Piping and instrumentation diagram

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Piping and instrumentation diagram of pump with storage tank. Symbols according to EN ISO 10628 and EN 62424.

A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is a diagram in the process industry which shows the piping of the process flow together with the installed equipment and instrumentation.
Contents
[hide]

1 Contents and Function 2 List of P&ID items 3 Identification and Reference Designation 4 Symbols of chemical apparatus and equipments 5 See also 6 External links

[edit]Contents

and Function

An example of a P&ID.

A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is defined by the Institute of Instrumentation and Control as follows: 1. A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard S5. 1. 2. The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation. P&IDs play a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it describes. It is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as the hazard and operability study (HAZOP). For processing facilities, it is a pictorial representation of Key piping and instrument details Control and shutdown schemes Safety and regulatory requirements Basic start up and operational information

[edit]List

of P&ID items

Instrumentation and designations Mechanical equipment with names and numbers All valves and their identifications Process piping, sizes and identification Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers Permanent start-up and flush lines Flow directions Interconnections references Control inputs and outputs, interlocks Interfaces for class changes

Computer control system input Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

[edit]Identification

and Reference Designation

The P&ID is used for the identification of measurements within the process. Identification letters for measurements are based on Standard ANSI/ISA S5.1 and ISO 14617-6: First-Letter Measurement

Analysis

Burner, Combustion

User's Choice (usually Conductivity)

User's Choice (usually Density)

Voltage

Flow

User's Choice

Hand

Current

Power

Time, Time Schedule

Level

User's Choice

User's Choice (usually Torque)

User's Choice

Pressure

Quantity

Radiation

Speed, Frequency

Temperature

User's Choice (usually Alarm Output)

Vibration, Mechanical Analysis

Weight, Force

User's Choice (usually on-off valve as XV)

Event, State, Presence

Position, Dimension

For reference designation of any equipment in industrial systems the standard IEC 61346 (Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products Structuring principles and reference

designations) can be applied. For the function Measurement the reference designator B is used, followed by the above listed letter for the measured variable. For reference designation of any equipment in a power station the KKS Power Plant Classification System can be applied. [edit]Symbols

of chemical apparatus and equipments

Below are listed some symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment normally used in a P&ID, according to DIN 30600 and ISO 14617. Symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment

Pipe

Thermally insulated pipe

Jacketed pipe

Cooled or heated pipe

Jacketed mixing vessel (autoclave)

Half pipe mixing vessel

Pressurized horizontal vessel

Pressurized vertical vessel

Pump

Vacuum pump or compressor

Bag

Gas bottle

Fan

Axial fan

Radial fan

Dryer

Packed column

Tray column

Furnace

Cooling tower

Heat exchanger

Heat exchanger

Cooler

Plate & frame heat exchanger

Double pipe heat exchanger

Fixed straight tubes heat exchanger

U shaped tubes heat exchanger

Spiral heat exchanger

Covered gas vent

Curved gas vent

(Air) filter

Funnel

Steam trap

Viewing glass

Pressure reducing valve

Flexible pipe

Valve

Control valve

Manual valve

Back draft damper

Needle valve

Butterfly valve

Diaphragm valve

Ball valve

[edit]See

also

Commons:Category:Chemical engineering symbols - A list of P&ID symbols in SVG format Process flow diagram

[edit]External

links

How to read P&IDs

Hazard and operability study

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Look up Hazop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation. The HAZOP technique was initially developed to analyze chemical process systems, but has later been extended to other types of systems and also to complex operations and to software systems. A HAZOP is a qualitative technique based on guide-words and is carried out by a multidisciplinary team (HAZOP team) during a set of meetings.
Contents
[hide]

1 Method

o o

1.1 Outline 1.2 Parameters and guide words

2 Team 3 History 4 References 5 Further reading 6 See also

[edit]Method [edit]Outline
The method applies to processes (existing or planned) for which design information is available. This commonly includes a process flow diagram, which is examined in small sections, such as individual items of equipment or pipes between them. For each of these a design Intention is specified. For example, in a chemical plant, a pipe may have the intention to transport 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid at 20C and a pressure of 2 bar from a pump to a heat exchanger. The intention of the heat exchanger may be to heat 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid from 20C to 80 C. The HAZOP team then determines what are the possible

significant Deviations from each intention, feasible Causes and likely Consequences. It can then be decided whether existing, designed safeguards are sufficient, or whether additional actions are necessary to reduce risk to an acceptable level. When HAZOP meetings were recorded by hand they were generally scheduled for three to four hours per day. For a medium-sized chemical plant where the total number of items to be considered is 1200 (items of equipment and pipes or other transfers between them) about 40 such meetings would be needed. [1] Various software programs are now available to assist in meetings.

[edit]Parameters

and guide words

The key feature is to select appropriate parameters which apply to the design intention. These are general words such as Flow, Temperature, Pressure, Composition. In the above example, it can be seen that variations in these parameters could constitute Deviations from the design Intention. In order to identify Deviations, the Study Leader applies (systematically, in order) a set of Guide Words to each parameter for each section of the process. The current standard[2] Guide Words are as follows:

Guide Word

Meaning

NO OR NOT

Complete negation of the design intent

MORE

Quantitative increase

LESS

Quantitative decrease

AS WELL AS

Qualitative modification/increase

PART OF

Qualitative modification/decrease

REVERSE

Logical opposite of the design intent

OTHER THAN

Complete substitution

EARLY

Relative to the clock time

LATE

Relative to the clock time

BEFORE

Relating to order or sequence

AFTER

Relating to order or sequence

(Note that the last four guide words are applied to batch or sequential operations.) These are therefore combined e.g. NO FLOW, MORE TEMPERATURE, and if the combination is meaningful, it is a potential deviation. In this case LESS COMPOSITION would suggest less than 96% sulfuric acid, whereas OTHER THAN COMPOSITION would suggest something else such as oil. The following table gives an overview of commonly used guide word - parameter pairs and common interpretations of them.

Parameter / Guide Word

More

Less

None

Reverse

As well as

Flow

high flow

low flow

no flow

reverse flow

deviating concentration

Pressure

high pressure

low pressure

vacuum

delta-p

Temperature

high temperature

low temperature

Level

high level

low level

no level

different level

Time

too long / too late

too short / too soon

sequence step skipped

backwards

missing actions

Agitation

fast mixing

slow mixing

no mixing

Reaction

fast reaction / runaway

slow reaction

no reaction

Start-up / Shut-down

too fast

too slow

actions missed

Draining / Venting

too long

too short

none

deviating pressure

Inertising

high pressure

low pressure

none

Utility failure (instrument air, power)

failure

DCS failure

failure

Maintenance

none

Vibrations

too low

too high

none

Once the causes and effects of any potential hazards have been established, the system being studied can then be modified to improve its safety. The modified design must then be subject to another HAZOP, to ensure that no new problems have been added.

[edit]Team
HAZOP is normally carried out by a team of people, with roles as follows [2] (with alternative names from other sources):

Name

Alternative

Study leader

Chairman

someone experienced in HAZOP but not directl is followed carefully

Recorder

Secretary or scribe

to ensure that problems are documented and r

Designer

(or representative of the team which has designed the process)

To explain any design details or provide further

User

(or representative of those who will use it)

To consider it in use and question its operabilit

Specialist

(or specialists)

someone with relevant technical knowledge

Maintainer

(if appropriate)

someone concerned with maintenance of the p

In earlier publications it was suggested that the Study Leader could also be the Recorder [3] but separate roles are now generally recommended. A minimum team size of 5 is recommended.[4] In a large process there will be many HAZOP meetings and the team may change as specialists are brought in for different areas, and possibly different members of the design team, but the Study Leader and Recorder will usually be fixed. As many as 20 individuals may be involved[3] but is recommended that no more than 8 are involved at any one time.[4] Software is now available from several suppliers to aid the Study Leader and the Recorder.

[edit]History
The technique originated in the Heavy Organic Chemicals Division of ICI, which was then a major British and international chemical company. The history has been described by Trevor Kletz[3][5]who was the company's safety advisor from 1968 to 1982, from which the following is abstracted. In 1963 a team of 3 people met for 3 days a week for 4 months to study the design of a new phenol plant. They started with a technique called critical examination which asked for alternatives, but changed this to look for deviations. The method was further refined within the company, under the name operability studies, and became the third stage of its hazard analysis procedure (the first two being done at the conceptual and specification stages) when the first detailed design was produced. In 1974 a one-week safety course including this procedure was offered by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) at Teesside Polytechnic. Coming shortly after the Flixborough disaster, the course was fully booked, as were ones in the next few years. In the same year the first paper in the open literature was also published.[6] In 1977 the Chemical Industries Associationpublished a guide.[7] Up to this time the term HAZOP had not been used in formal publications. The first to do this was Kletz in 1983, with what were

essentially the course notes (revised and updated) from the IChemE courses. [3] By this time, hazard and operability studies had become an expected part of chemical engineering degree courses in the UK.[3]

[edit]References

1. ^ Swann, C. D., & Preston, M. L., (1995) Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol 8, no 6, pp349-353 "Twenty-five years of HAZOPs" 2. ^
a b

British Standard BS: IEC61882:2002 Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies)- Application

Guide British Standards Institution. This British Standard reproduces verbatim IEC 61882:2001 and implements it as the UK national standard. 3. ^
a b c d e

Kletz, T. A., (1983) HAZOP & HAZAN Notes on the Identification and Assessment of

Hazards IChemE Rugby 4. ^

a b

Nolan, D.P. (1994) Application of HAZOP and What-If Safety Reviews to the Petroleum, Petrochemical

and Chemical Industries. William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. ISBN 978-0-8155-1353-7 5. ^ Kletz, T., (2000) By Accident - a life preventing them in industry PVF Publications ISBN 0-9538440-0-5 6. ^ Lawley, H. G.,(1974) Chemical Engineering Progress, vol 70, no 4 page 45 "Operability studies and hazard analysis" AIChE 7. ^ Chemical Industries Association (1977) A Guide to Hazard and Operability Studies

Process flow diagram

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly-used term for a PFD is a flowsheet.
Contents
[hide]

1 Typical content of a process flow diagram 2 Process flow diagram examples

o o

2.1 Single process unit 2.2 Multiple process units within an industrial plant

3 Other items of interest 4 Standards 5 Further reading

6 External links

[edit]Typical

content of a process flow diagram

Some typical elements from process flow diagrams, as provided by the open source program,Dia. Click for image legend.

Typically, process flow diagrams of a single unit process will include the following:

Process piping Major equipment items Control valves and other major valves Connections with other systems Major bypass and recirculation streams Operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.), often by stream references to a mass balance.

Process stream names

Process flow diagrams generally do not include:

Pipe classes or piping line numbers Process control instrumentation (sensors and final elements)

Minor bypass lines Isolation and shutoff valves Maintenance vents and drains Relief and safety valves Flanges

Process flow diagrams of multiple process units within a large industrial plant will usually contain less detail and may be called block flow diagrams or schematic flow diagrams.

[edit]Process [edit]Single

flow diagram examples

process unit

The process flow diagram below depicts a single chemical engineering unit process known as an amine treating plant:

Flow diagram of a typical amine treating process used in industrial plants

[edit]Multiple

process units within an industrial plant

The process flow diagram below is an example of a schematic or block flow diagram and depicts the various unit processes within a typical oil refinery:

A typical oil refinery

[edit]Other

items of interest

A PFD can be computer generated from process simulators (see List of Chemical Process Simulators), CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering symbols. Rules and symbols are

available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO or ANSI. Often PFDs are produced on large sheets of paper. PFDs of many commercial processes can be found in the literature, specifically in encyclopedias of chemical technology, although some might be outdated. To find recent ones, patent databases such as those available from the United States Patent and Trademark Office can be useful.

[edit]Standards
SELASA, 03 MEI 2011

Pipe Cut Length

Untuk kita yang berkecimpung di dunia per-piping-an pasti istilah pipes cut length (kadang juga ada yang menyebut pipes nipple) sudah familiar di telinga. Secara kasar sih pipe cut length bisa diartikan sebagai panjang potongan pipa yang ditentukan berdasarkan perhitungan sesuai isometric drawing yang kita kerjakan. Di beberapa shipyard (termasuk perusahaan saya) perhitungan panjang potongan pipa ini dilakukan oleh orang-orang production. Jadi sejak awal pipes cut length tidak tercantum di isometric drawing yang diissue dari engineering. Di dalam isometric drawing hanya dicantumkan bill of material untuk satu gambar tersebut.

Contoh piping isometric drawing di shipyard

Seperti yang bisa dilihat di gambar diatas panjang potongan pipa tidak terlihat di dalam gambar. Yang diberikan biasanya jarak center ke center dari fitting ke fitting di kedua sisi potongan pipa tersebut. Jadi kalkulasi harus dilakukan untuk menentukan seberapa panjang kita harus memotong pipa supaya spool pipa yang dihasilkan akan sesuai dengan dimensi yang diberikan oleh isometric drawing. Dalam melakukan hitungan ini, selain piping isometric drawing, kita menggunakan WPS dan yard standard sebagai acuan lainnya. Mungkin saya akan bahas di kesempatan berikutnya.

Posted by mubarok at 23:03 Labels: piping

Process engineering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
Process engineering (also called process systems engineering) focuses on the design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes through the aid of systematic computer-based methods. Process engineering encompasses a vast range of industries, such as chemical, petrochemical, mineral processing, advanced material, food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries.
Contents
[hide]

1 Significant accomplishments 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit]Significant

accomplishments

Several accomplishments have been made in Process Engineering:[1]

Process design: synthesis of energy recovery networks, synthesis of distillation systems (azeotropic), synthesis of reactor networks, hierarchical decomposition flowsheets, superstructureoptimization, design multiproduct batch plants. Design of the production reactors for the production of plutonium, design of nuclear submarines.

Process control: model predictive control, controllability measures, robust control, nonlinear control, statistical process control, process monitoring, thermodynamics-based control

Process operations: scheduling process networks, multiperiod planning and optimization, data reconciliation, real-time optimization, flexibility measures, fault diagnosis

Supporting tools: sequential modular simulation, equation based process simulation, AI/expert systems, large-scale nonlinear programming (NLP), optimization of differential algebraic equations (DAEs), mixedinteger nonlinear programming (MINLP), global optimization

[edit]History
Process systems engineering (PSE) is a relatively young area in chemical engineering. The first time that this term was used was in a Special Volume of the AIChE Symposium Series in 1961. However, it was not until 1982 when the first international symposium on this topic took place in Kyoto, Japan, that the term PSE started to become widely accepted. The first textbook in the area was Strategy of Process Engineering by Dale F. Rudd and Charles C. Watson, Wiley, 1968. The Computing and Systems Technology (CAST) Division, Area 10 of AIChE, was founded in 1977 and currently has about 1200 members. CAST has four sections: Process Design, Process Control, Process Operations, and Applied Mathematics. The first journal devoted to PSE was "Computers and Chemical Engineering," which appeared in 1977. The Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design (FOCAPD) conference in 1980 in Henniker was one of the first meetings in a series on that topic in the PSE area. It is now accompanied by the successful series on Control (CPC), Operations (FOCAPO), and the world-wide series entitled Process Systems Engineering. The CACHE Corporation (Computer Aids for Chemical Engineering), which organizes these conferences, was initially launched by academics in 1970, motivated by the introduction of process simulation in the chemical engineering curriculum. There are currently about 80 academics in the PSE area in the US, and a listing of these faculty can be found in http://cepac.cheme.cmu.edu/pse1.html. A very large fraction of the faculty in the PSE area can be traced back to Professor Roger W.H. Sargent from Imperial College, one of the pioneers in the area. PSE is an active area of research in many other countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, several other European countries, Japan, Korea, and China. Since 1992 Europe hosts the annual ESCAPE meeting (European Symposium of Computer Aided Process Engineering). Each produces proceedingse.g., see Comput. Chem. Engng., Vol. 21 Supplement (1997) for the Proceedings of the joint PSE 97/ESCAPE 7 meeting held in 1997.