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OXYGEN
IN AIRCRAFT FLYING A ALTITUDE THERE MUST BE SOME WAY IN MAINTAINING A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR PASSENGERS AND CREW TO BREATHE NORMALLY
THIS IS NORMALLY DONE BY CABIN PRESSURISATION,. MAINTAINING A MAXIMUM OF ( ? ) FEET CABIN ALTITUDE 8000 AT ALL ALTITUDES
IF THE CABIN PRESSURUISATION FAILED AND THE CABIN ALTITUDE CLIMBED TO 10000 FEET AN EMEREGENCY (?) SOURCE OF OXYGEN MUST BE MADE AVAILABLE
OXYGEN
EMERGENCY OXYGEN IS NORMALLY SUPPLIED FROM GASEOUS, LIQUID AND CHEMICAL SOURCES CIVIL AIRCRAFT USE GASEOUS AND CHEMICAL SOURCES LIQUID OXYGEN IS USED ON MILITARY AIRCRAFT
SOME SMALL UNPRESSURISED AIRCRAFT ONLY REQUIRE OXYGEN OCCASSIONALLY AND USES A SYSTEM THAT METERS A CONTINUOUS FLOW OF OXYGEN WHICH IS METERED TO THE ALTITUDE FLOWN
OXYGEN
AIRCRAFT THAT FLY AT ALTITUDES ABOVE 18000 FEET HAVE A DILUTER DEMAND SYSTEM THIS SYSTEM METERS OXYGEN DEPENDANT ON THE ALTITUDE FLOWN AT DIRECTS IT TO THE MASK ONLY WHEN THE USER INHALES AIRCARFT FLYING AT ALTITUDES WHERE THE OUTSIDE AIR PRESSURE IS TOO LOW TO FORCE THE OXYGEN INTO THE LUNGS USE A PRESSURE DEMAND SYSTEM THIS SYSTEM SENDS OXYGEN TO THE MASK UNDER A SLIGHT PRESSURE TO FORCE THE OXYGEN INTO THE LUNGS
NO SMOKING
IN GENERAL GASEOUS OXYGEN SYSTEMS ARE USED FOR THE COCKPIT. SOME AIRCRAFT USE GASEOUS SYSTEMS FOR BOTH CABIN AND COCKPIT CHEMICALLY GENERATED OXYGEN ARE USED FOR THE CABIN
THE MASK WILL CONTAIN A MICROPHONE WHICH IS PERMANENTLY CONNECTED TO ALLOW COMMUNICATION TO BE MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES
THE END OF THE MASK HOSE IS CONNECTED TO THE OXYGEN SUPPLY REGULATOR
DILLUTER PLATES
FLOW INDICATOR
HARNESS INFLATED
MASK STOWED
MICROPHONE LEAD
OXYGEN SUPPLY
THIS OPENS THE BOX DOORS AND THE MASK IS WITHDRAWN A GREEN OXYGEN ON FLAG WILL APPEAR
WHEN THE MASK IS WITHDRAWN THE HARNESS IS AUTOMATICALLY INFLATED BY THE OXYGEN
THERE WILL BE A 100% SELECTOR BUTTON WHICH WHEN DEPRESSED WILL ALLOW PURE UNDILLUTED OXYGEN TO BE DELIVERED TO THE MASK
OXYGEN GENERATOR
PSU DOOR
LANYARD
FACE MASK
EXCESS PRESSURE IS EVACUATED OVERBOARD THROUGH PIPING TO A BLOW OUT DISC ON THE AIRCRAFTS SKIN
THE DISC BLOWS OUT OVERBOARD GIVING A GREEN VISUAL INDICATOR RING ON THE SKIN ORIFICE
SOME AIRCRAFT DEPLOY A RED STREAMER IN AN OVER PRESSURE CONDITION THORIGH THE BLOW OUT ORIFICE
SKIN
THE MASK IS HELD LOOSELY OVER THE MOUTH AND NOSE BY AN ELASTIC CORD
OXYGEN CONTINUALLY FLOWS INTO THE BAG THROUGH A PLASTIC TUBE CONNECTED TO THE MASK OUTLET IN THE PSU WHEN THE USER EXHALES THE AIR FROM THE LUNGS IT ENTERS THE RE-BREATHER BAG. EXCESS EXHALED AIR IS EXHAUSETD FROM THE MAST
IN THE VENT OF A LOSS OF CABIN PRESSURE AN AUTOMATIC VALVE IS TURNED ON TO SEND OXYGEN INTO THE PASSENGER OXYGEN SYSTEM
THE OXYGEN PRESSURE ACTUATES THE DOOR ACTUATOR VALVE WHICH OPENS THE OVERHEAD MASK COMPARTMENTS ON THE PSU PANELS
ALMOST ALL PRESSURISED AIRCRAFT USE DILUTER DEMAND SYSTEMS FOR THE AIRCREW AND CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS FOR THE PASSENGERS
THESE MASKS CAN ALSO BE USED TO HELP BREATHING IN CASE OF FUMES OR SMOKE IN THE CABIN
THERAPUTIC SETS CAN ALSO BE FOUND AND ARE USED FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES SUCH AS WHEN A PASSENGER IS HAVING BREATHING DIFFICULTIES THERAPUTIC SETS CAN DELIVER AN ENRICHED OR PURE OXYGEN SUPPLY
RESERVOIR BAG
WHEN THE MASKS DROP OUT OF THE PANEL THE ACTION OF THE PASSENGERS PULLING THE MASKS WITHDRAWS THE LANYARD PIN FROM THE LEAF SPRING VALVE AND STARTS THE FLOW TO THE MASK FROM THE OXYGEN VALVE
SPRING LATCH
THE TOGGLE LEVER CAN BE MANUALLY OPERATED TO MOVE THE DIAPHRAGM TO CLOSE THE FLOW TO THE MASK
WHEN OXYGEN IS SELECTED BY THE FLIGHT CREW (OR AUTOMATICALLY) A SOLENOID IS ENERGISED WHICH EXTENDS A PLUNGER THE PLUNGER OPERATES THE LATCH SPRING AND THE PANEL OPENS AND DROPS DOWN
AS THE PANEL DROPS DOWN THE MASKS ARE DEPLOYED
SOURCES OF OXYGEN
MOST AIRCRAFT USE GASEOUS OXYGEN SYSTEMS AS THE PRIMARY SOURCE FOR THE AIRCREW AND CHEMICALLY GENERATED SOURCES FOR THE PASSENGERS
SOME AIRCRAFT THAT HAVE CHEMICAL GENERATORS FITTED HAVE HAD THEM REPLACED WITH GASEOUS SYSTEMS DUE TO THE ASSOCIATED FIRE HAZRDS THE MAIN REASON FOR USING GASEOUS OXYGEN SYSTEMS IS ITS AVAILABILITY AT MOST AIRPORTS EVEN THOUGH A CHEMICAL GENERATOR SYSTEM IS MORE LIGHT WEIGHT
SOURCES OF OXYGEN
THE MAIN DISADVANTAGES OF USING GASEOUS SYSTEMS ARE THAT THE OXYGEN IS STORED AT A HIGH PRESSURE
SOURCES OF OXYGEN
THE NUMBER OF STORAGE BOTTLES AND THEIR CAPACITIES DEPENDS UPON THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS AND CREW
THE NORMAL CHARGE FOR THE BOTTLES IS AROUND 1800 PSI WITH A CAPACITY OF 30 - 120 CUBIC FEET
THE BOTTLES WILL HAVE A MANUAL SHUT OFF VALVE AT THE NECK OF THE BOTTLE WHICH ALLOWS THE BOTTLE TO BE REPLACED IN SITU A DIRECT READING PRESSURE GAUGE WILL ALSO BE FITTED AND A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER WILL SEND PRESSURE SIGNALS TO INDICATORS ON THE COCKPIT INSTRUMENTATION
OXYGEN GENERATOR
SOMETIMES KNOWN AS OXYGEN CANDLES
THE CASING WILL HAVE A PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE WHICH RELIEVES EXCESSIVE PRESSURES. THIS IS SET TO AROUND 50 PSI
A LANYARD PIN IS LOCKS A FIRING PIN IN POSITION
OXYGEN GENERATOR
PERCUSSION CARTRIDGE
HEAT SHIELD
FIRING PIN
IRON AND SODIUM CHLORATE CORE
DISTRIBUTION BLOCK
ACTIVATION PIN
LANYARD
OUTLETS TO MASKS
OXYGEN GENERATOR
WHEN THE PIN IS WITHDRAWN BY PULLING DOWN ON A MASK THE FIRING PIN MOVES INWARDS AND DETONATES AN EXPLOSIVE CARTRIDGE
THE CARTRIDGE IGNITES THE SODIUM CHLORATE WSHICH GENEARTES OXYGEN AS PART OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS
THE CORE OF THE GENERATOR IS A SOLID BLOCK OF A BINDED SODIUM CHLORATE AND IRON MIX
AS IT BURNS IT RELEASES OXYGEN AT A PREDETERMINED RATE. THE BLOCK WILL CONTINUE TO BURN UNTIL ALL THE SODIUM CHLORATE IS USED UP
OXYGEN GENERATOR
THE PROCESS IS SELF SUSTAINING AND CANNOT BE SWITCHED OFF. IT BURNS ITSELF OUT APART FROM OXYGEN OTHER BY PRODUCTS OF THE COMBUSTION ARE SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALT) AND FERROUS OXIDE (RUST) THE OXYGEN PRODUCED IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA AND TO THE RATE OF COMBUSTION
OXYGEN GENERATOR
THE OXYGEN PRODUCTION IS GREATER AT THE START OF COMBUSTION DUE TO THE LARGER CROSS SECTIONAL ARE OF THE CORE THIS PROVIDES AN INITIAL HIGH OXYGEN OUTPUT DURING THE FIRST FEW MINUTES OF THE EMERGENCY CORE TEMEPRATURE DURING COMBUSTION IS AROUND 450 DEGREES F THE OXYGEN GENERATED IS FED THROUGH A FILTER TO THE OUTLET MANIFOLD AND THEN BY TUBING TO THE MASKS WHEN DISCHARGED A DOLLS EYE INDICATOR WILL CHANGE FROM ORANGE/PURPLE TO BLACK. SOME USE HEAT SENSITIVE TAPE WHICH CHANGES COLOUR
OXYGEN GENERATOR
NORMAL OUTLET PRESURE IS AROUND 10 PSI SO A REGULATOR IS NOT REQUIRED THE DISADVANTAGE OF THE SYSTEM IS THE LARGE AMOUNT OF LOCALISED HEAT GENERATED THE GENERATOR IS WELL INSULATED FROM THE AIRFARME STRUCTURE AGIANST THESE TEMPERATURES THE GENERATORS HAVE A SHELF LIFE. WHEN THIS EXPIRES OR THEY ARE USED THEY ARE REPLACED. UNUSED GENERATORS ARE MADE SAFE BY FITTING A SECONDARY SAFETY PIN THROUGH THE FIRING PIN
SYSTEM CHARGING
GASEOUS SYSTEMS CAN BE CHARGED EITHER ON THE RIRCRAFT FROM PORTABLE BOTTLE CHARGING SETS OR BY REMOVING THE BOTTLE FROM THE AIRCRAFT AND CHARGING IN A DEDICATED CHARGING BAY IT IS THE AIRWORTHNESS AUTHORITY OF THE COUNTRY OF REGISTRATION WHICH DICTATES WHICH SYSTEM IS USED WITH ON AIRCRAFT CHARGING A REGULATED OXYGEN TROLLEY IS USED. THE DELIVERY HOSE IS PURGED BEFORE CONNECTION TO CLEAR THE HOSE OF CONTAMINATION AND MOISTURE
SYSTEM CHARGING
DURING CHARGING THE PROCESS GENERATES HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE LINES FORM THE CHARGER TO THE BOTTLES THE HEAT IS DISSIPATED THROUGH THERMAL COMPENSATORS THESE COMPENSATORS ARE POROUS SINTERED BRONZE ELEMENTS SOLDERED INSIDE THE PIPELINES THEY ACT AS A HEAT SINK TO DISSIPATE THE HEAT WHILE ALLOWING THE FLOW OF THE OXYGEN TO THE BOTTLES
OXYGEN TROLLEY
DISTRIBUTION
THE HIGH PRESSURE SUPPLY PIPES FROM THE BOTTLE TO THE PRESSURE REGULATOR ARE MADE FROM STAINLESS STEEL OR COPPER BASED ALLOYS
THEY ARE COLOUR CODED ( BLACK RECTANGULAR SYMBOL ON A WHITE BACKGROUND) AND IDENTIFIED WITH BREATHING OXYGEN AT EACH END
THE PIPES FROM THE REGULATOR ARE MADE FROM ALLUMINIUM ALLOY OR PLASTIC
DISTRIBUTION
THE DISTRIBUTION LINES TO THE COCKPIT GO FROM THE STORAGE BOTTLE TO THE COCKPIT PRESSURE REGULATOR TO THE OXYGEN STORAGE BOXES THE CABIN DISTRIBUTION LINES GO FROM THE STORAGE BOTTLE TO THE PRESSURE REGULATOR THEN UP THE SIDE WALLS TO A DISTRIBUTION MANIFOLD RUNNING ALONG THE ROOF
EMERGENCY LEVER
FLOW METER
OXYGEN LEVER
SUPPLY LEVER
EMERGENCY LEVER
OFF
DEMAND VALVE
SUPPLY LEVER
OFF
ANEROID CAPSULE
THE ANEROID CAPSULE SETS THE METERING VALVE DEPENDING UPON ALTITUDE
CABIN AIR
THE ANEROID CAPSULE SETS THE METERING VALVE DEPENDING UPON ALTITUDE
CABIN AIR
USER INHALES
THE DEMAND VALVE CLOSES WHEN THE AIR HAS STOPPED BEING INHALED
OXYGEN LEVER
MOVING THE OXYGEN LEVER TO 100% SHUTS OFF THE CABIN AIR COMPLETELY
OPERATING THE EMERGENCY LEVER AT ANY TIME OPENS THE DEMAND VALVE
PRESSURE GAUGE ON OXYGEN CONTROL PANEL LOW PRESSURE WARNING LIGHT ON OXYGEN CONTROL PANEL
CWP CAPTION AND AMBER WARNING LIGHTS AND CHIME WHEN LO PR FAULT LIGHT ILLUMINATES