly
x'g] h:tf];'s} cdfgjLo / lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ klg 9fs5f]k ug]{
ul/G5. kmn:jk dlxnfsf] cfgf] z/L/dfly cfgf] lgoGq0f
5}g. of}g tyf k|hgg\ clwsf/ dlxnfnfO{ k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
^$ k|ltzt dlxnfx cfgf] 3/leq cfkmGt}af6 kLl8t ePsf]

o; jif{sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5. cGt/f{li6o:t/df dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;fsf af/]df rrf{ ug{ yflnPsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] ePtf
klg dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg]
sfo{ eg] Tolt ;kmn b]lvGg. ;/sf/ cGt/f{li6o:t/df k|lta4
b]lvP klg b]zdf tL k|lta4tfxnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ c;kmn
/x] sf] o; k':tsdf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf]
ljZn]if0fn] b]vfpF5. oBlk s]xL ;sf/fTds sfdx eg] gePsf
xf]Ogg\. 3/]n' lx+;f lj?4sf] P]g -@)^^_ / 3/]n' lx+;f lgodfjnL
-@)^&_ tyf @)^& ;fnnfO{ n}+ls lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{ egL
ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ log} pknlJwsf kdf lng ;lsG5. g]kfnL
dlxnfxsf] lg/Gt/ bafj / k}/jL tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifxsf] @$ lbg] ef]s x8tfn, sfnf] k]l6sf]6 k|bz{gL u/L
ul/Psf] bafjd'ns sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwsf kdf /x] sf oL sfg'g
tyf gLltx 3f]if0ff ePtf klg kLl8t dlxnfxn] ;xof]u / Gofo
kfpg' cem} cfsfz sf] kmn cfFvf t/L d/ ePsf] 5. 3/]n' lx+;f
lj?4sf] sfg'g cfPtf klg To;df ePsf q'l6xsf sf/0f To;nfO{
k|of]u u/L Gofok|fKt ug]{ cfwf/ lkmtnf] 5. 3/]n' lx+;f lj?4sf]
-ck'/f] _ sfg'g tyf cGo sfg'gxsf] k|of]u u/L ck/fwLnfO{ s]xL
xb;Dd ;hfo lbg ;lsg] cj:yf ePtf klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lgsfoleq /x]sf] lkt[;QfTds d'No / dfGotfsf sf/0f
w]/} dlxnfxn] o;sf] pkof]u ul/ Gofo kfPsf 5}gg\. sfg'g
sfof{Gjog ug]{ txdf /x] sf JolQmxsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/sf sf/0f
w]/} dlxnfx cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f btf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\. btf{ u/] kl5
cfjZos kg]{ ;xof]u -;'/lIft jf;, ufF; / ;'/Iff_ sf] cefjn]
btf{ ug]{ sfo{ yk hl6n ag]sf] 5. s]xL ;fx;L dlxnfxn] 36gf
btf{ u/L xfn]klg ax';+Vos d'2fx cbfnt k'Ub}gg\. k|foM h;f]
36gfdf dlxnfnfO{ g} bf]ifL b]vfpg], dlxnf ePkl5 ;xg' kb{5 eGg]
l;sfpg] ul/G5. kmn:jk dlxnfxdf df}gtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf
ljsf; x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5.
PstGqLo Joj:yfaf6 nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf k|j] z
15
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
u/]sf] b]zdf dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf cleofgdf ;+nUg

b]zsf %! k|ltzt dlxnf gful/sx 3/, kl/jf/ / ;dfhaf6}
lx+;fsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\. b]z nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
kl/kfl6df kfGtl/t ePsf] % jif{ eO{;Sbf klg dlxnfxn]
nf]stGqsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\. b]zdf zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmof
w]/} cufl8 uPsf] elgPtf klg zflGtsf] nfef+z kfpg' kg{] x
cfgf] clwsf/af6 al~rt g} 5g\. /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft
cfgf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 / cfgf clwsf/x ;'lglZrt
x'G5g\ eGg]df ljZjf; lnPsf dlxnfx cem klg cfgf] clwsf/
;'lglZrt x'g] kvf{O{df g} 5g\. o;y{ o; k|ltj]bgn] Psk6s km]l/
kl/jt{gk|lt k|lta4 ;+j]bgzLn /fhg}lts kf6L{x / ;/sf/nfO{
cfkm"n] u/] sf sfo{xsf] ;dLIff ug{ / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug{] k|lta4tf cg'ksf] Jojxf/ ug{ 3R3Rofpg] 5.
cGTodf, o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf/] hfgsf/L

lbO{ dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg{ phf{ yKg'x'g] ;a}df d xflb{s
awfO{ tyf s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5'.
.w
or
16
o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0fn]

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fk|lt ;/f] sf/jfnfxnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL
aGgsf nflu k|] l/t ub{5. o; cWoog k|ltj]bgn] xfn ;Dd g]kfn
;/sf/n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / n}ls ;dfgtfsf nflu u/]sf
sfo{xsf] ;dLIff ug{ / cfufdL lbgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4
plrt sfg'g, gLlt lgod, of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos
kxnxsf af/]df uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rgsf nflu ;d]t d2t ub{5
eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; nfu]s]f 5.
8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L

;+:yfks cWoIf, cf]/] s g]kfn
sfo{ut kl/efiff
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf lx+;fsf :jkx ljleGg 5g\. lx+;fsf

:jkxnfO{ & efudf juL{s/0f u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5.
s_ lx+;fsf k|sf/
ec
ne
pa
3/]n' lx+;f
3/leq kl/jf/sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfnfO{ 3/]n' lx+;fleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. >Ldfg\ tyf
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:oxaf6 ePsf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cfly{s
kdf.. o:tf] lx+;fleq s'6lk6, ax'ljjfx, 3/lgsfnf, uflnunf}h,
efjgfTds rf]6 k'ofpg] sfo{ tyf ljleGg 8/, qf; b]vfO{ ePsf
dfgl;s lx+;fsf 36gfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
.w
or
;fdflhs lx+;f
dlxnf a;]s]f ;dfhsf JolQmxaf6 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxnfO{
;fdflhs lx+;fleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. ;fdflhs lx+;fleq
ljz]ifu/L af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx,
5'jf5't, afnljjfx, bfO{hf]sf sf/0fn] ePsf lx+;fx, dlxnfdfly
;dfhsf JolQmxaf6 ;fdflhs / dfgl;s c;/ kf/]sf
36gfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
of}lgs l+x;f
dlxnfsf] O{R5f ljk/Lt ha/h:tL of}g c\ux tyf ;+j] bglzn
cxdf 5'g] , ;'D;'Dofpg], cZnLn zAbxsf] k|of]u ug{] , lh:sfpg],
cZnLn lrq, b[Zo jf lkmNdx b]vfpg] h:tf 36gfxnfO{o;
k|ltj]bgdf of}lgs lx+;fleq /flvPsf 5g\.
17
l.o
rg
anfTsf/
anfTsf/, ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ / anfTsf/sf] k|of;nfO{ anfTsf/sf]
kl/efiffleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. o;df dlxnfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{
jf ha/h:tL zlQm k|of]u u/L ePsf anfTsf/sf 36gfxnfO{
o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\.
or
xTof
xTofleq dlxnfnfO{ dg;fok"j{s ljleGg tj/af6 dfl/Psf tyf
dfg{] k|of; ul/Psf 36gfxnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5.
.w
18
ec
ne
pa
a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
bf;tf, afWofTds >d -aFwj' f dhb'/L jf C0fL agfOPsf JolQmxsf]
>dnufot_ / bf;tfk"0f{ Jojxf/sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 8/,
wfs b]vfO{, hfnem]n u/L jf zlQm/kbsf] b'kof]u u/L sfddf
nufpg'cf];f/k;f/ ug'{Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf n}hfg' jf
n}hfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{ jf cf>o lbg' jf c?f/f To:tf] sfdsf]
lglDt ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ a]rlavg xf]. a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/ tyf
a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] nflu k|of; ePsf 36gfxnfO{ o;df
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cGo
ckx/0f, cnkq j]kQf, cfTdxTofsf 36gfxnfO{ o;df /flvPsf]
5.
v_ k|efljtkL8ssf] j}jflxs l:ylt

o; cGtu{t ljjflxt, cljjflxt, Psn, 5'lP/ a;]sf], ;Fu} a;]s]f
/ kf/kfr's] nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
u_ k|efljtkL8ssf ;d"xx
lognfO{ lgDglnlvt ;d"xxdf afFl8Psf] 5.
kxf8] hghflt M hghflt u'?, du/, /fO{, lnDa', ls/fFt,

yfdL, 5gTofn, tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, ef]6], g]jf/, lh/]n,
ysfnL, /fp6], r]kf, s';'G8f, bg'jf/, cflb.
l.o
rg
t/fO{ hghflt M yf?, /fhj+zL, tfhk'l/of, u+ufO{, l;+x, wfg's,

lwdfn, ;Gyfn, d'G8f, ;tf/, emfFu8, bg'jf/, ls;fg, sf]r]
cflb.
ec
ne
pa
t/fO{ blnt M rdf/, xl/hg, /fd, d';x/, b';fw, kf;jfg,

kf;L, tTdf, vTj], wf]aL, ;/bf/, lrldbf/, 8f]d, xNvf]/,
s';jflbof, sn/, vflts, sf]O/L cflb.
kxf8] blnt M bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, 9f]nL, ufO{g] , jfbL cflb.
or
t/fO{ u}/ blnt M ofbj, t]nL, u'Ktf, sfdt, dnfxf, dxtf],

;fx, 7fs'/, /fhe/, dfnL, s'dL{, xnjfO{, s]jt, g'lgof, sx/,
w]l8of/, wlgof, nf]wf, xhfd, cflb.
If]qL
.w
a|fXd0f
3_ k|efljtkL8ssf] k]zfx
s[lif, 3/fo;L sfd, dhb'/L, Joj;fo, cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t,

u}/;/sf/L hflu/, ;/sf/L hflu/, ;fdflhs ;]jf, j}b] lzs /f] huf/
_ k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x

zf/Ll/s c;/, dfgl;s c;/, cfly{s c;/, ;fdflhs c;/
19
or
.w
20
ec
ne
pa
!^ jif{eGbf d'lg
!^ b]lv @% jif{;Dd
@^ b]lv #% jif{;Dd
#^ b]lv $% jif{;Dd
$^ b]lv %% jif{;Dd
%^ jif{eGbf dfly
l.o
rg
r_ k|efljtkL8ssf] pd]/
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
kl/ro
l.o
rg
cGj]ifLsf] of] c dlxnf k'gM:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s g]kfnn]_ @))*

;fnb]lv x/]s ;fn "dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{ k':ts" k|sfzg ug{]
qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . dlxnfdfly eO{/x]s]f lx+;fsf] l:ylt;DaGwL
oyf{ytfnfO{ k|:t't ug{] d'Vo p2]Zon] o; k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5.
ec
ne
pa
o; k' : tsdf h' n fO{ @)!! b] lv h' g @)!@ ;Dd cf] /]s
g] k fndfclen] v Ls/0f -;ng_ ul/P sf hDdf !%*! j6f
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
5. To;}u/L /fli6o kqklqsfxdf k|sflzt ePsf hDdf #(*
j6f1 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] 5'} ljZn]if0f klg o;
k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
.w
or
o; k':tsn] ;du| dlxnfdflyeO/x] sf] lx+;fsf] :jkx, lx+;fn]

dlxnfsf]hLjgdf kf/]sf k|efjxsf]oyfy{tfnfO{ k|:t't ug]{hdsf]{
u/]sf] 5. o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z u/LPsf dlxnf lj?4 eO/x]sf
lx+;fsf ljZn]if0fn] ;/f]sf/jfnx / xfdL;a}nfO{ dlxnflj?4 x'g]
lx+;fsf] cGTosfnflu cfjZos kxnx tyf sfo{xsf af/]df
uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ k|] l/t ug]{5
eGg] cf]/] s g]kfnsf] ck]Iff 5 .
36gf ;ng ul/Psf If]qx
o; k':tsdf h'nfO{ @)!! b]lv h'g @)!@ ;Dd dlxnf dfgj

clwsf/ /Ifs -d=df=c=/_ / clen]vgstf{xaf6 36gfsf]
clen]vLs/0f u/L cf]/] s g]kfnsf] tYof zfvfdf cfPsf
36gfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf % j6} ljsf; If]qdf
1 sflGtk'/ b}lgs, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, uf]/vfkq, g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq, gful/s The
Himalayan Times, The Kathmandu Post, Republica
gf]6 M ;+:yfn] k|ToIf df clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ ;+rf/ cg'udgdf

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
21
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] clen]vLs/0f tyf ljZn]if0f

u/L o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx ;\If]kdf
l.o
rg
!= ljsf; If]qdfdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] cj:yf
ec
ne
pa
;+:yfn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfxsf] ljZn]if0f

ubf{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx ;a}eGbf a9L k"jf{~rnaf6
k|fKt ePsf] 5. o; jif{ k"jf{~rnaf6 ^$, dWodf~rnaf6 !*,
;'b/" klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 (( / klZrdf~rnaf6
! k|ltzt dlxndfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx;ng ul/Psf] 5.
To;}u/L ;+rf/dfWodsf cg';f/ o; jif{ dlxnfdfly ePsf

lx+;fsf 36gfxdf k"jf{~rnaf6 @*, dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 !^,
klZrdf~rnaf6 !@, ;'b"/klZrdf~rnaf6 * / k|efljtsf]
:yfg v'Ng g;s]sf] % k|ltzt 36gfx ;+rf/dfWodn] k|zf;g
u/]s]f 5g\ .
@= lx+;fsf k|sf/x
s_ 3/]n' lx+;f
or
22
.w
o; jif{ k|fKt hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfxnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{

;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] k|fKt
ePsf] 5. k|fKttYofsf cfwf/df o; jif{ ^$ k|ltzt -!%*!
hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] !)!( hgf_ dlxnfxdfly
3/] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, ljBdfg\
c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw / sltko ?9LjfbL ;f]rsf sf/0f
dlxnfx lbgx'F cfkm\gf elgg] JolQmxaf6} lx+;fsf] rk]6fdf
kb}{5g\. dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L
lx+;f ug{] kL8s cfkm\g} >Ldfg\ / 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox /x]sf
5g\. &( dlxnfx cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 / @! dlxnfx
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 lx+;fdf k/]sf o; jif{sf] tYofn]
b]vfPsf] 5. o;/L 3/] n' lx+;f vKg afWo dlxnfxdWo] @^#%

jif{pd]/ ;d"xsf#(dlxnfx /x]sf 5g\ eg] $);fIf/
dlxnfx3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t /x]sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
3/]nl' x+;f kZrft\ ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhs kdf
lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. cyf{t dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fxdWo]
;fdflhs lx+;f bf];|f] :yfgdf /x] sf] 5. o; jif{ !^ -!%*!
dWo] @%!hgf_ dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf]
5. To;df *$% l5d]sLaf6, !) ;fyLaf6 / ^ ;DaGw
gePsf dflg;xaf6 dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf]
5.;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx dWo] %! dlxnfx
;fIf/ /x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
v_ ;fdflhs lx+;f
u_ anfTsf/
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or
k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df o; jif{ ^ dlxnfx anfTs[t

-!!) hgf_ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] # -#^ hgf_dlxnfxdfly
anfTsf/sf] k|of; ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. anfTsf/sf 36gfdf
% dlxnfx cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6, ^ ;fyLaf6, !^ ;DaGw
gePsf JolQmaf6 lx+;fdf k/]sf], !^ dlxnfx cfkm\g}
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 / %& dlxnfdfly l5d] sLaf6}
anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf
@%dlxnfxdfly anfTsf/sf 36gf ePsf] kfO{of] eg]
;a}eGbf a9L -$@_anfTsf/sf 36gfx !^ jif{ d'lgsf
afnaflnsfxdf x'g] u/]sf] tYof kfO{Psf] 5. k|fylds
txdf cWoog/t -#@_ / !^ jif{ d'lgsf -$@_ aflnsfxdf
anfTsf/sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
3_ of}lgs lx+;f
o; jif{ $ -^# hgf_ dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{Psf] 5. h;dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L -$#_of}lgs lx+;fsf
23
_ xTof
k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df @% -@*hgf_dlxnfxsf]xTof ePsf]

5 eg] ! -!*hgf_ dlxnfxdfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf]
5. %)%>Ldfg\af6, @^, kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6, !%%
l5d]sLaf6 / $ ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 dlxnfxsf] xTof
ul/Psf] 5. ;fIf/ #( dlxnfx / !^#% jif{ pd]/sf]
dlxnfxsf] xTofa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
36gfx dlxnfn] ;fyL 7fg]sf / k|]d ;DaGw ePsf

JolQmxaf6} ePsf 5g\. To:f}u/L@& l5d]sLaf6, !&
s'g}klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm / !# dlxnfx cfkm\g}
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 lx+;fdf k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ;fIf/
dlxnfxdfly -#)_ / !^@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf -%(_
dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;fa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
r_ a]rlavg
.w
or
24
@%-@%hgf_ dlxnfx o; jif{ a]rlavgdf k/]sf] kfO{Psf]

5 eg] ! -*hgf_ dlxnfxdfly a]rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf]
kfOof]. dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg]sf JolQmaf6 $#%, s'g} klg
;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 @$ , l5d]sLaf6 @!, kl/jf/sf]
;b:oaf6 (, / >Ldfg\af6 # dlxnfx o:tf] lx+;fdf k/]sf]
kfOof]. ;fIf/ dlxnfx $% / !^@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
$( dlxnfx a]rlavgdf a9L kg{] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5.
5_ cGo

dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;f t/ yf]/} ;+Vofdf clen]vLs/0f ePsf

36gfxnfO{ cGo ;d"xdf /fvLljZn]if0f ul/Psf] xf]. o;
;d"xsf 36gfxdf cfTdxTof, dlxnfnfO{ j]kQf agfO{Psf
36gf / kl/jf/s} ;b:oaf6 cnkq cj:yfdf 5f]l8Psf
dlxnfxsf] 36gfnfO{ /flvPsf] 5. o; jif{ !@ k|ltzt
dlxnfxn]cfTdxTof u/]sf], @ hgf dlxnfx j]kQf agfO{Psf
/( hgf dlxnfx 3/kl/jf/s} ;b:oxf/f cnkq cj:yfdf

kl/Psf] kfOPsf]] 5 .
#= pd]/ ;d"x / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
k|fKt tYofsf] cfwf/df o; jif{ ;a}eGbf a9L !^@% jif{ pd]/

;d"xsf dlxnfx lx+;fdf kfl/Psf]] kfO{Psf] 5. o; ;d"xsf
dlxnfxdf #% lx+;f ePsf]5. o:t}ul/@^#% jif{ pd]/;d"xdf
##, #^$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf !^, !^ jif{ d'lgsf aflnsfdf &,
$^%% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfdf % / %^ jif{ eGbfa9L pd]/
;d"xsf dlxnfxdf $ lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
$ lzIff / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
.w
or
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{

&* ;fIf/ dlxnfxdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]].
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] @@lg/If/ dlxnfx /x]sf] kfOof] .
dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ $& k|f} 9
lzIff, !( pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf, !% k|fylds
tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf, !$ dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf
/ % pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/]sf dlxnfxdfly
lx+;f ePsf] kfOof].
%= j}jflxs cj:yf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] j}jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f

ubf{ lx+;fk|efljt dlxnfxdf ;a}eGbf a9L -*)_ ljjflxt
dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. !$% cljjflxt
dlxnfxdf, $ Psn dlxnfxdf / @ >Ldfg\;uF 5'lP/ a;]sf
dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]. dlxnfx a9L 3/]n'lx+;faf6
k|efljt 5g\ / ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfxdfly ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\
f/f lx+;f x'g]xF'bf+ klg ljjflxt dlxnfxdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] ;+Vof
a9L ePsf] xf].
25
^= k]zf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
s'g k]zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 elg o;

jif{ k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg
dlxnfxdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]. lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] $$ dlxnfx s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf, @!
dlxnfx 3/fo;L sfddf, !@ dlxnfx dhb'/Ldf, !)
dlxnfx Joj;fodf cfa4 /x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L s'g} klg
sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^ dlxnfx, cgf}rfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t @
dlxnfx, / ;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t, j}b]lzs /f] huf/L, u}/;/sf/L
If]qdf sfo{/t / ;fdflhs ;]jf ug{] dlxnfxdf a/fa/ -!-!_
lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5.
&= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf c;/x
lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfxdfly k/]sf c;/nfO{ o; k':tsdf$ ;d"xdf

ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5. dlxnfxdfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
lx+;f x'Fbf ;a}eGbf a9L -%@_ dfgl;s c;/ k/]sf] kfOof]. @)%
dlxnfxnfO{ zf/Ll/s c;/ k/]sf], !* dlxnfxnfO{ ;fdflhs
c;/ / !) dlxnfxnfO{ cfly{s c;/ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5.
or
26
*= hftLotfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
.w
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sf/x / dlxnfsf] hftLotfsf

cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; jif{ ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt /
To;kl5 If]qL dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]. lx+;f k|efljt s"n
dlxnfdWo] @( kxf8] hghflt, !% If]qL, !% t/fO{ hghflt,
, !# a|fXd0f, !) t/fO{ u}/ blnt, ( kxf8] blnt, & t/fO{
blnt / @ d'l:nd dlxnfx /x] sf 5g\.
!)= kL8s / k|efljtsf] ;DaGw

dlxnfsf] kL8s;Fu /x]sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{
dlxnfdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] -%#_>Ldfg\ ePsf] kfOof].
To:f}u/L @) dlxnfxcfkm" a;]s} ;dfhsf l5d]sLaf6 lx+;fdf
k/]sf] kfOof] . !*kl/jf/sf;b:o ,% ;fyLaf6 / $ ;DaGw
gePsf JolQmxaf6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof].
ec
ne
pa
or
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kl/R5]b !
l.o
rg
!=! k[i7e"ld
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b !M kl/ro
or
"dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] dlxnfdfly ul/g]

;Dk"0f{lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/xnfO{ hgfpF5. o; kl/efiffn] dlxnf
ePs} sf/0fn] dlxnfdfly x'g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / of}ghGo lx+;f,
tyf 8/, qf;, wDsL b]vfOg'sf ;fy} cGo clwsf/xaf6 al~rt
u/fOg] lqmofsnfkx ;d]t hgfpFb5."3
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL ;d:ofsf]kdf /x]sf]5. g]kfndf
klg of] ;d:of a9\bf] 5. of] jif{dfq !%*! hgf dlxnfx ljleGg
lx+;fx vKg afWo ePsf] cf]/]s g]kfndf cfPsf 36gfxn]
b]vfpFb5g\. of] tYof ;d:ofsf] cg'kftdf w]/} sd 5.b]zdf w]/}
dlxnfx ljleGg k|sf/sf si6 / oftgfxvKb} vt/fk"0f{ hLjg
latfpg afWo 5g\. t/ pgLxn] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx aflx/
Nofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. g]kfn ljZj dfgjlrqdf dfgj ljsf;
;"rsfsf b[li6n] !%& cf}+ :yfgdf / n}ls c;dfgtf ;"rsfdf
(Gender Inequality Index_ !!# cf+} :yfgdf /x] sf] 5.4
g]kfnL dlxnfxsf] of] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfdf
.w
28
ec
ne
pa
"dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hLjgdf lnsf cfwf/

df x'g] lx+;fhGo sfo{ xf] , h;n] dlxnfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, of}ghGo
jf dfgl;s Iflt jf kL8f k'ofpF5 jf k'ofpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
o;cGt/ut To:tf] sfo{ ug{] wDsL, bafj / :j]R5frf/L kdf
dlxnfsf] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h ug{] sfo{;d]t kb{5 ."2
2 dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ng ug{] ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, ;+oQ

' m /fi6 ;\3 !((#
3 CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19, llth session, 1992
4 o" Pg 8L kL, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!!
ljZjf; /fVg] x/]s g]kfnLnfO{ lrlGtt agfPsf] 5.
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or
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pa
l.o
rg
b]z /fhgLlts kn] nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLtkm{ kfGtl/t x'g] qmddf

5 t/ b]zdf;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/rgf; ;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf]
lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f]r, wf/0ff; tyfcGwlaZjf;df cfwfl/t
;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/sf/f/f ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
of]l:yltn] dlxnfxdfly yk lx+;f x'g] cfwf/ t}of/ u/]sf] 5 . b]zdf
a9\b} uPsf] /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f / ck/fwssf] /fhgLlts/0fn]
lx+;f ug{] nfO{ an k'u]s]f 5. b]zdf a9\b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf]
l:yltn] lx+;f k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbg lbg} IfL0f xF'b}
uPsf] 5. Gsfndf ljleGg k|sf/sf lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfx
Gofo kfpg];Defjgf lbglbg}sd x'bF } uPsf]5. /fhg}lts kl/jt{g
kl5 /fhgLltdf dlxnfxsf] ;xeflutf a9]sf] 5. dlxnf clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{] egL ;/sf/f/f /fli6o / cGt/fli6o txdf ljleGg
k|lta4tfxhgfOPsf] 5 . t/ b]zdf h/f] uf8L/x]sf] dlxnf
k'?ifsf] aLrdf /x]sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]sf]
5}g. cGtl/d ;+ljwfgf/f dlxnfxsf] k|hgg\ / of}g clwsf/
;'lglZrt ul/Psf] ePtf klg Jojxf/df dlxnfxn] oL clwsf/x
k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\. cfkm\gf] z/L/dfly pgLxsf] cfkm\gf]
lgoGq0f 5}g. x/]s If]qsf ;+/rgfxdf ljBdfg c;dfgtfn]
dlxnfdfly lje]b ePsf] 5. hfltut; ;fdflhs / cfly{s ju{;
of}lgs / n}ls klxrfg; tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k/Dk/fsf
cfwf/df dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5. dlxnfdfly x'g] lje]bk"0f{
cGTo / ;dfgtfsf nflu lje]bsf ;+/rgfut sf/stTjxsf]
klxrfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ jt{dfg kl/j]zdf cfjZos 5. 5
dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw

cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly
5 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, its
causes and consequences,Rashida Manjoo, 2011, UN Human Rights
Council
29
dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfjx

o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
l.o
rg
s_ 3/]n' lx+;f lgoGq0f P]g / cGo sfg'gxsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{] / To:tf lx+;fsf bf]ifLxnfO{ d'2f
rnfpg] / ;hfo lbg].
v_ dlxnflj?4 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf]/fi6JofkL tYof;ng
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{] .
3_ 3/]n' lx+;f tyf of}g lx+;f;DaGwdf k|x/L, ;/sf/L jlsn,

cbfnt / cGo ;Da4 ;/sf/L lgsfoxsf cltl/Qm
:jf:YosdL{xnfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] / blnt ;d'bfo
nufotsf ;a} ;d'bfodf vf;u/L k'?if / afnsxnfO{ nlIft
u/L Jofks hgr]tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
or
30
ec
ne
pa
u_ ha{h:tL s/0fL / cGo of}ghGo s;"/df d'2f ug{ cbfntdf

dlxnfsf] k|efjsf/L kx'r
F ;'lglZrt ug{ of}ghGo lx+;fsf d'2f
btf{sf] nflu xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg'g vf/]h ug{ tTsfn sbd
rfNg] .
.w
_ j}jflxs anfTsf/df ;hfo a9fpg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf

sfg'gnfO{ l9nfO{ gu/L kfl/t u/L nfu" ug{] / o; ;DaGwdf
agfOPsf gofF sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf r]tgf clea[l4
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
b]zsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{ an ldn]sf]
5. dlxnfdfly x'g] x/]s k|sf/sf] lx+;f ck/fw xf] / of] dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNn3g xf]. ;dfhdf ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw,
JofKt ?l9jfbL ;f]r / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] o:tf ck/fw
x'g k|f] T;fxg ub{5. o:tf 36gfxdf x'g] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k,
kL8snfO{ ;+/If0f ug{] k|rng, k|efljtnfO{ g} bf]lif b]vfpg]
l.o
rg
;fdflhs ;f]r h:tf s'/fxn] dlxnfdfly yk lx+;f ug{sf nflu

an k|bfg ub{5. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lje]bk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf]
kl/0ffd xf]. dlxnfnfO{ lje]b ug{], kL8f lbg] tTjx 3/, kl/jf/,
;dfh b]lv ;/sf/sf ;a} ;+/rgfxdf h/f] ufl8 a;]sf x'G5g\.
To;}n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf/ o:tf
;+/rgfxdf kl/jt{g lagf ;Dej 5}g. o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf
:yflkt cGwljZjf;, lje]bk"0f{ ?l9jfbL Jojxf/xn] dlxnfdfly
lx+;f x'g] jftfj/0fnfO{ yk an k'ofpF5.
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
dlxnfdfly x'g] h:tf];'s} cdfgjLo / lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{

klg ;fF:s[lts d"NodfGotfsf gfddf 9fs5f]k ug]{ ul/G5.6
;f]xL sf/0f b]zdf dlxnfnfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ xTof ug{],
cfFvf lgsfNg] h:tf ljleGg ck/fwx ul/Psf 5g\. dfly eg]em}+
o:tf ck/fwxsf]cGTo b]zdf cfd"n /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
/ ;f+:s[lts gLlt Pj+ ;+/rgfxsf kl/jt{g lagf ;Dej 5}g.
o:tf ;+/rgfxdf kl/jt{gsf nflu /fHosf ;a} lgsfoxdf
dlxnfsf];dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/gk' b{5. o;sf nflu
/fhg}lts k|lta4tf af]nL / Jojxf/ b'j} df nfu" x'g' cfjZos 5
eg] Jojxf/df k|efljt dlxnfxsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof]uL
;+oGqxsf] lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5. o;/L t}of/ ul/Psf ;+oGqxdf
dlxnfsf];xh kx'r
F ;'lglZrt ul/gk' b{5. To;f]ePdf dfq lx+;fsf
;DaGwdf dlxnfxleq /x]sf] "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" cGTo x'g ;Qm5.
lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ gLlt / of]hgfx agfpg d2t ldNb5.
cf]/] s g]kfnf/f :yflkt ;xof]uL ;+oGqxf/f lbOg] ;xof]u

/ ;]jfsf sf/0f dlxnfxdf cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fxsf] lj?4
s]xL xb;Dd "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" e+u ePsf] 5. of] k':ts
dlxnfxf/fcfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fxsf] ph'/LnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
t}of/ ul/Psf] xf]. oL ;"rgfxn] dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu
6 The Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, Yakin
Turkey,VAW causes and consequences, UN Human Rights Council
31
cfjZos kg{] Jofjxfl/s gLlt / ;xof]uL ;+oGq ljsf; ug{] of]hgf

agfpg d2t ug{]5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5.
l.o
rg
dlxnf lj?4sf] x'g] /f]syfdsf nflu ePsf cGt/fli6o

k|of;x
ec
ne
pa
dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]sf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] ;fd'lxs k|of; ;]g]sf

kmN; 3f]if0ffkq!*$* nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . hxfF dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/
sf] af/]df ;f] 3f]if0ffkqn] a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 tyfkL ;f] 3f]
if0ffkqdf cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] af/]df s]
lx dfqfdf cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft ljZjel/ lgs} w]/}
dlxnf clwsf/sld{xn] dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpb}
cfPsf sf/0f ;fd'lxs kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjfh a'nGb x'b}
cfof] . dlxnf clwsf/ eGg] ljlQs} dlxnf lx+;f /f]syfd ePsf]n]
dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6o :t/df 7"nf] k|of;
ePsf] 5 . h;df vfzul/ ;+o'Qm /fi6sf] :yfkgf kZrft o;n]
b:tfj]hLs/0fdf al9 dfGotf kfPsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfp5 . vfzul/
dlxnfsf] ;jfn ;DaGwL /fi6 ;+l3o cfof]u -Commission on the
' m /fi6;3+ leq dlxnf clwsf/sf
Status of Women_, !($% n] ;+oQ
af/]df lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] d:of}bf agfpg] b]lv lnP/ dlxnf
lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&( b]
lv a]Olh hf]8 kfrf}+ ;Dd]ng ;DdnfO{ of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 .
.w
or
32
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf ;jfndf ;a}eGbf ljz]if cGt/fli6o b:tfj]

h eg]sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL
dxf;GwL !(&*-CEDAW_ xf], h;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf
;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"0f{ ug{sf ;a}eGbf a9L hf]8 lbG5 . o;n]
dlxnf clwsf/sf ;jfndf s]an dlxnf lx+;f tyf lje]bsf af/]df
dfq s'/f ub}{g ls o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf dfly x'g] e]befjnfO{
pGd'ng ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6o kdf jsfnt ub{5 ;fy} ;a} kIf
/fi6xnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu afWosf/L ub{5 .
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
o; dxf;GwLn] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] lje]bnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf

hf]8 lbG5 . sfg"gL kdf dfq lje]bsf] cGteGbf klg sfg"gsf
;fy;fy} jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf jsfnt o; dxf;GwLn] ub{5 . wf/f
$ n] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] jf:tljs ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg kIf /
fi6x4f/f rflnPsf c:yfoL ljz]if pkfoxnfO{ of] dxf;GwLdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] e]befj dflgg] 5}g t/ o;sf] kl/0ffd :jk
pTkGg ePsf c;dfgtf tyf km/s :t/xnfO{ s'g} xfntn] klg
sfod /fVg' cfjZos x'g] 5}g, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt
ug]{ p4]Zox xfl;n e};s]kl5 lt pkfoxnfO{ /f]lsg]5g\ elg
JofVof u/]af6 jf:tjdf dlxnfxsf clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu
k'?if ;/xsf] :t/df k'/\ofpgsf nflu c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df k|s[of
cufl8 a9fP/ eP klg dlxnf / k'?ifsf] :t/ ;dfg k'/\ofOg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
.w
or
l;8f] sldl6n] klg ;a} kIf /fi6xnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ qmddf xfn
e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f /f]syfd ug{sf nflu
lglZrt /fli6o of]hgf agfO{ ;f] nflu pko'Qm tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog
ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;+/rgfx :yfkgf ug]{ / lt ;+/rgfxn] sfo{
u/]gu/]sf] plrt cg'udgsf] k|s[off/f ;lx tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog
ug{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf
nflu tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] ljleGg kxdf 3/]
n' lx+;f, ha/h:tLs/0fL, a]rljvg nufPtsf kxnfO{ /f]syfd
ug{ cem k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .
l;8f] sldl6n] kfl/t u/]sf] ;fwf/0f l;kmfl/; g+ !( df dlxnf

lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ lndf cfwfl/t lje]b elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5
h;df lndf cfwfl/t lx+;f eg]sf] Tof] lje]b xf] hxfF dlxnfn]
cfkm\gf] clwsf/nfO{ k'?if;/x :jtGq kdf pkef]u ug{ gkfpg'
33
l.o
rg
xf] . ;f]lx l;kmfl/; g+ !( df clwsf/ / :jtGqttf eg]sf hLjg,

:jtGqtf / ;'/Iff, oftgfaf6 d'Qm, ;dfg ;+/If0f, sfdsf] clwsf/,
kfl/jfl/s clwsf/ cflb x'g eg]sf] 5 . lo clwsf/x :jtGq
kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg' g} dlxnfsf] g};lu{s xs xf] / of] g} dlxnf
lj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ngsf] ;a}eGbf pQd k|of]u xf] .
ec
ne
pa
dlxnf ;DalGw rf}yf] a]Olh ;Dd]ng !((% n] a]Olh Kn]6kmfd{

ckm PS;g kfl/t ul/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fxnfO{
pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ txdf e}/x]sf lje]bxsf ;jfndf
lglZrt sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / ltgnfO{ nfu' ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
5 . o;n] kIf /fi6xnfO{ dlxnf lj?4 e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]
befjxnfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu bjfj k/]sf] 5 eg] cfh;Dd
cfO{kU' bf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf geP klg sfg"g lgdf{0f aGg] txdf
eg] lgs} k|ult ePsf] klg 5 .
a]Olh 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf] af/]df eg]sf] 5 ls
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;du| ;dfgtf, zfGtL tyf ljsf;sf] afws
ag]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf ;du| dfgj clwsf/
tyf df}lns :jtGqtfdfly g} wfjf af]ln/x]sf] 5 .
or
34
.w
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf /fli6o k|of;x

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @) n] qmdzM
;dfgtfsf] xs / dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xsdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
5 . dlxnfsf lj?4 ul/g] e]befj b08gLo x'g], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljr k}
lqs ;DklQdf a/fa/ xs nfUg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ d'n'sL P]gsf ljleGg lzif{sxdf
dlxnf ;dfgtfsf af/]df sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . c+za08fsf]
dxn, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxn, ljjfxjf/Lsf] dxn, ha/h:tLs/0fLsf]
dxn nufPtdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f, dlxnf / k'?if ljr ul/g]
lje]bxsf] cGt tyf dlxnfsf clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu
l.o
rg
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/

lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, 3/]n' lx+;f -lgoGq0f / /f]
syfd_ P]g @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL dlxnf lj?4 lx+;f /f]syfdsf
nflu NofOPsf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ x'g .
ec
ne
pa
kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf lj?4 xg] lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{
s]lx ;sf/fTds sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g
b]lv cnUu} dlxnf dGqfno nufPtsf ;+u7gfTds sfo{xsf
cnfjf sfg"g, gLlt lgdf{0fxdf klg ;sf/fTds sbd rfn]sf]
kfOG5 . lndf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf af/]df /fli6o sfo{of]hgf tof/
kfl/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!) nfO{ n}ls lx+;f lj?4sf] aif{ 3f]if0ff
ul/ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] .
.w
or
To;} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|wfgdGqL sfof{no

cGt/ut /xg] ul/ n}ls lje]b ;DaGwL OsfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5
o;n] /fli6o :t/df gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{sf ;fy} ljleGg
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx;+Uf klg ;xsfo{ ul/ lnsf cfwf/df ul/g] eb]
efjnfO{ cGTo ug{ cufl8 al9 /x]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ dfgj a]rljvg
ljzif ul/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfxsf] a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/
lj?4sf] /fli6o sfo{of]hgf @)^* cufl8 NofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
/x]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f dWo]sf] Ps 7"nf] ;d:of dlxnf a]rljvgsf]

;jfn clxn] hNbf]aNbf] kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] cfs8fn]
klg ck/flws sf/f]af/ dWo]sf] dfgj a]rljvg ;a}eGbf al9 x'g]
u/]sf] b]vfp5 eg] g]kfndf klg dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn hl6n
;d:ofsf] kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljleGg axfgfdf g]
kfnL dlxnfxnfO{ ef/t nufPt t];|f] b]zdf n}hfg] k|a[lQ a9]sf]
5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] gfddf, ljleGg sfddf nufO{lbg] gfddf
g]kfnL dlxnfx clxn] a]rljvgsf] lzsf/ e}/x]sf 5g\ . o;}
35
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf

cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n]
cGo sfg"geGbf s8fO{ tyf leGg tl/sfn] sfo{ljlw klg lgwf{/0f
u/]sf]n] ;s];Dd cleo'QmnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo xf];\ eGg] cfzo
o; P]gsf] /x]sf] 5 . dfgj a]rljvg / cf];f/k;f/sf]sf] kl/efiff
leGgfleGg} ul/ s'g} klg p4]Zon] a]Rg] lsGg], s'g} klg kmfObflnO{
jf glnO{ a]Zofj[lQdf nufpg], k|rlnt sfg"gdf afx]s c+u lemSg]
/ a]Zofudg ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ a]rljvg eg]sf] 5 eg] lsGg] jf a]Rg]
p2]Zon] dflg;nfO{ ljb]zdf n}hfg], j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] jf zf]if0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{,
hfn;fh u/L, k|k~r ldnfO{, hah{:tL u/L, s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f
u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L,
kb jf zlQmsf] b'kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf]
egdf kf/L, 8/, qf;, wfs, wDsL lbO{ jf s/sfkdf kf/L s;}nfO{
al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nUg] jf cfk"m;Fu /fVg] jf
cfgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fVg] jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c? s;}nfO{ lbg] sfo{
cf];f/k;f/ x'g] eg]sf] 5 .
or
36
.w
dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;f dWo]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fL klg Ps xf] . o;af/]
df d'n'sL P]gsf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{
lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/
sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn]
hah{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . o;df 8/
wfs, wDsL qf; tyf cg'lrt k|efjdf kfl/ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ klg
;d]6]sf] 5 . of] o:tf] of}ghGo ck/fw xf] ls h;af6 dlxnf :jo+
lkl8t t x'lG5g g} o;n] p;sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf g} c;/ k5{
To;}n] o; ck/fwnfO{ h3Go ck/fwsf] kdf lnOG5 . ha/h:tL
s/0fLsf] ck/fw g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ s]an dlxnf dfly dfq
x'g] ck/fw dflgG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw s]an k'?ifn] dfq
l.o
rg
ug]{ xf]Og ls dlxnfn] klg k'?ifdfly ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] ck/fw ug{

;Sg] ePsf]n] e]befj eof] elg bfo/ u/]sf] Zofds[i0f df:s]sf]
d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL ;dfh cg';f/ dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{
ha/h:tLs/0fL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g elg vf/]h ul/lbPsf] 5 .
To;}ul/ dL/f 9'+ufgfsf] Pp6f d'2fdf a}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ dfGotf
lbO{ kltn] klg kTgLsf] d~h'/L ljgf of}gsfo{ u/]df ha/h:tL s/0fL
x'g] elg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] d2fdf cleo'Qmaf6 plrt cfly{s If]ltk"lt{

lbnfO{ lbg], o;sf nflu d'2f bfo/ ubf{ v]l/ g} cleo'Qmsf] c+z
afktsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;kgf k|wfg dNnsf] Ps d'2fdf ha/h:tLs/0fL ;DaGwL #% lbg]
xbDofbsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z lbO{ pQm
;do pko'Qm gePsf]n] pQm xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg' eg]sf] 5 .
hLts'df/L k+u]gLn] a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/flwnfO{ x'g] elgPsf]
s}b ;hfo Go"g ePsf]n] cGo ck/fwLnfO{ eP ;/x x'g'kg]{ dfubflj
;lxt bfo/ u/]sf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] af/]df klg
af]n]sf] kfOG5 eg] Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8]nn] bfo/ u/]sf] Ps d'2fdf
;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfxdf anfTsf/ lkl8t dlxnfnfO{ lgMz'Ns pkrf/
tyf k/fdz{ lbO{g] Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] ;jf]{Rrn] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f tyf

/f]syfd P]g / 3/]n' lx+;f /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f P]g cGt/ut
5'6\6f5'6\6} ;'/lIft cfjf; s]Gb|x ljleGg lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/
lkl8t dlxnfxnfO{ ;]jf lbg] tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg
sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;xof]u tyf cGo k/fdz{sf sfo{x ub}{ cfPsf]
kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] klg 3/]n' lx+;fdf
k/]sf ;'/Iff cfjf; cfjZostf k/]sf dlxnfxnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . cf]/]s g]kfnn] g]kfn el/ ljleGg & lhNnfdf dlxnf
;'/Iff cfjf; s]Gb|x ;+rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 .
37
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]

qaf6 lgs} k|of;x ePsf eP klg cem sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf
Tolt /fd|f] k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf/]s g]kfnn] dfl;s kdf /
fli6o :t/sf kqklqsf 5flkPsf 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfg]{
dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf s'g} dlxgf 36gf a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5
eg] s'g} dlxgf yf]/} . ;+VofTds lx;fan] x]bf{ k|lt dlxgf 36gfsf]
b/ a9\b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . h:tf] pQm tYofdf x]bf{ @)^( ;fn
a}zfvdf !)%, h]i7 @)^( df !$!, c;f/df !^) tyf efb|df (^
dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf 36]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg s] b]vfp5 eg] dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gf lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} u}/x]sf 5g\ .
!=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldf
or
.w
38
o; k':tsdf ljleGg lhNnfxdf ;d'bfo:t/df lqmofzLn dlxnf

dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsxn] 36gf clen]vLs/0f u/L k7fPsf
36gfx, :ynut kdf cg';Gwfg tyf clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf
36gfx, ;+:yfn] ;'/lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL k/fdz{ tyf sfg'gL
;xof]u, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf ;xof]u k'ofPsf] 36gfxnfO{
;dfj]z u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5. /fli6o kqklqsfxdf k|sfzg
ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] cg'udg u/L pQm cg'udgsf
cfwf/df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5.
o; k':ttsdf % j6} ljsf; If]qdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5. tfklg ;dfhdf n's] /
/x] sf / cem klg aflx/ cfpg g;s]sf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx / ;+:yfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ /x]sf 36gfx o; k':tsdf
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g.
o; k':tsn] g]kfnsf] ;du| dlxnfxsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt
ug{ g;s] klg g]kfnsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] :jk eg] lrq0f
ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5.
!=# cWoog ljlw
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
clen]vLs/0fsf] ;Lk k|fKt tyf cf]/] s g]kfnf/f clen]vLs/0fsf]

tflnd lbOPsf JolQmxaf6 36gf clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof].
clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf 36gfxsf] uf]kgLotf sfod ug{ x/]s
36gfxdf sf]8 g+Da/ /fvL P;\=lk=P;\=P;\= ;km\6j]/ eh{g
!!=% tYofnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+ul7t ug{] sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof].
/ pQm ;km\6j]/ s} dfWodaf6 36gfxnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L k|fKt
tYofxnfO{ o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
.w
or
;+ r f/d fWoddf k| s fzg ePsf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+ ; fsf

36gfxnfO{ klg df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof].
39
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b @
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f
@=! lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] If]qut l:ylt
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx / ljZn]if0f
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
of] jif{ -@)!! h'nfO{ b]lv @)!@ h'g;Dd_ cf]/]s g]kfnleqhDdf

!%*! j6fdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf lyP.
tL 36gfx b]zsf % j6} ljsf; If]qaf6 ;+slnt ul/Psf x'g\ .
If]qutkdf lx+;fsf] l:ylt lgDg /x]sf] 5.
rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt
o; jif{ k|fKt tYofsf cg';f/;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly ePsf]

lx+;fsf 36gf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 clen]vLs/0f ePsf] 5.
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 ^#, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 !*,
;'b"/klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 a/fa/L (
/ klZrdf~rnaf6 ! dlxnfxdfly ePsf ljleGg k|sf/sf
lx+;fsf 36gfxsf clen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\. -rf6{ !_
41
ljZn]if0f
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
hxfF ;"rgf / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf nflu ;xof]uL ;+oGq

dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf 5 ToxfF lx+;fsf 36gfx a9L dfqfdf aflx/
cfpg] u5{g\ / l/kf]l6 a9L x'g] ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ of]tYofn]
k'li6 ub{5. k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf dflg;sf] lzIffsf] :t/, ;~rf/
;~hfn, dfgj clwsf/df sfd ug{] ;\3;+:yfxsf] ;xeflutf
cGo ljsf; If]qdfeGbf a9L /x]sf]kfO{G5. ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/xklg
k"jf{~rnljsf; If]qdf cGo ljsf; If]qsf] t'ngfdf a9L ljsl;t
5g\. g]kfn ;/sf/n] !% lhNnfdf ;+rfng u/] sf ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
;]jf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf $ j6f lhNnfxdf 5g\. o;sf ;fy}
cf]/]s g]kfn o; If]qdf ljut !* jif{b] lv sfo{/t 5. o; cjlwdf
;d'bfo:t/b]lv g} dlxnf ;d"xxsf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5.
dlxnfxsf] dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf clwsf/, lx+;f h:tf s'/fxsf]
a'emfO{df :ki6tf cfPsf] kfOG5. !) jif{b]lv] la/f6gu/, pbok'/
/ wg'iffdf ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf ";'/Iff cfjf;" x
;+rflnt 5g\. o;sf/0f of] If]qdf dlxnfxcfkm"dfly ePsf]
lx+;f aflx/ NofPdf ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/sdf 9'Ss eO{
lx+;fsf] ph'/L lnP/ cf]/] s g]kfn / k|x/LsxfF hfg] ub{5g\ . o;
ljsf; If]qdf dlxnfx ;d'bfo:t/b] lv ;+ul7t eO{ ;lqmokdf
sfo{ ub{} 5g\. o:t} u/L k"j{sf lhNnfxdf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsxsf] ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;dGjosf sf/0f klg ;d'bfo:t/b]lvsf
36gfx aflx/ cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. To;}n] klg o; ljsf; If]qaf6
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx x/]s jif{ cGo ljsf; If]qsf]
t'ngfdf a9L clen]lvs/0f xF'b} cfPsf] kfO{G5.
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42
klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b/" klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qaf6

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn ljsf;
If]qsf t'ngfdf sd clen]vLs/0f ePsf] 5. t/ o;sf] cy{
o; ljsf; If]qdf 36gf klg sd x'g] ub{5 eGg] x}g. ef}uf]lns
ljs6tf, ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] sdL, ;]jf s]Gb|xsf] k"jf{wf/df sdL
@=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x
l.o
rg
/ lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsfnflu ;xof]uL ;+oGqxsf] sdL h:tf

sf/0fn] klg dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] ph'/L jf
l/kf]l6 o; If]qaf6 sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5.
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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf :jkx ljleGg /x] sf 5g\. o; k':tsdf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ d'Votof & efudf juL{s/0f u/L ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5. k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
k|sf/nfO{ rf6{ @ n] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.
rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x?
o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx df

;a}eGbf a9L -!)!(_ hgf dlxnfx 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t
x'g'k/]sf] tYo k|fKt ePsf] 5. dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] ^$ efu
3/]n' lx+;fn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . bf];|f] :yfgdf ;fdflhs lx+;f /x]s] f
5. s"n ;+Vofdf @%! -!^_ hgf dlxnfxdfly ljleGg k|sf/n]
;fdflhs kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. s"n ;+Vofsf] $ -!!)
j6f_ anfTsf/sf 36gfx / @ -#^j6f_ anfTsf/sf k|of;sf
43
or
dlxnfdfly x'g] u/] sf] lx+;fsf k|sf/xnfO{ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L-^$_

dlxnfx 3/]n' lx+;fdf k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfdfly ;a}eGbf
a9L cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 %# / 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 @) lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{G5 -rf6{ g+= *_. o; tYofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ';a}
eGbf a9L dlxnfx cfkm\g} 3/df c;'/lIft 5g\ . dlxnfx cfkm\
gf elgPsf JolQmxaf6 g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf 5g\
/ glhssf cfkmGtxaf6} g} dlxnfxnfO{ vt/f 5' eGg] ;+s]t
o; tYofn] k|:t't u/]sf] 5. lkQ[;Qfn] xfjL ePsf] jt{dfg
;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf sf/0f g]kfndf dlxnfnfO{ cfh klg bf];|f]
bhf{sf] gful/ssf] kdf Jojxf/ ul/G5. kmn:jk dlxnfxsf]
cfkm\gf] z/L/ / of}lgstfdf ;d]t cfkm\gf] clwsf/ sfod x'g ;s]sf]
5}g. lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/sf cfwf/df
dlxnfsf] z/L/dfly c?sf] lgoGq0f sfod ul/Psf] 5. ljjfxk"j{
5f]/L kl/jf/sf] clwgdf / ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfdfly >Ldfg\sf]
clwsf/ /xg] lkQ[;QfTds ;f]r ;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf] 5 .
oxL ;f]rcg'k dlxnfnfO{ 3/ kl/jf/ / >Ldfg\sf] ;DklQsf] kdf
lnOG5. 3/sf] OHht wfGg] d"n cfwf/sf] kdf lrlqt ul/G5.
kmn:jk dlxnfx cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/ / >Ldfg\n] rfx] cg'ksf
sfo{x ug{ afWo kfl/G5g\. pgLxsf] gt ;DklQdf xs x'G5 gt
cfkm\g} :jcfh{gdf. o:tf] l:yltdf olb dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/
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ljZn]if0f
l.o
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36gfx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5. ^# hgf -#_ dlxnfxdfly of}lgs

lx+;f ePsf] 5. @* hgf dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !* hgf
dlxnfxdfly xTofsf]k|of; ePsf]5. To;}u/L @% hgf dlxnfx
a]rlavgdf k/] sf 5g\ eg] * hgf dlxnfxsf] a]rlavgsf] k|of;
ePsf] 5. cGo 36gfxdf o; jif{ !@ hgf dlxnfxn] ljleGg
lx+;fsf sf/0fn] cfTdxTof u/] sf] tYof k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] @ hgf
dlxnfx j]kQf agfO{Psf / ( hgf dlxnfx cfkm\g} kl/jf/sf
;b:oxf/f cnkq cj:yfdf kfl/Psf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
@=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/
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vf]lhg\, jsfnt ul/g\ eg] pgLdfly lx+;f x'g hfG5. dflg;sf

nflu ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft :yfg 3/ / ;xof]uL JolQm eg]sf cfkm\gf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:o x'G5g\ ,t/ dlxnfsf nflu ltg} c;'/lIft 5g\.
of] cToGt lrGtfsf] ljifo /x] sf] 5.
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o; k':tsdf dlxnfsf] pd]/nfO{ % efudf ljefhg u/L s'g pd]/

;d"xdf a9L dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
5. k|fKt tYof cg';f/ !^@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdf
;a}eGbf a9L -#%_lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;}u/L @^#% jif{
pd]/ ;d"xdf ##, #^$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf !^, !^ jif{d'lgsf
aflnsfdf &, $^%% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf % / %% jif{ dflysf
dlxnfxdf $ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ #_.
rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
ljZn]if0f
cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' x/]s JolQmsf] g};lu{s
45
or
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clwsf/ xf](dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*_.

g]kfnL dlxnfx ue{fj:yfb]lv lrtfdf ghn'~h]n ;Ddsf]cj:yfdf
km/s km/s :jksf lx+;fx v]Kb} hLjgofkg ug{ afWo agfO{Psf
5g\. o; jif{ k|fKt tYofnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
/ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ # jif{b]lv *$ jif{ pd]/sf
dlxnfxdfly ;d]t s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] s'g} klg pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxn] :jtGq /
lx+;f/lxt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\. ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx
!^ b]lv @% jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xdf lx+;fdf /x] sf]] kfOPsf] 5. of]
pd]/ ljz]ift JolQmut ljsf; ug{] , pRr lzIff xfl;Fn ug{] /
l;h{gzLn sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] pd]/ xf]. t/ ;dfhdf ljBdfg
/x]sf] 5f]/Lk|ltsf] lje]bsf/L ;f]rsf sf/0f dlxnfn] ljjfx ug{}kg{]
dfGotfsf sf/0f o; pd]/sf w]/} dlxnfx ank"j{s ljjfx
aGwgdf aflwG5g\. k9fO{ aLrd} 5f]8g\ afWo agfO{G5g\. kmn:jk
pgLxsf] cfTdan sdhf]/ aGg k'Ub5. pgLxdfly lx+;f x'g]
jftfj/0f aG5. ;dfhdf ljBdfg dlxnfk|ltsf] unt b[li6sf]0fn]
of] l:yltnfO{ yk dnhn ub{5. o:tf] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] JolQmTj
ljsf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf cfwf/et" s'/fxdf gsf/fTds k|efj
kfb{5. oxL pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f klg
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] dlxnfxnfO{ ;dfhdf x/]s
lx;fan] k'?ifsf t'ngfdf k5fl8 kfg{sf nflu dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g]
jftfj/0f tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
o; pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdfly a9L lx+;f x'gs
' f] csf{] sf/0f xfd|f]
;dfhdf of] pd]/ ;d"xsf ^) dlxnfxsf] ljjfx eO{;s]sf]
x'G5. 7 ;fgf] pd]/df 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx uof] eg] wd{ sdfOG5 /
:ju{ hfg kfO{G5, 5f]/Ln] ;Ifd eP/ cfkm}+ ljjfx u/L eg] OHht
hfG5, 5f]/Ln] w]/} k9L eg] ;f] txsf] s]6f kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 eGg]
;f]r cem;Dd ;dfhdf xfaL 5. 5f]/Ldf "s'df/LTj" xF'b+} ljjfx
ug'k{ 5{ eGg] dfGotfn] ubf{ ;fg} pd]/df 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx ug{] ul/G5 .8
7 The state of the Worlds's children, UNICEF, 2007
8
Premarital Socio-Economic Roles and the Timing of Family
o:tf ;f]rn] klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{nfO{ k|z:t jftfj/0f tof/

ul/Psf] 5 .
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@^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx klg lx+;faf6 a9L k|efljt

ePsf 5g\. of] pd]/ eg]sf] pTkfbgzLn pd]/ xf]. o; pd]/df
dlxnfx ;fdflhs / h}ljs k|hgg\ b'j} sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\. of]
l:yltdf dlxnfn] kl/jf/n] eg] cg';f/sf] lnsf] aRrf vf;u/L
5f]/L hGdfPg, ;dfhsf] dfGotfcg'k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;s]g,
kl/jf/sf] ck]Iff cg'ksf]k9fO{, sfd ug{ ;s]g, cfkm\gf]z/L/dfly
cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ug{] sf]lz; uof] eg] p;n] lx+;f vKg' kg{] l:ylt
5. of] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM k|fKt df}lns
clwsf/x xgg\ eO/x] sf 5g\.
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!% b]lv @% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf / @^ b]lv #% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf

dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t 5g\. o;/L kLl8t
x'g] dlxnfxdWo] ;aeGbf a9L dlxnfx cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\ /
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 k|tfl8t ePsf 5g\. o;n] :ki6 kdf
"3/leq / cfkmGtxdfem dlxnfx ;'/lIft 5g\" eGg] ;f]rnfO{
r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5.
@=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / lzIffsf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L tn rf6{df

-rf6{ g+ $ / %_ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5. o; tYofsf cfwf/df a9L
lx+;f -&*_ ;fIf/ dlxnfxdfly x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5. ;fIf/
dlxnfdf klg $& k|f}9 lzIff, !( pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog
u/]sf, !% k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf, !$ dfWolds
tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf / % pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog
u/]sf dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] @@ lg/If/ dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{of] .
formation: a comparative study of five Asian societies, Demography
22(1):35-59
47
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rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx
rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf

kl/0fdx
ljZn]if0f
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dflysf] tYofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] kfO{G5 eg] hf] dlxnfx

;fIf/ 5g\, cfkm"dfly ePsf] cGofolx+;fsf] klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd
5g\ / To;sf lj?4 af]N5g\ tL dlxnfxg} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fsf]
hf]lvddf /x] sf 5g\. o;sf] ;fy} o:tf dlxnfxn] cfkm"dfly
ePsf lx+;fx aflx/ NofpF5g\. Gofosf nflu ph'/L ub{5g\.
To;}n] o:tf dlxnfxdfly x'g] lx+;fxsf] ph'/L a9L x'G5. ;fy}
k9]n]v]sf dlxnfxn] hlxn] klg ;dfgtfsf s'/f hfgL ghflgbf]+
kdf kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf p7fpF5g\, cGofosf] lj?4 af]N5g\
/ c?nfO{ klg af]Ng k|] l/t ub{5g\ / ltg} dlxnfxnfO{ nlIft
u/L lx+;f ul/G5. tL dlxnfx k'/ftgjfbL / ?9LjfbL ;f]raf6
;dfhnfO{ d'Qm u/fpgtkm{ nfUb5g\. pgLx ;dfhdf ljBdfg
?l9jfbL k'/ftgjfbL ;f]rfOsf] rqmJo"x tf]8L aflx/ cfpg] k|of;df
x'G5g\. kmn:jk ;dfhdf /x]sf] k'/ftgjfbL tyf lkQ[;QfTds
;f]rfOsf kIfkftLxn] o;/L ;lqmo lzlIft dlxnfxnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{sf nflu lx+;fsf] af6f] ckgfpg yfN5g\.
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or
dflysf rf6{xdf k|:t't tYofdf klxnf] lx+;fdf kg{] ;fIf/

dlxnfx / bf];|f]df lg/If/ dlxnfx /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ljjfxk"j{ dlxnfn] afa'n] eg]sf] h]
klg dfGg'k5{. ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\ g} dlxnfsf nflu ;j{] ;jf{
x'G5g\, eGg] dlxnfsf] ;f]rfO{df kfl/lbPsf] 5. h;sf sf/0f w]/}
dlxnfxn] >Ldfg\n] ug{] h:tf];'s} Jojxf/ ;d]tnfO{ klg olt t
e} xfN5, d]/f] z/L/df cflv/ p;sf] clwsf/ 5 -d]/f] z/L/ d]/f]
clwsf/_ eGg] unt ;f]r cfTd;ft u/]sf]] kfOG5. T;;sf sf/0f
ck/fwLs 36gfxnfO{ klg dlxnfn] ;'? ;'?df ;fdfGo kdf
lng] u5{g\. dlxnfxn] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] klxrfg ;d]t
ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf lkQ[;Qfn] ul/lbPsf] 5. >Ldfg\ /
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 x'g] cfk/flws ultljlwxnfO{ dlxnfn]
;x]/} a:5g\ / dlxnfnfO{ To:tf 36gfx ;x]/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] tkm{
49
;dfhn] ;d]t clek|] l/t ub{5. h'g lbg Tof] lx+;fn] ;Ldf gf5
To;kl5 dfq To:tf 36gfx aflx/ cfpF5g\.
k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
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o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf tYofsf cfwf/df ljjflxt

dlxnfx ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;fdf k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5. k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] *) ljjflxt dlxnfx /x] sf 5g\. o;}u/L !$
dlxnfx cljjflxt, $ dlxnfx Psn / @ dlxnfx 5'lP/
a;]sf 5g\. k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df kf/kfr's] u/]sf # hgf
dlxnfxdfly / ;Fu} a;]sf # hgf dlxnfxdfly klg lx+;f ePsf]
kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ ^_.
rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
ljjfx ;dfhdf dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfsf kdf :yflkt x'g'n] klg

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ vf;u/L dlxnfdfly 3/]n' lx+;f ug{nfO{
;xh agfO{ lbPsf] 5. ljjfxkZrft\ >Ldfg\sf] 3/df hfg'kg{]
;+:sf/n] dlxnfx z}lIfs / cfly{s kn] hlt ;Ifd ePklg
k'?ifeGbf sdhf]/ 5g\ eGg] ;fljt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5. lkQ[;QfTds

;+/rgfn] dlxnfsf] :jtGqtf, pTkfbg / of}lgstfdf k'?ifs} lg0f{o
/ lgoGq0f ;b}j agfO{/fVg klg ljjfxnfO{ ;+:Yffut ul/Psf] 5.
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k|rlnt k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/sf gfddf ;dfhdf /x]sf]

d"NodfGotfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr x'g] of}glqmofsnfknfO{ sfg'gL
dfGotf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5. xfn g]kfnsf] sfg'ggn] @) jif{ k"/f
ePsf JolQmxsf nflu ljjfx ug{] / of}glqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
x'gsf nflu sfg'gL / ;fdflhs dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5. ljjfx
kZrft\ dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] 3/ 5f]8]/ s]6fsf] 3/df g} uP/ a:g]
rngn] k'?ifxnfO{ zlQmzfnL / dlxnfdfly lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu
an k|bfg u/]sf] 5. o;nfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;a}eGbf a9L >Ldfg\af6 -%#_ePsf] tYon]
klg :ki6 kf/]sf] 5. ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfx kl/jf/sf] lgoGq0fdf
/xg]u5{g\ / ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 lgolGqt
x'g] ub{5g\. ljjfx kZrft\ dlxnfn] ug{] x/]s sfo{nfO{ 3/kl/jf/
/ O{Hhtsf] ljifo agfO{G5 h;n] ubf{ dlxnfxsf] :jtGq eP/
afRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;d]t xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf 5.
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xfn g]kfndf ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf]8Lxsf] olsg tYof gePtf

klg of] k|rng a9\bf] 5. ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf]l8xn] sfg'gL /
wfld{s dfGotf kfPsf] 5}gg. of] k|rng ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f If]qdf
eGbf zx/L If]qdf a9L /x]s]f kfO{G5. of] k|rngn] dlxnfnfO{ s]xL
xb;Dd ePklg ;fdflhs e"ldsf / ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf cf8df
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ r'gf}lt lbG5. lx+;f hxfF klg / h:tf]
;DaGw ePsf JolQmxaf6 klg x'g ;S5. o;/L ;Fu} a;]sf
hf]8Lxdf lx+;f ePdf sfg'gn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg gu/] s} sf/0f
dlxnfx sfg'gL Gofo kfpg] clwsf/af6 ;d]t al~rt x'g' kg{]
cj:yf 5. o;/L ;Fu} a;]sf hf]l8xdf ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx
clen]vLs/0f sd x'g'n] sfg'g / ;dfhn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg
51
gu/]s} sf/0fn] 36gfx aflx/ gcfPsf x'g ;S5g\ eGg] cg'dfg

ug{ ;lsG5.
@=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8]

hghflt -@(_ dlxnfx lx+;fdf /x] sf] kfO{G5. To:f}u/L If]qL
/ t/fO{ hghflt dlxnfx bf];|f] :t/df a9L lx+;faf6 -a/fa/L
!% _ k|efljt /x]sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5. s"n lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] !# a|fXd0f, !) t/fO{ u}/ blnt, ( kxf8] blnt,
& t/fO{ blnt / @ d'l:nd hftsf dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{of].
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or
52
rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
ljZn]if0f
dflysf] tYofsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
;a} hftLsf dlxnfxdf x'g] u/]s]f kfO{of]. ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs
d"NodfGotfdf hftLcg'k km/s x'gn
' ] klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{
lgwf{/0f ug{] tYo dflysf] tYofn] k|:t't u/]sf] 5. hgfhftL
dlxnfx c? hftLsf dlxnfx eGbf cfkm\gf s'/fx ;ZfQm 9n]
k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] xF'bf+ klg oL hftsf dlxnfxdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf

36gfx a9L dfqfdf aflx/ cfpg] ub{5g\.
@=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw
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or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfx dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfxsf] o; jif{ ul/Psf]

clen]vLs/0fsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] %#
>Ldfg\ /x] sf 5g\. To:t}ul/ h'g ;dfhdf dlxnfx x's{G5 ToxL
;dfhsf l5d]sL @) JolQmxn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/]sf] kfO{Psf]
5. cfkm\g} kl/jf/sf !* ;b:oxn], % ;fyLn] / $ ;DaGw
gePsf JolQmxaf6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5.
rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
dfly k|:t't tYofsf cfwf/df s] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg]

dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf lrghfg gePsf jf ;DaGw gePsf
JolQmxaf6 lx+;fdf k5{g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o;n] unt ;flat
u/]sf] 5. dlxnfxsf] hf];Fu glhssf] ;DaGw 5 jf h;n] a9L
dfof u5{ eGg] dlxnfxn] ;f]Rb5g\ ToxL JolQmaf6 pgLxdfly
a9L lx+;f ePsf] o; tYofn] k'li6 ub{5.
53
gf]6 M dlxnfsf] k|]d ;DaGw ePsf / dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg]sf

JolQmxnfO{ ;fyLsf] ju{df /fvL ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5.
@=* k|efljtsf] k]zf
or
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54
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfx ;+nUg /x]sf] k]zf / pgLxdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] k|sf/nfO{

ljZn]if0f ubf{ lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfxdWo] s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg
/x]sf $$ dlxnfxdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
@! dlxnfx 3/fo;L sfddf, !@ dlxnfx dhb'/Ldf, !)
dlxnfx Joj;fodf cfa4 /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L s'g} klg
sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^ dlxnfx, cgf}rfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t
@ dlxnfx, To:t}ul/ ;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L,
u}/;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t / ;fdflhs ;]jf ug{] dlxnfx a/fa/
-!-!_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5.
rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf
ljZn]if0f
l.o
rg
dlxnfxn] cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dn] lx+;fsf] cg'ej ug{]

ub{5g\ h;df ljz]iful/ cflTdo ;DaGw ePsf JolQmxaf6 x'g]
lx+;f dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts :t/;Fu ;DalGwt
/xG5. h;n] dlxnfnfO{ ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u
ug{af6 al~rt ug{ afWo ub{5. 9
ec
ne
pa
dflysf]tYofsf cfwf/df s] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] dlxnfxn]

ub{} cfPsf] sfdsf] klxrfg cem x'g ;s]s]f 5}g. g]kfnsf sl/a
^* dflg;x s[lifdf lge{/ /x] sf 5g\. o; k|lta]bgdf ;d]6]sf
dlxnfx dWo] $$ dlxnfx s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\. t/
pgLxn] u/]s]f sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5}g. pgLxsf] s[lif
k]zfdf ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf nflu egL lbOPsf];]jfd"ns
sfds} lg/Gt/tfsf] kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .
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or
dlxnfxn] 3/df sfo{ ug{], 3/sf ;a};b:oxnfO{ aflx/ sfd

ug{ hfgsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] sfd s]an dlxnfn] u5{g\
t/ dlxnfsf] of] sfo{nfO{ ;]jfd"ns sfo{df l;ldt ul/Psf] 5,
o;sf] s'g} d"No 5}g. pTkfbgsf x/]s sfo{df dlxnfsf] k|d'v
e"ldsf /xG5 t/ cufl8 b]lvg] a]nfdf k'?if b]lvG5g\ / pTkfbgsf]
d"Nosf] l;+uf] lx+:;]bf/ klg k'?if /xG5 . cfly{s sf/f] jf/df ;w}+
k'?ifsf] cu|;/tf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf a9L x'g] ub{5. h;sf sf/0f
klg sltko dlxnfxn] cfkm"nfO{ c;Ifd dxz'; u5{g\ . cfkm"nfO{
g/fd|f] nfUg] sfo{ -ck/fw_ s;}n] u/]df klg To;sf] lj?4 k|ltsf/
ug{] ;fx; a6'Ng ;Qm}gg\ lsgsL cfkm"dfly k/]sf] lx+;fsf] lj?4
af]Nbf emg\ afls lhGbuLg} s;/L sf6\g] eGg] ;d:of dlxnfdf
cfO{kb{5 . cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af]n]df 5f]/f5f]/Ldfly
g/fd|f] c;/ kg{], pgLxnfO{ ;d]t vt/f x'g], cfkm" a;]s]f 3/af6
g} lgsflng], 3/af6 aflx/ cfPkZrft\ c;'/lIft x'g] / cfly{s
9
Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women,
its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, A/HRC/11/6/Add.5
55
l.o
rg
pkfh{gsf nflu cGo ljsNk g/xg] h:tf sf/0fn] dlxnfxnfO{

cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] k|ltsf/ ug{af6 al~rt u/fpFb510
/ dlxnfdf Psk6s ;xG5' eGg] efjgf dlxnfdf knfpF5 / ;w}+
dlxnfx lx+;f vk]/ g} a:g afWo agfO{{Psf 5g\. t;y{ klg
dlxnfdfly ePsf] w]/} lx+;fsf 36gfx aflx/ cfpb}gg\.
@=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfxdfly k/]sf] c;/
or
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56
ec
ne
pa
lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfxdfly k/]sf c;/nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg

u/L o; k':tsdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5. dlxnfxdfly s'g}klg
k|sf/sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a}eGbf a9L %@ dlxnfxdf dfgl;s c;/
k/]sf] kfO{of] . @)% dlxnfxnfO{ zf/Ll/s c;/ k/]sf] !*
dlxnfxnfO{ ;fdflhs c;/ / !) dlxnfxnfO{ cfly{s c;/
k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfxdfly w]/} zf/Ll/s kdf cfqmd0f
x'g] / pgLxnfO{ zf/Ll/s c;/ kg{] u/]sf] ePtf klg o;n] cGo
lb3{sflng c;/x klg dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kfg{] u/]s]f 5.
rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf

c;/x
10
Violence Agaist Women Online Resource, The facts about
domestic violence, http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/inbriefs/
domesticviolence/domesticviolence.html
ljZn]if0f
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or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] dfgl;s

:jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] u/]sf] 5. dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
lx+;f kZrft\ "cfkm\gf] afFlssf] eljio s:tf] x'G5" eGg] lrGtfn]
dlxnfnfO{ ;tfpFg] u/]sf] cWoogsf qmddf dlxnfxn] atfPsf
5g\. ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
:jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] kdf klxrfg u/L o;n] j[xt dfqfdf zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, dft[Tj :Jf:Yodf ;d:of
pTkGg ug{] u/]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .11 dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf sf/0f ljz]ifkdf dlxnfxdf dgf];fdflhs c;/ kg{]
h;sf sf/0f dlxnfsf] JolQmut :jtGqtf ljlng x'g], ;fj{hlgs
hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] ub{5. 12
dlxnfxdf lx+;f kZrft\ Pp6f ;d:of b]lvPtf klg To;sf]
;DaGw cGo kIfx;Fu klg x'g] ub{5. o;/L lx+;fn] dlxnfsf]
k|ToIf hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf c;/x k'ofpFg] u/]sf] o;
jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5..
11 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.
html
12
Allan Rosenfield, Caroline Min and Joshua Bardfield, pp.
3-4 Global womens health and human rights: an introduction, in
Womens Global Health and Human Rights, edited by Padmini Murthy
and Clyde Lanford Smith, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts (2010)
57
ec
ne
pa
or
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kl/R5]b #
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f

#=!
dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnflj?4 eO{/x]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf lx+;fxdWo] 3/]n' lx+;f

k|d'v kdf /x] sf] 5. 3/]n' lx+;fsf :jkx ;dfh jf kl/l:ylt
cg'k km/s ePtf klg ;+;f/el/ g} 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx a9L
x'g] u/]sf] 5 .13 x/]s $ hgf dlxnfxdWo] ! hgf dlxnf 3/]n'
lx+;faf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ .14
3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g @)^^ cg';f/ "3/]n' lx+;f" eGgfn]
s'g} JolQmn] 3/]n' ;DaGw ePsf] csf{] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf cfly{s oftgf ;Demg' k5{ / zAbn]
ufnL ug{] tyf efjgfTds rf]6 k'ofpg] cGo s'g} sfo{nfO{ ;d]t
hgfpFb5.15
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or
3/leq jf kl/jf/sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly x'g] lx+;f 3/] n'

lx+;f xf]. g]kfndf 3/]n' lx+;fnfO{ JolQmut jf 3/fo;L dfldnfsf]
kdf lnO{ of] ;fdflhs / aflx/L x:tIf]keGbf 6f9fsf] ljifo xf]
eGg] k/Dk/fut ;f]rfO{ cem} ljBdfg 5. h;sf sf/0f 3/]n' lx+;f
a9\bf] qmddf /x] sf] kfO{G5 . 3/]n' lx+;f eg]sf] dlxnf lj?4sf]
lx+;fsf] Pp6f ;j}eGbf k'/fgf] k xf]. 3/]n' lx+;f ;j} lsl;dsf]
;dfhdf k|rlnt 5. 3/] n' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf / kfl/jfl/s
tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;dfgtfsf]cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf]
Ifdtfdf ulx/f] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . .16
13
UNFPA, 1999, UNICEF, 2000; 2005
14
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, fact
sheet,Washington, DC 20009
15
3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/
;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^&

16
dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; g+=!(, llth session,
1992
59
or
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60
ec
ne
pa
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;f]n'v'Da' 3/ ePsf lji0f' -kL8s_ / wgs'6f lgjf;L cr{gfsf]

-d[ts_ @)^@ ;fndf dfuL ljjfx ePsf] lyof]. pgLx @
jif{b]lv sf7df8f}+df a:b} cfPsf lyP. pgLxsf Ps & jif{sf]
5f]/f klg /x]sf 5g\. kL8s c;O{sf kdf /fli6o cg';Gwfgdf
sfo{/t 5g\. d[tssf kl/jf/sf cg';f/ pgLxsf] klxn] s'g}
klg lsl;dsf] emu8f, egfeg, dgd'6fj gePsf] kfO{of]. d[tssf
cfkmGtxn] kL8snfO{ Psbd} c;n HjfO{sf] kdf dfGb} cfPsf
lyP. r}q #, @)^( ut]sf] dWo /ftdf sl/a ! ah]lt/ cr{gf /
lji0f'sf] sf]7faf6 89\of8'9' u/]sf] cfjfh pgLxsf] 5]pdf a:g]
kL8ssf elthfn] ;'g] / em\ofnaf6 s] eof] sfsf eg]/ ;f]w t/
leqaf6 s'g} cfjfh gcfPkl5 9f]sf 9S9sfpg yfn]. Toltubf{ klg
leqaf6 9f]sf gvf]n]kl5 pgn] 9f]sf hf]8n] 9s\9sfpFbf leqsf]
r's'n v'Nof]. To; a]nf sf]7fdf alQ lge]sf] lyof]. elQhf sf]7f
leq k:gf ;fy lk8s d}n] >LdtL klg df/] 5f]/f klg df/] eg]/
s/fpFb} aflx/ lgl:sP/ uP. To;kl5 ;a} l5d]sLx hDdf
eP/ 36gf:yndf x]bf{ cr{gfsf] 6fpFsf]df l;nf}6f]n]n] xflgPsf]
lyof / pgsf] 6fpFsf]af6 cToflws /ut au]sf]sf/0f pgL cr]t
cj:Yfdf lyOg\ eg] 5f]/f klg e'Odf nl8/x] sf lyP. To;kl5
cr{gf / pgsf & jifL{o5f]/fnfO{ l6lr c:ktfn dxf/fhuGhdf
nluof] . cr{gfsf] :jf:Yol:ylt uDeL/ /x]sf] / e]lN6n]6/df /fVg'
kg{] cj:yf ePsf]n] pgnfO{ l6lr c:ktfnn] lzjHof]tL c:ktfn,
aNv'df l/km/ u/]sf] lyof]. c:ktfndf egf{ ePkl5 cr{gf xf];df
gcfpFb} pgnfO{ 8fS6/n] r}q !# ut] sl/a * ah]lt/ -36gf
ePsf] !) lbg kl5_ d[ts 3f]if0ff uof].
#=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :jkx

3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ /
;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& n] 3/]n' lx+;fsf :jkxnfO{ o;/L
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
zf/Ll/s oftgf Mce 7xg]{ afx]s s'6lk6, u}/sfg'gL y'gfdf

/fVg], zf/Ll/s rf]6 k'ofpg] jf To:t} cGo s'g} sfd ug]{u/fpg]
sfo{xnfO{ zf/Ll/s oftgfleq kb{5g\.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dfgl;s oftgf M zf/Ll/s oftgfsf] 8/wfs b]vfpg] jf wDsL

lbg], qf;k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{, ufnL unf}h ug]{, em'7f aft nufpg],
3/af6 lgsfnf ug]{, dfgl;s rf]6 k'Ug ;Sg] sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg]
;fy} j}rfl/s, wfld{s jf ;fF:s[lts tyf k|yfk/Dk/fsf cfwf/df
ul/g] e]befjhGo sfo{ dfgl;s oftgfleq kb{5g\.
of}ghGo oftgf M o;cGt{ut of}ghGo k|s[ltsf] b'Jo{jxf/, ckdfg,
xtf]T;fx jf cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'ofpg], ;'/lIft of}g :jf:Yodf
cf3ft k'Ug] h:tf s'g} klg sfo{ kb{5.
or
cfly{s oftgf M o;cGt{ut ;uf]n jf lghL ;DklQsf] k|of]u ug{

jf /f]huf/L jf cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kx'Fr jf k|of]udf jl~rt
ug]{ h:tf sfo{ kb{5g\.17
.w
3/]n' lx+;fnfO{ ;+;f/e/ dxfdf/L / b]zsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] kdf

lnO{Psf] 5. g]kfndf klg of] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]s] f 5.
o;sf] cGTosf nflu ;fdflhs If]q / dlxnf clwsf/sf If]qdf
sfo{/t ljleGg ;\3;+:yf /g]kfn ;/sf/af6}klg ljleGg k|of;x
ePsf 5g\. 3/]n' lx+;f cGTo ug{s} nflu 3/]n' lx+;f P]g-@)^^_
/ 3/]n' lx+;f lgodfjnL-@)^&_ nfu" ePsf] @ jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5.
t/ dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f /f]syfksf nflu o; P]gn] Tolt
k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOFb}g. sfg'gdf /x] sf c:ki6tf
/ sfg'gn] 3/]n' lx+;fsf ;a} kIfxnfO{ g;d]6] sf sf/0f 3/]n'
lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxn] Gofo kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. pbfx/0fsf
kdf ;Fu} a;]sf] hf]8L, ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] xsdf o; P]gdf
17
;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff
61
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ne
pa
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/x] sf] kl/efiff df}g 5. lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx jf ph'/Lstf{sf]

uf]klgotfsf] ;+/If0fdf c:ki6tf /x]sf] kfO{G5. lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfxsf nflu ;]jf s]Gb| / sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ;a} lhNnf / :yfgLo
:t/;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g, k|x/L dlxnf;]n :yfgLo :t/df 5}g
h;n] ubf{ dlxnfxnfO{ ph'/L ug{ hfg;Dd klg ufx|f] 5. o;sf
;fy} o; P]gdf dfgl;s lx+;fnfO{ lx+;fsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]s]f
;sf/fTds kIf 5 t/ pQm lx+;fnfO{ s;/L k|dfl0ft ug{] eGg]af/]
pNn]v 5}g. pbfx/0fsf] nflu lx+;fsf] k|df0fsf nflu 3fp hfFr
ug{] eGg] k|fjwfg 5. dfgl;s lx+;fdf 3fp hfFrdf s]xL b]lvGg.
o;sf nflu ljdz{stf{sf] k|ltj]bg lng ;lsG5. t/ P]gdf pQm
k|fjwfg 5}g. oyfy{tfdf dlxnfdfly dfgl;s lx+;fx a9L x'g] t/
Jojxf/df pQm lx+;fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{] cfwf/ g} P]gdf g/fVg'n] of]
P]g ck"0f{ b]lvG5. o;n] dlxnfxnfO{ Gofo lbg ;s]s] f 5}g.18
#=#
dlxnfdlfy x'g] 3/]n' lx+;fleq klg dlxnfxdfly s:tf s:tf

k|sf/sf lx+;fx x'g] u/]sf 5g\ egL x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L zf/Ll/s lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfxdfly s'6lk6sf 36gfx w]/} ePsf
kfO{Psf 5g\. dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfxdWo] %%
dlxnfxdfly zf/Ll/s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]. @$ dlxnfxdfly
dfgl;s lx+;f, !^ dlxnfsf >Ldfg\n] ax'ljjfx u/L dlxnfdfly
lx+;f u/] sf 5g\. To;}u/L $ dlxnfx 3/lgsfnf ePsf 5g\ eg]
! dlxnfxdfly j}jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !!_.
.w
or
62
3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x
#=$ 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/

3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo]&( dlxnfx cfkm\g} >Ldfg\
af6 / @! dlxnfx cfkm\g} 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 lx+;fdf
kg{] u/]sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !@_.
18
;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
.w
or
rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx k|ltztdf
rf6{ g+= !@ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx / kL8ssf] ;DaGw
#=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtxsf] j}jflxs cj:yfsf af/]df ljZn]if0f

ubf{ Psn, cljjflxt / 5'lP/ a;]sf dlxnfxeGbf ljjflxt
dlxnfx 3/]n' lx+;fsf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf]
5. o; jif{ (! ljjflxt dlxnfx / Psn, cljjflxt / 5'lP/
63
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
a;]sf dlxnfx a/fj/ # 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of]

-rf6{ g+= !#_.
rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf /

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f
or
#=^
k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtxdWo]

;a}eGbf a9L @^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx k|efljt ePsf]
kfO{Psf] 5. @^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf #( dlxnfx o; jif{
3/] n' lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\. To;}u/L !^@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
dlxnfx #^, #^$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !^, $^%% jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf %, %% jif{eGbf dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx # /
!^ jif{ d'lgsf pd]/ ;d"xsf ! dlxnfxdfly 3/]n' lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !$ _.
.w
64
#=& k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f

dlxnfxdfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f
ubf{ lg/If/dlxnfxeGbf b'O{ u'0ff a9L -^&_ ;fIf/ dlxnfxdfly
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
3/]n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !%_.
.w
or
rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf /

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
65
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf

/ lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
or
.w
66
#=* k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f

o; jif{ k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfxleq klg ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx -#)
_ lx+;fdf /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;kl5 kxf8] blnt !(, t/fO{
hghftL !^, If]qL !#, a|fXd0f !), t/fO{ u}/ blnt / d'l:nd
a/fj/L ^^ 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt /x] s]f kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !&_.
rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] hfltut cj:yf /

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
#=( k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf 3/]n' lx+;fsf

k|efljt /x]sf] o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5. k|fKt tYofsf
cfwf/df #! s[lif, @( s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/x]sf, !#
3/fo;L sfd, ( Joj;fo, & dhb'/L, % cgf}krfl/s If]qdf
sfo{/t, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf hflu/ ug{] / ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;+nUg
dlxnfx a/fj/L -@@_ lx+;fdf k/]sf 5g\ -rf6{ g++ !*_.
.w
rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] k]zf / lx+;fsf]

cj:yf
#=!) k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/

3/]n' lx+;fdf klg ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx zf/Ll/s kdf lx+;fdf
kg{] u/] sfn] dlxnfxdf a9L dfqfdf zf/Ll/s c;/ k/] sf] kfO{G5 .
oBlk dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lx+;f x'Fbf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf
km/s km/s lsl;dsf c;/x kg{] ub{5g\. k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L
#% dlxnfxdfly zf/Ll/s c;/ k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] #) df
cfly{s c;/, !( dfgl;s c;/, !) df ;fdflhs c;/ / ^
67
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfxdf dfly pNn]lvt ;a} k|sf/sf c;/x k/]sf] kfO{of]

-rf6{ g+=!(_. ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fdf dfgl;s c;/ kb{5. To;sf/0f
;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f k|efljtxnfO{ dfgl;s c;/ k/]sf] 5.
68
or
rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdf k/]sf] c;/x

k|ltztdf
.w
ljZn]if0f
3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] %% dlxnfxdfly

zf/Ll/s lx+;f ePsf] 5 eg] #% dlxnfxdf 3/]n' lx+;fsf
sf/0f zf/Ll/s c;/ k/]sf] 5 . TTo;}u/L (! ljjflxt
dlxnfxdfly 3/] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;n] s] b]vfpF5
eg] 3/ h;nfO{ a:gsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg dflgG5 dlxnfx
ToxL 3/leq c;'/lIft 5g\ . cfkm\g} kl/jf/af6 dlxnfx
a9L hf]lvddf 5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ o;n] :ki6 kfb{5. g]kfnL
dlxnfx ;a}eGbf a9L cfkm\g} gftfuf]tfsf JolQmxaf6
lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf] tYofn] atfpF5. o;/L dlxnfx lx+;fdf
kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] dlxnfsf nflu
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
lgwf{/0f u/]s] f e"ldsf k|d'v /x] sf] 5. ;fdflhs e"ldsfn]

dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{sf] ljefhg u/]sf] 5. dlxnfn] of]
sfo{ ug'{x'G5, of] ug'{x'b}+g eg]/ dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs lglt
lgodn] lgb{]lzt u5{. dlxnfx ;xgzLn x'g'k5{, 7"nf]
:j/n] af]Ng' x'b}+g, xf:g' x'b}+g, cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfO{ h:tf];'s}
b'Mvdf klg v';L kfg{] ;Lk x'g] dlxnf g} c;n dlxnf xf]
eGg] h:tf ;f]r cem klg ;dfhdf xfaL 5. o:tf ;f]rxn]
dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{sf nflu kL8snfO{ k|z:t ;xof]u ePsf]
kfO{G5 . afa'n] 5f]/Ldfly lx+;f ubf{ d]/} 5f]/L xf], o;n] s]xL
ug{ ;lQmg eGg] olsgsf ;fy cfkm\g} afa'af6 dlxnfdfly
lx+;f ePsf] 5. d}n] ljjfx u/]/ NofPsf] t xf] lg o;nfO{,
d]/f] lj?4 af]ln eg] ef]ln sxfF uP/ afRg ;S5]/ sxfF hfG5]
/ eGg] ;f]rsf sf/0f cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 dlxnfx lx+;fdf
k/]sf 5g\. 3/leq ePsf 36gfxnfO{ aflx/ nfg' x'b} +g eGg]
e|d cem klg dlxnfxdf /x]sf] 5. h;sf sf/0f h:tf];'s}
oftgf cfkm"n] vKg' k/]klg dlxnfx To;nfO{ ;xg] k|of;
u5{g\. h;n] kL8ssf] dgf]andf cem an yKg] sfo{ePsf]
5 / dlxnfx emg\ hf]lvddf kg{] u/]sf 5g\.
.w
3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ^& ;fIf/ dlxnfx

/xg'n] 36gfx lg/If/ jf gk9]sf dlxnfxdfly dfq x'G5
eGg] e|dnfO{ uNtL ;flat u/]sf] 5. dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf]
cj:yfn] klg lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5. g]kfndf xfn klg
k'?ifxsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ sd g} 5. o;n]
xfn klg kl/jf/df 5f]/LnfO{ w]/} k9fpg' xF'b}+g eGg] ;f]r xfaL
/x] s]f b]vfpF5 . dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs :t/ a9fpg ;lsof] eg]
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfxdf s]xL xb;Dd ePklg sdL
Nofpg ;lsg] tYofn] b]vfpF5.
69
l.o
rg
s[lif k]zf /3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf dlxnfxsf]t'ngfdf

cGo If]qdf-aflx/sf] sfddf_ ;+nUg dlxnfxdfly lx+;f sd
ePsf]kfO{Psf]5. o; tYonfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnL dlxnfx
;a}eGbf a9L 3/leqsf] sfddf ;+nUg /x] sf] / o;nfO{ sfo{sf]
kdf klxrfg u/L "s'g} klg d"Nosf] lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sbf" oL
If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfxdfly lje]b ul/Psf] 5. a9Ldfqfdf
3/kl/jf/sf] sfddf ;dlk{t dlxnfxdfly 3/]n' lx+;f ePsf]
5.
or
.w
70
ec
ne
pa
dlxnfsf] z/L/dflysf] lgoGq0f gx'Fbf dlxnfdfly 3/]n' lx+;f

x'g] ub{5. h;sf] k|efj dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s -#%_, cfly{s -#)
_, dfgl;s -!(_, / ;fdflhs hLjgdf -!)_, kg{] ub{5.
!) dlxnfxdf ;a} lsl;dsf] c;/ kg{] u/]sf] kfOof] .
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b $
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f

$=! dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f
or
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;+:yf /

;+/rgfxdf h/f] uf8]/ a;]s]f lkQ[;Qf, ;fdGtL lrGtg, wfld{s
h8;'qjfbL cfr/0fxsf sf/0f xfd|f] ;dfhdf gsf/fTds
k/Dk/fut k|rngx sfod} 5g\. oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/
ub{} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ldlt @)^& ;fn h]i7 @* ut] af]S;L
k|yf h:tf] cdfg'lifs Jojxf/ /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / ;hfo ug{]
k|efjsf/L sfg'g th{'df ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zgfTds
cfb]z hf/L ul/;s]sf] 5 .19 dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldlt
.w
72
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
;fdfGotof ;dfhsf ;b:oxaf6 ;fdflhs /Lltl:ylt /

Jojxf/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;f egL
a'lemG5. ;fdflhs lx+;fleq dlxnfxnfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
kdf ;dfhsf]/Lltl:yltnfO{ cfwf/agfO{ cdfgjLo 9+un]k|tfl8t
ul/Psf] o; jif{sf] tYofdf kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfx ;a}eGbf
a9L cfkmGtaf6 / cfkm" h'g ;dfhdf /x]sf 5g\ ToxL ;dfhsf
;b:oxaf6 dlxnfx ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] u/]sf] tYofn]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
19
af]S;L k|yfsf] cGTosf] cfb]z M clwjQmf /]Zdf yfkf;d]t lj? g]
kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tsf] d'2fdf b]zsf ljleGg efuxdf
dlxnfdfly af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ s'6lk6 ug{], ckdfg ug{], ceIf v'jfpg]
h:tf cToGt 3[l0ft / ckdfghgs sfo{x x'Fb} cfPsf]df To:tf sfo{xnfO{
aGb ug{ cfjZos sfg'g t'h{df ug{sf nflu ljkIfLsf gfddf cfb]z hf/L u/L
kfpF eGg] pQm d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] af]S;L k|yfh:tf] cdfg'lifs Jojxf/,
/f]syfd lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm sfg'g gePsfn] af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ x'g] u/]
sf cGofo, cGTofrf/. pTkL8g, oftgf lbg] sfo{sf] /f]syfd lgoGq0f / ;hfo
ug{] k|efjsf/L sfg'g th'{df ug{ / ;fdflhs ;r]tgf clea[l4 u/L ?9LjfbL
c1fgtf x6fpg] p2]Zon] ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx;d]t rnfpg] Joj:yf ug{sf
nflu ;jf{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
(CEDAW Committee) n] ;g\ @)!! df g]kfndf dlxnf

xs ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;/sf/n] ug{'kg]{ sfo{x egL :ki6 kn]
;'emfjx ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf] 5.20
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
To;} u/L ljZjJofkL cfjlws ;dLIff;DaGwL g] kfnsf]

k| l tj] bgdf ;d] t ljleGg /fi6 o xn] ;fdflhs lx+ ; fnfO{
;Daf] wg ug{ s f nflu ;' e mfjx k] z u/]sf 5g\ . 21
dlxnfdfly eO{/x]s] f o:tf] k|sf/sf] ulDe/ ck/fwsf] ;Daf]wgsf
nflu k|efjsf/L sfg'gsf] cefj, dlxnfxsf nflu t'?Gt} Gofo
k|fKt ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf gx'g', k|efljtxsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
.w
or
20
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw
cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly dlxnf lj?4
e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ ;'emfj,
s_ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ -Pkm_ / % -P_ cg' lkt[;QfTds ;f]+r tyf dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] e]befjsf] k|rng pGd"ng ug{ 7f]; nIo tyf ;do tflnsf
;lxt Jofks /0fgLlt lagf l9nfO{sf ;fy cjnDag u/
v_ gful/s ;dfhsf ;fy} ;d'bfo / wfld{s g]tfxnfO{ ;fd]n u/L dlxnf
/ k'?if b'j} nlIft u/L xfgLsf/s k/Dk/f cGTo ug{ ;+rf/ dfWodxl;t
;xsfo{ u/L dlxnfxsf] ;sf/fTds, k/Dk/futeGbf leGg / e]befj/
lxt lrq0f ug{ / hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf z}lIfs k|of; ;'b[9Ls/0fdf
hf]8 lbg tyf
u_ xfgLsf/s ;fdflhs cEof; ;DaGwL d:of}bf sfg'gnfO{ t'?Gt nfu" u/
/ o;df ;a}k|sf/sf xfgLsf/s k|rng ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/
tyf ljgf l9nfO{ o; sfg'gsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy}
o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cg'udg u/
;'emfjx M ;jf{lws hf]lvddf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d'bfoxdf Wofg
21
s]lGb|t u/L pgLxsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkef]u, ljz]ifu/L cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffdfkm{t\, dfgj clwsf/af/]sf] r]tgf tyf
1fgsf] :t/ a9fpg] -letgfd_
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf blntnufotsf lj?4 x'g] lje]bsf] cGTo ug{
cfjZos sfg'gL tyf gLltut pkfox cjnDag ug{] -g]b/Nof08_
5'jf5't nufot bL3{sfnLg lje]bxnfO{ k|efjsf/L df ;Daf]wg tyf
pGd"ng ug{ sfg'gL pkfox ;'? ug{] -cl:6of_

73
l.o
rg
clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf gx'g', k|efljtxsf]

;fdflhs, cfly{s, clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug]{ ;/sf/sf] s'g} lglb{i6
sfo{of]hgfsf]cefjsf sf/0f dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs kdf x'g] o:tf
ck/fwx cem} ;dfhdf JofKt 5g\. o:tf lx+;faf6 kLl8t ;a}
dlxnfxdf uDeL/ kn] dfgl;s k|efj kf/]sf] 5. k|efljtsf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox vf; u/L 5f]/f5f]/LxnfO{ o:tf lx+;fxn]
ulDe/ kn] k|efljt kf/]sf] 5. o:tf] c;/ w]/} ;do;Dd kg{]
l:ylt 5.
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
74
bf lhNnf a:g] %* jifL{of Ps j[4 dlxnfdfly af]S;Lsf] cf/f] kdf

k6s k6s zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf nufot cdfgjLo Jojxf/
;d]t ePsf] 5. d]/f] l5d]sdf a:g] @ hgf k'?ifx lj/fdL
ePkl5 dnfO{ d]/} l5d]sLx?n] af]S;Lsf] cf/f] k nufPsf x'g\ . h'g
lbg d]/f l5d]sLlxlj/fdL eP ;f]xLlbg /ftL sl/a !) hgf hlt
ufpFsf o'jf k'?iflxcfO{ dnfO{ af]S;L e:b} s'6lk6 ub{} lj/fdL
ePsf] 3/;Dd l3:ofpFb} nu]. dnfO{ l;:gf] kfgL nufP/ s'6].
la/fdLx?sf] k}tfnf rf6\g nufP. dnfO{ ha/h:tL af]S;L xf] egL
eg eGg yfn], d}n] d af]S;L x}g eGbf, crfgf]dfly /fv]/ v's'/L
sf6\5f} cem egLbg;\ eg\ eGg yfn] . d]/f] zl//df lgn8fdx?sf]
lrGx nfdf] ;do;Dd lyof].
ef]lnkN6 dnfO{ af]S;L xf] egL sfuhL lg0f{o u/L ha/h:tL
x:tfIf/ u/fO{ ufpFdf j:g glbg] egL ufpFaf6 ;d]t lgsfnf
lul/lbP. s]xL lbg;Dd t Tof] ufpFdf sf]xL klg hfg ;s]gg\. s]xL
lbg kl5 cf]/]s g]kfn / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?n] dnfO{
;xof]u ug'{eof]. # dlxgf hlt d cf]/]s g]kfns} ;'/lIft cfjf;
bfdf a;] . cf]/] s g]kfns} ;xof]udf xfn lhNnf cbfntdf d]/f]
d'2f rln/x]s]f 5 .
$=@ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :jkx
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhskdf ePsf lx+;fxdf klg a9L dfqfdf

zf/Ll/s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. h;df dlxnfdfly s'6lk6sf
36gfx, ;Gtfg ghGdfPsf] lgx'Fdf wfdL emflqmxaf6 ePsf
zf/Ll/s oftgfx kb{5g\. $(% dlxnfxdfly zf/Ll/s lx+;f,
@& dlxnfxdfly dfgl;s lx+;f, !( dlxnfxdfly af] S;Lsf]
cf/f]kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f / % dlxnfxsf] afnljjfx
ePsf] 36gfx kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++=@)_.
rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x
$=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGwsf
af/]df ljZn]if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a}eGbf a9L l5d]sLaf6 lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{of]. dlxnfxdfly ePsf s"n ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] *#
lx+;f l5d]sLaf6 ePsf] kfOof]. To;}u/L ;fyLaf6 !) dlxnfdfly
/ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmxaf6 & dlxnfxdfly
;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= @!_.
75
l.o
rg
ec
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pa
rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf]

;DaGw
$=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
or
;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yfnfO{

ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljjflxt dlxnfxdfly a9L -&$_ ;fdflhs
lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] !^ cljjflxt, & Psn, @ 5'lP/ a;]sf / !
kf/kfr's] u/]sf dlxnfx ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ @@_. ljjflxt
dlxnfdf lx+;f a9L b]lvg'sf] sf/0fdf ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfxdfly
bfO{hf]sf sf/0fn] x'g] lx+;f a9L x'g' klg xf]. ljjflxt dlxnfdfly
vf;u/L rfl/lqs cfIf]kx nufpg] 36gfx ;dfhdf x'g] u/s]f
kfO{of] .
.w
76
$=% k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdf ;a}eGbf a9L !^@% jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf / @^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx /x]sf 5g\.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
oL pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdf a/fj/L -@*_ lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf]

5. bf];|f] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx #^$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf /x]sf
5g\. #^$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf @^, $^%% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
!) / %% jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ ;d"xsf * dlxnfx ;fdflhs
lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf] o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @#_.
.w
or
rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
rf6{ g+= @# pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs

lx+;fsf] cj:yf
77
$=^
k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f
or
.w
78
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxsf] z}lIfs :t/sf] af/]df ljZn]if0f

ubf{ ^% ;fIf/dlxnfx /#% lg/If/dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{Psf]5 -rf6{ g+= @$_. ;fIf/dlxnfxdf klg ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{
hfGg] dlxnfxdfly k|fylds,
dfWolds, pRr dfWolds /
;f]eGbf a9L cWoog u/]sf
dlxnfxsf] t'ngfdf a9L lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @%_.
o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] a'em]sf
jf ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf
dlxnfx ;fdflhs lx+ ; fsf] cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf]
nlIft ju{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\.
;fdflhs lx+;f
rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs

lx+;f
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
$=& k|efljtsf] hft / ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8]
hghflt dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{of] . To;}u/L bf];f| ] df -!*_ t/fO{ u}/
blnt, To;kl5 !% t/fO{ blnt, !$ t/fO{ hghflt, !@ If]qL
dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] * a|fXd0f, & kxf8] blnt /
@ d'l:nd dlxnfxdf ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=@^_.
.w
or
rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs

lx+;fsf] cj:yf
$=* k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f
;fdflhs lx+;faf6 klg s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx a9L k|efljt

ePsf] kfOPsf] 5. ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt #^ dlxnfx
s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\. To;}u/L @) dhb'/L u/]/ hLjgofkg
ul//x]sf dlxnfx / !* 3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx
;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= @&_. !) s'g}
klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/x] sf, Joj;fodf ;+nUg / cgf}krfl/s If]qdf
sfo{/t a/fj/L %% dlxnfx / # ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg
dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] eg] # cGo If]qdf sfo{/t
dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]. hf] dlxnfxsf]
79
ec
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cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ x'G5 tL dlxnfxdfly g} ;fdflhs lx+;f

a9L x'g] u/]sf] o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf
or
$=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxdf ;a}eGbf a9L zf/Ll/s c;/
k/sf] kfO{Psf] 5. ;a}eGbf a9L -^!_ dlxnfxdf zf/Ll/s
c;/, To;kl5 @# dlxnfxdf dfgl;s c;/, !$ dlxnfxdf
;fdflhs c;/ / @ dlxnfxdf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f cfly{s
c;/ kg{] u/]s]f o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= @*_.
dlxnfxdf kg{] c;/sf] k|ltztdf s]xL leGgtf ePtf klg
;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfsf] k|ToIf hLjgdf ;a} k|sf/sf
c;/x kg{] u/]sf] cWoogsf qmddf kfO{Psf] 5.
.w
80
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x

ljZn]if0f
k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs lx+;fsf 36gfxsf]

ljZn]if0f ubf{ $( dlxnfxdfly zf/Ll/s lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{of]. ljz]ift ;dfhdf JofKt /x]sf] 5'jf5't k|yf,
hflto lje]b, bfO{hf]sf sf/0f tyf af]S;Lsf] cf/f] k nufO{
dlxnfxdfly zf/Ll/s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5. !( dlxnfdfly
slyt af]S;Lsf] cf/f] kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf dfgj ;Eotfdfly
g} k|Zg lrGx p7\g] vfnsf lx+;fx ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. cf]/]s
g]kfnn] o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f -cf]/] s / ;+rf/dfWodsf
cg';f/_ u/]sf] dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfxdWo] &%
hgf dlxnfxdfly af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf]
5 eg] cf]/] ssf] dfq clen]vLs/0fsf cfwf/df $& hgf
dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] tYof k|fKt ePsf] 5. h;dWo]
%( dlxnfxdfly af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf s'6lk6 ePsf], @)
dlxnfxdfly dfgl;s kdf lx+;f ePsf], dfgl;s lx+;f
;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fdf ePklg @) dlxnfxnfO{ ljleGg
.w
or
81
or
pRr lzIff xfFl;n u/] sf dlxnfxsf]t'ngfdf ;fdfGo n]vk9

ug{ hfGg] dlxnfxdfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] tYof k|fKt x'g'n]
z}lIfs :t/ sd /x] sf dlxnfxnfO{ h;/L klg lx+;f ug{
;lsG5, / pgLxn] ph'/L ub{} gg\ eGg] cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy
kL8saf6 o:tf 36gfx ePsf kfO{G5. dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf]
cj:yf;Fu} dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf] kf6f] klg hf]l8Psf]
5. lzIffsf] :t/ a9L ePsf] dlxnfx s'g} k]zfdf ;+nUg
x'g] u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{] dlxnfx k|fo s[lif
k]zfdf / 3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg /x] sf] kfO{G5. cfly{s cj:yf
alnof]ePsf dlxnfxsf]t'ngfdf cfly{s :t/sdhf]/ePsf
dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L ePsf] kfO{of].
.w
82
;dfhdf pRr ju{, cfly{s :t/ alnof] ePsf "zlQmzfnL

JolQmxaf6" dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f x'g] u/]sf] kfO{of].
lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;lbof}+b]lv Jojxf/df /x]sf]
c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwn] cfly{s kdf sdhf]/ agfO{Psf,
dWod ju{sf / k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf dlxnfxdfly
;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g] u/]sf] kfO{of].
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
k|sf/n] dfgl;s kn] k|tf8gf u/]s]f sf/0f o;nfO{ 5'}

/flvPsf] 5. !) dlxnfxdfly ljleGg ckzAbxsf] k|of]u
-uflnunf}h_ ePsf], # dlxnfxnfO{ Hofg dfg{] wDsL, $
dlxnfxdfly cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ePsf] -dnd'q VjfO{Psf],
v'f rf6\g nufO{Psf]_, # dlxnfxnfO{ ufpF lgsfnf ul/Psf],
! dlxnfxsf] xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 kfO{Psf] 5. af]S;Ls}
cf/f]kdf o;} jif{ lrtjgsf] dfl8df ! hgf dlxnfsf] xTof
;d]t ePsf] 5.
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
s[ lif k] zfdf, cfkm\g} Joj;fo / Hofnf dhb"/L u/]/

hLljsf]kfh{g ul//x] sf dlxnfxdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L
ePsf] kfO{of]. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] hf] dlxnfx ;fdflhs
;+/rgfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbb}+ cfkm\g} ;Lk, an / d]xgtsf e/df
;dfhdf :yflkt x'g vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ tL dlxnfxf/f
;dfhdf klxn]b]lv g} :yflkt ju{sf] :yfg vf]l;g] 8/sf sf/0f
To:tf dlxnfxnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpgsf nflu dlxnfxdfly
;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g] ub{5.
83
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b %
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/
%=! anfTsf/
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf anfTsf/ dlxnfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{]

Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ xltof/sf kdf k|of]u ul/G5. k'?ifjfbL ;f]r
/ lkQ[;Qfn] dlxnfsf] z/L/sf] k|of]u k'?ifn] h;/L u/]klg x'G5
eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] ;dfhdf dlxnfdfly anfTsf/sf w]/}
36gfx x'g] ub{5g\ . dlxnfsf] z/L/, of}lgstfnfO{ kl/jf/sf]
OHht;Fu hf]8\g', dlxnfsf] klxrfgnfO{ pgsf] of}lgstf;Fu
hf]8\g', kl/jf/ jf dlxnf;Fu abnf lng dlxnfsf] z/L/df
lgoGq0f ug{] kl/kf6Ln] ;fdflhs dfGotf k|fKt ug'{ h:tf tTjx
;dfhdf ljBdfg /xg' a9\bf] "anfTsf/" sf nflu lhDd]jf/
b]lvG5g\. anfTsf/k|lt ;dfhdf /x]sf] b[li6sf]0f, anfTs[t ePsf
dlxnfxnfO{ ;dfhdf ul/g] Jojxf/sf sf/0f anfTsf/sf w]/}
36gfx aflx/ cfpFb}gg\. tyflk o; jif{ cf/]s g]kfndf !!)
j6f anfTsf/sf 36gfx, #^ j6f anfTsf/sf k|of;sf 36gfx
btf{ ePsf 5g\ eg] o;jif{ !)! j6f anfTsf/sf 36gfx ljleGg
;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\.
anfTsf/ Ps ck/fw xf]. t/ ;dfhdf cem klg k|efljt

dlxnfxg} ;fdflhs lje]b / ljleGg nf~5gfxsf] lzsf/ x'g
afWo 5g\. dlxnfsf] z/L/nfO{ k|of]u u/L z/L/sf] cv08tfnfO{
vl08t ug{] zlQm / ;f]rsf] k|bz{g ug{sf nflu dlxnfxsf]
anfTsf/ x'g] u/]s]f 5 . o:tf] ck/faf/] aflx/ eg]df kl/jf/sf]
O{Hht hfg] 8/, cljjflxt 5f]/L ePdf ljjfx gx'g] 8/, kLl8tnfO{
g} bf]ifL b]vfpg] jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / dWo:ytfsf sf/0f
o:tf 36gf x'Fbf klg klxn] t kl/jf/df, To;kl5 ;dfhdf
36gfnfO{ n'sfpg] k|of; u/]sf] kfO{G5. h;n] ubf{ b08xLgtfsf]
;+:s[lt df}nfpFb} uPsf] 5 / kL8snfO{ yk dgf]an k|bfg u/L
o:tf 36gf 36gfpgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ePsf] kfO{G5. To;}u/L
85
ec
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pa
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rg
j}jflxs anfTsf/sf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ljjfxk|ltsf] dfGotf, tyf

ljjfxkl5 dlxnfsf] z/L/ p;sf] >Ldfg\sf] clwgdf x'gkb{5 eGg]
;f]rsf sf/0f o:tf 36gfx sfg'g ePklg aflx/ NofOFb}gg\. o;
jif{ & hgf dlxnfxn] cfkm"dfly j}jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] elg
eg]tf klg tL 36gfx sfg'gL k|lqmofdf uPsf] kfO{b} g. -cf]/]s
g]kfnn] ;d'bfo :t/df ;~rfng u/]sf] dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{
s]Gb|df ;d:of lnP/ cfPsf dlxnfx;Fu ulx/f] 5nkmnaf6 oL
36gfx clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf] xf]. _ pgLx o:tf 36gf aflx/
NofP cfkm} g/fd|f] x'G5sL+ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g\ kmn:jk kL8f
vk]/ a:g afWo 5g\.
!# jifL{of dlgzfsf] hGd Ps dWod / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df ePsf]

lyof]. pgL sIff ^ df cWoog/t lyOg\. Pslbg pgL ljBfnoaf6
3/ kmls{bf lbgsf] sl/a $ ah]lt/ pgsf] 3/ glhs a:g] km'kfh'
-dfO{nL km'k'sf] >Ldfg\_ n] pgnfO{ af]nfP / ? !) lbP/ r'/f]6
/ v}gL lsg]/ Nofp egL pgnfO{ cx|fP. pgn] km'kfh'n] eg]s]f
;dfg lsg]/ NofOlbOg / ;fdfg lbgsf nflu km'kfh'nfO{ af]nfpFb}
sf]7fdf uO{g\. To;kl5 km'kfh'n] pgnfO{ 8/, qf; b]vfO{ d'v
y'g]/ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/] . kl/jf/ s;}nfO{ klg of] s'/f geGg',
egL;\ eg] tF / t]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ df5'{ egL wDsL lbP. dlgzf
Psbd} 8/fO{g, pgn] pQm 36gfsf] af/]df s;}nfO{ eGg ;lsg\g.
pQm 36gf x'bf+ pgsf] klxnf] dlxgfjf/L dfq ePsf] lyof]. pQm
36gfsf sf/0f pgsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf g/fd|f]
.w
86
or
cg';Gwfgdf anfTsf/sf 36gfx k|foz l5d]sLaf6 x'g] u/]sf]

kfO{Psf]5. o; tYon]"cghfg / glrg]sf dflg;x dlxnfsfnflu
vt/gfs x'G5g\" eGg] ;dfhdf /x] sf] ldysnfO{ unt ;flat
u5{. anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ljifos /fli6o
cg';Gwfgn] klg ;a}eGbf a9L lrghfg, gftfuf]tfsf JolQmxaf6
g} dlxnfx anfTsf/af6 k|efljt x'g] tYonfO{ O+lut u/]sf] 5.22
22 Research report on access to justice for rape survivor in Nepal by

Isis-WICCE & WOREC, 2010
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
c;/ kof{]. pgL lj/fdL xF'b} uO{g\ . Hj/f] cfpg], slxn] of}gLaf6
/ut jlu/xg] To;kl5 3/kl/jf/n] bf];|f] k6ssf] dlxgfjf/L xf]
sL eg]/ wfdL b]vfP. dlgzfsf] :jf:Yodf s'g} ;'wf/ gePkl5
pgnfO{ d]rL d]l8sn c:ktfndf nluof]. ToxfF 8fS6/n] pgnfO{
ha/h:tL s/0fL ePsf] x'g ;Sg] eg]kl5 ;f]wk'5 ubf{ pgn] pQm
36gfsf af/]df atfO{g\. klxn] t pQm 36gf kl/jf/df g} ldnfpg]
egL ;Demf}tf eof] t/ kl5 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf]
kxndf pQm 36gfnfO{ sfg'gL k|lqmofdf nluof]. pQm 36gf clxn]
cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmofdf /x] sf] 5 . dlgzf xfn cf]/] s g]kfnsf]
;'/lIft cfjf;df a:b} cfPsL 5g\.
%=@ anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/
.w
or
dlxnfx h'g ;dfhdf a;f]af; u5{g\ ToxL ;dfhsf JolQmxaf6

/ kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6} a9L anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{of] . ;a}eGbf
a9L -%&_ dlxnfx l5d]sLaf6, !^ kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6,
!^ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmxaf6, ^ dlxnfn] ;fyL
dfg]sf tyf k|]d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmaf6 / % dlxnfx >Ldfg\
af6 anfTs[t ePsf] tYof k|fKt ePsf] 5. -rf6{ g+ @(_
rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

87
%=# k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f

ubf{ cljjflxt dlxnfxdfly a9L -^@_ anfTsf/sf 36gfx
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo]
#$ cljjflxt, @ Psn, @ 5'lP/ a;]sf dlxnfx ePsf]
kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #)_.
88
or
rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
.w
%=$ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/

dlxnfx hlt sd pd]/;d"xsf x'G5g\ Tolt g}pgLx anfTsf/sf]
hf]lvddf /xg] ;Defjg al9 /x]sf] o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf]
5. x'gt ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdfly anfTsf/sf] 36gf
ePsf] kfO{G5. t/ klg !^ jif{d'lgsf $@ afnaflnsfx a9L
anfTsf/af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\. !^-@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf #@
, @^-#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !#, #^-$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !!,
$% jif{eGbf dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf @ dlxnfx anfTsf/af6
k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= #!_.

l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
%=% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf
.w
or
anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs :t/sf af/]df ljZn]if0f

ubf{ lg/If/ dlxnfxsf] t'ngfdf ;fIf/ dlxnfx g} anfTsf/af6
a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf]kfO{Psf]5. o; jif{ k|fKt tYofsf cfwf/df
@! lg/If/ / &( ;fIf/ dlxnfxdfly anfTsf/sf 36gfx
ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #@_. o;}u/L dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ #@ k|fyldstx;Dd cWoog u/]sf, #! k|f] 9 lzIff, @)
pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf, !$ dfWolds / #
pRrdfWolds txeGbf dflysf]z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf JolQmxdfly
anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ ##.
%=^ k|efljtsf] hflt

anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L #* kxf8]
hghflt dlxnfx /x]sf 5g\. o:f}u/L !# t/fO{ u}/ blnt, !@
If]qL, !! t/fO{ hghflt, !! a|fXd0f, !) kxf8] blnt, $
89
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
t/fO{ blnt / ! d'l:nd dlxnfx anfTsf/af6 k|efljt /x]sf]

kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #$_.
.w
90
or
rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf /

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf /

lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs

lx+;fsf] cj:yf
%=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
.w
or
anfTsf/af6 k|efljt ePsf dlxnfx dWo] a9L !^ jif{ d'lgsf

afnaflnsf / k9\b} u/] sf pd]/ ;d"xsf /x] sfn] k|efljtsf] k]zfsf
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/x]sf cyf{t\ k9\b}
u/]sf dlxnfxdf anfTsf/sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{
g+=##_. To;}u/L #% s[lif, !@3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf,
^ dh'b'/L u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ul//x] sf, # Joj;fo, j}b] lzs
/f]huf/L, cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t / u}/;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t
a/fj/ -!!_ dlxnfxdfly anfTsf/sf 36gfx ePsf] kfO{Psf]
5 -rf6{ g+= #%_.
%=* anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/

anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxdfly uDeL/ k|sf/sf c;/x kg{]
u/]s] f kfO{of]. t/ o;nfO{ dfkg ug{ cK7\of/f] 5. anfTsf/n]
dlxnfsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ljleGg k|sf/sf c;/x kfg{]
91
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
u/]s]f kfO{of]. anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] a9L dlxnfx

-$(_ df dfgl;s c;/ kg{] u/]sf] 5. o:t}ul/ @% dlxnfxdf
zf/Ll/s, !! dlxnfxdf ;fdflhs, ( dlxnfxdf cfly{s /
^ dlxnfxdf ;a}k|sf/sf c;/x k/]s]f kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= #^_.
rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf]

cj:yf
.w
or
92
rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x?

ljZn]if0f
!^ jif{d'lgsf dlxnfx a9L anfTsf/af6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf]
kfO{Psf] 5. o;n] aflnsfsf] lzIffsf] vl08t u/]sf] 5.
c?nfO{ dlxnf aflx/ uP anfTsf/ x'G5 / Gofo kfO{Gg eGg]
;Gb]z aflx/ uPsf] 5. o'jfj:yfsf dlxnfx hf]lvddf
/x] sf xG5g\. o; cj:yfdf oL pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx
;dfhdf s;/L ;'/lIft hLjgofkg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] r'gf}tL
pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] ljz]ifu/L o; pd]/ ;d"xsf
dlxnfxsf] :jtGqtfk'j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
;'lglZrttfsf nflu plrt Joj:yf ug'{ h/L 5.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
.w
or
anfTsf/sf 36gfaf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] !^ dlxnfx

3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6, ^ dlxnfn] ;fyLdfg]sf / k|]d
;DaGw ePsf JolQmxaf6, % dlxnfx >Ldfg\af6} kLl8t
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf cfkmGt / glhssf]
;DaGw ePsf JolQmxaf6 g} ljleGg k|sf/sf] lx+;fsf]
hf]lvddf /x]sf]tYofnfO{ o; cWoog tyf cGo cWoogxn]
k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\. o:tf cfk/flws 36gfxnfO{ cem klg
kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf "lghL ;jfn" sf kdf lng] ul/Psf]n]
yf/} ;+Vofdf dfq o:tf 36gfx aflx/ cfpg] u/]sf] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5. o;}u/L ;Fu} a;]sf] hf]l8nfO{ sfg'gL / ;fdflhs
dfGotf k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf ;Fu} a;]sf dlxnfxdf ePsf]
lx+;fsf 36gfx Go"g dfqfdf aflx/ cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5.
anfTsf/sf 36gfx ;a} ;d'bfosf, hfltsf, wd{sf, pd]/sf,

;a} vfnsf k]zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfxdfly ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
sd pd]/sf, cljjflxt / ljBfyL{ hLjgdf /x]sf dlxnfx
anfTsf/sf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
anfTsf/sf 36gfn] k|efljt dlxnf / k|efljtsf] kl/jf/ b'j}df
93
or
.w
94
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
uDeL/ c;/ kg{] u/]sf] 5. oBlk o:tf 36gfxdf ;xof]uL

;+oGqsf] cefj / sfg'gL Joj:yf k|efljt dlxnf s]lGb|t x'g
g;Sbf Gofodf k|efljtxsf] kxF'Fr a[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
k|efljt dlxnfxdWo]$( k|efljtxdf dfgl;s c;/b]vf
k/]sf] 5 eg] @% dlxnfxdf zf/Ll/s c;/ . zf/Ll/s
c;/ :jf:Yopkrf/ kZrft\ l7s x'g] ePtf klg k|efljt /
k|efljtsf] kl/jf/df k/]sf] dfgl;s c;/ nfdf] ;do;Dd
/lx/xg] tYo cWoogsf qmddf kfO{Psf] 5. 36gfn] k|efljt
dlxnfdf kf/] sf dfgl;s c;/sf sf/0f anfTsf/af6 k|efljt
dlxnfxnfO{ ;dfhdf k'gPsLs/0fsf bf}/fgfdf klg ;d:of
kfg{] ub{5.
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b ^
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f

^=!
of}lgs lx+;f
or
sd pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt

x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. of] cj:yf dfgj hLjgsf] clt dxTjk"0f{
tyf ;+j] bgzLn cj:yf xf]. o; pd]/sf JolQmxdf tLj| zf/Ll/s,
dgf]j} 1flgs tyf efjgfTds kl/jt{gx x'g] ub{5g\. of] cj:yfdf
dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePdf / o;sf] plrt ;dfwfgsf]
pkfoxsf] cefj ePdf dlxnfxsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
klg o;n] k|ToIf c;/ kfg{ ;Qm5. dlxnfxdfly x'g] of}lgs
lx+;fsf 36gfxn] dlxnfsf] z/L/df cfkm\gf] clwsf/, lg0f{o /
lgoGq0fsf]clwsf/;'lglZrt x'g g;s]sf]cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub{5.
.w
96
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] of}lgs lx+;f ;a} ;dfhsf nflu Pp6f r'gf}ltk"0f{

ljifo /x] s] f 5. of}lgs lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5. x/]s $ hgf
dlxnfxdf ! hgf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ 23.
oBlk o:tf 36gfx ph'/Ldf jf k|sfzdf sd} dfqfdf cfpg]
ub{5g\. dlxnfxdfly ljz]ifu/L lrghfgsf / cfk"mn] ljZjf;
u/]sf JolQmxaf6 g} of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gfx x'g] ub{5g\.24
o;} tYonfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt of}lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt clen]vLs/0f
ePsf 36gfxn] klg b]vfPsf 5g\.
g]kfnsf] sfg'gn] of}lgs lx+;fnfO{ -of}g b'Jo{jxf/nfO{_ sfg'gL

ck/fwsf] kdf :jLsf/ u/L o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M "s;} n]
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Adverse
Childhood Experiences Study: Data and Statistics. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
24
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. (2007). Child
Maltreatment 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
s'g} dlxnfsf] d~h'/L lagf lghsf] ;+j]bgzLn c 5f]Pdf jf

5'g] k|of; u/]df, lghsf] leqL kf];fs vf]n] df jf vf]Ng] k|of;
u/]df, lghnfO{ c:jfefljs kdf s'g} PsfGt 7fpFdf nu]df,
cfkm\gf] of}g ;DaGwL c lghnfO{ 5'g;dfpg nufPdf jf
lghnfO{ cZnLn jf cGo To:t} k|sf/sf] zAb, ;+s]t k|of]u u/]df
jf lrq, t:jL/ b]vfPdf, of}gsf cfzon] lh:sfPdf jf x}/fgL
lbPdf jf lgh;Fu} To:t} of}g b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] dflgG5 / To:tf]
s;'/ ug{] JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ k}ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf x'g]5. o:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ s;'/bf/af6
dfgl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk" l t{ ;d] t e/fO{ lbg' kg{ ] 5 ."25
-d'n'sL P]gsf] dxn !#_
^=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;f
.w
or
o; jif{ hDdf ^# hgf dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePsf 36gfx

clen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\. h;dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L !^-@% jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf %( dlxnfx of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg]
@^-#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !^ dlxnfxdf of}lgs lx+;f ePsf
36gfx o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\ -rf6{ g+= #&_. To;}u/L
!^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"xsf !# dlxnfxdf, #^-$%jif{ pd] /
;d"xsf *, $^-%% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf / %% jif{ eGbf dflysf
dlxnfxdf a/fj/ @@ of}lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx
ePsf] kfO{of] .
^=#
of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/
;fyL dfg]sf JolQmx / k|]d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmxaf6 a9L

dfqfdf dlxnfx of}lgs lx+;fdf kg{] u/]s]f o; jif{sf] tYofn]
b]vfPsf]5. $# dlxnfx ;fyL /k|]dLaf6, @& l5d]sLaf6, !&
cghfg JolQmaf6 -;DaGw gePsf_, !# kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6
dlxnfdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
25
d'n'sL P]g sf] dxn !# -afx|f} ;+;f]wg @)^$*!%_

97
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
w
.w
98
or
rf6{ g+=#& pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of}lgs lx+;fsf]

cj:yf
rf6{ g+= #* of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
^=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf

of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f
ubf{ cljjflxt dlxnfxdfly a9L -^&_ anfTsf/sf 36gfx
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L anfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo]

@* cljjflxt / % Psn dlxnfx ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #(_.
rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;f
^=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
.w
or
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf] af/]df

ljZn]if0f ubf{ ** ;fIf/ / !@ lg/If/ dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;f
ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++= $)_. ;fIf/ dlxnfxdf klg ;fdfGo
n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfxdfly #$, k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog
u/]sf @@ dlxnfxdfly, @) pRr dfWolds, !* dfWolds /
pRr dfWodldseGbf a9L cWoog u/]sf ^ dlxnfxdf of}lgs
lx+;fsf 36gfx ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $!_.
rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

99
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g++=$! of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf /

of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
^=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
or
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L #) kxf8]

hghftL dlxnfx k|efljt /x]sf] o; jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5
-rf6{ g+= $@_. !( kxf8] blnt dlxnfx, !^ t/fO{ hghftL,
!# If]qL, !) a|fXd0f, ^ t/fO{ u}/ blnt / ^ d'l:nd
dlxnfxdfly o:tf 36gf ePsf] kfO{of].
.w
100
rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffx

^=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt /x]sf dlxnfxsf] k]zfsf cfwf/df #!

s[lif k]zfdf cfa4 dlxnfx k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg] @( s'g} klg
k]zfdf cfa4 gePsf, !# 3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg /x] sf dlxnfx
a9L k|efljt ePsf]kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $#_. o:t}u/L ( Joj;fo,
& dhb'/L, % cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfx / u}/;/sf/L
If]qdf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / ;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t a/fj/ @@
dlxnfxdfly of}lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx ePsf] kfO{of].
.w
rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k]zf / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx
^=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxdf ;a}eGbf a9L dfgl;s c;/ k/]sf]

kfO{Psf] 5. ;a}eGbf a9L ^# dlxnfxdf dfgl;s c;/, @$
dlxnfxdf ;fdflhs c;/, !! dlxnfxdf zf/Ll/s c;/
/ @ dlxnfxdf o; lx+;fsf sf/0f cfly{s c;/ kg{] u/]s]f o;
jif{sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 =-rf6{ g+=$$_. dlxnfxdf kg{] c;/sf]
k|ltztdf s]lx km/s ePtf klg of}lgs lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfsf]
hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd dfgl;s c;/ kg{] u/]sf] cWoogsf
qmddf kfO{Psf] 5.
101
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= $$ of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/]sf c;/x
ljZn]if0f
or
.w
102
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdf ;a}eGbf a9L -%(_,

!^-@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx /x] sf 5g\ eg] @^-#%
jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !^ dlxnfx of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt
/x] sf kfO{Psf] 5. oL pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxdWo] ljBfyL{ /
/f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg /x] sf] dlxnfx a9L /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;n]
s] b]vfpF5 eg] h'g pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx a9L aflx/L
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg 5g\ tL dlxnfxnfO{ g} of}lgs lx+;fsf
nflu nlIft ul/G5. kmn:jk dlxnfxsf] hLjgdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf c;/x b]vf kg{] ub{5. o; tYon] dlxnfxnfO{
;dfhdf lx+8\8'n ug{ ;d]t sl7g x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'b} +5
eGg] lrq0f ub{5.
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxdWo]$# dlxnfxdfly pgLxs}
;fyL / k|]dLxaf6 lx+;f ePsf] 5. o:tf lx+;faf6 k|efljt
dlxnfxdWo] !^-@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf %( dlxnfx /x] sf
l.o
rg
5g\. oL pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmxdf k|fs[lts kdf g} zf/Ll/s

cfsif{0f x'g] ub{5. o; cj:Yffdf dlxnfxn] l5} c?nfO{
ljZjf; ug{] u/]sf] kfO{G5. of] cj:yfdf olb pgLxsf]
of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;"rgfxsf] kx'Frdf /
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk / 1fgsf] sdL ePdf of] pd]/ ;d"xsf
dlxnfxdfly ljleGg k|sf/n] lx+;f x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf /xG5.
.w
or
ec
ne
pa
of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ^# dlxnfxdf

dfgl;s c;/ k/]s]f kfO{Psf] 5. of}g;Fu ;DalGwt
s'/fxnfO{ cem klg kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf uf]Ko ljifosf] kdf
lnO{ o;sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/b}+g. dlxnfxdfly of}lgs
lx+;f x'Fbf kl/jf/sf JolQmx;Fu ;d]t cfkm\gf] ;d:of /fVg]
jftfj/0f 5}g. dlxnfxn] cfkm"dfly of}lgs lx+;f xFb' f cfkm\g}
bf]if b]vfpg], cfTdljZjf;sf sdL x'g], cfkm"nfO{ g} xfgL k'Ug]
lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkx ug{] ub{5g\. kmn:jk dlxnfxdf
bf]xf]/f] lx+;f x'g] ub{5. o:tf k|sf/sf dlxnfdfly x'g] of}lgs
lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu dlxnfxsf] of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo
;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kx'Fr a9fOg' cfjZos 5.
103
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b &
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b & M xTof

&=! xTof
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;fxdWo] xTof a9\bf]

cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5. o; jif{ @* hgf dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf]
5 eg] !* hgf dlxnfxdfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 36gf cf]/]s
g]kfnn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . cf]/] s g]kfnsf] clen]vLs/0f /
;+rf/dfWodsf cg';f/ o; jif{ !%@ hgf dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf]
tYof kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfsf] xTof x'gs
' f] k|dv
' sf/0f bfO{hf] /x] sf]
5. af]S;Lsf] cf/f] kdf dlxnfsf] xTof / xTofsf] k|of; ePsf
36gfx, anfTsf/ / anfTsf/ kZrft\ xTof x'g] u/]s]f kfO{Psf]
5. xTof h'g;'s} sf/0f jf k|of]hgsf nflu x'g] u/]sf] ePtf klg
of] uDeL/ ck/fw xf]. o:tf] ck/fwsf sf/0f dlxnfsf] afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] 5. ;dfhdf xfaL /x]s] f k'?ifjfbL ;f]rn]
dlxnfxsf] xTof x'g]u/]sf] 5 .
.w
or
l;/xf lhNnf a:g] jif{ !$ sL ;l/tf -gfd kl/jt{g_ cfkm\gf]

lgoldt sfd wGbf ;sL lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf sl/a @M!% ah] 3/b] lv
pQ/tkm{ cfkm\gf] wfg v]tdf 3f;F sf6\g uPsf] a]nf c1ft JolQmn]
PSn} ePsf] df}sf kf/L ha/h:tL s/0fL u/L pgnfO{ ;f]xL :yfgdf
xl;ofFn] 3f6L /]6L xTof u/] .
sl/j ^M$% jh]sf] ;do;Dd 3f; sf6\g uPsL 5f]/L gcfPsf]n]

;l/tfsf afa'cfdf pgnfO{ vf]Hg lg:s]. 5/l5d]sdf st} pgnfO{
ge]6]kl5 cf]Nnf] kNnf] ufpF;Dd vf]Hb} uP . pgnfO{ st} ge]6]kl5
l5d]ssf s]xL JolQmlx;d]t u/L sl/j *M)) jh] lt/ 36gf
:yndf -wfg v]t_ vf]Hb} hfFbf ;l/tfn] sf6]sf] ! af]/f 3fF; /
3f;FeGbf s]xL k/ wfg af/Ldf ;l/tfnfO{ n5f/ k5f/ ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf pgsf] d[t z/L/ e]l6of]. ;l/tfnfO{ Tof] cj:yfdf e]6\
105
&=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof
l.o
rg
bf pgsf afa'cfdf cr]t eP. ufpFsf JolQmx?n] g} k|x/Ldf

va/ u/] / sl/a !) ah]sf] ;dodf k|x/L 36gf:yndf k'uL
pgsf] d[t z/L/nfO{ kf]i6df6{dsf nflu nxfg c:ktfn nluof].
;l/tfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/L xTof ug{] kL8s s]xL ;do km/f/ /x].
xfn kL8snfO{ lx/f;tdf /fvL cg';Gwfg k|lqmof eO/x]sf] 5.
;l/tfsf kl/jf/ 5f]/L u'dfPsf] zf]s;lxt cbfntn] s] km};nf
u5{ To;sf] kvf{Odf 5g\.
or
.w
106
ec
ne
pa
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ !^@%

jif{ pd]/;d"xsf /@^#% jif{ pd]/;d"xsf dlxnfxsf] xTof a9L
ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= $%_. !^ jif{d'lgsf !$ afnaflnsfxsf]
xTof ePsf] 5. To;}u/L #^-$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !), $^-$%
jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf % / %% jif{ dflysf % dlxnfxsf] xTof
ePsf] tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf
&=#
xTofsf kL8sx sf] k|sf/
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfsf] xTofdf ;+nUg kL8sxdf ljz]ifu/L >Ldfg\sf] ;+nUgtf

g} a9L /x] sf] kfO{G5. %) dlxnfxsf] xTof >Ldfg\af6 ePsf] 5.
@^ dlxnfxsf] xTof kl/jf/sf] ;b:oxaf6, !% dlxnfxsf]
l5d]sLaf6 / ( dlxnfxsf]s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmxaf6
xTof ePsf] tYof o; jif{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $^_.
.w
or
rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw
&=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
;a}eGbf a9L ljjflxt dlxnfxsf] xTof x'g] u/]sf] o; jif{sf]

tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5. o;/L xTof x'g] dlxnfxdf &$ ljjflxt
dlxnfx /x] sf 5g\ eg] @^ cljjflxt dlxnfx /x]sf 5g\
-rf6{ g+= $&_. dlxnf / k'?if aLrdf /x]sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw
dlxnfsf] xTof x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/s tTjsf] kdf /x]sf] 5.
lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] ;DklQsf]
kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5, h;sf sf/0f dlxnfdfly o:tf] ck/flws
sfo{ ug{ ;d]t kL8snfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5.
107
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof
&=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof
or
.w
108
dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f lg/If/ dlxnfxeGbf a9L

;fIf/ dlxnfxdfly g} ePsf] kfO{G5. xTofsf 36gfdf klg ;fIf/
dlxnfx g} a9L /x]s]f tnsf] tYofn] b]vfpF5 -rf6{ g+=$%_.
o; jif{ xTof ul/Psf dlxnfxdf ($ dlxnfx ;fIf/ / ^
dlxnfx lg/If/ /x] sf lyP. xTof ePsf dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf]
:t/df $! dlxnfxn] pRrdfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff k"/fu/] sf,
@# pRr dfWolds eGbf dfly / !* dlxnfn]k|fylds tx;Dd
cWoog u/]sf lyP -rf6{ g+= $(_.
rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof

l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / xTof
&=^ k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof
.w
or
;a}eGbf a9L xTof x'g]df kxf8] hghftL dlxnfxsf] /x]sf 5g\.

@& kxf8] hghftL dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. To:t}ul/
bf];|df] !* If]qL dlxnfx, !* t/fO{ u}/ blnt dlxnfx, !^
a|fXd0f dlxnfx, !!% t/fO{ hghftL dlxnfxsf] o; jif{ xTof
ePsf] kfO{of] .
rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof

109
&=& k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof
or
rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof
.w
110
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
xTof ePsf dlxnfxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L #^ dlxnfx s[lif k]zfdf

;+nUg /x]sf lyP. o:t}u/L 3/fo;L sfddf ;+nUg @* / s]lx
gug{] @) dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf] tYof kfO{Psf] 5. cfkm\g}
Joj;fo ug{], ;/sf/L If]qsf sfo{/t / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{/t
dlxnfxsf] klg xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5.
ljZn]if0f

lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f

ubf{ !^@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf / @^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
dlxnfxsf] xTof a9L ePsf] kfO{of] eg] !^ jif{d'lgsf !$
afnaflnsfxsf] xTof ePsf] 5. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg]
pTkfglzn pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfxsf] a9L xTof x'g] u/]s]f
kfO{of] .
cGo dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfxdf ljz]if ul/ ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
;Sg] / k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf dlxnfxdfly lx+;f

ePsf] kfO{of] eg] xTofdf ;a}eGbf a9L $! pRrdfWolds
tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf / @# pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L
cWoog u/]sf dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;n] s]
b]vfpF5 eg] hf] dlxnfx cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf af/]df ;r]t
5g\, hf] dlxnfxn] cfkm"dfly ePsf] ck/fwsf] lj?4 af]Ng]
k|of; u5{g\ jf af]N5g\ lt dlxnfxnfO{ r'k nufpgsf nflu
dlxnfsf] xTof ul/G5. xTofnfO{ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf]
oyfy{tf n'sfpg] ;+oGqsf] kdf k|of]u ePsf] o; tYofn]
b]vfpF5 .
.w
or
xTof x'g] dlxnfxdf %) >Ldfg\af6 / @^ 3/ kl/jf/sf

;b:oxaf6 dlxnfxsf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;n] s]
b]vfpF5 eg] ha;Dd dlxnfxdf lx+;fnfO{ "gfO{ eGg ;Sg]
;zlQms/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsb}g" ta;Dd dlxnfxn]
lx+;fnfO{ hLjgsf] kf6f]sf] kdf lnG5g\ / 3/]n' lx+;faf6
dlxnfn] Hofg g} u'dfpg' kg{] ;Ddsf] cj:yf cfpF5. 3/]n'
lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ag]sf] P]g\ -@)^^_ df d]nldnfk ;DalGw
Joj:yf /x] sf] 5. Psk6s lx+;f ef]u]sf dlxnfxn] cem yk
ls;Ldsf] lx+;fsf] ;fdgf u/]s]f l:ylt o; cWoogsf] qmddf
kfO{Psf] 5. o;y{ dlxnfsf] lhjgdf d]nldnfkn] s:tf] c;/
kf/] s] f 5 To;sf]lj:t[t cWoog ug{sf nflu klg o; cWoogn]
;'emfj k]z ub{5.
xTofnfO{ a9fjf lbg 3/]n' lx+;fn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng] o;

jif{s]f tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5. t;y{ xTofnfO{ h;/L sfg'gn]
Pp6f ck/fwsf] kdf lnO{ sfg'gL k|lqmof rnfO{G5 To;/L g}
dlxnfsf] xTof ;Dd x'g] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{] 3/]n' lx+;fsf
36gfnfO{ klg sfg'gn] xTof ;/x ck/fw dflg ;Daf]wg ug'{
cfjZos 5.
111
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b *
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/

*=! dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ Ps cGt/fli6o ;d:of xf].

dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ljZje/ eO/fVg' dfgj ;Eotf
s} lglDt s+ns xf] . g]kfn dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] pRr
hf]lvddf /x]sf] b]zsf kdf cGt/fli6o :t/df ;d]t kl/lrt
5. ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] dfgj a]rlavgnfO{ # txdf /fv]/
u/]sf] Ps cWoogdf g]kfn dfjg a]rlavgsf] hf]lvd / ;d:of
/x] sf d'n'sxsf] kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] >]0fL @ df k/]sf] 5 .26
o;sf ;fy} xfn g]kfnaf6 w]/} dflg;x j}b] lzs /f] huf/Lsf nflu
c;'/lIft tj/n] hfg' kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] hf]lvdnfO{
cem} a9fPsf] 5.
.w
or
a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3Lo k|f]6f]sn

dflg;xsf] a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/n] 8/, qf;, wDsL, zlQm,
5nsk6, wf]sf, zlQmsf] b'kof]usf ;fy} hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfsf]
b'kof]u u/L JolQmxnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] zf]if0fsf nflu egf{
ug'{, :yfgfGt/0f ug'{, To:tf sfo{xnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg' jf pQm
sfo{sf nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ tyf a]rlavg ul/g] JolQmdfly
lgoGq0f ePsf] JolQmnfO{ pk/f]Qm sfo{df ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf
lgldQ /sd jf kmfObfx lbg'lng' h:tf sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 .27
dfgj a]rlavg ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgnfO{ x]bf{ of] w]/}h;f]
Jofj;flos of}g zf]if0fsf nflu x'g]u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgja]rlavg
h'g;'s} k|of]hgsf nflu ePtfklg of] Pp6f hl6n k|sl[ tsf] ck/fw
xf], h;n] dflg;x zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, efjgfTds / of}lgs
kdf zf]lift x'G5g\.
26 Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Governments, Report, 2012,
27 a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fli6o;+3Lo k|f]6f]snsf] wf/f #

113
or
g]kfnsf] sfg'gn] dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/nfO{ sfg'gL

ck/fwsf kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/f/f of}ghGo
/ >d zf]if0fsf lgldQ dlxnf / afnaflnsf a]rlavg lj?4sf]
/fli6o sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5. dfgj, a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g @)^$ / lgodfjnL @)^% ;d]t nfu"
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/f/f dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f
ug{ kxn ;'? ePsf] 5.
.w
114
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rlavgdf kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/ssf kdf

ul/aL xf]eGg]dflgPtf klg o;nfO{ dfq k|dv
' sf/0f dfGg ;lsGg.
dflg;nfO{ ul/a agfpg] tTjx h:t} ;dflhs n}ls lje]b,
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cefj, ;+/rgfut lje]bx h:tf sf/0fxnfO{
dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] klg k|d'v sf/s tTjsf] kdf
lng ;lsG5. kfk/ (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) sf
cg';f/ g]kfnsf #* hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ .
a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf nflu ;fdflhs n}ls lje]b,
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cefj, ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;+/rgfut e]befj,
k|fs[lts k|sf]kx, ;z:q ;+3if{u[xo'4n] dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/sf] hf]lvddf k'ofpg] k|d'v tTjxsf] kdf 5g\ .28
ul/aL / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/sf] cefjdf s'g} cj;/ k|fKt x'g] cfzfsf
sf/0f jf w]/} 36gfxdf 3/]n' lx+;f cyjf ;fdflhs lje]baf6
d'Qm x'g kfpg] cfzfdf ljz]ifkdf dlxnf / afnaflnsfxnfO{
cfk"m a;]sf] :yfgaf6 zx/L :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ bafj l;h{gf
ub{5. To;n] dlxnf / afnaflnsfdfly a]rlavg x'g] hf]lvdnfO{
a9fPsf]] kfO{G5 .
g]kfnsf] sfg'gn] dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/

kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M s;}nfO{ klg s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]
egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{, hfn;fh u/L, k|k~h ldnfO{, ha/h:tL u/L,
28 dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ lj?4 ;"rgf ;fdfu|L "Hof]lt", dlxnf
k'g:yfkgf s]Gb| @))@
l.o
rg
s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf]

kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L, kb jf zlQmsf] b'kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf
;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf]egdf kf/L x'g] sfo{nfO{ a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/
dflgPsf] 5. "29
ec
ne
pa
o; jif{ ## hgf dlxnfx dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt

ePsf 36gfx clen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\. h;dWo] @% hgf
dlxnfxsf] a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/ ePsf / * hgf dlxnfxdfly
a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] k|of; ePsf 36gfx 5g\. k|fKt ePsf
dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf 36gfxnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L o;
cWofodf /flvPsf] 5.
*=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
.w
or
o; jif{ k|fKt ePsf tYofsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ !^-@% jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf dlxnfx a]rlavgsf]pRr hf]lvddf /x]s]f kfO{of]-rf6{ g+=
%@_. o; pd]/;d"xsf $(% dlxnfx a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6
k|efljt ePsf 5g\. a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtxdWo]
@$ dlxnfx !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx, @! dlxnfx @^#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf / ^% dlxnfx #^-$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf
dlxnfx /x]sf] kfO{of] .
*=# k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw
a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf kL8sxdWo] k|efljtsf ;fyL /

k|]dLx a9L /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] kL8sxn]
dlxnfxnfO{ cfkm\gf] hfndf km;fpFgsf nflu dlxnfsf] dha'/Lsf]
kmfO{bf p7fpFb}+, dlxnfnfO{ ljleGg k|nf]egdf kf/L dlxnf;Fu
glhssf] ;DaGw sfod ug{] / dlxnfsf] ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn /xg]
/ pgLxnfO{ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] hfndf kfg{] u/]sf 5g\ .
@$ dlxnfx ;DaGw gePsf] JolQm -ckl/lrt, ev{/ lrghfg
29
d"nLsL P]g -afx|f} ;+;f]wg @)^$/* /!%_

115
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
ePsf t/ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf_ af6, @! l5d]sLaf6, (

kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 / # dlxnfxsf] a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/
>Ldfg\af6 ePsf] o; jif{s] f tYofs+n] b]vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+=%# _.
.w
116
or
rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/
rf6{ g+=%# a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf]

kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
*=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
k| e fljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yfsf af/] df ljZn] if0f ubf{

a]rljvgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] ^$ cljjflxt
dlxnfx /x]s]f kfO{Psf] 5 . To:t}u/L ## ljjflxt dlxnfx
/ # 5'lP/ /x] sf dlxnfx a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt
ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=%$ _.
.w
rf6{ g+= %$ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] j}jflxs

cj:yf
*=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf
a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/sf k|efljtxdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/

dlxnfx /x] s]f kfO{Psf] 5. (# ;fIf/ dlxnfx / & lg/ If/
dlxnfx a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+=
%%_. ;fIf/ dlxnfxdf $* ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] dlxnfx,
@* k|efljt dlxnfxn] pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf,
!@ n] dfWolds / * n] pRr dfWolds txeGbf dfly tyf $
dlxnfxn] k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= %^_.
117
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
w
.w
118
or
rf6{ g+= %% a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] z}lIfs

cj:yf
rf6{ g+= %^ a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf]

;fIf/tfsf] :t/
*=^ k|efljtsf] hflt
or
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt x'g]xdf %% kxf8] hghftL,

@! kxf8] blnt, !$ If]qL dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=
%&_. o:t}u/L & a|fXd0f dlxnf / # t/fO{ u}/ blnt dlxnfx
a]rljvgcf];f/k;f/ lx+;faf6 k|efljt /x]s]f kfO{Psf] 5 .
.w
rf6{ g+=%& a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtx sf] hfltut

ljj/0f
*=& k|efljtsf] k]zf
a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt dlxnfxsf] k]zfsf ;DaGwdf

$^ k|efljtx s[lif k]zfdf cfa4 /x]sf kfOP eg]@& dlxnfx
s'g] klg k]zfdf cfa4 gePsf, & dlxnf 3/fo;L sfd ug{]
/x] sf] kfO{P -rf6{ g+= %*_ . dhb'/L, Joj;fo, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L
/ cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfx a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/df
k/]sf] kfOP .
119
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf] k]zf / a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/sf] cj:yf
*=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x
or
.w
120
a]rlavgaf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdWo] %* dlxnfxdf dfgl;s

c;/, @& dlxnfxdf zf/Ll/s c;/, ( dlxnfxdf cfly{s
c;/ / ^ dlxnfxdf ;fdflhs c;/ kg{] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 rf6{ g+= %( _.
rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf]

c;/x
ljZn]if0f
dfgj a] r lavgcf] ; f/ k ;f/ a f6 sd pd] / ;d" x sf
dlxnfx a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] kfO{of]. o;n] s]
b] v fpF 5 eg] dlxnfxsf] a] r lavg / cf] ; f/ k ;f/
of} g zf] if0fsf nflu a9L x' g ] u/]s f] 5. ljZjdf
sl/a *) b]xJofkf/sf nflu / !( >d zf]if0fsf
nflu dlxnfxsf] a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/ x'g] ub{5 . 30
o; cWoogn] dlxnfdfly x'g] of}lgs lx+;f dlxnfsf] pd]/sf
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g] b]vfPsf] 5 .
lg/If/ dlxnfxeGbf ;fIf/dlxnfx a9L dfqfdf /To;df

klg @* pRrdfWolds, * pRrdfWolds eGbf a9L lzIff
cfh{g u/]sf dlxnfx a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljt
ePsf 5g\. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] o'jfxsf nflu /f] huf/Lsf]
cj;/ cfkm\g} ;dfh jf b]zdf pknAw gx'g', z}lIfs :t/
cg'ksf] plrt sfd / Hofnf k|fKt x'g g;Sg'n] dflg;sf]
hLjgdf g}/fZotfsf] l;h{gf u5{ / z}lIfs :t/ pRr /x] sf
JolQmx sfdsf] vf]lhdf aflx/ hfG5g\.
or
s[lif k]zfdf, s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUgtf g/x] sf jf 3/fo;L

sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf dlxnfx a]rlavgdf a9L dfqfdf
kb{5g\. o;n] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf dlxnf /
afnaflnsfxsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu ljsNksf] cefj
/x] sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
k|:tfj cfPdf pgLxn] To;nfO{ ;xh kdf cfTd;ft ug{
dha'/ x'G5g\. kL8sn] o;} s'/fsf] kmfO{bf p7fO{ dlxnf tyf
afnaflnsfdfly o:tf] uDeL/ ck/fw ug{ ;kmn x'g] u/]sf]
b]vfpFb5 .
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30
Source Initiative against Sexual Trafficking

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
121
a]rlavg/cf];f/k;f/af6 ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfxs]f dfgl;s

/ zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] u/]s]f 5 . ha/h:tL b]x
Jofkf/df nufO{Psf dlxnfxsf] cfkm\gf] z/L/dfly ;d]t
lgoGq0f /xFb}g. To;sf] k|efj:jk dlxnfxdf PrcfO{eL,
of}ghGo ;+qmd0fx, clglR5b ue{ /xg], / dlxnfsf] k|hgg\
k|lqmofnfO{ g} xfgL k'Ug] lsl;dsf ;d:ofx cfpg ;Sb5g\.
a]rlavgdf k/]s]f dlxnfxsf nflu ;fdflhs PsLs/0fdf
klg ;d:of kg{] ub{5. kLl8tnfO{ g} bf]if b]vfpg] ;fdflhs
d"NodfGotfn] k|efljtdf emg\ 7"nf] dfgl;s c;/ kb{5.
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kl/R5]b (
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kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld

(=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld
(=@ kL8ssf] pd]/
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o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfxdWo]

k|efljtn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df k|fKt kL8sxsf]
k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L o; cWofodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
or
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@^ b]lv #% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf kL8sxn] dlxnfxdfly a9L-@

(_ lx+;f u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. To;}u/L !& kL8sx #^ b]lv
$% pd]/ ;d"x, !# !^ b]lv @%, ( $^ b]lv %% jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf /x]sf 5g\ -rf6{ g+=%&_. %^ aif{eGbf dflysf kL8sx
$ /x]sf] kfOof] eg] !% aif{ d'lgsf kL8sx ! /x]sf] kfOof] .
@& kL8sxsf]pd]/ klxrfg gePsf] kfOof] .
rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x

dflysf] tYofn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] x/]s pd]/ ;d"xsf k'?ifxaf6
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dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf]5. lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotfaf6 g}JolQmsf]

;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;'?x'g] x'Fbf o;n] pgLxsf] ;f]r /
Jojxf/df k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5. dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ afNofj:yf b]lv
g} km/s e"ldsfsf cfwf/df kl/jf/df x'sf{pg] ul/G5 . kl/jf/
/ ;dfhaf6} dflg;n] w]/} 1fg cfh{g ub{5. t;y{ ;dfhsf]
;+/rgfcg'k ToxfF /xg] JolQmxsf] lzIff, ;f]r / Jojxf/ klg
;+/rgfut lkQ[;Qfaf6 g}cfh{g x'g] ub{5. zf/Ll/s leGgtf afx]s
;dfg kdf hlGdg] dlxnf / k'?if ;fdflhsLs/0f k|lqmofsf sf/0f
g} km/s e"ldsfdf :yflkt x'G5g\. k'?ifnfO{ lg0f{ostf{sf] kdf
kl/jf/df lnO{G5 eg] dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifn] u/]sf] lg0f{o kfngstf{sf]
kdf x]l/G5 .
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cfkm\gf] z/L/dfly dlxnfsf] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f 5}g lgoGq0f c?s}

xftdf /x] sf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu cem klg dlxnfn] kl/jf/sf]
To;df klg afa'sf] :jLs[lt lagf cfkm"v'l; hLjg;fyL vf]h] / a:g]
jftfj/0f 5}g. hals pd]/ k'u]sf] JolQmn] cfkm"v';L ljjfx ug{
kfpg] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ /x]s]f 5 . To;}u/L ;+j}wflgs kdf
dlxnfxsf] k|hgg\ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] k|fjwfg 5. t/ klg
dlxnfxn] sltj6f aRrf slt jif{sf] km/sdf hGdfpg] h:tf
cToGt} JolQmut s'/fdf klg c?af6 lgb{] lzt x'g'kb{5. j}jflxs
hLjgdf of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] rfxgf geP klg /fVg afWo agfO{G5.
o:tf] cj:yfdf pgn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ vf]h]df
pgLdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 / To:tf lx+;fxnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f
ul/G5. dlxnfx hlGdPb]lv g} :jtGqkdf afFRg] / hLjgofkg
ug{] clwsf/ ;d]taf6 al~rt ePsf 5g\. hGd]b]lv ljjfxk"j{sf]
cj:yf;Dd dlxnf afa'sf] ;+/If0fdf /xG5], ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\
sf], / Psn cj:yfdf /xFbf 5f]/fnfO{ dlxnfsf] ;+/Ifssf] kdf
x]l/G5. To;}n] ubf{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] z/L/dfly / hLjgdf g}
lgoGq0f ug{] k'?if xf] eGg] k'?ifjfbL ;f]rn] h/f] uf8]sf] 5. o:tf]
l:ylt /x];Dd dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf sdL] cfpg ;Qm}g.
125
(=# kL8ssf] n}ls ljj/0f
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kL8ssf] n}ls klxrfgsf cfwf/df laZn]if0f ug]{xf] eg] dlxnfx

a9L k'?ifaf6 lx+;fdf k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug]{
kL8sxdf ()k'?ifx / !) dlxnfx /x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{
g+=^!_. o; k|sf/ dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sdf dlxnf / k'?if
b'j} /x] sf] kfO{Ptf klg tYofn] k'?ifxn] g} a9L dlxnfxdfly
lx+;f ug{] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
dlxnfnfO{ cem klg ;dfhdf dflg;sf] kdf x]l/b} g. >Ldfg\ /

kl/jf/sf] ;DklQsf] kdf / of}g lqmofsnfksf nflu pkef]Uo
j:t'sf] kdf x]g{] kl/kf6Lsf sf/0f dlxnfdfly lx+;f eO{/x]sf]
5.31 8/, wDsL, qf; b]vfP/ c?nfO{ lgoGqdf /fVg ;lsof]
eg] zlQmzfnL ju{sf] kdf ;dfhdf :yflkt x'g] dfGotfn] ubf{
dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5. dlxnfsf] bf]if b]vfO{ dlxnfnfO{ yk
sdhf]/ agfpgsf nflu sltko a'l4hLjLxaf6} klg dlxnfaf6
g} dlxnf a9L kLl8t agfO{Psf 5g\ eGg] ts{ ;'lgG5. t/ o
o:tf] lsg eO/x] sf] 5 a'em\g' h/L x'G5. lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs
;+/rgfdf dlxnfx klg x's{g] / To;df k'?ifs} jr{:j a9L /x] sf]
b]Vgfn] w]/} dlxnfxdf lkQ[;QfTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 .
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126
or
rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}ls ljj/0f
31
Article Written by Sherry Romero December 2001,
http://peekabooicu2.50megs.com/abuse-stay.html
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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr /x]sf] c;dfg

zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] kl/0ffd xf]. o;y{ h'g dlxnfsf] zlQmdf kx'Fr
x'G5 ltg}dlxnfaf6 zlQmdf kx'r
F gePsf dlxnfx cyf{t\ sdhf]/
dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5. dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] xdf
yf]/} k|ltzt -!)_ dlxnfs} ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kfO{Ptf klg dflysf]
tYofn] s] k'li6 u5{ eg] ;dfhdf x'g] () lx+;fsf 36gfxsf
kL8s k'?ifx x'G5g\.
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dlxnfdfly lx+;fug{sf nflu k'?ifTjjfbL ;f]r klg plQs} lhDd]jf/

5. ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'?ifn] lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf]
e"ldsfn] k'?ifTjjfbL ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'G5. lsg k'?ifaf6 g} dlxnf
a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df rrf{ ubf{ k'?ifdf k'?ifTjjfbL
tTj k|fs[lts kdf g} x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]r ;dfhdf xfaL 5.32
dlxnfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsPg eg] ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] :yfg
sdhf]/ x'g] dfgl;stf af]s]sf k'?ifxaf6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g]
ub{5 .
or
(=$ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf
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dlxnfxdfly ;a} eGbf a9L-*(_ ;fIf/ JolQmxaf6} lx+;f x'g]

u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] !! lg/If/ JolQmxn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f
u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. ;fIf/ JolQmxdWo] klg ;a}eGbf a9L -#$)
k|f} 9 lzIff k9]sfxn] lx+;f u/] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] @& dlxnfdfly
pRr dfWolds lzIff xfFl;n u/]sf JolQmxaf6 lx+;f ePsf]
To;}u/L !* dfWoflds, !# k|fylds / * pRr dfWofldseGbf
dflysf]lzIff xfFl;n u/]sf JolQmxaf6 dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{of]. -rf6{ g+= ^#_
32
West, C.; Zimmerman, D.H. (1987). "Doing Gender".Gender
and Society 1 (2).
127
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rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf
rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf

dflysf] tYofn] ;a} :t/sf] z}lIfs :t/sf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf
JolQmxaf6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] b]vfpF5. t/ lzIffsf]
:t/df a[l4 x'Fbf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf sdL ePsf] b]lvG5.
o;n] dlxnfdflysf] lx+;f / kL8ssf] z}lIfs :t/aLr k|ToIfkdf
gsf/fTds ;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . JolQmsf] lzIffsf] :t/sf ;fy}
(=% kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf
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JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf k|lqmof, s:tf] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf

JolQmsf] x'sf{O{ x'G5 To;n] klg JolQmsf] Jojxf/ / cfr/0f
lgwf{/0f ub{5.
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kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] dlxnfdfly

;a}eGbf a9L -*@_ljjflxt JolQmxn] lx+;f u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5.
To;}u/L cljjflxt JolQmxaf6 !) , 5'lP/ a;]sf] @ /klxrfg
gv'n]sf] ^ JolQmxaf6 lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g++ ^$_.
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rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf
dflysf] tYofn] s] k'li6 ub{5 eg] dlxnfx cljjflxt / 5'lP/

a;]sf k'?ifxsf] t'ngfdf ljjflxt k'?ifxaf6 g} a9L lx+;fsf]
pRr hf]lvddf /x] sf 5g\. dlxnfxdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f
a9L dfqfdf ljjflxt k'?ifaf6 g} x'g] u/]sf] dflysf] tYofn]
b]vfpF5 . "k'?ifxn] k'?if eP/ hlGdPkl5 zlQm, of}g / dlxnfdf
lgoGq0f ug{] clwsf/ cfkm"df lglxt /x] sf] dxz'; ub{5g\. k'?ifaf6
ePsf x/]s uNtLxnfO{ k'?if ePs} sf/0fn] d]/f] 5f]/fn] sxfF
o:tf] u5{ < d]/f] >Ldfg\af6 s;/L o:tf] x'g ;S5 < eGg] k'?ifnfO{
;+/If0f ug{] ;:s[lt ;dfhdf hLljt g} 5"33 h;sf sf/0f k'?ifn]
33
Sociologist Michael Kimmel (2008 book, Guyland)
129
(=^ kL8ssf] k]zf
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dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /fVgsf nflu zlQmsf] k|bz{g ub{}

dlxnfdfly lx+;f ub{5. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] "dlxnfxdf cfkm\gf]
lgoGq0f sfod ug{ ;lsPg eg] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g] / cfkm"
zlQmljxLg x'g] 8/sf sf/0f k'?ifn] cfkm\g} kl/jf/df tyf ;dfhdf
/x]sf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfdfly ljleGg k|sf/sf] lx+;f ub{5 . "
or
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130
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pa
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / kL8ssf] k]zfsf af/]df ljZn]if0f ubf{ s[lif

k]zfdf ;+nUg ePsf JolQmxaf6 dlxnfdfly a9L lx+;f ePsf]
kfO{Psf] 5.. s[lifdf ;+nUg $( kL8sxaf6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f
ePsf] 5. To;}u/L !# kL8sx Hofnf dhb'/Ldf ;+nUg /x]sf
5g\ eg] !) kL8sx Joj;fo ug]{ /x]sf 5g\. ;fy} 8fO{e/,
cfdL{, k'ln;, lzIfs h:tf k]zfsf k'ifx?af6 klg dlxnfx
kLl8t ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ ^%_.
rf6{ g+ ^%
kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f
o; jif{ k|fKt tYof cg';f/ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxdf
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;a}eGbf a9L s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfxdfly lx+;f ePsf] /

dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sx klg s[lif k]zfdf g} a9L dfqfdf
;+nUg ePsf] kfO{of]. g]kfnsf clw+sfz hg;+Vofsf] k|d'v k]zf
s[lif /x]sf] 5. To;df klg dlxnfxsf] k|ToIf ;xefuLtf s[lif
k]zfdf a9L /xg] ub{5. o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] g]kfnLxsf] k|d'v
k]zfdf /x] sf] s[lifdf dlxnfn] ug{] sfdnfO{ sfdsf] kdf klxrfg]
ul/Psf] 5}g, dlxnfn] ug{] sfo{x pTkfbg;Fu hf]l8Psf] ePtf
klg To;sf] s'g} d"No tf]lsPsf] 5}g. s[lif k]zfdf k'?ifsf]eGbf
dlxnfsf] sfd a9L x'g] ePtf klg k'?ifxn] ug{] sfo{sf] dfq
klxrfg / d"No ePsf] x'Fbf k'?ifxsf] cy{ kl/rfngdf k|d'v
e"ldsf /xF b} cfPsf] 5. k'?ifxnfO{ dfq 3/kl/jf/ rnfpg] d'lnsf]
kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5. ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg d"No / klxrfg
x'g g;Sbf dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{df ;d]t lje]b ePsf] 5.
hldgdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ 5}g h;n] ubf{ dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g]
jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] 5.
131
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kl/R5]b !)
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!)=! k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f
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kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u
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o; jif{ clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf 36gfxdWo] k|efljtn] k|bfg

u/]sf] ;'rgfsf] cfwf/df @% lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxn] dfq
lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] ^& lx+;f
k|efljt dlxnfxn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f gu/fPsf]
kfO{Psf] 5.
rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt
;a} k|sf/sf lx+;faf6 dlxnfxsf] :jf:Yodf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]

c;/ kg{] u5{. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f ljz]iful/ dlxnfsf]
zfl//Ls / dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ulx/f] c;/ k/]sf] kfO{G5 h;nfO{
133
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o; jif{sf] tYon] klg k'li6 ub{5 -rf6{ g+=!)_. dlxnfxdfly

x'g] w]/} h;f] lx+;f 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 x'g] ub{5g\ .
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oxaf6 ePsf lx+;f "3/fo;L dfdnf" sf ljifo
aGg] / dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf o;n] h:tf] 7'nf] c;/ kfg{] ePtf klg
3/kl/jf/sf] uf]klgotf cGo JolQm;Dd k'Ug ";fj{hlgs x'g] " /
yk lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] 8/sf sf/0f w]/} dlxnfx :jf:Yo
k/LIf0fsf nflu guPsf] dlxnfxn] cWoogsf] qmddf hfgsf/L
u/fPsf 5g\.
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134
:jf:Yo ;+:yf;Ddsf] kx'Frsf] cefj, ;j{;'ne pkrf/sf] cefj

/ cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw gx'g] h:tf sf/0fn] klg
dlxnfxnfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;]jf lngaf6 al~rt ub{5.
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f zf/Ll/s c;/ dlxnfdf w]/}
/x]sf] kfO{Ptf klg o;n] dlxnfsf] dfgl;s c;/df ulx/f] rf]6
k'ofpg] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . zf/Ll/s c;/ b]Vg ;lsG5 t/
lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf kf/]sf] c;/ b]Vg ;lsGg.
dfgl;s c;/ dlxnfsf nflu lgs} vt/gfs klg x'g ;Qm5. xfn
b]zdf a9\b} uPsf] dlxnf cfTdxTofsf] 36gf of] l:ylt;Fu klg
hf]l8Psf] x'g;S5 ls eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5. t;y{ dlxnfxsf]
kx'Frdf x'g] u/L ;d'bfo:t/df g} dgf];fdflhs ljdz{ s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf ug{' clt cfjZos /x] sf] 5. k/fdz{ s]Gb|sf dfWodaf6
dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu
;xof]u k'Ub5 eg] dlxnfdf yk cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; u/fpg
klg k/fdz{ s]Gb|n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5. dlxnfxsf]
lx+;fd'Qm hLjgofkgsf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug{ klg
o;n] ;3fp k'of{pg ;Qm5.
!)= k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f

o; jif{ cf]/]s g]kfnn] dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx , ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t dlxnf ;d"xx / clen]vgstf{x sf] ;xof]udf hDdf
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!%*! j6f dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx ;+sng ug{ ;kmn

ePsf] 5. ;xof]uL ;+oGqx sf] cefjsf sf/0f dlxnfx df
/x] sf] "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" sf] e ug{, sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs
Gofodf dlxnfxsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu o; jif{ cf]/]s g]kfnn]
!%$* hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx nfO{34 ljleGg k|sf/n] ;xof]u
u/]sf] 5 .
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ne
pa
cf]/] s g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx

sf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt / a[l4 ug{sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5. !((* ;fnb]lv g} ;+:yfn] a]rlavgdf
k/]sf dlxnfxnfO{ nlIft u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;'/lIft
cfjf;sf] sNkgf uof]. ;d'bfosf JolQmx nfO{ g} tflnd k|bfg
u/L g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
klg uof]. To;kl5 ;+:yfn] lx+;f k|efljt ;a} dlxnfx sf
nflu ;xof]uL ;+oGq cfjZos x'g] / tL ;+oGqx sf] ljsf; x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf "dlxnfdfly x'g] h:tf];s
' } ck/fw klg kl/jf/sf]
JolQmut dfldnfsf] kdf" dfq ;Lldt /xL dlxnfx emg\ o:tf
lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'g'kg{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g] s'/fsf dgg\ ub{}
@))) ;fn kZrft\ ;+:yfn] k|ToIf kdf sfo{ ub{} cfPsf lhNnfx
df ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;kmn /x\of]. cfh olx ;+:yf
/ cGo dlxnf clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn cGo ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/
k}/jLsf sf/0f g]kfn ;/sf/s} g]t[Tjdf ;g\ @)!) kl5 ;'/lIft
cfjf;sf] cjwf/0f ;/sf/L ;+oGqleq /xg ;kmn ePsf] 5.
xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] !% j6f lhNnfx df ;'/lIft u[xsf] :yfkg
u/L ;]jf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5. & j6f lhNnfx df k'g:yf{kgf
s]Gb|x sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 eg] * j6f lhNnfx df Psf/
;+s6 Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5. o;nfO{ ;+:yfsf]
Ps k|d'v pknlAwsf] kdf lng ;lsG5. oBkL ;/sf/n] k|bfg
u/]sf] ;]jfx k|efljt dlxnfsf] ;xh kx'Frdf gx'g', ;]jf s]Gb|x
34
Ps hgf dlxnfx nfO{ PseGbf a9L ;xof]u jf ;]jf k|bfg ul/
Psf] ePsfn] of] ;+Vof clen]lvs/0fsf] eGbf a9L b]lvPsf] xf] .
135
l.o
rg
n] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu cfjZos ;]jfx k|bfg ug{

g;Sg'-;Lldt;]jfx dfq k|bfg ug'{_, oL ;]jf s]Gb|x cem
klg k"0f{ kdf n}lu+s ;+j]bgzLn aGg g;Sg', ;]jf s]Gb|x
;Lldtx'g'n] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf nflu oL ;]jfx
k|efjsf/L / kof{Kt 5}gg\ eGg] b]vfpFb5.
ec
ne
pa
or
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf] kx'Frdf x'g] u/L ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf]

ljsf; ug{ ;s]df dlxnfx n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf lj?4
af]Ng cfTdljZjf; /k|f]T;fxg x'g] u/]sf]lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx
;Fusf] 5nkmnsf bf}/fgdf dlxnfx n] atfPsf lyP. h'g
If]qdf a9L dfqfdf dlxnfsf nflu ;xof]uL ;+oGqx pknAw
5g\ tL If]qx af6 a9L lx+;fsf 36gfx aflx/ cfPsf 5g\
To;nfO{ o; jif{sf] dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] clen]vLs/0fsf]
tYofs+n] k'li6 ub{5.
.w
136
o; jif{ ;+:yfn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx sf k|efljt

dlxnfx dWo] #*@ hgf dlxnfx nfO{ ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 5. o:t}ul/ $^$ hgf dlxnfx nfO{
dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf, (! j6f kl/jf/df kf/Ljfl/s dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf,
#!% hgf dlxnfx nfO{ sfg'gL ;xof]u, @)& hgf dlxnfx
sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu ;xof]u, #$ hgf dlxnfx nfO{
ljleGg ;Lkd"ns tflndx sf]Joj:yf u/L Joj;fo ug{ cfly{s
;xof]u, & hgf dlxnfx nfO{ k9\gsf nflu ;xof]u, @% hgf
dlxnfx nfO{ Joj;flos l;k cfh{g ug{sf nflu tflndsf]
Joj:yf u/L ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. #@ hgf dlxnfx nfO{ cGo
ljleGg ;+:yfx sf] ;xof]udf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf]
cfjZostf x]/L cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu l/km/ u/]sf] 5 .
lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof]uL ;+oGq

-;'/lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL ;]jf, dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf, cf}iflw pkrf/_
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
k|bfg ug{] k|dv

' lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] xf]. s'g} klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f
x'bF f p;sf]clwsf/;+/If0fsf nflu k|efljtnfO{ Gofo lbnfpgsf
nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTjleq kb{5.
.w
or
rf6{ g+= ^& lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx sf nflu ;+:yfn]

o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf] ljj/0f k|ltztdf
137
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b !!
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg

;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo
l.o
rg
o;jif{ u/L Psf] ;~rf/cg'udgsf cfwf/df dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
u/L tn k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 . cf/]s g]kfnn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx;~rf/

dfWoddf k|sfzgdf cfPsf ePtf klg 36gfsf] ;+Vof bf]xf]l/g glbgsf nflu tL
36gfxnfO{ ;dfj]z gu/L hDdf #(* j6f 36gfxnfO{ dfq ljZn]if0f u/L o;
ec
ne
pa
k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
;+rf/dfWodf 36gfxk|fo ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/sf] kdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ . To;sf]

lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt gx'g] x'bfF+ 36gfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ t ;lsPsf] 5}g oBlk ;+rf/
dfWoddf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
.w
or
rf6{df k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .
rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

139
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;fsf k|sf/x
rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x -k|ltztdf _
.w
140
or
3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x
rf6{ &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
.w
or
rf6{ g+ dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x

rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x
rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw
141
l.o
rg
or
rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/
.w
142
ec
ne
pa
rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf
l.o
rg
ec
ne
pa
.w
or
rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf
143
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
kl/R5]b !@
l.o
rg
kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx

lgisif{ / ;'emfjx
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfq gP/ ljZjdf g}

hl6n ;d:ofsf] kdf ljBdfg 5. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dfgj
clwsf/ xgg\sf] w]/} ] nHhf:kb pbfx/0f xf] . dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf :jkx ljleGg ePtf klg of] ;a} ju{, ef}uf}lns
;Ldf, ;+:s[ltxdf JofKt /x]sf] kfO{G5. ha;Dd dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo x'Fb}g ta;Dd ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf]
;xL k|ult xfFl;n ug{ ;lsb}+g -sf]kmL cGgfg, k'j{ dxf;lrj,
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3_.
.w
or
dlxnfdfly x'g] x/]s lx+;f ck/fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/sf]

xgg\ xf]. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx cfwf/e"t
dfgj clwsf/xM afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/,
oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, :jtGq /
;'/lIft kdf hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;d]taf6 al~rt
agfO{Psf 5g\. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfsf]zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s hLjgdf k|ToIf kdf c;/ kb{5
eg] afnaflnsf / kl/jf/ klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf6 k|efljt
x'g] ub{5g\.
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L

b'j} If]qxaf6 ljleGg k|of;x ePsf 5g\. oBkL xfn;Dd
ePsf k|of;x ;Lldt dfqfdf sfof{Gjognfu" ul/Psf] 5
h;n] ubf{ dlxnfxsf] hLjgdf ck]Iffs[t kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf]
5}g. dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+/rgfut
kl/jt{g clt cfjZos 5. To;sf ;fy} dlxnfxsf nflu
kof{Kt ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] lj:tf/ ul/g' jf~5gLo 5.
145
o; k':tsdf ul/Psf] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf]

ljZn]if0f kZrft\ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fk|lt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{
hjfkmb]xL, pQ/bfoL aGg / ;Daf]wg ug{ xfdL lgDg ;'emfjx
k]z ub{5f}+ M
or
146
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5. o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfsf] dfq ;jfn geP/ ;a}sf] k|d'v
;jfnsf] kdf :yflkt ul/g' h?/L 5. ;dfhdf h/f] uf8]/
/x]s]f lje]bk"0f{ lkQ[;QfTds ;+/rgfn] ;a} If]qnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]
5. o;y{ s'g} Ps If]qdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] dfq dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5}g. x/]s If]qxdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g' cfjZos 5. dlxnfd'vL sfg'gL
Joj:yf, ePsf] gLlt lgodxsf] n}ls ;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy
k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog, ;]jf k|bfos sfg'gL, Goflos,
:jf:Yo nufot ;a} If]qxdf n}ls ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljsf; /
dlxnfd'vL jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;s]df dlxnfxsf] "df}gtfsf]
;+:s[lt" nfO{ e ub{} dlxnfxdf lx+;fnfO{ gfO{ eGgsf nflu
cfTdan / yk cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5.
.w
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4 sfo{/t ;\3;+:yfxn] cf

cfkm\g} 9\un] dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] tYof
;\sng ug{] u/]tf klg ;du|df dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf
lx+;fsf 36gfxsf] /fli6o tYof pknAw 5}g. g]kfndf
n}lu+s lje]bdf cfwfl/t lje]b ;'rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf /fli6o dlxnf cfof]udf ePsf] 5. o;y{ o;sf]
k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6} cg'udg /
cfjZos ;|f] t ;fwgx pknAw u/fOg' h?/L 5.
;xof]uL ;+oGqxdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr k'u] sf] l:yltdf dfq

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx aflx/ cfpg] x'bF f dlxnfsf]
;xh kx'Frdf x'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 b]zsf &% j6}

lhNnfxdf ;xof]uL ;+oGqx -;'/lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL
k/fdz{ tyf ;xof]u, lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu lgz'Ns
:jf:Yo hfFr cfbL_ sf] ljsf; ul/g' jf~5gLo 5.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfxsf] dfgl;s

:jf:Yodf a9L c;/ kg{] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. o;y{ dlxnfsf]
kx'Frdf x'g] u/L ;d'bfo :t/df dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{
s]Gb|xsf] :yfkgf u/L tflnd k|fKt / ;Lkjfg JolQmxaf6
;]jf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5.
or
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] d"n sf/0fsf] kdf kl/jf/, ;dfh

/ b]zs} x/]s ;+/rgfxdf h/f] uf8]/ /x] sf] lje]bk"0f{
lkQ[;QfTds ;+/rgf lhDd]jf/kfO{Psf]5. dlxnf /k'?ifsf
nflu lgwf{l/t e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g gu/L dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf]cGTo ;Dej 5}g. of]kl/jt{gsf nflu /fHosf x/]s
lgsfoxdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/g' jf~5gLo 5.
.w
3/]n' lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ag]sf] 3/]n' lx+;f -s;'/ /

;hfo_ P]g @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^& n] 3/]n' lx+;fsf
;a} kIfxnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g, / sfg'gL k|lqmofsf
s'/fx klg c:ki6 ePsf x'Fbf o;nfO{ t'?Gt kl/dfh{g
ul/g' cfjZos 5.
@)^* kmfu'g !! ut] k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e/fO{f/f

dGqfnosf ;lrjx / ;' / Iff lgsfonfO{ dlxnfn]
36gfxsf] ph'/L u/]sf] @$ 306fleq sfjf{xL ug{] Joj:yf
ug{ lbPsf] lgb{] zg cem;Dd klg Jojxf/df nfu" x'g ;s]sf]
5}g. o;y{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf] Tof] lgb{]zgsf] k|efjsf/L
147
sfof{Gjog ;]jf k|bfos x/]s lgsfoaf6 oyflz3| ul/g'

h?/L 5.
ec
ne
pa
l.o
rg
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfsf] ph'/L lnP/ hfFbf klg

ph'/L g;'Gg], pN6} dlxnfnfO{ yk kL8f k'ofpg] vfnsf
lqmofsnfk ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lxaf6 g} x'g]
u/]sf] w]/} u'gf;fx dlxnfaf6 cfPsf 5g\. o;y{ o;/L
dlxnfnfO{ yk kL8f k'ofpg] ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf /x]sf jf
;]jf k|bfg ug{] :yfgdf /x]sf JolQmxnfO{ dlxnfdfly
lx+;f ug{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ljz]if
Joj:yf cljnDj ul/g' kb{5.
dlxnfdfly
h'g;'s} ;dodf klg lx+;f x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu u7g ePsf /fHosf
lgsfoxaf6 lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
x]/L ;dosf] s'g} kfjlGblagf ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .
or
.w
148

sfg'gsf lje]bsf/L ;Dk"0f{ k|fjwfgx vf/] h u/L kLl8t
s]lGb|t Gofo k|0ffnL, gofF sfg'gsf]lgdf{0f ul/g' cfjZos
5.

kLl8tk|efljt /;fIfLsf];'/Iffsf nflu ;'/Iff /;+/If0f
P]gsf] t'?Gt Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5.
;d'bfo :t/df dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu

:jod;]jL efjgfn] lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsxn] ljleGg lsl;dsf r'gf}tLxsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{]
l:yltn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5. dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsxdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] hf]lvd sd ug{sf
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsxsf]
;'/Iffsf] gLltut Joj:yf cljnDa ul/g' kb{5.
ec
ne
pa
or
.w
l.o
rg

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ec

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf

k|sfzs M cf]/]s g]kfn

kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx / ljZn]if0f

kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/

kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f

kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavgcf];f/k;f/

kl/R5]b & M xTof

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u

kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld

kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx

kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt

rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx

rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx

rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf

rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x

rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx k|ltztdf

rf6{ g+= !@ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx / kL8ssf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf

rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfxsf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf

rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfxdf k/]sf] c;/x k|ltztdf 68

rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtxsf] j}jflxs cj:yf

rf6{ g+= @# pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 77

rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f

rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 79

rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf

rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x

rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfxsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 91

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x?

rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf / of}lgs lx+;f

rf6{ g+= #* of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtxsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k]zf / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx

rf6{ g+= $$ of}lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/]sf c;/x

rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf

rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw

rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof

rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof

rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / xTof

rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of}lgs lx+;fsf kl/0ffx

rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof

rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof