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HANDBOOK
OF

THE OLD-NORTHERN

RUNIC MONUMENTS
OF

SCANDINAVIA AND ENGLAND.

HANDBOOK
OF

THE OLD-NORTHERN

RUNIC MONUMENTS
OF SCANDINAVIA AND ENGLAND.
NOW
FIRST

COLLECTED AND DECIPHERED


BY

Dr.
Knight of
the

GEORGE STEPHENS,
St.

F. S. A.;
the

Northern Star (Sweden)^


Soc. Ant. Scotland;

Olaf (Norway) and of


.

the

Danebrog (Denmark); Hon. Fellow of

Roy. Hist. Soc,

London; of the

of the Roy Hist. ^^ Archceol. Assoc, of Ireland; and of the Ant. Guilds of Cumberland-Westmoreland,
i&=c. /

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Yorkshire, Helsingfors, Christiania, Tronyem, Goienburg, Stockholm, Upsala, West-Gotland, &^c.
Old-English aitd of the English Language and Literature in the University of Cheapinghaven, Denmark.

Prof, of

THE

FOLIO VOLUMES RE-ARRANGED WITH SHORT TEXTS, BUT KEEPING ALL THE OLD-NORTHERN

CHEMITYPES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE;


14

Henrietta

St.,

London, 20

S.

Frederick

St.,

Edinburgh.

H. H.
Valkendorfs
Str.,

J.

LYNGE;

Cheapinghaven (Kj0Benhavn, Copenhagen).

printed by thiele.
1884.
a

rtXT-^T^

T^55

f\iitixi

TO

OUR GREAT ENGLISH OLDLORIST,


THE GIFTED AND GENEROUS

AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS


IN THANKFUj:. MINNE.

FOREWOED.

I have often been askt to publish


laves in

in

a cheap and handy shape the runewell

my

great folio volumes, which

many cannot
I

buy or have time

to read.

And
all

this I

have long wisht to do; but

waited

for

more
I

finds

and a better knowledge


this

of this hard science.

The day has now come when

can lay

handbook
This

before

lovers of our Northern mother-tung,

sametimely with
Old -Northern

my

third folio tome,

which

holds

more

than

70

new

pieces

bearing

staves*.

additional

gathering and the on-flow of runic studies have, of course, thrown fresh light on the

monuments already known.


to

have therefore been able, as

think, here

and there

amend

a former version or an approximate date,

and
to

give these ameliorations

accordingly.

Some more

of the Bracteates
all I

now seem
do
is

me

barbarized copies, and

therefore meaningless.
also

But, as before,

only tentative.

The engravings^ have

been corrected, where any

fault has

been discovered.
far

On many new
of

the whole,

my

system of transliteration and translation remains, as

as I can see,

not only unshaken, but abundantly strengthened and proved by the

finds.

We

thus clench the conclusion

so probable on the

mere ground

Comparative Philology

to

which

have pointed again and again, that in the


first

very early period to which these Scando-Anglic remains chiefly belong (say the

700 years
same

after Christ),

the Northern dialects here treated were on very


as
all

much

the

footing

in

essentials

the

other

olden

Scando-Gothic

folk-talks.

Those

peculiar features, (especially the Passive or Middle Verb and Post-article), which

now

stamp the Scandinavian branches of the Scando-Gothic


local

tree,

are quite simply of later

Scandian growth.

They were unknown when the

first

great Northern settlements

The whole

tale of -these 0. N. rune-bearers

is

now about

250,

of which nearly 1-third

is

from enslakd aloke,

Scandinayia's oldest colony.


^

Chiefly

drawn and chemityped by

Prof.

Magnus Petersen

the

woodcuts by Hr.

J.

F. Rosenstand

whom

thank

for all their friendly aid.

YIIX

FOREWORD.

wrested England from the partly Eomanized Kelts,

and they were not yet Jormed


in

when

the

same mother -lands

sent

out their wiking-swarms

the 9th

and 10th

centuries.

Hence they have


I see

never been

found

in

Britain.

Consequently

no reason

to alter

any one of

my
it

fundamental opinions,
best to reprint here,
in

which

should otherwise have been happy to do, and think

without change,

my

general conclusions

when my second band was printed


down are

1868.

See

my

Vol.

1,

Foreword, pp. vii xix:


the rune-values

"1.
the
later

That

I have

laid

really so,

and
still

particularly that
less

Old-Northern stave

was always A,

certainly no

consonant,

as

in

the

Runic Staverow.
All the oldest

and best skinbook luthorcs give


but which

to
in

(the provincial English

substitute

for the

older Y,

Y
^

is

also
(the

lound

England with the same

power

of a)

the sound-value A,

and

to

common Old-Northern
o)

Scandian

and English

M, afterwards the

provincial -Scandinavian

the sound-value M.

But the scholars


First Part

at the beginning of this century


tried to read the

and up
letters,

to the

appearance of

my

who

first

Old-Northern
of m,

and who were unanimous


system,

in giving to
concequently

(really a) the

power

which

it

has in the later runic

had no a

in their

new-made

alphabet.

Yet an A could not be wanting.

Therefore,

taking advantage of the well-known

fact that

A sometimes
futhorcs,

tends to

an

^-sound
districts,

in certain districts,

and that

sometimes tends to an A-sound in certain


later

as

is

accordingly shown
[^

by

a couple of the

they followed

each other in giving to


M,
1^

the universal and standing sound-value A.

Thus

^'^s
the

was A.

But as

it

is

now

evident, from the futhorcs themselves


is

and from all

Old-Northern monuments, that


giving to p the power of
is

undoubtedly and always A, the simple mistake of


at once laid aside.

a should now be

To perpetuate error
of language

foolish,

alike

highly perplexing

and often destructive both

and of

grammar.
have
in

On one

single excessively ancient stone for instance (Sigdal,

Norway),

we
all
is

close juxtaposition,
|^

within the compass of the

first
it

28

clear

and undeniable

letters,

4 times and

Y = A

6 times.
sense

How

is

possible to smear

them

into one uniform

A?

What common

can there be in so doing?

What

gained by

it?

Surely, even learned zeal should not be carried so far as this.


effect

I he

cause being taken away, the

ceases.

An A

(and the real a^ being

now

identified,

the

M
Y

should no longer be compelled to do duty both for je and a.


I

this

is

have already referred to and protested against the guess -R. There are five objections to this theory:
It
is

(p.

326) that

a.

plainly contrary to

all

the

monuments.

This

is

surely decisive.

But

also
b.

It

is

plainly contrary to

all

the ancient parchment alphabets.

FOREWORD.

IX

c.

It

can only have even a momentary and mechanical short-lived plausibility

with regard to a couple of the inscribed pieces, one in twenty of the whole number,
in

some

of

which

it is

so plainly

and precisely and glaringly and decisively contradicted

that the whole supposition becomes simply ridiculous.


d.

It

leads us into endless contradictions.


,

Thus
(?

if

we read nffuwOLfFii:
of the

at

p.

170

(Stentoften)
If

what

shall

we do

with the if t>U

H|fU)W0L|F|

Gommor
326):

stone (207)?

we read on

the Stentoften block H|RiwoL|Fii:, what shall


If

we do with
(p.

the

HYRIWUL^F^

of the Istaby pillar?

we read on

the Golden

Horn

and on the

"EK HLEVA-GASTIR HOLTINGAR HORNA TAVIDO" Tanum stone (p. 197):

"PRAWINGAN HAITINAR WAS"


(Thrawingan hight
(this last as privately
(called)

he-was)

proposed to

me

by a Danish scholar* and since printed in


1867, p. 207),

Ny
is

Illustrerad Tidning, Stockholm,

June 29,

what do we get?

These

pieces

are

undoubtedly among the very oldest in the whole North, as indeed


all

admitted on
times,
as

sides.

And
still

yet

we

are

called

upon
side

to believe

that in "Gothic"
WiCh.. archaisms
(for

when
(for

the s was

a characteristic,
extra- archaisms

and

by side with
(for

VAS

VAR)

and such

as

HORNA

HORN)

and TAVIDO
sing.,

TAVIDA, tavide),

and such extra-extra-archaisms as tRAViNGAN ("nom.


still

a weak
n.
s.

noun

in N,

with the N
still

left"

for

graving) and haitinar ("past part.

m.

with the
as

AR

left"

for haitin),

we

are to a(}cept such comparative modernisms


for

HAITINAR
the'

for

haitinas and gastir


(p.

gastis and holtingar

for

holtingas!
close

So on
to

Tune stone

247) we are seriously askt to read DOHTRiiJ (with r)


pi.

the word dalidun (3

past,

with

still

left)!

And then we must bow


(p.

our

necks to such "nominatives of some sort" as HAiTiNAi?

197) and HOLTiNGAi?


(p.

(p. (p.

326) 258)

and VIVA5
and VARUi?

(p.

247) and lUMNGAi?

(p.

256) and

halas

254) and HiLiGAis

(p.

264) and so on, with some charming examples of RUNA.B, STAiNAis,

&c. as in "middle Scandinavian".


e.

But the worst

is,

that in spite of

all

this self-contradiction

and violence

and caprice
of all the

the whole thing breaks down.


in this

Scarcely one or two

monuments out
upon
to

60 can

way be even

plausibly translated.

We

are called

believe that all our oldest written remains are "unreadable", "unintelligible", "nearly
inexplicable",

"only

here and there a word to be understood",

"gibberish",

"some

outlandish tung", "carved by a foreign slave

who had

learned the runes",

"miscut",

Since

then Prof.

S.

Bugge has proposed nearly


it

the

same

version.

But he makes I-rawingan

to be in the

genitive sing., and

wis

to

mean

became.

FOREWORD.

and the

like.

And
the

all

because people will not abandon their school-creed about


for the

"Icelandic",
2.

and their German contempt


That

evidence of the monuments themselves


(or

Runic Alphabet whether the older


(or

Old-Northern) or
in one

its

modi-

fication

and simplification the younger

Scandinavian)
to

word the art of

WRITING
tribes,

was apparently

altogether
to

unknown
the

the first

outflow of the Scando-Gothic

the

Germans'; equally so
first

the second,

Saxons or Lowcountry men or Flemings;

and was

brought

to

Scando-Gothic Europe or early learned or developt therein by the

third (and latest) clan-wave,

the northern or Scandinavian, the


and Latin

facts

and monuments
Let us

thus absolutely confirming the very oldest Northern


see

traditions.

why for the present, till new facts compel us to form


fast this interesting

new

conclusions,

we must hold
a.

and curious
in

result:

German

or

Saxon Runes, or Runes

Germany (High-Germany)

or in

Saxony

(the real

Old Saxony,

Holstein and adjoining cantons in Mecklenburg and Westphaha)

were never heard of till in modern times, in the lucubrations of modern German
"annexers" and system -makers.
b.

No

hint

of or reference

to

Runic Monuments, direct or indirect has ever

been found

even in the very oldest German or Saxon chroniclers or historians or


tho

other writers,

many such mentionings


or

occur in Anglo-Scandic skinbooks.


but,
if

The

monuments themselves might be destroyed and disappear;


existed in
living

they had ever

German

Saxon

lands, they

would have

left

some

trace behind

them

in

words or dead parchments.


c.

In English and Scandian Boundaries and Charters runic burial-stones In the very oldest similar

are repeatedly spoken of as "marks".

German and Saxon

documents,

some

of

which go back to semi-heathen times


if

no such reference has

ever been found.

Thus

the Northern lands had lost every single Runic Block,

we

could dig them up again out of our ancient bookfells.

Saxon The few codices found abroad containing Runic staverows were either brought from England by English or Irish missionaries, or copied by German or
or

d.

No Runic

Alphabet has ever been discovered in any original

German

manuscript.

Saxon Scribes from EngHsh


is

originals

for

missionary and
himself,

epistolary

purposes.

This

frankly admitted by Wilhelm Grimm

and some other Germans of the

better sort.
e.

No

Runic Stone or
is

other 'fiasf

Runic piece has

ever turned

up on German

or

Saxon

soil.

This also

frankly admitted by Wilhelm Grimm himself and some


The
half-dozen

other

Germans

of the better sort.

loose pieces (Movables, Jewels)

Some think that the Saxons came

first

to

Europe, and then the Germans.

This will nowise affect

what

here stated.

FOBEWORD.

XI

found beyond the present borders of Scandinavia and England


thousands of Runic
lands

out of so

many
by

Remains already known and

daily turning

up

in the

Anglo-Scandic
risted

are therefore clearly

wanderers,
This
is

or the

Runes upon them were

Northmen who were abroad.


instance.
It

also

proved by the details in each separate


if

would have been a miracle

no single Runic Jewel or any single

Rune-writing Northman had ever

wandered
in

from a Northern country, and we

may

yet

hope

to find other such stray


f.

'pieces.

No

Runic Coin was ever struck

any German or Saxon

shire,

tho

HUNDREDS
till

of different runic types

were regularly minted in the Northern kingdoms,

these

rune-bearers gradually disappeared before Roman-lettered pieces.


g.

Runic and non- Runic Golden Bracteates,

all

which are heathen Jewels and

Amulets, have been found by hundreds in the Northern lands, by ones


outside the North.

and twoes
all

Their findstead, their make, their types and patterns,

show
could
pieces

that they were struck by heathen


not

Northmen

or in the heathen North.

They
these

have been made by tribes


found
h.

WHO had no

runes.

The half-dozen of
are

hitherto

outside the

North have

therefore been carried over the border,

wanderers.

As old buildings are repaired or taken down and various diggings made
runic stones are
continually turning up.

in the Northern lands,

Under the
territory.

like cir-

cumstances,

NOT ONE

ever comes to light in

any Saxon or German

In German lands,

in

woods and
in

fields

and out on and

hills

and

at

crossroads
mills

and beside sea and stream and

crypts and churches

cellars

and

and

public and private buildings, lying open or buried


as building-materials

out of sight or long since used

exactly as

is

the case with our

own

runic

monuments

have been found thousands of inscribed remains from the first century downwards,

and every year new ones are dug up.


a runic block?

But what are these pieces?


Tiles

Is

one single one

No!

They are all Roman


yet,
if

and Altars and Funeral Stones


it

and other such.


the
first

And

ever

Germany had

runes,

must have been during


and

500 winters
i.

after Christ!

Rune-clogs (Rune-staves, Runic Calendars),

of all sorts of material

of

every size,

have been known in the Anglo-Scandic lands from the early Christian

times to our

own

day, those

still

older having disappeared.

Not one such

piece has ever

been heard of in

any Saxon or German folkland.


all

same

j.

The language on

hitherto or

discovered Runic
other of
its

laves

is

one

and

the

old northern
or SAXON.

in

some one

many

dialects,

certainly

not

GERMAN

Each

one

of these facts

is

a shock to the

"German"

theory.

Taken

all

together they are a wall of bayonets, and no shadow of doubt can remain.

dare say

we

shall long continue to hear of

But I these so-called "German Runes" and -

^JJ
as other such archaeological fictions

FOREWORD.

and cobwebs have already

been used for

hounding

so also on to the Germanization and annexation of North and South Jutland this new humbug may become a welcome weapon and holy argument for trying to

butcher and enslave and "Germanize" and "annex"


living in our Anglo-Scandic lands.

all

the free and noble races yet

The

free

and noble "Saxon" peoples have already


their far superior language

been largely overwhelmed and happily "incorporated", and


annihilated or placed under a

High-German ban.

All Northern folksayings agree in this, that the iron- wielding clans of cavalry

who swarmed
and gave

over to Scandinavia from the East, and

who obtained supremacy over


not

their impress

and culture
the

to the runeless bronze-wielding populations they


ivith

found in Scandinavia, brought

Runes
it

them.

At what era they came,


early as

is

known.

Grave-finds show that

was

at least as

some time (how long?)

before Christ.

But where and when on

their

long march from Northern or Central

India did they learn or invent these letters?

Or did they learn and modify or invent

them
all

after their

arrival in the

Scandian lands?

We

can give no answer.

Perhaps
difficulty.
itself,

our appliances on this side the Caucasus will never avail to clear up the

So the band of lore-men must now begin at the other end

in

India

and slowly trace and


already made.
age,

test

the

graves northward

and westward.
of

beginning
the

is

In

many

parts of India great

numbers

grave-mounds from

Iron

with weapons and horse-harness and ornaments similar to those in the barrows

of the North,

and with the

like stone-settings raised

around them, have been discovered


Societies

and many

of

them opened.

Several Archseological

have been formed to


their

pursue these and kindred studies, and by degrees they


nearer and nearer the Northern lands.

may push
districts

enquiries

Perhaps somewhere on the line runes

may

be met with.

But there

is

here a

difficulty.
is

Immense
no
stone,

on

this

enormous

route are endless plains and steppes where there

consequently, there at least,

no

inscribed stones.

Eunes on iron and wood soon wear away, runes on hard metals
Still

always are mere exceptions.

fortune

some point
olden staves

east

and south of Scandinavia

may favor us, and perhaps may be found with tombs


still

in future years

containing our

possibly enough not minutely similar but

evidently the same.

Then a

further link will be added to the chain of this eventful history.

One thing

is

certain,

that the Northern

Runes were no mere direct loan


is

or copy or adaptation from the

Roman

letters.

Their order
is

different.

The Roman
being far

are in ABC, the Runic in FUtORC,

Their number

difi'erent,

the Runic
is

more multitudinous than the Roman.


to show a
different (tho

Their shape in

many

cases

so

unHke, as

common)

origin.

Many

staves are

more

or less the

same

in

both.

Some
(if

of these belong to the Old-Northern alphabet,

and therefore should have


culture set
in.

subsisted

mere Roman)

as the great stream of

Roman

But on the

FOKEWORD.

XIII
particular staves

contraiy,

as Scandinavia

became more and more Romanized these


forms in the later Runic staverow.

dkd
if

out,

and assumed

other

Properly speaking,

they had a

Roman

source, the

Runes should have been more and more "Romanized"


But
just the contrary took place.
silent or political or

as

Roman

influence grew supreme.

Nor do we know what

violent or

religious

revolution

led to the gradual simplification of the Old-Northern futhorc, and to the sound-power
of

being changed from

into

m,

the older

{^)

being altogether laid aside.

All this, and a thousand questions mo', wait for

"new

hghts".

Some

of these "lights"
all

may come when

least expected.

Let us only go on working, and


of Lights

our work be
us with yet

honest and true and thoro.

The Father

may then reward


Tung
which

other glimpses into the history of the pastl


3.

That

these

Runes and
the

this

Northern
(all

in

they

are

written

never having been

found outside

North

Scandinavia from Lapland to the Eider

and

all

England from Kent

to the Firth of Forth), lohile they are everywhere the ancient

characteristic

within

all these

Anglo-Scandic lands down

to

our own day, and the

MOTHER-

TUNG and THE ART OF WRITING being


and accessible proofs
historical fact (of

the clearest and

most decided

of all

of

nationality

known

there

is

no longer a doubt as

to that great

which we have so many other independent evidences, archseological


linguistical

and

historical

and

and geographical and topographical and ethnographical,


on either side the North Sea) that

as well as
the

an endless flow

of ancient tradition

old population of

Danish South and North Jutland the old outflowing Anglic and
mixt with Norse

Jutish

and

Frisic settlers,
in
the

and Swensk adventurers and


centuries,
all

emigrants,
chiefly

who
Scan-

flockt to

England

3rd and 4th and 5th and following


still

were

dinavians, Northmen, not Saxons,

less

Germans.

Of course

this does not affect

the fact that England had an independent mixt population, native Kelts and incoming

various-blooded

strangeis

among
less a

its

Roman

cohorts

and

its

mercantile

settlers.

Every country has more or


only speak in the general.
4.
this

mixt population,, and always has had.

Wise men

That

this is so

much

the clearer, as this runic brand, this

broad arrow,

outstanding

mark of a

peculiar Culture

and

Nationality,

is

not confined to one particular

"The extent

of the

unknown which each

discoyery exposes

is

generally larger than


8to.

its 1,

own

revelation"

John Hill Burton, The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion


*

to the Revolution of 1688.

Vol.

Edinburgh 1867,

p. 117.

Since the above


staves

was

written, the birth of the

Runes has been cleared up.


Greek Alphabet
in

The Rev. Dr. Isaac Taylor has


"Scythia" (from Thrace

shown that these


Colonies were

were an independent

offshoot from the old

and the

Black Sea and the Crimea and Dnieper up towards the Vistula).
in daily warlike

There numerous and flourishing highly-civilized Greek


its

and peaceful contact with the Gothic Clans of Scandia and

nearest marches.
2 vols.

See
8vo.

Dr. Taylor's "Greeks and Goths" 8vo.

London
Vol.. 3,

1879,

the

chapter
268,

on the

Runes

in

his

"The Alphabet"

London 1883, my Old-N. Run. Mon. London


1883, 8vo.

folio,

p. 183,

and page 10 of

my

"Studies on Northern Mythology",

The date was some 6

or 7 centuries before Christ.

X"[y
spot
in

FOKEWORD.

each Northern land.

It

was not the special heirloom or invention


tribe,

of

one

single

Northern clan, one conquering Northern

and communicated by war or

peace by force or fraud to the other Northern races nearest to them.

The Eunes
to

meet us

in

Sweden from the North


in

to

the South,
to

in

Norway from the North


in

the South,
to

Denmark from the North

the South,
oldest

England from the North

the South.

And everywhere from


is

the

Northern days

and

at

one

common

period.
its

There

therefore neither

time nor place for a certain Eunefolk to carry

letters

from land to land.


time.

All the Northmen

had

these

staves

everywhere,

and

at

the

same

And

so with

the gradual

modification of the
for

older Runic Futhorc.

There can be no "conquest", no "carrying";


the older staverow slowly

everywhere in Scandinavia we see from

and

at the

same

time,

common

internal causes

and

passing over from the more copious and complex to the simpler and fewer-lettered.

The same "development", would,


did partially
so,

as 1 have said, have taken place in England,

had not the whole Runic culture there been early stopt by Christianity

and the Latin alphabet


this oneness

which
time

eventually took place in


is

all

Scandinavia

also.

But

between the English and the Scandinavians

many

times directly asserted


signified

on

both

sides.

The

came when the


"Celtic",

classical

"Germania" (which

"Barbaria",
to

"Non Romania",

and what
all

not) caiine to

be misunderstood and

mislead.

But the oldest statements

agree

the English

came from the


I

North, the Northmen settled in England, and both, spoke

one tung.

could add

many very
"Ver
greinzt

old

and plain Scandinavian testimonies.


ttingu,
{)d

will only give

two:

erum einnar
mjok
onnur

at
eS.a

We
two,

are of one tung


tho
that

(we speak the


the

hafi

tveggia

same language),

one

of

the

nakkvat baSar".

or in someivhat both of them, be

now

much changed.
Spoken of
Conquest.
the

Norse- Icelandic and


written

the the

Old- English

talks

before
1,

the

Norman
Prose

''Um

Stafroft",

about

year

1140

(see

note

p.

10),

Edda,

Vol

2,

Hafnice 1832, 8vo p. 12.

"Ein var pa ttinga a Einglandi sem


i

One was

tho
the

(then)

the tung

on

(in)

Noregi ok
i

Danmorku; en

f)a

skiptust

England
an.

[in

ttingur

Einglandi er Vilhjalmr BastarSr

979

1016]

time

of king
(as)

Ethelred, eke

sum

in
(but)

Norway
tho

vann Eingland".

(and)

in

Denmark;

an

shifted

(were altered) the-tungs in

England as (when)

William the-Bastard

wan England.
.

Gunnlaugs Saga Ormstungu, (Islendinga Sogur, Kjobenhavn 1847, 8vo.


p. 221).
.

Vol
.

2
,

FOREWORD.

XV
that

The above

writers

do

not

notice

the great fact,

the

Scandian talks

themselves on the one hand, as well as those of Anglia on the other, had
within and from local causes

branching
point out,

off in its

own

way before
(the

greatly altered

and developt and

from separated each


they could not
live

the

Norman Conquest; and


continued to

but we can, that the Anglo-Norman was only a passing fashion among
speech of the

the ruling classes, that the

Commons

and

thrive,

and that in a short time

old South-English Court-dialect having been

broken

up by the shock) the olden English folk-speech returned


than

tho
their
is

far

more Latinized
became
largely

any

of

the

Scandinavian

languages.
in the shape

Which
of that
.

on

side

Saxonized and Germanized


Scandinavian

mighty and noble and thoroly

[Old Scandinavian)
colonies.
the

north English which


Runic Alphabet
whole North

now

the

birth-tung

of

England and her


5.
the

That

many

lettered

is

the forner,

the shorter one the later; the


oldest

former alone being found over

the

and always on

pieces,

the

latter
it

being provincially Scandinavian

and occurring only on younger monuments.

Hence

is

that no objects bearing the multitudinous runes, or Old-Northern staves, have


later

ever appeared in any of the

Scandian colonies (Iceland,

Greenland,

Fseroes,

the

He

of

Man,
it

&c.) while they

abound

in England, the oldest Scandian settlement.

Hence

also is

that

every purely Old-Northern piece in Scandinavia, and almost


is

every overgang runic lave there,


decidedly

as

being so very old

distinctively

and

heathen

while,

on the contrary, every such Old-Northern piece found in the


is

so rapidly

Romanized and Christianized England


of the

(with

the exception of the two

Sandwich Stones and probably


christian.
6.

Thames Sword)

as distinctively and

decidedly

That, the Northern settlements in England being so very old, the oldest
key
to

English dialects give us the best idea of and the best


folk-talks

what

the

oldest

Scandian

must have been in

the

3rd and 4th and

next following yearhundreds,

and

will

and must be the best help to our understanding the very oldest laves
homeland.
pieces.
I

in our Scandinavian
redd)

Hence

it

is

that

have been able to read


1

(if

I have

some
I

of these

have mastered the rune-marks and

am an

Englishman.

have no

other merit.
7.
s.re futile,

That

the efforts to translate all the oldest

Scandian Runic pieces

into ''Icelandic"
07ie

and have everywhere necessarily

failed;

"Icelandic" being only

Northern

dialect out of

many

tho
in

it

afterwards

largely

became a Mandarin
classes",

lingua franca

in Scandinavia to bookwriting

and partly

England among the "educated

especially as

and

this
till

one comparatively modern, Iceland itself not having been

discovered and colonized

the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century,

by which time the Old-Northern Runes as a system had died out on the Scandian

XVI
main and were
followed

FOREWORD.

by the

later

Runic

alphabet.
to us.

But

even

this
it.
is

modern
If it

"Icelandic" of the 10th century has not come


it

down

FAR from
which

had,

would be very
so-called
best,

different

from what

is

now

vulgarly so called,
'^Icelandic"

the greatly
century.

altered

"polisht"
is

and

"classical"

of

the

13th 14th
common
is

At the

"Icelandic"
largely

on the face of

it

a peculiarly developt and

artificial local

School-tung,

even of old
Several of

little

understonden of the

folk in

the rest of Scandinavia.


outside
its

its

specific characteristics

have never been found


to us
in a couple

own

local sphere.

The oldest written "Icelandic" known


about the year 1200.

of pieces said to date from

In one word,

to translate

the
or

oldest runic inscriptions, written in their local floating dialects from

200

to

700

800 years
age,
is

after Christ,

into a
it

modern "uniformized"

"Icelandic" of the 13th or 14th


of

as reasonable as

would be to read Latin monuments from the times


if

the Kings and the Republic as

they answered to the "classical" dialect of Florentine

Dante
8.

That

the whole

modern doctrine of one uniform classical


the

more or less
to

''ICELANDIC"

language
Thames,

all over

immense North, from Finland and Halogoland

the

Eider and

the

in

the first

1000

winters after Christ,

is

an impossible

absurdity,

there being then and there, as everywhere else, no unity in government or in race,

but scores of independent "states" and "kingdoms", and equally so "tungs" manifold

and running

into each other

and always changing in the various clans and folklands,


tho
all

dialects in various stages of development,

were bound together by certain


local
less

common War and

national characteristics.

Time and Commerce and the


and greater or

influence
isolation

of

other clans or of the remains of far older tribes

and

Slavery and a thousand Accidents, not race, explain among cognate peoples

the presence or absence of particular forms and words and phrases and idioms and
technical terms, here

more

or less olden

and "hoary", there more or

less

worn and

"advanced".
9.

That

the

Runic and other


not only

oldest

art

remains of our Northern forefathers


in
itself

show

that these peoples possest

the

Art of Writing,
but, generally

a great
as

proof of
all

power and mastership and development,

(in

like

manner

the

other Scando-Gothic races), a very high degree of '^barbaric" (=


civilization

and

technical skill,
for peace,

in

some things

NOT GREEK OR ROMAN) higher than our own even now and
out-of-doors,
these

this for

war as

for the

home
it

as for

for

the family

as

for

the commonweal.

This explains

how

was

possible for

dauntless clans so largely to

remodel and invigorate a considerable part of Europe, so easily to overrun

and overturn

the rich but rotten the mighty but marrowless the disciplined but diseased Empire', that gigantic and heartless and merciless usurpation, that strange

"Roman
conglo-

meration of hard straightforward materialism and abject overtrow, worldwide grinding

FOREWORD.

XVII

despotism,

systematized and relentless Imperial and Proconsular and Fiscal plunder,

and

of depravity deep as hell.


10.

That the thousands of stately Hows


still,

Barrows,

Cairns,

Gravemounds

from

the

Iron Age,

found in our Northern lands (altho thousands

many mo
of

have been destroyed), and the Inscribed and Uninscribed Standing Stones so often

on or near them, and often the very funeral words employed

speaking

peace

and REST

for the

departed

are

the best

commentary

to

our own oldest


I

national written

descriptions

of the sanctity
I

and repose of the dead.


Let us
listen

might give ten thousand


solemn injunction in

extracts.

confine myself to 2 or 3.

to the

the Elder Edda:

"Pat
at
t>u

raea

ek

l^er

it

niunda,

Rede ninth rede I


rescue the
lifeless,

thee:

nam
t>u

bjargir

hvars

a foldu finnr;

a-field wherever

thou find them;

hvart eru s6ttdau9ir


e9a ssedauBir,
e9a
'ro

whether sank he on sick-bed


or sea-dead or
lieth,

vapudau9ir verar.

was hewn by

hungry weapon.

"Haug

skal gora
liainn er,

O'er the breathless body

hveim er
hendr

a Barrow

raise

thou,

Wa

ok hofu9;

hands and head clean washen;

kemba ok
a9r
i

t^erra,
fari,

comVd and
in
sofa".
his
kist

dried eke
he,

kistu

fare

ok bi5ja

scelan

and

bid him

softly slumber.
Munch.

The Elder Edda.

Sigrdrifumdl, verses 33, 34, ed. P. A.

And
as fire-drake
last

again,

that fine

picture of raising the


After his

grave-mound over the

folklord,

found in our noblest English Epic.

awsome kamp

(battle)

with the

which he
ic

slays,

but at the cost of his own hfe

the dying W^gmunding's


now
over.

words are:

Ne mseg

her leng wesan.

My
to

life-day's

Hata9 heaao-msere
hlsew gewyrcean,

Bid my good barons


build

me A low

beorhtne
set

aefter

bsele,
*

fair after fire-heap


at the flood-dasht

brimes nosan;

Headland.
stand there

se seel to

ge-myndum

A
to

minne shall

it

minum leddum
heah
hlifian

my

mates and landsmen,

high looming

on Hrones nsesse;

on Hronesness,
III

XVIII
baet hit sa?-li9encl

FOREWORD.

so that seafarers

syasan hatan
Bidwulfes biorh,
aa

sithance shall call

it

BIOWULF'S BARROW,
"

9e brentingas

as their beak-carv'd galleys


out of hazy distance
float haughtily by.

ofer fldda

genipu

feorran drifaa.

Beowulf.

Near

the

end of

Fitte

38.

Accordingly,

farther on,

after

some fragmentary

lines

describing Beowulf

lik-brand (the bm-ning of his body), the lay tells us:

Ge-worhton aa

Gun
those

then to

make them

Wedra

ledde

Gothic heroes

HL^W
se wa38

on

liSe,

LOW

on the

lithe,

heah and brad,

lofty

and

broad,

[wi=e]g-liaendum

by the fearless foam-plougher


seen
till

wide

g(e)-syne,

far and

wide,

and be-timbredon
on tyn da gum
beadu-rdfes been;

on the tenth day

towering stood there


the battle-chief's beacon.

bronda

lafe

The brand-scorcht
a

floor

wealle be-worhton

mound

covered

swa hyt weoralicost


fore snotre

mighty and worshipful,


as

men

found most

fitting

iindan mihton:
hi

their

famousest sages.

on beorg dydon
siglu,

Within

THE BARROW,
and ornaments,

beg and
eall

laid they heighs

swylce hyrsta
er

and such driven drink-cups


as in the drake-hoard
the furious warriors

swylce on horde
nis-hedige

men

ge-numen ha^fdon;
forleton eorla gestredn

a-fore

had

taken.

The earth be-gem they


with earl-sprung jewels,
fling gold on
the gravel,
it

eoraan healdan,
gold on gredte,
\>ser

hit

nu gen

lifaa

ivhere a-gain
to

shall

lie

eldum swa unnyt

all as

useless
it

swa

hit

[ffirojr

waes.

as ereivhile

luas.

Da ymbe

hlaew riodan

Round THE HOW

rode then

FOREWORD.

XIX
those

hildededre,
8et>elinga

Hilde-cham,pions,
troop

beam
cwiaan,

all the

eaira twelfa,

of those twelve athehngs,


their their

woldon

[ceare]

Keen

raising,

kyning msenan,

King mourning,

wordgyd wrecan
and ymb
[Wgelliealle]

word-lays chaunting
sprecan.

and of [Walhall]
Beowulf.

speaking.
the

Near

end.

And

as to the Stone.

What

says the Edda?


Blissful

"Sonr er betri
\>6ii

a Son

is

sd si9 of

aUnn

tho born but lately,


his

epth' genginn

guma;

father already fallen;

sjaldan bautarsteinar

seldom Bauta-stones

standa brautu

nger,

bound

the folk-path,
to

nema

reisi

ni9r at ni5."

save raised by kin

kindred!

The Elder Edda.

Hdvamdl,

verse

71.

Ed. P. A. Munch.
in

The Bauta-stone (Beaten-one's Stone, Standing Stone


had
fallen

memory

of

one who
for

in battle)
for a

was mostly

runeless.

The word

is

sometimes employed

Runic Block, or

Minne-stone in general inscribed or not.

This has been happily applied by a modern Danish poet:

"Euster Eder! rask,


Rister

ei

seen,

Rush

to

arms with ready

tread,

mig en Runesteen!
reist bestaaer,

Raise a Rune-stone der mine head;

Runesteen, som

Rune-stone

rist,

as Ettin strong,
time's ivaves

Risen

lig,

tusind Aar.'

Ringing

my fame

along!

A. G. Oehlenslceger, Harald Hildttand.

11.

That we have undeniable


in
the
oldest

proofs

that

many
the

of

the Inscribed

Runic
This
is

Stones were,

Iron Age,

deposited inside
in

cairn,

not

outside.

a striking illustration of the same custom

Egyptian and other Oriental tombs,

which were often carefully hewn and


the passer-by,
the

finely

decorated tho more or less invisible to


coffins let

and

of our

own

inscribed rich

down

into

the earth for

worms

to

read.

We

here see that the grave was a continued House,


life

and that
to

the departed lived a mystic


leave their other-land abode.
12.

therein,

visiting

it

at pleasure

when they chose

That the heathen runic inscriptions, the formula of rest, and even
all

the

occasional invocation of the Gods themselves,

show that our ancestors held


III*

XX
fast the

FOREWORD.

belief of

a future state,

the ever-life of the soul,

Personal Deities, and

all

the other comforts and joys of faith in the Godhead.


give clearer views and to teach the
to gain a wide

Thus Christianity had only to

name

of the Great

Unknown whom
own Kings.
before

all felt after,

and rapid acceptance. and even


this

As we know, only a part


of their

of Scandinavia

was

"converted by

force",

was the act

As much

"force"

was used

in carrying out the Eelbrmation in Scandinavia as in introducing Christianity. 13.


That,"

as far as

we can

see,

the

monuments

us yield no single

instance of anything like a date or fixt chronological era,

or of

any Time-measure (name


as
little

of a

Month

or

Week

or

Day

or Hour),

or of the age of the deceast,

as they

have any numerical

figures.

Consequently

we do not know how


(if

they reckoned events

or time, or what, were their ciphers for numeration

they had any), in our oldest


the
later

North.

But

all

these things

are also absent

on the great mass of

Eunic

monuments deep down


bear a date,
these
ile

into the Christian period,


It is

when

the Christian era and

Numeral

marks were well known.


still

very seldom that any of the Scandinavian-runic stones


is

rarer that the "forthfaren's" age


earliest

mentioned on them.
chronology are

Among

few slabs, perhaps the

using Christian
is

found in the

of Gotland.

But no such dated runic grave-stone

older than the 14th century.

Dated runic Bells go a hundred years farther back.


runes) appear in Scandinavia at the end of the

Eunic Coins (with Scandinavian

10th century, in England (with Old(0.

Northern runes) as early as the 7th.


the 4th or 5th.

Golden Bracteates

N. runes) begun in

Place-names are occasionally found both on Old-Northern and on Scandinavianrunic pieces, those on the oldest lapse of time
are
often

monuments being

of course

frOm

the enormous

very hard to identify.

famihar;

our

own ENGLAND

is

On the later monuments the place-names common enough; nay, on one block we
travel

meet with bath, on another London.

From intermarriage and commerce and


and
"a good education",
or

and military service abroad


at

from

contact even while

home with

strangers

or

Christians or war -prisoners or slaves,

and from various other causes, many of the

Northmen
Hence
often

even from the

earliest times at

Rome and
and

Constantinople

down
ivrite

to the

early middle age


in
their

kneiv

more tungs than


and

their

own, sometimes could


subjugated

them.

foreign

settlements

colonies

"kingdoms" they

more

or less freely

the Christian country to


in

and rapidly adopted the language and (Eoman! letters of which they had come. This would particularly be the case

and near

We

Old English being merely a dialect of their mothertung. have striking examples of this in Normandy, where the wikings nearly all married
to England,

French women, so that in one generation the home -speech there became largely French, and in Ireland, where it would soon become largely English. Hence no

FOREWORD.

XXI

Runic Stones or Runic Coins have ever been found in Normandy and Ireland, altho
this
itself.

latter

country had coins struck by Scandian princes earlier than Scandinavia

All the coins struck

by Northern "Earls" and "Kings"


letters.

out of the

North (Scandinavia

and England) bear only Roman


14.
the

That, as the Northmen (the Scandinavians and English) more nearly, and
all

Scando-Goths (the Northmen, the Saxons and the Germans) more generally, are
so

of one blood and tung,

they

should

all

hold

together,

love and

help and defend

each other, avoid every beggarly temptation to hate or plunder or ruin or "annect" each other, nobly taking their stand as brothers and
great folkship with
its

fulfilling

their mission as

one

own

local limits

and national

duties, in necessary providential

counterpoise

but

in all friendly

harmony with

the great

Romance and Magyar

and Greek and Slavic and other race-groups.


15.

That the whole theory of

the

Runes being

in

oldest

times

"mysterious",

"secret marks', "used only in magic", "the private staves of the priests and kings",
is

utterly

unfounded.

On

the

contrary,

we

find

them everywhere, on gravestones,


in the form of the Alphabet, in order
It

rocks, weapons, ornaments, tools,

and olten even

that the

common

people might easily see and quickly learn them.

was only
that,

in

proportion as they begun to die out (supplanted by the


all

Roman

letters)

like

other "old-fashioned" and "fantastic" characters, they descended


juggler.
If,

to

the

wizard

and the

when

frst introduced, these

Runes were more or


case),

less
left

"magical"

and "mysterious" (which may well have been the


thereof on

they have
centuries
their

no trace

the oldest

monuments,

and therefore many

must then have


use AS

elapst between their original

invention or adaptation

and

earliest

we

KNOW

THEM.
16.

That, whatever else

we

do,

we must

not read these

monuments by

altering

them at our pleasure.

All thp talk about "miscuttings" is so childish

and monstrous,

and

is

so evidently mixt

up with the ignorance and insolence


sciolism, that

of

modern know-everyit.

thing-ism,
real

that

is

of

modern

we must

at once discard

Should a
to

uncorrected

"mis-hewing" ever be found on these pieces, which has yet


cheerfully accept
it.

be

proved,

we must

In any case

it

will

be very -exceptional.

But we

must not cloak our own


dialects

inability,

our

own

necessary groping

among words and


little,

and times and creeds and

institutions of

which we know so
useless granite

by treating
metal,

the oldest remains of our fore-gangers as so

much

or

old

mere

field

for

everyman's idle and capricious and impudent conjecture.

We

approach

these objects,

many

of

them

colossal

or costly

and often cut with great elegance,

as learners-, not as masters


Classical

and

tyrants.

All our

monumental

history.

Oriental

and

and Runic,

is

full

of the terrible mistakes, the humiliating blindnesses, the

childish blunders,

the unheard-of combinations and wild guesses,

the endless rash

XXTI
changes of
letters or

FOREWORD.
of halfwords, which have resulted from this unhappy school
us,

taught "criticism".

Let

now

at least, steer clear of the shoals

markt by so many
able and willing to

a disastrous shipwreck.

Why
remarks

should

we not now and then be

say

"this

cannot understand"?
will

Some
been careless
easily

of these

be found elsewhere in these pages.


partly because in this

But
it

have

of

little

repetition',

summing up

could not

be repeated be avoided, and partly because certain things cannot apparently

too often.

Such are

my

conclusions from the facts here before me.

But some
the

may be
surprised

astonisht or offended or disappointed that

these facts themselves,


Rather should

Old-Northern

Runic

pieces

here collected, are after

all

so very few.

we be

that they are so many.

As

to

"loose" articles.
for

course

it

is

and was quite exceptional


of the
still

Arms and Jewels and Tools &c., of an owner to "whittle" his name upon

them'.

down
after 2

And

or is

few thus inscribed, the majority has been long since melted Usually everything is smasht or used up lying undiscovered.

or 3 generations, or

remade

in accordance with the

new

fashion'.

All our

European Museums put together can only show a poor handful

of the Tools

and Utensils

and precious Ornaments used from the time


Orange;
similar

of William
Cffisar

the Bastard to
to

WiUiam

of

things

from
are
all

the

days

of Julius

those

of the

Norman
&c.,

adventurer

how many

they?

As

to "fast"

pieces.

Memorial Stones

we must remember

that in

times and countries there have been endless and everof the

varying rites of burial,

and that only a small fraction

population ever had

or has any decorated grave-minne or other such

more

or less expensive funeral mark.


all

Most people may be thankful


rites.

if

they are burned or buried at


still

with any decent


In

But

written grave-stones

have always been, and

are an exception.

many

whole

districts,

century after century, they are even

now almost unknown. In

certain

folklands the

inscribed

grave-mark was during certain periods popular,

and hence

"In

the

course

of this

work
not

have never
:

shunned repetitions
is it

of

any

sort

or kind

when

have found

repetitions needful.

Repetitions

are

superfluities

nor

surplussage to reiterate
of

the same thought or fact under


1,

diverse combinations."
^

Sir Francis Palgrave,


this

The History
not
at

of

Normandy and
be
observed.

England, 8vo, Vol.


of these

London
are
so

1851,

p. 353.

And

even

then,

writing

may

first

Many

articles

corroded

or

encrusted and obscured by rust and dirt that any inscription has been long since

altogether
in

eaten

away

or can only be

found after careful handling and patient cleaning.


exhibited
in

Several

of

the
in

stave-bearing jeivels

this

ivork have been for years

museums, some

of

them even

elegantly engraved

works publisht by distinguisht archaeologists, without a


quite
lately,

suspicion that there were letters upon them.

The runes have been discovered

after

more minute examination.

Other pieces
in

in

public or private collections


,

may

yet be found to bear writing.

But thousands of these objects dug up


lost

the last thousand years

even

in

the

last

and present century,

have been

or destroyed without being scrutinized

by competent persons. 5 The gold and


1867,
p. 1061)

silver

plate preserved at
is

Windsor Castle weighs

(as

we

are informed
little

by The Guardian
is

Oct. 2.

nearly thirty tons, and


it

roughly estimated at i 3,000,000.

But very
])rince

of

it

otherwise than modern

and trashy, and most of

was melted down and remodeled by that

tasteless

of profligates

George IV.

FOREWORD,

XXIII

hundreds are

still

extant; in others the uninscribed Bauta-stone (Menhir, Pillar)

was
rule,

preferred, tradition doing the rest; for in olden times the living

word was the

carving the exception.

Add

to this the endless destruction during

1800 years from

greed, for building, for flooring or hearth-stones or gate-posts, for re-use as palimpsest-

stones or as minne-blocks to newly deceased persons after being "nicely painted" or

"tooled over",

from revenge,

from religious or sectarian fanaticism,


(especially the
still

from

accident

and the elements and from road- and bridge-making


amizing)

modern macad-

and the wonder

is

that

we have

one such stone

left!'

How many
how many
altho they

grave-stones have

we from the days of even Edward the Confessor?

Nay,
All

from the times of Queen Elizabeth or even George the First?


Sepulchral Brasses,

our beautiful

where are they?


art

Not a

tithe

of

them

is

left

to us,

were

fine

works of

and preserved in the church, under the But what can


resist the foul

special

eye as

it

were of God and Man!

love

of filthy

lucre?

They

have been broken away and sold as old metal, many scores of them in
19th century.

this "enlightened"

And

consider: the

more sparse the population^ the

ihore sparing the

'

large stone funeral


jour, j'avais

monument sometimes disappears

in

one g^ieralion:

"Un

sept ans, on

me

conduisit, par je ne

sais

quel hasard, dans le principal cimetiere de Nantes,

nouvellement .inaugure alors.

Le

plus remarquable et presque le seul

monument

qu'il

eut encore,

etait

une pyramide

avec un soubassement cubique, portant une epitaphe latine sur une table de martre noir.
"11

avait peut-etre un mois que j'apprenais le latin

Voyons,

latiniste,

un mot

et

"Comme je ne trouvai dans me retil'ai confus et raille.

I'epitaphe ni Rosa, ni Dominus, ni

me dit un meme Bonus bona


et le

camarade, expliqne-nous

cela.

bonum, je n'y reconnus pas

'Vingt ans apres, je passais par Nantes,

que j'avais quitte tout jeune,

hasard encore m'ayant conduit

aux environs du
degrade,
il

cimitiere, j'y voulus entrer.


vielli.

Cette

fois,

Tepitaphe

allait

toute seule, mais le

monument

etait deja

un peu

avait bien

"Dans
encore.

ce recent
s'etait

voyage,
! !

visitant le magniflque Jardin des

Plantes

voisin
,

du

meme

cimitiere,

j'y

suis

entre

Comme

il

peuple

Quant a

ma

pyramide

je

I'ai

cherchee en vain

elle
les

n'existe plus.
Celtes,

pensif et triste Saint- Michel,

J'avais deja vecu plus


Svo.

qu'un monument.''
6.

Je suis sorti

A. Carro,

Voyage chez

ou

de Paris an

Mont

par Carnao.

Paris 1867, pp. 35,

Some

times such things are given back to us in a

way

the most unheard-of.

wend

(translate)

from "Post-

och Inrikes-Tidningar" (the Swedish Official Gazette) for Dec. 13, 1867

"A
cut

grave-monument

in

a strange place.

letter

from Vadstena communicates as follows.


certainly very old.

Among

the trees
over,
,

down

lately in the churchyard of our

town was an Ash,

After

the stem

had been sawn

the root

was taken up
its

when a Grave-stone was found imbedded


was found within

within

it.

Probably when the tree was young


slab

couple of

root-branches shot up so as to clasp the stone.


it

In this

way, as the Ash grew the

was drawn more

and more up and within the stem, for

the pith of the tree.

The block was

originally about 4 feet

long and 2 broad, and yet showed an inscription, but no more could be made out than the words:

GYNELA JONSDOTTER
Where
the
tree

1612.
in

was cut down (which was only a few inches above the place

which the

stone

was found) were

counted about .150 year-rings."


^

As an

illustration

I will only

refer
is

to

one

single race-group

the Indians of the United States of North

America.
Institution
tribes
,

With

regard to them the evidence


p.

thus pithily

summed up
of

in

the Annual Report for 1861 of the Smithsonian


of the

(Washington 1862, 8vo,


,

392):
,

"Various methods
,

disposing
,

dead have obtained

in

different

as burning

burial

deposit in caves
in

in lodges

beneath piles of stone


to

and
In

in

wooden sepulchres erected above


instances the bones, after a

ground, placing on scaffolds or

canoes,

and attaching

the trunks of trees.

many

season, are collected together and brought into

common

cemeteries

[=

ossuaries, bone-pits]."

XXIV
grave-Stones.

FOREWORD.

But

if

we have

so few left from the late

and comparatively populous

ages

of

which we have spoken, how many were raised in the early thinly-peopled

times of the Runic North?

No competent

judge of these things will deem otherwise than that the Oldis

Runic Harvest here brought together

in

fact very great,

far greater

than any of

us dared to dream of or hope for a few years ago."

After this

long extract from

my

first

tome

have only to add,

that the

reader

who wishes

to follow all the details, proofs fellow- workers


,

and arguments,
the

to read the valuable

communications

of distinguisht

and to see

crowd

of

additional

explanatory Chemitypes and other illustrations, besides nearly 100 Runic Alphabets in
facsimile, all helping us to

understand the Old-Northern Monuments


folios.

must

of course

in

some Public Library consult my 3


find.
I

To

their pages exact reference is

made

under each
while
still

had no choice

here

but to

make

the text as short as

possible,

giving everything absolutely necessary.

The present rage


deprecated.

for infallibly fixing

everything

all

at once,

is

highly to be

Future finds and the progress of Runish studies will doubtless modify
given.

some things here


do now.

We

shall

know more a hundred

years

hence,

than we

Cheapinqhaven, Denmark.

Feb.

15,

1884.

GEORGE STEPHENS.

SWEDEN.

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

PROF. M.

B.

RICHERT,

UPSALA, SWEDEN.

TANUM, BOHUSLAN, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT

A, D.

100200.

Old-Northern Runic Monuments p. 196, 835, 976,

XXVIl.

THE^WJNG'S HIGH-TINE

(pillar -stone)

AYE WJES

(he)!

Grave-blocJc, stand here alway, in

memory

of Throeiving !

Som-THRiEWINGS GRAF-PELARE ALLTID STl!


This enormous monolith
is

nearly 10 feet long,


Is

about 4 feet 10 inches at broadest,

and 9 inches thick.


right to
left.

It is

still

at

Tanum.

quite perfect.
first

Runes

reverst.

Are redd from


this century.

Plate engraved in 1864.

Was

found at the beginning of

KINNEVED.

SKA-ANG.

KINNEVED, WEST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
01d.-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

200300.
3, p.

Vol.

21.

^ J

SWEDEN.

HIRING

^.GI

LEDG^

AI

Mm-UJERWG OWN

(have,

hold) his- low (grave-hill, tumulus,

death- bed,

resting-place)

aye (alway)!

Ma-HiERiNG AGA sin-HOG (hvilo-badcl) A

(alltid)I

SKA-ANG.

SKARKIND.

The

later

snake-wind inscription says:


EFTI/J SUAIN,

SKANMALS AUK OLAUF tAU LETU KIARA MERKI DAUSI

FAtUR

SIN.

GUt HIALBI SALU HANS.


raise)

SKANMALS (.SKAM-BALS) EKE (and) Ms-mter- OLAUF THEY LET o ARE (make,
marks) THESE AFTER SUAIN, FATHER SIN
(their).

MARKS
HIS!
SIN.

(grave-

May-GOD HELP SOUL

SKANMALS OCH hanS-Syster-OLAUF DE LATO GORA MARKEN DESSA EFTER SUAIN, FADER
SJAL HANS!

GUD HJELPE

About 5
over
1

feet 3 inches high,

greatest breadth about 3 feet, average thickness a

little

foot.

As runish

staves are often taken twice, we-

may

also read hjlrinGjE ^gi.

We

might also divide

gileugj<;.

SKARKIND, EAST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

200 300.
3,

p.

26.

SWEDEN.

Found
a drawing

in the

summer
Is

of

1876 by Director C. F. Nordenskjold, who kindly forwarded

and paper

cast.

of reddish granite, about 5 feet 8 inches high.

Was

the base

on which stood an old sandstone Font.


SCIBiE LEUWiE.

SKITH'S

LOW

(grave-moimd).

skid's

geaf-hog.

VANGA, WEST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
which

A. D.
27.

200300.
Re-engraved here from
the stone
itsetf,

Old-N. R. Mon.

f.

241, 835, and Vol.

3, p.

visited in

Juhi 1873.

VANGA.

BEEGA.

May

be one word; the Dead Man's name, in the nommative.

But

prefer the usual

formula, 2 names, a nom. and a dative:

HiEUC OtUA.

HJiUC

(?

= E^UNC)

raised-this-stooie-to-OTHU.

BM,VG reste-till-OTHU.

Greatest height about 3 feet o inches, greatest breadth about 2


First noticed in 1791.

feet.

Turned runes.

BERGA, SODERMANLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

300400.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. B. Man.

176, 886,

XXVII.
me which

p. 29.

The only Old-Northern stone known


and running
carved
later

to

bears two words,


that

cut far apart

in

different

directions.

would

therefore

now suggest
first,

the

one name

is

than the other.

Perhaps the Husband or Wife died


likely lay in the

and shortly after the

Partner was called away.

Thus they most


I

same

grave, and were

remembered

on the same block.

So

now propose:
FINO.

The-lord-FJNO.

S^LIG^STIA.

The-lady-s^LiG^s tia.
Seven
feet .2

inches

high,

feet

4 inches broad above and 3 feet below.

First

engraved in 1830.

So the Fjellerad stone. North Jutland, Denmark, has


runes to a chief

a long inscription in the later

named

abi and a lady tufa, and says of them:


tATJ

LTKA

BAM

lAUM HAUKI.
(grave-moiind).

THEY LIE BOTH IN THIS HOW

10

SWEDEN.

mOjebro.

11

MOJEBRO, UPLAND, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

300400.
Vol
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 178, 900,

XXVIIl.

30.

As drawn

about the middle of the 17th century

and

publisht in

Goranssons Bautil in 1750.

For several reasons (among others, the common one of there being here no
and the consequent doubt how we are to divide the words)
this

stops,

risting

is

very hard to read.

Abandoning vaj former attempts with the


containing only names

first

line,

am now

inclined

to

look upon

it

as

perhaps those of the dead Chief and of his 2 Sons and Daughter,
I

or 3 of his nearest kin.

therefore, with great diffidence, would offer:

M^MBM,

H^ISLiE, GINIA,

FR^WjER^D^A.

Sir-MNJiH^, Sir-HJEISL^., the-lady- GINIA, raised-this-stone-to-the-lord-FRJiWjER^D.


2*

12
Nearly 8 feet 3 inches high.

SWEDEN.

Reverst staves.

here,

once for

all,

make

a remark,

which

will

often

apply more or less:

Out of 14 vowels, no
5 brothers
is

less

than 9 are M,

an evident

proof of local

dialect.

As

to

the

2nd name,

named

hoisli are

mentioned on the

Rok

stone,

9th century, which see.

The stone

hard red quartz and feldspar.

As drawn

btj

Prof. Carl Save, of Upsala, in 1862.

ETELHEM.

13

ETELHEM, GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

400500.
182.

Old-N. R. Mon.

MC (= MIc) MEL^ (= MIRlLiE or MERIL^) WRTJi (= WORTiE),

ME MIEIL^ WROUGHT (^

Meriloe

made me).

MIG MIRIL^ GJORDE.


,

Engraved

full

size.

Silver-gilt

Brooch,

found in 1846.

On

the

front,

the

raised

rands and upstanding carved ridges have their


with a bluish
spar or
glass
niello,
still

original white glitter.


gilt.

The

zigzags were filled


or fluor-

as were the runes.

The

rest richly

The square red stone


stones
in

remains,

tho broken.

The two
As we
for them.

triangular

the centre,

and the

oblong one lower down, have fallen out.


are omitted, as often.

see,

to save space,

the less weighty vowels

There was no room

14

SWEDEN.

KROGSTAD, UPLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400 500.
Vol.
3,

OU-N. R. Mon.

184, 967,

XXVII,

p.

3L

As drawn in middle of 17

cent,

andpuhlisht in Bmttil 1750, hut corrected hy

Baron J. Nordsnfalk

in 1858.

Runes

as they were in

1869. from tracings hy Prof. C. Save and Docent N. Under,


here Photoxylographt

l6th

of the

size.

KROGSTAD.

KONGHELL.

15
the u should lean a
at

But, the
left top,

according to Dr. H. Hildebrand and Prof. Bugge,


the right leg being also a
trifle

little

longer than the

left.

MWSyOUINGI syOjKINiEA.

MWSyOUlNOl (Musowingi, Mysing) to-SyOjElN


MWSyouiNG (skref dessa runor)
This grave-stone
ring-mail,
stone,
is

(in

msmory

of Swain).

till-syOiEiN (Sven).

upwards of 6
for
the
belt.

feet high.

The dots
I

take to be conventional for


the
oldest

and the open band


j. t.

As
full

curiosity,

add

drawing of this

by

a.

sure,

made about 1620 40,

size:

KONGHELL, BOHUSLAN, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

500

600.

p.

208, 835.

Runes

as they stand on the Staff:

)^\i^\/\\

HFUKtJUtFUAH
Runes
(of course reverst) engraved from a photograph;

HAUFBUUKtFH

16

SWEDEN.

take to stand for fur and

for hart,

and read:

HADFtuuKtr F(ur) H(ari).

The jHEADiNGj (Headman,

Chief,

Leader,

Commander) FOR

(of)

the-H^R (army,

navy, forces, troops).

( This

is

the General's

Baton of Command).

HOFDINGEN FOR HAREN.

Staff or

Baton,

of

Heart of Yew, now very dark in color,

33 Va

Danish inches

long, here engraved l-fourth the size.

Found

in the ruins of the

old Konungahella, between


In
this

Gotenburg and fCongelf,

at Kastcllgarden in

1864.
that

my

folio

text I have

many arguments and

engravings

to

show
it.

was a General's

Staff,

and

think that there can be no doubt of

here

add a drawing of william of normandt encouraging his troops before the battle
of Hastings,

taken from the Bayeux Tapestry:

bjOrketorp.

17

BJORKETORP, BLEKING, SWEDEN


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

600
Vol.

700.
3, p.

Old.-N. R. Mon, p. 165.

32.

My

plates,

August 1864.

18

SWEDEN.

S^At MT B^RUTA UT
BME.RM

JiAWELiE DiEUDE.

MMhM

USA GINiE-RUNiEA

MRM

GEC.

FJiLJi;

HiELH^DA OMG.
NU.

BMIDAR^RVSO^O RO
UtiER,

MBM

SBM.

SJ^ATB AT

the- BARRATRY (battle.

Campaign) out in

^awel

died.

HERE MELL
BADORUTB^.R

(tell)

of-us the- GIN-RUNES (our power-staves) his- are (fame) yea (truly).

FELE (many) of-BELTS


(that honors)

(heroes)

he-woOG

(slew).

run A

(friend)

OWES

(hath,

takes) his-ROO (rest)

now.

and-^D^

the- SPA E

(Wise) (raised

these stones

and carved

these runes).

SMATB

KAMP UT

^AWEL DODDE

(flog).
jo.

HAR MlLA

(fortalja)

vAra magt-runor hans-ARA


(slog han).

MlNGA HJELTAR han-voG

HEDERS-RUNi (van), han-AGER sin-RO NU.


UtHjER

och-^B^ SPl (den kloke) (=

reste desse stenar och

hogg dessa runor).


upwards of 10.
is

Rune-pillar more than 13 feet high,

the two

other blocks

Nearbyin

have been found a Stone-kist and a Stone-circle (Doom-ring).


B^R,UTA

First copy

Worm's,

1636.

maybe

a place-name, as well as jjawel^.

See the Stentofte stone, further on.

From

Worsaae's lithographs,

drawn

in 1844.

BJORKETORP.

19

-5 a-

20

SWEDEN.

GOMMOR, BLEKING, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT
p. 206,

A. D,

600 700.
Vol. 3, p. 32.

Old-N. R. Mon.

835,

XXVIIJ.

Sent to Cheapinghaven,
fire

Denmark,

in

1652 or thereabout, and perisht


all

in

the great

of 1728.

This curious grave-stone was about 2 feet long, 2 feet


all

round, undrest, of a

purple color, and inscribed on


is

the 4 sides.

As we

see.

Worm's woodcut

(Dan. Mon. 1643)

barbarous, and any reading


I

is

only approximative.
s,

now

take the 1st stave to have been an


in

the 4th an N,

the 8th an

L,

the 10th

an

F,

and the 1st

the 3rd line an H, and propose:

ST^NiE BRLjEF ( BORL^f) S^TE HiEtUWOLiEFiE.


F F
F.

This- STONE THORLJLF


F.

SET to-BJSTHUWOLF.
( Carved).

F'S-son

FA WED

Denne-STEN thorl^f satte till-H^THULF.


F.

F's-son SKREF-runorna.

Apparently the HiEBWOLF of the Stentofte and Istaby stones.


his

BORLiEF

may have been

son or foster-brother.

ISTABY.

21

ISTABY, BLEKING,
?

SWEDEN
3,

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

600 700.
Vol.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

113.

33.

Mv

plate,

September 1864.

22

SWEDEN.

My

plate,

September 1864.

ISTABY.

23

YFJiTA HYRIWUL^FiE, HYTOWULiEFA,

HYERUWULiEFIA WiERYIT RUNYA iYIYA.

AFTER

(in

memory

of)

HYRIWOLF and-HYTHUWOLF
(let-write)

the-lady-HYKRuwoLFiA wrote
EFTER
(till

runes these.

minue

af)

hyrulf ocIi-hythclf

HYERULFIA SKREF RUNOR DESSA.


I

now

take HYERUwuLiEFiA to be a

womansname.

She was probably


(official)

the sister

of the

two warriors.
tofte,

see.

This will then be the family-stone, the public

block being at Sten-

which

The Gommor stone seems


feet 6 inches

raised to one of the brothers.

About 4
in

above ground,

and 2 feet 6 at broadest.

First

made

public

1748.

From, Worsaaes

lithographs,

drawn

in 1844.

24

SWEDEN.

LINDHOLM, SKANE, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,

A. D.

600700.
Vol.
3,

OU-N. R. Man.

p.

219.

p.

33.

Nov. 1876.
I

Prof. S.

Bugge and Archivarj


F

I.

Undset both decide that


I

this piece (which

have never seen) has at the break

{m) not
in

h (n).

have corrected the block accordingly.


in

Of bone.
therefore redd from

Full size.
right
to

Found deep
left.

Lindholm Moss
as

1840.

Runes

reverst,

and

Very

difficult

not divided by word-points,

and also

because we do not know whether the piece was made for an Amulet, or as Witch-gear, or a

Tool or some Game.


without being copied!

Another such, found

in

1761

in

Flemlose Moss, Fyn, was destroyed

The

repeated letters were perhaps not magical, but to


If so,

fill

up,

making the one


I.

line as

long as the other.


jampr),
a

we

get ^anb,

may
(or

be

iEANP

= iEAMP,

nearly the N.
in

jape

(?

janpr,

kind of snake mentioned in the Prose-Edda.

The next word,

the
or a

same way,

would be MUT (m6t).

Whether ^la
(summer

^lla) was a person (the owner),

Witch
tell.

or

Wizard

(the user),

or a Serpent-chief or

House-god (the being invoked), we cannot


of the

The

late

discovery

of 1877)

Kragehul Lance-shaft (Denmark) and


have now suggested to

the Fonnas Brooch (Norway),

with their remarkable inscriptions,

me

another reading:
EC,
/,

ERILjEA

S^

IILjE,

G^A H^TEC

iE,

^ANB, MUT ^LU.

ERiL^A (= JARL, EARL) SE

(the) ILL (foe-crusMng, fierce),


hid),

'GO',

hight-i (I command,

I
JAG, ERILiEA,

'AYE,

O-SNAKE, AGAINST ^LA!'

HIN ILLE,

'GA',

BJUDER-JAG, 'A (= alltid) 0-ORM, MOT ^La!'

In

this

case eril^a was

the

name

of
the

the

owner,

just
(i)

as to

an ERiLiEA owned
his

the

Kragehul Lance.
while

On

these pieces,

therefore,

owner speaks
(i)

amulet or weapon,

on the Gilton Sword (England) the Sword speaks


help us to

to

his

master.

Further finds

may perhaps

amend

the above.

The

actual characters are, as they stand:

ECERILiEAS^IIL^G^AH^TECjE

^yE^^J!;^^^aannnbmuttt:^lu

STENTOFTE.

25

STENTOFTE, BLEKING. SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

600700.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

167.

j).

34.

My

plate,

September 1864.

26

SWEDEN.

My

plate,

September 1864.

The
is

first

(bad) drawing was

made

early

in

this century.
is

The

first

publtsht drawing
o,

the careful one by Worsaae.

As on
(E.

this

stone t

the

usual

M
I

and % the usual


this F (in
its

now

take

to

be here transitional for


o.

When

X altogether died out,

PI many
and

varieties)

became
stave

It

here only occurs once, in the word hceges.


is

now

agree with Bugge,

that the

after

g^f

more

like

the variously-modified iNG-mark than the s-mark,

therefore read g^fng,

g^fing.

STENTOFTE.

27

From Worsaaes

lithographs,

drawn

in,

1844.

My

present, ameliorated, reading

is:

^lU H^BO EUMA,


NIU HOEGES TDMA,

HjEBUWOLJiFA GiEFlNG,

H^RIWOL^FA

MiE,

HIDEAR-RUNGNO.

HER^ MiEL^

SiEA

^RiE GEUW.

MtJCNU HEL^HDDtr^ (w)tIGO.

^B^

RIUTI

ER^ GINO-RONOA.

AYE shall-they-HAVE rome

(lustre, praise),

in-the-NEW of-their-HOW TOOM

(space,

chamber,
or,

on

the fresh floor of their tumtdus),

HJSTHUWOLF GJEFiNG
and-B^RiwoLF MJi
HADOR-

(of the Gcef-clan,

Gasfs-son),

(called the

Mae),

(those-honor's)

regen

(lords,

those

honor-crowned

chiefs).

HERE MELL
a-MUCKLE

(speok) TBESE-Tunes thdr-ARE (fame)

yea

(truly).

(midtitude) of-belts (braves) they-WOOG (slew).

^EB^ wrote

(catted)
letters).

tbeir GIN-runes (mighty

28

SWEDEN.

ALLTID skola-dc-HAFVA BEROM

i-den-NYA af-deras-HOG kammaee (=


HJiTHULF G^FING,
Och-HJiRlULF M^,

deras grafhogs nya hvalf),

HEDERNS-HOFDINGAR.

hAr mala (omtala) DESSA-runor deras-ARA

JO.

en-MYCKENHET (skara) af-HJELTAR de-voGO (dodade).


JEBM EITADE (inristadc)
DERAS GIN-RUNOR (kraft-runor).

About 4V2

feet

above ground and 2 feet 4 inches broad.

This

seems the

official

(public) pillar, the family block being at Istabj.

See also

Gommor

and Bjorketorp.

UPSALA, UPLAND, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

600 700.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 204.

36.

Mn
OWES
Engraved

OLJA

tJKISI,

(owns, possesses)

oltea

this- axe.

Ager oltha denna-YXA.


full
size.

Stone Axe, found

in the

beginning of the last century,

olka

is

probably a female name.

VARNUM.

29

VARNUM, VERMLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

600700.
Vol
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

216.

36.

Found

in

1862 by Herr

J.

W.

Alsterlund in

the
is

ruins

of

a grave-low

at Jarsberg,

Varnum

Parish, near Christinehamn

Unhappily the top

broken away, and we

shall therefore
I

never be quite sure of the reading.

Hence the many

different interpretations.

adhere to

30
the one
originally
at

SWEDEN.

gave.

take

it

to

read oxgang-wise,

first

from the

top

on the right

and turning up

the ET,

after

the

3 dots,

and then concluding with the rune-cutter's

epigraph (as so often), beginning with the smaller staves (runoa) and bending round; the last

word, the large-carved name of the

artist,

ending before the 3 dots.

We

have

many

other

examples of reverst and not reverst runes intermixt, as here, partly depending on their position.
I

now

restore to
as
it

here,

as an 0. N. letter,

its

usual power of
to

A.

Supposing the
the

lost top

bit
line

may have been

longer or shorter

have borne,

as

beginning of the one

and

the

end of the other, something like


Stseinse reelssetae

(or Stseinse ^sensi rseis-)

sinse

{or setee sinse kujaan),

my

reading was and

is
i

[Stseinse (^sensi) rseisJTi jlhecee

LiEA et iha^, B(D)[setse sinse (kuj)an)].

runoa wm^vtm

UANiEBiEE^H.
[Stone (this) raisjED

MHECER IN L^A AT
^heker

(to)

IRAJ (^ INGe), BOfnde (husband) her (good)].

These

RUNES WROTE UAN^BJERJEH.


[Sten (denne)
resJxE
i

l^

At

(till

minne

af)

ihai

(=

inge),

Bo[nde (man)

sin (god)j.

Dessa-RCNOR ritade (hogg) uan^berg.


Nearly 8 feet long, 5 above ground,

wannberg

is

still

Swedish family-name.

WEST-THORP, SKONE, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

700
Vol.

800.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

222.

36.

IIT

HIUK DNBOJilU.
this) for-

iiT
IIT

HEWED (made
HOGG

unboa.

(skar dette) for-UNBOA.


Full size.

Of
in a

bone, probably the tooth of the Walrus.

Found

in

1823 deep down


olden

moss

at

West-Thorp

in

Vemmenhogs Harad.

Several

Combs

inscribed with

and

later runes have

been found

in Scandinavia

and England.

The name may be

that of a female.

R^FSAL.

31

R^FSAL, BOHUSL^N, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. iMon.

A. D.

800900.
3,

Vol

p.

38.

32

SWEDEN.

Down

to the time of

Holmberg (1845),

of

whose rude woodcut

give a facsimile, the

stone remained unbroken and the last runes were perfect.

They were

first-

copied in 1746.

holmbeeg's woodcut, 1845.

HARIWULFS STAINAK.

HARIWULFS STONES
(These stones were raised in

(grave-marhs).

memory

of Hariwulf.)

As

it

stands now, this block

is

about 5 feet 7 inches high.

ROK, EAST GOTLAND. SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

800 900.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Man.

228,

LVIII, Vol

41.

Fresh finds have thrown fresh

light

on

this

difficult

text.

Prof. S. Bugge's labors

have also cleared up the meaning of several

lines.

Add
a

to this,

that the

copy used by me

was very

far

from

correct.

therefore
feet,

now venture on

new

version.

Greatest height about 13

greatest breadth about

feet 8 inches.

Bears more

than 770 runes.


1660.

Thus stands alone

as

a Runish Stone-book.
in

First side engraved as early as

Stone uncovered and the other runes discovered

1843.

Here given from photographs


of Hist, and Antiquities.

and blocks kindly forwarded


stone itself
I

me by

the Royal Swedish

Academy

The

have never seen.

ROK.

33

FRONT (first SIDE) OF THE BLOCK.

I
a.
h.

now

take the runes in the, following order:


lines.

Foreside or front, 8 standing


Foreside, 2
flat

lines.

c.

Foreside.

Edge

or narrow, side.

d.

Back.

Edge

or narrow side.

In

cipher.

34

SWEDEN.

-<:

'i _ t

-il
pi-iilf

\
^v,-^'

IJM*T'.

r-\^
SECOND SIDE OF THE BLOCK.

i
FOURTH SIDE OF
THE. BLOCK.

e.

Back.
Back.

Top_ cross-line.

In

cipher; d.

and

e.

first

redd by Prof. Bugge.

/.
g.
h.
i.

Second cross-line,

to the stop.
line.

Back.

Rest of second top


Third top
line,

In

cipher.

Back.
Back.

to the stop.

Rest of the
I

line,

frame-line below and frame-line to the

left,

all

in chiefly

OLD-NORTHERN RUNES. These


or Grave-formula or Lament.

take to be in cipher or contraction, and to contain

some Prayer

ROK.

35

THIRD SIDE OF THE BLOCK.

j.
k.
I.

Back. Back.

The
Top.

9 standing lines.

Tree-runes.

Right to

left.

First redd

bj Bugge.

Back.
Front. Front.

Top; 2 plain

staves. staves.

m.
ft.

Top; 5 plain
Top.

Tree-rimes.

36

SWEDEN.

A.

To whom the stone was memory

raised.

AFT UAMUI> STONTA RUNAfl ^AR.


After (in
of)

Vamiith stand runes

these.

B,

By whom
IN

the stone was raised.


FAPI,

UARIN

FAKiJ,

AFT FAIKION

SDN'U.

But Uarin fawed (made,


after his-fey (deceast) son.

raised-this),

the-father,

C.

What

the Father says about his Son.

SAKUM, UK MINI lAT:

HUAR

Ai?-UAL
UA/JIN

RAUBAE

TUA, bar's

UA^At

TDALF SINUM

UARINUM

NA7?T,

UAL-RAUBR
BAP, Afl SOMO,

NOUMIS^SU-MONOM.
BAT SAKUM ONART:
HUAiJ FUR NIU ALTUM

ON^NURM-FIARU MIR;
HRAIt-KUTUM AUK TUM^
Mli?

ON UBS AKAR.

RAIP^tURMUBI
STILIi?

FLUTNA,

STRONTU HRAIB-MARAR.
SITIfi

NU KARU/e_

iJOK^KUTA SINUM,
SKIALTI UB-FATLABR,

SKATI MARIKA.

RU
SAKUM, UK MINI^:
I

51

NIMR FLUOl!

UAIMSI BURIN^NIDR TROKI?


UILIN IS lAT.

OKR UOKNAI

AI UN;
IS

UILIN

BAT.
that:

We-saw, and remember-thou

Where in
booty's

yore-fight
(hero,

Warin.

two

- wamuth)
on

ivhere he battled

with-twelve his

Warins bravely

EOK.

37

war-spoils
gained.

Thane of Glory,
sea-men.

from-Nonmis
That saw-we next:

Where he-swept with-nine war -bands


on
the north- coast

with-me;

to-the-Hraith-Goths added-he fresh-rule,


that-mighty -one on

UVs

Afire

(=

the Ocean).

Swayed

illustrious,

he the-daring

prince of deck-braves,
the-strand of Hraith-mere.
Sitteth-he

now

ready-equipt

by-war-steed

his,

with-shield tight-belted,

that-lord of-the-Marings
His-rest,
so,

'.

taketh-he in-his-Galley

We-saw, and remember-thou :

In whom

born-is an-heir to-that-warrior?

Wilin

is

that

(^ (

it

is).

For-us-both inay-he-redden alway the-billow!

Wilin

is

that

his

name

is

Wilin).

D.

What
HUAR
IT,
"

the Father says about himself.

BAT SAKUM TUALFTA:


HIST.R SIKUNAiJ

UIT-trOKI ON,
XUAIiJ;
,

EUNDKA^.
TIKIR

(=

TIKIR) sua BO LIKIA.

BAT SAKUM BEITAUNTA:


HU'AEITJ TUAIiJ TIKIfl (=r TIGIR)

KUNUKA/J

SATIST SIULUNT

FIAKURA DINTUR,

AT FIAKURUM NABNUM,

BURNIR FIAKURUM BRUBRUM:


UALKAiJ FIM, RABULFS^SUNIiJ;
HRAIBULFAiJ FIM, RUKULFS^SUNIR
HOISLAie FIM, HAEU(a)BS SUNIiJ;

KUNMUNTAi?
FTIR

FIM,

AIRNAiJ SUNIiJ.
;

(=

iftir)
I

fra nuk mo(na u)alui(rk)i


(fial).

AiNHUAiJ

B(Aiin uik)i

now

translate marika as a Clan-name, of the Marings, not of the Illustrious, and in this I adopt the suggestion

of Docent Leffler in the Letterstedt Tidskrift, No. 2, Stockholm 1878, p.

1659.

38

SWEDEN.

That saw-we, I-the-twelfth:

Where
ate,

the-horse of-Sigim
on,

{=

the

Wolf)

Uit-wong

kings two;
tikes

so they lie

like

dead dogs

lie

they)-

That saw-we, I-the-thirteenth :

Which two

tens

( 20)

kings

were-sitting Sealand in

four

winters,

at (with)

four names,

horn of-four brothers:

Ualks

five,

Rathidf's sons
five,

Hraithulfs

Riikulf's sons;

Hoisles five,

Haruath's sons

Kunmunts

five,

Aim's

sons.

Thereafter learned-I tnanifold of-those-men's war-deeds:

each-one-of-them in that [struggle fell]

E.

What

the Father said to the stone-cutter.

RUNI BOtiJ
BIARI

HUHUAN.

These-runes he-biddeth

Biar to-hew.
Let us now take the whole more freely and poetically:

A.

The name of

the dead.

AFTER WAMUTH STAND RUNES THESE.


B.

The

raiser of the stone.

BDT WARIN FAW'd, his- FATHER,


AFTER his-FEY SON.
C.

The Father

sings his

dead sons

exploits.

WE

SAW, FORGET IT NEVER

WHERE,

IN FIRST

FIELD

FRESH SPOILS SEEKING,

WITH

HIS

WARINS TWELVE

WARRING BRA VEIL Y


TWOFOLD VICTORY,

HARD-EARn'd TRIUMPHS,
THE STRIPLING GAINED
o'er SEAMEN OF NOUMI.

ROK.

39

II.

WE SAW THEREAFTER:
WHERE, NINE SHIPS NEARING
FAR NORTH-SHORES WITH ME,

THE MATCHLESS WAVE-RIDER

GAVE MIGHT TO THE HRAITH-GOTHS.


FIRM AND FEARLESS,
*

FOLK-LORD, SHIP-LORD,

the-STRANDS BY HRAITH-MERE

STRUCK HE WITH AWE.


BIDES NOW, BELTED,

BATTLE-STEED HOLDING,
SHIELD ON HIS SHOULDER,

THAT SHOOT OF THE MARINGS.


REST HE SO THERE IN HIS GALLEY
III.

WE

SAW, FORGET IT NEVER


IN

WHOM

UP-SPRINGETH ANOTHER WAMUTH;


IS

WILIN

he!

LIKE US BOTH, THE BILLOW SHALL HE REDDEN.

WILIN

IS

he!

D.

The

old king speaks of himself.


I.

THAT SAW WE, TWELVE OF US:

WHERE

SIGUN'S

HELL-FOAL (= the Wolf)

SCOUR'd THE WIT-WONG,

KINGS TWAIN CRUNCHING

CURS AS THEY WERE


II.

SAW WE, THIRTEEN OF

US:

WHERE SAT KINGS TWENTY,


IN

CAMP ON SEALAND

FOUR LONG WINTERS,

FOUR NAMES BEARING,


SONS OF FOUR BROTHERS;

W^ALKS FIVE, RATHULf's SONS;

HRAITHULFS FIVE, ROGULf'S SONS;


HOISLS FIVE, HARWATH'S SONS;
^

GUNMUNDS

FIVE,

AIRN'S SONS.
I.

THEIR WAR-DEEDS MANY AFTERWARD HEARD


TILL

WEAPON-DRUNK sunk they ALL

at last!

40

SWEDKN.

E.

Whom

the

King

chose as Rune-cutter:

THESE EUNES BIDS HE


BIAR TO CHISEL.

The
lines

scald

of

perhaps king Warin himself


in the

was a great lay-smith.

Some

of these
tell

might have stood

Edda

itself.'

May

this

monolith long stand at Rok, to


in the later Iron

us

of the gallant

Hraith-Goths and of Olden S.wethland


a

Age!
in

Fragments
which,

heathen grave-slab have lately

been

found at Ekeby

Gotland

besides Scandian-runic minne- words to the dead,

has also borne a formula (now lost)

in the Old- Northern staves.

The

chiefly 0.

N. staves mentioned underjetter

.^

.must,be studied on side

3.

SOLVESBORG, BLEKING, SWEDEN.


?

DATE 7VB0UT
p.

A. D..800

900.
3.

Old-N. R. Mon.

192,

Vol.

p.

64.

Worsaae's copy in 1844.

sOlvesborg.

41

My

copy in Sept. 1864.

42

SWEDEN.

^SMUTS

ElUSir.

RUTI WTI (= WEAITl).

JESMUTS (= ^ESMOND'S) EUSE

(stone-heap,

harrow, stone-mound).

RUTI WROTE

(these runes).

iESMUTS (== ASMUNDS) EOSE (steil-hog).

EUTi EITADE (skref dessa runor).

Height about 4 feet 6 inches, breadth a


(barbarously) in 1748.

little

more than 18

inches.

First engraved

Whitish

granite.

HOGA, BOHUSLAN, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

900

1000.
65.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3, p.

As the stone has


an 0. N.
H,

suflFered so

much,

it

is

very possible that the


give

first

ii

were

originally

and the name was h^uei.


II^URI

But we can only

what now stands:

^A T^EN

BONIiE EOAUL.

ll^URl

HEWED

(carved) tine (grave-pillar) this tO-ROAUL

( ROAULF, HROTHWVLF

our RALPH, ROLF, ROLL, RAF, ^c).


is

This graystone tine or "tall token"


ground.

about 12 feet high,


is

including the part in the

The

first

publisht (very bad) drawing

that

by

Worm

in 1643.

44

SWEDEN.

OSBY, EAST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

10001100.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

68.

No. 1124
feet above ground.

in Liljegren, but barbarous there.

Has the

old rune for

G.

More than

The

2 ball-stones at the foot are old grave-memorials.


RISTI

HALSTUN

STUN BANSI
(in

YUIZJ

(or OUIij) FA5R SIN


of)

SIGI.

SALS TUN RAISED STONE THIS OVER

memory

FATHER SIN

(his) SIGI

(=SIGGE).
granite,

Drawn by
feet high,

Director Carl Fr. Nordenskjold in 1876- and 1877.

Of

about 6

nearly 2V2

^et

thick.

INGELSTAD.

45

INGELSTAD, EAST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

12001300.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

837.

Copy in Liljegrens papers.

^mmm
Lector L.

Wiedes

copy.

SAMSI

KARM

SUL DIK, UENA MARIU.


luorh) for-TEEE,

SAMSI GAEED (made) ihis-siLL (ground-fram.e, earth-timber

wene

(fair) maria.

Cut on a small rock; now covered


small house or chapel.

over.
D.

Has commemorated the

building of

some

Only one 0. N. rune, the

The runes

first

observed about 1840.


give the meaning.

Neither of the above copies seems absolutely correct.

The

translation

may

46

SWEDEN,

MORBYLANGA, OLAND, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

1200 1300.
p.

Old-N. K. Mon.

243.

Facsimile of the woodcut in Goransson's Bautil, 1750, but copied nearly a century

earlier.

KEAESTIN UNU.

ENRUK KORtE K

KEABSTlN (=KRisriNA)

UNA'S-daughter-Ues-here.

enruk (=henrik) gared (made) this-iwMBEL

(grave-mark).

KEARSTiN (= kerstin) UNAS-dotter-ligger-har.

enruk (henrik) gjorde dette-KUMMEL (graf-marke).


Observe

This grave-slab was about 6 feet 11 inches long, by about 4 feet 9 broad.
the interesting variant of the 0. N.
frozen into a
e.

UNU may perhaps be the family-name

in the genitive,

compound nominative.

EWA Y.

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

ARCHIVARY INGVALD UNDSET,


CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY.

VALSFJORD, FOSEN, NORTH TRONYEM, NORWAY.


DATE ABOUT Old-N. R. Mm.
?

A. D.
Vol. 3,

100.
p.

73.

Wi^'i

Sri

.'

*,!

H^GUST^LDIA EEWiEA GOD^GiES.


(=GOODDAY)-wrote-these-rimes. To-the-EAGUSTALD (Lord, Captain) thewjs god^g.es

The most northerly 0. N.

inscription yet found.

On

a sea-blufF at the Firth of Val,

some 40 feet from the nearest about from 16 to 20 feet above the highest water-flow, and has gradually risen in But it could only have been carved from ship-deck. The land sea. These death-runes were first remarkt about 1870. this locality to so great an extent.

Moss, Denmark. See a Chief of the same name {^ewm) under Thorsbjerg

50

aV

~\=ir-

inti-rimwir

""^*!

o
H
c3 21

o
Ed

O W

CI

O g

2! >< 1^

o a

N H O o
/
W.v

(1

00

25

J/
i:,

'

W f

a M f O

> 2! O <
CO

o O
tiJ

O H
S) (>

o
a Q
2!

Q
;.

O O W
M

o-<a

'^

<?=:^

bO.

61

BO,

STAVANGER AMT, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

200

300.

Old.-N. R. Mon. p. 846.

7*

52

NORWAY.
HNiEBMiES (or HN^CBD^S) HLiEIWJE.

bn^:bm^(W)'S

(?

hn^.bDjE'S)

low

(grave-mound,

hillock).

7 feet high above ground,

22 inches broad below, from 4

to 5 inches

thick,

First

discovered in 1865.

STENSTAD, THELEMARK, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

200 300.
254, 839.

Old-N. R. Mon.

now read and

translate:

IGINGON

H^L^A.

IGINGA-S

LOW

(grave-mound, how, tumulus, cairn).

EINANG.

63

Found

in

1781 inside a stone-kist


Sealand).

in

Holden Parish, and sent

to

Denmark, where
Is

it

now

is

(at Jsegerspris in

With

it

were several curious grave-articles.

of grayish

Norse marble.

Greatest height about 23 inches.

Bugge and
genitive,

Wimmer

have both suggested that igingon

is

a tvoma'ns

name

in

the

and this

is

possible but by no

means

certain.

EINANG, VALDERS, CHRISTIANS-AMT, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

200
3,

300.
79.

p.

54

NORWAY.

../h:a,^-n.D^^^^^.

BUGGE AND LORANGE

FACSIMILE, COPIED

HALF

SIZE.

u.ih

r.ciihKtiiotw'

/ /

EINANG.

55

D^GM
The
This barrow
is

ACiEA RONO FMIEIDO.

DJEG (=DAY) to-ATBJH these-RUNs FAWED (carved).


first

old grave-minne found in

Norway yet standing on

its

ancient funeral mound.


is

nearly circular, and about 50 feet in diameter.

The block

about 5 feet 8 inches

above ground, upwards of 3 feet broad, from 7 to 9 inches thick.


discovered in 1871.

Stone (lime-stone slate)

EINANG, VALDERS, CHRISTIANS-AMT, NORWAY.


'

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.

A. D.

200

300.
86.

Vol

3, p.

Apparently a bind, making the mansname


HAO.

From 12
out on a
field,

to 18 inches all round, lightish gneissose granite.

Found, in a stone-heap
other such memorials,

about 70 yards from the large Einang stone.

Like
1871.

many

had doubtless been placed inside the barrow.

Taken up

in

56

NORWAY.

TUNE,SMALENENE, NORWAY.
?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N.

A. D.
p.

200 300.

Man.

247, 904.

TUNE.

V^BLUNGSN^S.

57

Very

slightly modifying

my

former version,

now propose:
WOR^HTO
.B(une).

ECWIW^A ^FTER WODURIDE,


^RBING^S
INGOST,
LIA,

WITiEI GiEH^LJLIBJiN,

iERBING^ NOI-mNGOA, DOHTR, lA DJ5LIDUN (sEt)a WODURIDE SMINJ<:.


of)

ECWIW^A AFTER

(in

memory

wodurjd, her- witty

(wise,

high,
let

mighty, ilhistrious)

loaffellow

(partner, mate,

husband),

wrought

(carved,

carve) these- R(unes).

The-EEiRS (sons) INGOST and-LiA, and-the-HEiRESS nothuingoa, his-DAUGHTER, DEALED to-SET (shared in setting up) to-woDURW this-STONE.

HiA (they)

ecwiw^a efter wodurid,

sin-viSE (raaktige, hogadle)


lat rista)

make (husbonde, man) gjorde

(skar,

dessa-R(unor).

HanS-ARFVIN&AR (soner) INGOST Och-LIA. Och-hans-ARFTAGERSKA NOTHUINGOA, hanS-DOTTER, DE delte


(deltogo
i)

att-SATTA till-woDURiD denne-STEN.


rises

This monolith (red granite)

feet 7 inches,

and at

its

4 inches broad.

widest part

is

2 feet

First publisht

by

Worm

(very incorrectly) in 1636.

V^BLUNGSNvES, ROMSDAL, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

200
Vol.

300.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

274.

90.

MIEIL.fflA

WIWILN,

To-MIRIL^ wiwiL'N-carved-these-runes.

58

NORWAY.

Runes about

7th

of the natural size:

Vp
A
rune-carved Rock or Bluff
in

p
publisht

K
The
letters

the innermost or easterly end of the wide and deep


Cliff-side

and far- stretching sea-like Romdals-firth.


11 feet above the highest water-mark, and

almost perpendicular.

over
lower,

when carved the land must have been much


magnate who probably gave
first

here than now.


to

wiwil'n

is

a formative of wiwiL, the local

his

name

what

is

now pronounced v^EBLUNGs-nses.

Schoning

(bad)

copy

of this

inscription, in 1778.

ELGESEM, LARVIK'S FOGDERI, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

300 400.
3,

p.

95.

ELGESEM.

MUJ.

FROHAUG.

59

Only the mansname:

Found
9 broad,

in

1870 deep down mside the grave-how.


Coarse granite.

Is

5 feet 7 inches long by 2 feet

and from 5 to 6 inches thick.

FROHAUG, ROMERIKE, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

300400.
230.

Old-N. R. Mon.

The 4th
Prof.

rune, on the spectator's


it

left,

is

nearly obliterated by the knife of the finder.


it

Rygh thought

must have been

(a),

but

may have been ^

or

i.

Perhaps:

s^g(? a).

For-SEGE

(victory!).

For-SEGER!
Full size.

Bronze.

Probably Amulet or Talisman, intended to be

fixt

on a Belt.

The
This

freehold frohaug (Frey-hof)


piece was found in 1865.

had doubtless once a temple dedicated to the God frey.

8*

60

NORWAY.

NORWAY; BUT FOUND AT CHARNAY, BURGUNDY,


FRANCE.
?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400500.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

587.

p.

97.

J/.

Baudot's

own

facsimile,

as corrected by himself.

foi

mmmm

Re-engraved from Dr.

Wimmers

Chemitype, by Prof.

Magnus

Petersen,

from

fresh facsimile-dratmng

(1874) by M. Baudot and M. Beauvois.

NORWAY (cHAENAY).

ORSTAD.

61

As both these
But the
more
latter is
I

copies by the accomplisht owner

differ,

cannot say which


shall

is

correct.

doubtless superior to the former.

Probably we

never get a facsimile

exact.

therefore modify

my
C,

first

attempt accordingly.

First,

along the upper long


F,

line,

we have the beginning


I,

of the 0. N. Runic Alphabet:


B,
E,

U,

I,

M,

R,

G,

W, H, N,

Y,

yO, P, A,

S,

T,

(m).

Thereafter,
left

starting

from the top of the right side and ending with the top of the

and with the 3 runes on the right low down:


U5 FYtiEI IDD^N CliEGO (or CliENGO) yOI^.

OTB FA WED (made) for-iDDJS keeng

(brooch)

this.

UTH GJORDE for-IDDiE SPANNE DETTA.

Found
KENG

in

1857.

Of

silver,

parcel-gilt.
or,

Engraved

full size.

Norwegian.
historical

No

other than

the Norse-Icelandic dialects have


for Fibula.

left

as far as
it

we know,

in

any

time ever had

and

In a nearly allied meaning


stave
if

is

found in Sweden and England.

The 7th

on the
not,
I

has the straight N-shank but the leaning G-stroke,


it

may be

a bind for ng;

take

to be g.
I

The

plain kr, below the point of the tung,

are a contraction, of

what word or words

do not know.
3,

2.

See Dr.

Wimmer,

Runeskriftens

Oprindelse (Aarb.

f.

N. Oldk. 1874), p. 265 and PI.

fig.

ORSTAD, STAVANGER AMT, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

400 500.
258.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

HILIGiEA S^R^-ELU.

R^W

KM-r(m).

To-EILIGJE (=HILGE, HELGE) SJER^LV (= SORLl-Carved).

He- OWES

(owns, enjoys)

roo

(rest)

here.

Till-HiLiGjE S^RULtr-skref-dessa-runor.

AGER-han RO hAr.
Light-gray granite.
2 feet 7 broad below,

Found
at

inside

grave-kist in 1855.
thick.

Is

3 feet

9 inches

high,

5 inches

the

top

and 4'/2 inches

Whether from

the sour

earth or accidental damage, the runes have suffered, especially the lowest line.

The frequent

is

here evidently dialectic, as often on these pieces.

Now

in the Christiania

Museum.

62
NORWAY.

^^aiffl^^iS^^

Ml

'

f
I

t^r3^

,=^'^s;^

REIDSTAD.

63

REIDSTAD, LISTER, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400500.
Vol.
3,
p.

Old.-N. R. Mon.

256.

99.

lUMNGJiA ICWJiSUNA UNNBO WR^ITJi.

To-iUTEiNG JCW^SON (= iNCWJESON) UNNBO WROTE-these-runes.


Till-IUTHING icw^soN UNNBO SKAR-dessa-runor.

Found
lection,

in

1857

in Hiteron.

About

2 feet each way.

Is

now

in the

University Col-

Christiania.

'

64

NORWAY.

SIGDAL,

AGGERSHUS SHIRE, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400 500.
Vol.
3.

Old-N. R. Mon.

271, 841.

p.

100.

SBi
ir
"'-1

iw"*

.V
i

.*'
^''-

'

BELL AND.

65

BELLAND, LISTER, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

500600.
261.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

About 5

feet

long by 3 broad,

and from 9 to 10 inches

thick.

First

seen

by

Engineer Kielland about 1850.

While

lying as above, a spang over a beck which divides the


in 1866.

farm

at Belland, it
S.

was drawn by Hr. H. C. Kielland


in 1865, i-third the bigness.

The runes

are from the paper

squeeze of Prof.

Bugge

Bears simply the name of the fprthfaren:

ACEt^N.
This
chiefly driving,

chief

had thus gotten

his

name (ake-thane,

the Driving or car- thane) from


vehicle.

or from being the

owner of some exceptionally new or costly

Stone

apparently granite.

66

NORWAY.

BRATSBERG, TRONYEM, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

500600.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Man.

267, 841.

p.

100.

The whole

slab,

engraved 1818,

from Kliiwers Norske Mindesmcerker, 1823,

p.

44,

PL

10, fig. C.

The runes

alone,

from

rubbing by

M. F.

Arendt, 1806.

Thus the womans-name


I>iELIA.

Found

in an

immense grave-how; now

lost or broken.

Was

about 22 inches square

and 3 to 4 inches thick.

An

iron Spear- head

was taken from the mound.


See
p.

But

of old lived
silver

many
copy

famous Shield-may (Battle-chieftainess).


it

290 (Vol. 1) the Old-English

Shield-boss, whose writ distinctly states that


is

belonged to the War-lady ^DUWEN.

Earliest

Arendt's.

fonnAs.

67

FONNAS, HEDEMARKENS AMT, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

500600.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3,

p.
// /

101.

68
This Silver Brooch,

NORWAY.
yet

the

costliest

met with

of this

kind in Strongly

all
gilt,

the North,

was

found in July 1877


garnets.

in the loose earth,


full

2 feet below the surface.

with niello and

Here given

size.

Old-North-English work,

Has belonged

to

an English lady

who apparently became


The

the wife of a Norwegian chieftain,

Bears 2 runic legends, probably

carved at different times and by different persons.


first,

in the

Old-North-English dialect:
IH BIM ULTyO.
1

BE (am)

ULTlA'S-brooch.

The second, 3
WAS HU

lines,

seemingly in Old-Norse
. . .

INGLSK, LAING, ASPING, E

ing,

ing,

ing,

ing,

WAS HU

(she

was) English (an Englishwoman), laing (Las-daughter), asping (who was Asps-son),
s...ing (the son of S...),
it

R...ing (the son of R...), B...ing (the son of B...),

E...ing (the son of E...).

Now

in the Christiania

Museum,

to

which

was given by the owner, H. T. Tronnses.

FORDE, SONDFJORD,
?

N.

BERGENHUS, NORWAY.
A. D.
Vol.

DATE ABOUT

500600.
3, p.

Old.-N. R. Mon.

106.

^a

Either one word, the

mansname mlvao,
^LUA

or,
0.

as

prefer,

^LUA owNs-me.
Of
thing else.
steatite.

Full size.

May

have been a Dog-collar, or an owner's mark for some-

Found

in

1874.

70

NORWAY.
iEN
(.'

W^EUA.

aceth)^N-carved-these-runes to- WJERU;

(?

aceth)^N-skref-dessa-runor till-WiEBU.
Undrest.

Found

in

1852

in a ruined barrow.

Length taken

at centre about 2 feet

3 inches, breadth about 1 foot 6 inches.

NORWAY; BUT FOUND AT FREMAUBERSHEIM, RHEIN-H ESSEN, GERMANY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

600 700.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

109.

BOSO

WR^ET RUN^,

lOD (o)5C(u), DiEtyON^ffi GOttU.


the

BOSO WROTE these-RUNES, YOUTH (son) of-(0)TECA, of-the-D^THES (= of


the-PRIESTESS.

Dcethe-dan)

other valuables and ornaments, in a Lady's grave parcel-gilt; border decoration filled-in with niello. Engraved full size.
in

Found

1873, with

many

Silver,

SEUDE.

VATN.

71

SEUDE, THELEMARK, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

700800.

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 273.


A.

worm's Literatura Runica, 4to, 1636,

p.

68:

^PFT1F12FIHIF
B.

worm's Literatura Runica,

fol.,

1651, p. 66:

PFIIFIZFIMIF^
The
real

staves

may

possibly have been:

W^TT^T SJiM^NG WlpANT SJEMING WITEANT SAM'S-SON).


(

Or perhaps,

W^TT^;^yET S^MiENG

WJETT^ AT
Lost.

(to,

in

memory

of)

s^ming.
first to

Size of this grave-stone not given

by Worm, the

engrave the runes, in 1636.

VATN,

VERNES PARISH,
?

S.

TRONYEM, NORWAY.
750 800.
3.

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

p.

115.

't'^-.";

-*^i,

I;.

72
Bears only the mansname

NORWAY.

rho^l(t)e.

Of gray
broad.

slate,

which has partly peeled

off;

2 feet 7 inches

long,
I.

foot 2 inches

Now

only about 2 inches thick.

Found

in

1871 by Archivary

Undset.

WEST TANEM, TRONYEM, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
f.

700 800.
269.

Old-N. R. Mon.

From

Klilwers engraving in 1818 (puhlisht 1823).

Runes full

size,

from Prof

0.

RygKs paper

cast,

1865.

WEST TANEM.

GJEVEDAL.

73

Thus no doubt

of

what the inscription was.


MjENIS lau.

divide and translate:

M^NS
Found
in

(= MAN'S,

MJENi'S)

LOW

(Grave-heap, Tumulus).

MiENS (eller mjsnis) graf-hOg.

1813

inside a

kemp-how.

Length about 3

feet.

Is

now

in the

Christiania

Museum, but

is

deplorably injured.

GJEVEDAL, OMLID, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

10501150.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

276.

116.

^NS^GUI

SliE.

To-JENSJEG u TEESE-memorial-runes.
Till-^NSiEGU DESSA-minne-runor.

From
of wood,

a paper cast

by M. F. Arendt, dated Aug.


or

11,

1805.

Original

probably

unknown whether Christian

Heathen

now

lost.

Size not stated.

The assumed

date

is

the lowest possible; the

piece

may have been

centuries older.

HOLMEN, SIGDAL, NORWAY.


DATE ABOUT Old-N. R. Mm. p.
?

A. D.

11501250.
Vol.
3,

278.

p.

117.

'rwmmm-.mwm nmmw-. h\ m-m'-mw. ^mwM wu %


\

74 t MSSA KLOKO LETO STYOPA ALUER,

NORWAY.
PRESTR
,

SIKKTALE.

OK BORT BONTE AA AUIK; UK STYOPTE TOUE

I'ORR-SON(r).

f THIS CLOCK

(hell)

LET STEEP

(yote, cast)

ALUER, PRIEST IN siKKTAL (Sigdol), and TEORT (Thord)


it)

SONDE (yeoman) on

(at)

auik; eke (and) STEEPT (cant


I

toue thorr-son.

t DENNA KLOCKA LATO STOPA ALUER, PREST

SIGDAL,

OCH THORD BONDE A AUIK; OCH STOPTE-den

TOVE THORSON.

Unhappily

this

late

overgang piece

is

lost,

that

is,

long since re-cast.

Engraved

from a drawing by Rev. P. Haslef, dated Dec. 1810.


greatest diameter about 2 feet.

Height, exclusive of ears, was 19 inches,

WEST STENVIK,

N.

TRONYEM, NORWAY.

In 1858 an 0. N. rune-stone was found in a how, and cast away by the brutal finder.

AUDA,.J^DEREN, NORWAY.
About 1870 was taken out
ornaments.
It

of a
is

grave-chamber an 0. N. monolith with runes and


lost.

was used

in

a fence and

THORGARD, tiller, NORWAY.


In 1870 a stone with the olden runes was destroyed at Thorgard.

VOREIM, M^RE,
A
slah with

N.

TRONYEM, NORWAY.
a

4 runes

in

square cartouche was found inside


in

barrow some

years

ago, placed in a foundation-wall,

and could not be discovered

1871.

DENMARK.

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

JOHANNES

O.

H.

R STEBNSTRUP,

CHEAPINGHAVEN, DENMARK.

THORSBJERG MOSS, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

200250.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

285.

LIV.

121.

The runes on the back have been very

clearly cut with a sharp fine tool:

^ISG AH.
JEISG

OWES

(owns, possesses me).

MlSG iGER-mig.
10*

78
Full
size.

DENMARK.

Found
But
it

in 1858.

Bronze or Brass Shield-boss, rather


front the well-known circular
line

thin,

of Barbarian

not
as

Roman make.
we can
see

has on

its

betraying the lathe,

by the following engraving, half-size:

THORSBJERG, S.JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

200250.
Vol
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

295.

121.

now adopt

the

view

of

Thomsen and Bugge,

that owl:du

is

a lisp

for wolbu,

and propose:

NIW^NG-M^RIA OWLtU-MW^A.
NiWJENG-M^RiA-gives-this-sword to-her-friend-owLpU-pEWJE.

Bronze end-clasp or chape of a Sword- sheath.


from a lady to her lover or kinsman.
Full
size.

Blade and Sheath probably a keepsake


of the

Most

45 Sword-chapes found

in this

bog-hoard were of bronze, only a few of


Apparently
settled in
in 1860.
this lady

silver.

Various in form.

Some

quite round.

was MiERiA of the NiWiENGS.


See Kemble,

There were clans of the NiwfNGAS


S. in Engl.

England

in 6 different Counties.

1,

p.

470.

Dug up

MW^

is

also on the Valsfjord

cliff,

Norway.

THORSBJERG.

BALKEMARK.

79

(I)L(I)A.

End
Bendixen
Possibly Dr.
in

of

mansname.

Found

in

1874 by the Norwegian Archaeologist Adjunkt


dug up
long.
,

the Kiel
a

Museum, where

these Danish Remains,

in

1858
Sept.

60,
1879.

now

are.

part of

wooden Bow.

Above 7 Danish inches


examined
this

Docent

Wimmer

and Prof. M. Petersen have


This

piece
bit.

and

think

the

marks only

accidental impressions.

may

be.

have not seen the

BALKEMARK, NEX0, BORNHOLM, DENMARK;


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

200300.
122.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol. 3, p.

TDNBA.

Only 18 inches high,


1866.

about 8

broad and 5 thick,

dark

heavy stone.

Found

in

This mansname

is

of excessive antiquity.

80

DENMARK.

DALBY, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

200 300.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 283.

p.

123.

LU5R0 (may also be redd LEtRo).


This name, whether masc. or
the right corner,
sign,
still

fern.,
is

may, of course, be divided,


to

L. 0,

L.

OWNS-me.

At

more
o.

lightly cut,

what seems

be a double-rune, =j=p.
Half-size.

If a letter-

apparently L and

Golden Diadem or Head-wreath.

Found

in

1840.

HIMLING0IE, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

250 300.
297, 837.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

The name

of the buried, probably masculine:


HJiRISO.

Parcel-gilt fibula.

Full size.

Is

of mixt metal, a kind of bronze,

overlaid with thin

plates of silver riveted with silver nails.

The

3 round beads are of blue fluor-spar, or

some

such material.

central ornament has

fallen aM'ay.

Taken from the grave

in 1835.

HIMLING0IE.

NYDAM

MOSS.

81

NYDAM MOSS, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

250300.
299.

Old-N. R. Mon.

-mis^

All doubtless marks of ownership.

Are on some of the many wooden Arrows found.


a third

One has
and so

a plain a,

another a 'kind of bind-rune,

a reverst L,

a 4th a reverst Ltr^,

probably, a
on.

mansname.

There were various other such marks, as well as zigzags, a half-moon,


at

Thus each could

once recognize his own weapon.

Engraved

full

size.

The

moss-finds were dug up in 1859, 1862, 1863.

82

DENMARK.

VI

MOSS, ALLES0, FYN, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
1.

A. D.

300

350.

Old-N. R. Mon.

f.

301.

Clasp of a Sword- sheath.


the
size.

Silver

ornamented with gold.

Rust-film covers a part of


are meaningless.

staves,

which mav only have been idly scratcht.


in 1853.

Those

visible

Full

Dug up

2.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

305.

H^RINGtE.

The owner's name.


light,

Bone Comb.
this

Full

size.

Some dozens

of

Combs came
in

to

some

of

them ornamented, but only

one was a rune-bearer.

Found

1865.

3.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

307,

LV.
Dug up
in 1865.

Of ash-wood.

Full size.

Oldest Plane existing in the world.

VI MOSS.

83

TOP,

ROSENENSTiVD.:

SECTION AT

A.

SECTION AT

B.

SIDE.

MP. M.

F.ROSEKSTAllDsc.

11

84

DENMARK.

The

1st of these

workshop

scribbles is:

TILING

0.

TILING OWNS-me.
TiELING AGER-mig.

There
this,

are,

uow

faint,

dividing
it is

dots between
a

the ng and the

o.

If,

notwithstanding

we make

the whole one word,

mansname.
letters

The 2nd, unhappily, wants some


mouldered away:
GISLIONG-WILI

(probably locer) at the end, which have

AH LiE-OEB(^)

[?

locer].

GISLI0N6-WILI

OWNS
I

this-LEA-STAFF (sithe-shaft) floker

planej.

GISLIONG-WILI IGER denne-Li-ORF- [hofvel].

The

3rd,

on the

side,

now

take to mean:
:DE

TltAS HLEUNG,

RIIGU.

TiTHAS BLEUNG

(= HLE-SON),

TEEOW

(slave or servant) of-the-lady-RiiGA.

The

inscriptions

are in

diflferent

"hands",

perhaps
this

many

years

between each.

Cutting-irons gone.

The

cutting

section

being concave,

was a Hollow Smooth Plane or

Fork-staff Plane, to

make

Sithe-shafts, Lance-poles, &c.

Another,

runeless.

Plane was found.

Its

cutting-iron

has perisht.

but the section

shows that

this

Plane was for making Arrow-shafts, &c.

In 1877,

among

the

tools

of a farmer- carpenter

at

Ekeby
in

in

Gotland,

OLE OLS-SON

by name, were found 2 wooden Planes with date and


familiar with, thus:

initials,

the letters he was most

1786.
0. 0. S.

(= OLE

OLS-SON).

His son gave one to the Visby

Museum, and

the other to

my

collection.

4.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3,

p.

123.

As

it

would seem, merely the name of the owner:

^^D^G^S(LI) L^iiS^UWINGiE.

= EDGISLl LESSING
Brass Buckle,
silver

(= LESSON).

ornamented, for a Belt.

Full size.

Dug up

in

1851.

GALLEHUS.

85

GALLEHUS, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

300 400.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

321.

p.

128.

% ^\

MMwm

jjjijjjfjnjiiiiHiiriiiiniiiiiiiMffiiiijjh^iiiiii

V\VVVVVVVV*VV<VVVVVVVVVVVHVVUt*<VVVVV\V\\VVV\VVVVVV\\VVl VVVV\V\ VVVt

VU VKVVVy

VVVVVVVVl VVVVVyV VV'iVVVVVVvy

^AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlV^AA/^A^AAA>v^AAASA,^YVv^AAM^'^AlSr^AAA^^M>|/^A^

!mVVv5vVVVyVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVYVVv<VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
i.

VVVVVWMVVVV^VVVVVVy

\Jb

AAAAAAAAAAAA/^AAAAAAA.VAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAArSA'AA
11*

86

DENMARK.

ECHLEW ^GiiSTIA HOLTING^A HOEN^ T^WIDO.

ECHLEW for-the-AWEST
(= To
ECHLEW

(most-awful, most-dread, supreme, most-mighty) eolt-INGI (Holt-King,

Wood-pnnce,

Woodland-god) this-EORN tawed (made).


Forest-God. Echlew offered
this

the ever-to-he-feared

Horn!).

till- den-

hogst-FRUKTANSVlRDE SKOG-GUDEN dette-HORN GJOEDE (offrade).

This Golden Horn was found in 1734,


8 English Pounds.

was about 20 inches long and weighed about


it

With

its

fellow,

found in 1639 and 33 inches long,


in

wandered to the

melting-pot, the prey of a rascally

thief,

1802.

YNGi or YNGVi was the especial epithet of the Danish froe, the Old-English frea, the

Norse-Icelandic frey,

the

Woodland- and Harvest-God.


a

To

his

Temple

believe this offer-

horn was given by echlew,

name

(as ecglaf)
far

in

the

Old-English Epical

legend

Beowulf.

The famous

forest farris

skow was not

from Gallehus, with a separate "Herred" (Hundred)

called after froe.

All this can scarcely be accidental.

First copy of the staves on the

Runic Golden Horn.


j. f.

Photoxylographic transcript,

full

size,

by

eosenstand, of the large facsimile

made
itself,

with his own hand by Med. Doct. geoege krysing of Flensborg, in 1734, from the
a few weeks after
it

Horn

was found

at Gallehus

mm.
From
of which
is

the excessively rare double-folio engraving

"Cornu Aurei Typus", an impression


Here these
still

in

my own

bookhoard;

another

is

in

the Danish National Library.

runes are twice given, in their place at the mouth of the Horn, and separately on a
scale

larger

lower down on the plate.

It is this latter line


in.

which

is

here photographt,

full

size,

direct

on to the wood,

and carefully cut

In both places Krysing gives a plain separating

mark

The runes in his copy of the Horn itself begin (<) between the words echlew and ^g^stia. But below, he has "corrected" the order, begins with with echlew and end with t^wido.

GALLEHDS.

87

T^wiDO and ends with HOBNiE.


edition in

In a unique

copy of the same plate however,

a kind of

second

the

same year,

in

my
it

collection,
in

from a volume of "Runica" brought together by

ALARIK VON wiTKEN zu WITTENHEIM


of the

1734, Dr. Krysing has erased the TiEwiDO at the beginning


the

long line and placed

at

end,

as

it

had stood

in his

drawing at the mouth of

the Horn, preserving the divisional mark between the echlew and the jeg^stia, which he has in
both places also in his first edition of this large plate.

In

my

facsimile
is

have restored the


In the old

order.

But whether we take


on
this

TiEWiDO

first

or last,

the meaning

the same.

Ms.

Essay

Horn by the learned Icelander jon olafson

of Grunnavik

(Danish

National

Library), the

mark between the w and the Horn bore marks

is
it,

plainly given.

But

paulli.

who

says he was

purposely careless about small things,


see:

omits

and later drawings follow paulli.

We

thus

that the

of division between every word,

and that each

letter-group

between these separating stops was one word.

88

DENMARK.

THE RDNELESS GOLDEN HORN,


here
given,

was

quite

complete,
it

with

13

broad rings.
in

Like the rune-bearer,


Gallehus,

was found
to

the earth near

somewhat

the

north, near Mogel-Tonder, about 5 Danish miles

from the North- Jutland border, an enclave attacht to the diocese of Ilibe.

GALLEHDS.

89

WV\WVVVWWU VVVVWVVVVVVVVV/VVVVVV VVVVVVVVV> V VVVWVVi


4>
A r-

^^<
LAA

Hi

s>o

aQ

90

DENMARK.

KRAGEHUL MOSS,
?

FYN,
A. D.

DENMARK.

DATE ABOUT
1.

300400.

No.

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 317319.

N^c

(or ^Mv)..

....tJM^

BER^.
Full size.
in

do not pretend to

translate

these fragments.

Of ash-wood.

knife-

handle or small box or amulet or something such.

Uneartht
lost.

1865.
in

No. No.

2.

BONE-SNAKE, bearing
LID,

O.N. Runes,

Found
Found

1750.
1750.

See Vol.
See Vol.

1,

p.

319.

3.

A WOODEN

bearing 0. N. Runes,

lost.

in

1,

p. 319.

'No. 4.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3,

p.

133.

Spear-

head
end.

IHSiSI:.!

"

br(

a\

Full size.

Ashen Lance-shaft.

Found

in

1877.

As

take

it,

in verse,

the

Ban on

casting the war-spear over

the enemy's border.

See Bracteate No. 57.

Permission to copy

their clichees kindly given by the Roy. Soc. of North. Ant.

The Lance-hurler's name was =

EARL, JARL.

KRAGEHUL MOSS.
EC,

VALL0BY.

91

ERILiEA,

jES-UGIS
:

MLM

SMUHiE HiEITE

GiEGIN UGiE;

HE NIY^
B.MGMLM,
WIYtJ-BIGI (? se

wapnbautin).'
7,

ERIL, ANS-UGG'S

(= Wodens)
this

IRON-STORM PIERCER (=
BID:

Lance)

'GO, GO,

GAINST the-SAVAGK;

HENCE HURRY

H^G^L
gash

QUICK,

On-GORY WAR-BED

him

thro!'

VALL0BY, K0GE, EAST OF SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

300400.
3,

p. 136.

Roman Bronze
found
in

vessel,

with

many

other

Roman and
size:

barbarian

pieces

and jewels,

1872

in a skeleton

mans-grave.

Here given half

K Jet jAf 'i -^V'

12

92

DENMARK.

Underneath
that
is

is

the owner's name, 6 runes, on the bottom of the vessel, of which

all

left is

half bigness:

add the runic part

full

size:

Doubtless the

common mansname

wiis(a),

or wiis(^) or wiis(r).

GLOSTRUP, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

500 600.
858.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

GLOSTRUP.

VEILE.

VOLDTOFTE.

93

TD.

Apparently TU (= Tiu)
TOES-DAY was given.

the

Heathen God,

the

Mars

of the

Old North,

to

whom
1846.

Doubtless an Amulet.

Full size.

Is the spike of

an Echinite

(fossil).

Found

in

VEILE, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

600 700.
332.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

Stone

lost.

Copy

of

the

inscription
1,

is

in

P. Syv's
2, is

Ms. Collec.

in p.

P. F.

Suhm's

"Samlinger

til

den Danske Historie", 4to, Vol.

Part

Kjobenhavn 1779,
only a guess.
I

117.

But we

cannot depend on such old transcripts.


the wend-runes:

Any

restoration

propose, reversing

^NI ISINGTH^A.
jENi-carved these-runes to-isiNGTE^w.

Perhaps the 7th rune was


did not the old school take paper

Ky.
casts'i

cannot help such guesses being unsatisfactory.

Why

VOLDTOFTE, FYN, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

600

700.

p.

333,

LVIl
Bears only one word, the name of

Is

now

at the

Palace of Jsegerspris in Sealand.

the deceast warrior:


EUULFASTS.

About 5

feet 4 inches high,

3 feet broad.

Found about 1840

45.

Granite.
12*

94

DENMARK.

VORDINQBORG.

95

96

DENMARK.

VORDINGBORG, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

600700.
Vol.
3, p.

OU-N. R. Mon.
JiFT iEWSL,

335, 857,

LVII.

139.

FAtUE, TRtJBU

KMUM

VIMXJ lEUI.

AFTER

(in

memory

of) JETBISL,

his-FATHER,

TRUBV GARED (made) THIS TERUCH

(stone-Mst).

EFTER ^THISL, sin-FADER, TRttBU GJORDE DETTA TRAG (sten-kista).

Lower down
first

is

the bind-rune hw, probably a

mansname beginning with


WROTE-the-runes.
Still

h,

and

w
is

the
Ui,

letter

of wrait

(or

something such);

thus H

lower,

perhaps short for: May-Thur-wiH

(bless )-these-runes!

Height about 4 feet 5 inches, breadth (both the runic sides) about 3 feet

inch.

During
broken.
It

its

removal to the Old-Northern Museum, this granite block


is is

fell

and was

has been restored, but


engraving, anno 1643,

not

now

so legible as

when

my

engraving was made.

Worm's bad

the earliest known.

KALLERUP, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

700 800.
342.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

HURNBUR^

STJSIN,

SUltiKS.

EURNBURE'S STONE, SWITEING (= SWITEE'S-SON).


6 feet long,
1

foot 6 broad, 2 feet thick.

Ploughed up

in 1828.

KALLERUP.

SEALAND.

97

SEALAND, DENMARK,
?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 700

800.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3,

p.

140.

98

DENMARK.

OT^ICT.

DISFAVOR

(=-

BAD

The

Bad Throw!)
the

Perhaps the mark on the 2-side means del, vel, (well, favor,
4.

Good Throw).

DlLIGA KASTET,

2.

GODA KASTET,
Full size.

Of soap-stone

(steatite).

"barbaric" Danish runic Die.

Found

in 1865.

FREDERIKSBERG, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

750800.
Vol. 3, p.

Old-N. R. Man.

861.

141.

Amulet;

believe,

for finding out a Thief.

Such pieces were used with water and a


1

small looking-glass, or otherwise, that the Thief's image might appear.


prwEyo-FUNti?.

take the risting to be:

TEIEF-FIND.

(For finding a

Thief).

The
1866.
Full

end-E,

seems written below for symmetry.

This

little

stone was pickt up in

size.

HELN^S, FYN, DENMARK,


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

750800.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

338.

p.

141.

KHUDLFi? SATI STAIN, NUBA-KUM. AFT KUJUMUT, BRUtUR-SUNU


M\}KIR FA5I.

SIN.

TRUKNA5U

(?

Hanum

alir).

RHUVLF SET
Magistrate),

gutui (Temfle-chief and after kuteumvt (=gvdmvnd), broteer-son (nephew) sin (his). drowned (were drowned, perisht at sea) (with-him all, = himself and all his men), ^euair fayed (raised this stone
(or,

this-STONE,

of-the-NUR-men

of the

nur

district)

the

and carved
RHUULF SATTE denne-STEN, af-NUR-manuen
(eller,

these nines).

af

nur landet) guthi (Tempel-forestandare och


sin.

Domare), efter

(till

minne

af)

kuthmut (-tGUDMUNd), broder-son


alia,

drdnknade (omkomno

pa hafvet) (med-honom

han

sjelf

och

alia

bans man).

HELN^S.

99

Now
Found
in

in the

Old-Northern Museum, Cheapinghaven.


feet.

Height about 6 feet 10 inches,


cloven.

greatest thickness

about 2

1860.

Overgang, only

Was much broader before it was so barbarously the H, M and M being Old-Northern letters.

13

100

DENMARK.

FREERSLEV, SEALAND, DENMARK,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

800850.
3,

OU-N.

Mon.

p.

142.

Found
and 2
thick...

in

April 1876.

Softish sandstone,

about 4 feet 6 inches high,


as often.
I

2 feet broad

Has several

letters understood,

to save labor,

divide

and translate:

FREERSLEY.

JYDERDP.

101

iESLAIKITJ RAISTI STAIN,

IKR (= IKUR), AFAI SIN^R


IN

UK

UNITR,
A(Rfik)l,

SKWLFS (= SIKWULFS)

IWKA (= IWIKA)^AFTA
jER-rnr (= runar)
(j&)isi.

^SLAIK RAISED
INGA'S, EIS

this-STONE,

GRANDMOTEER'S;

IN (but) SET

UNID,

SON Of-SIGWULF,

EVER AFTER-her
ORE-RUNES (honor-words) these.
Grandfather: sigwulf

inga,

Gh-andniother.

UNID,

Son.

^stAiK, Grandson.

JYDERUP, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.:

A,

800900;
Vol.

B,
3,

12001300.

OMrN.R.Mon,p.839.
Side A.

p, 146.

Side B.

TYW
-

AL!
?

0-TYW, ELE (help)!


Al!
.

TYW

WXYZ;

Doubtless an amulet.

Full size.

Of glimmer sandstone.

Dug up

in

1866.

13*

102

DENMARK.

SNOLDELEV, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

800900.
Vol.
3,

Old-N.

Mon.

p.

345, 857.

f.

146.

KUNU^LTS^ST^IN, SUNAiJ EUHALTS, 5ULA7J

SALHAUKU(m).
Priest)
is

KUNU^LT'S STONE, SON


SALHAUKUM
stone
is

of-RUE ALT,

THYLE

(Speaker,

ON ihe-SALHOWS.

The 3 Horns form the mark


is

of Thor.

To

the right

the

mark

of

Woden,

(on)

the present hamlet of sallow,

in the parish of Snoldelev.

On

the top of the

a Cup-hole from the Stone Age.

About 4

feet long,

2 feet

3 inches broad,
at the

21

inches deep.
last century.

Now

in the

Old-Northern Museum, Cheapinghaven.

Found

end of the

BARSE, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

10001100.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

862.

l>ES(?i).

HW.
Stone smasht and
lost.

Only

this bit (here given i-fourth)

found on the highway, in 1822.

bArSE.

MAGLEKILDE.

103

'1i

MAGLEKILDE, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

10001100.
p.

OU-N. R. Mon.

864.

104
First side,

DENMARK.

among other

SecondBronze.

----staves, the
belt,

mansname

sidarb.

OLUFR.
Full size.

Seems

to

have hung at the

and

to

have been an amulet.

Dug up

in

a field in 1866.

SIDING, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

11001200.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

351.

Filing's drawing,

1797:

Kruse's drawing, 1857:

TK^

R.

YKJS (INGE) RISTED (carvcd; or RAISED,

hullt).

2 feet long

by 16 inches broad.

About 5

feet

above ground in the northern outside

wall of the church at Seeding,

Boiling Herred, Ringkjobing


think, the

Amt.

Bears no 0. N.

letter

and

therefore goes

out,

if,

as

now

whole must be redd as the mansname:


SK^R.

THISTED.

105

THISTED, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

11001200.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

355.

147.

BOK^, TADIS SOL, HUILER HiER^.


THOR/E, XAD'S (= TAND'S) SOL (sun)

WHILES

(repOses) HERE.

(Here

rests

Thorce, the
sol,

Sun

of Tand).

THOR^, TAND's
Size of the Slab 4 feet 2

HVILER HAR.

by

foot 8.

First copied early in this century.

106

DENMARK.

T0MMERUP, SEALAND, DENMARK.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D, 1227.
3,

Old-N. B. Mon.

Vol.

p.

148.

Found
Is a Priest's

in Jan.

1876

in

digging a grave in the Churchyard of


silver.

Temmerup, Holbsek Amt.

Sacramental Cup, of

Engraved

full

size:

Has been buried on the breast of the corpse.

On
I

the rim

of the

Chalice

is

an

overgang-alphabet of 21 letters, of which only 2 are distinctively later or Scandinavian.


19 are Old-Northern or in
facsimile,

The
in

common

to both Futhorks.

add the

line

of runes and

marks

beneath them the normal shapes of the unworn and uninjured characters, and beneath

these their usual powers.

The marks

take to be the date,

MCCo27,

or 1227.

---^rgjrT^u-t.. Ui\-s^uiq^j^.r^.

F,

U,l>, 0,

R, K, H,N,I,A,S,

T,

B,

M,

L, E,

D,

VO,NG,^,(E

ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

HE REV. WALTER

W. SKEAT, M. A,

CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

ENGLAND; BUT FOUND AT NORDENDORF, AUGSBURG, BAVARIA.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400500.
Vol
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

374.

p.

137.

Full size.

Silver-gilt fibula with niello.

Bears 3 runish scribbles.

The

f,rst,

at the

top of the back, the mansname:


JCLEUBWINI.

^leuhwini owns

this

Brooch.
14*

110

ENGLAND.

The

second,

at the opposite corner,

the

mansname:

LONjEWORE.

The

third below this, in 2 lines

WOD^N WINIWON^WyO.
woD^N-gives-this to-the-lady- wiNi WON^ W.

Found, with other treasures,

in a lady's grave in

1844.

Inscription

is

in

Old North English.

ENGLAND; BUT FOUND AT NORDENDORF, AUGSBURG, BAVARIA.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D,
Vol.

400 500.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

158.

WW

>1

'J.

*'

-'

"

>'''

"J-"":'

BIRLNIO ELS

To-the-lady. BiRLiNiA ELS-gave-this.


^^'

^^^

^*^^-

F"ll

size.

Silver,

with gilding and niello, &c.


is

Found some

years back in a grave at Nordendorf.

The

inscription

in

Old North English.

OSTHOFEN.

THAMES.

Ill

ENGLAND; BUT FOUND AT OSTHOFEN, RHEINHESSEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400 500.
Vol
3,

Old-N. R. iMon.

585.

p.

159.

The runes

for D

and

being distinctly differenced,

now

read:

GONE AT FTOE

MIC.

DAH OH
ME.

MIC.

GONRAT (=GUNDRAD, CONRAD) FAYED (made)


GONEAT GJORDE
If

DAH

(= DAY) OWES (owns) ME.

MIG.

DAH IGER

MIG.

we take

the o in oh twice, in the runish fashion, the

name

will be
It is

daho.

Brooch
I

of gilt bronze.

Full size.

Doubtless English.

If not,

then Scandinavian.
of no

therefore

have

removed
ruBE for

this piece

from the Wanderers.


for has.

We
to the

know

German
in

or

Saxon talk that said

made and oh

Came

Mainz Museum

1864.

00
'^^i

rr

^
'=

dL.

THAMES, LONDON', ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

400 500.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

361.

159.

^
S
==^

S^
Thames

Large Iron Knife or Small Sword (Scramasax), found in the


in

1857.

Present length 2 feet 4V2 inches.


silver wire

Characters
cut into

and ornaments of gold and

twisted together,

proper lengths, and beaten into incisions in the metal.


First
F,

comes the Futhorc or Alphabet, of 28


0,

letters:
B,
E,

0,

I-,

R,

C,

G,

W, H, N,
L,

I,

T,

yO, P, A,
tr,

S,

T,

NG,

D,

M,

CE,

A,

M,

CA.

Then ornamentations and the name


BCAGNOTH.

of the

owner (or maker):

Now

in the British

Museum.

112

ENGLAND.

SANDWICH, KENT, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

428 597.
367.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Found

ab.

1830.

Stone; 16

in.

high by 4

4 at top,

6X6

below.

Only

the

name now

legible;

B,MB.MSUL.

SANDWICH.

113

SANDWICH, KENT, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

458597.
363.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

Runes defaced.

Found ab. 1830.

Of hard

stone.

About 17 inches

high,

by 5

X 5 where broadest.

114

ENGLAND.

CLEOBURY MORTIMER, SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

500600.
3,

p.

160.

'A

If
*'

>*^

W)

\
Engraved
2/g

J
original
size

of the

from the woodcuts of the

Rev. D. H. Haigh in "The Yorkshire Arch.


18,

&

Top. Journal", Pts. 17,


1816.

London 1877,

p. 201,

foil.

Ploughed up

in

Of

shell sand-

stone; the one disk of sandstone, the other of limestone.


Sun-dial, the chief side thus restored (as to
its

portable

intention) by Mr. Haigh:

The holes on the other

side are as follows:

and the hole-groups are supposed by Mr. Haigh to have rudely represented the Constellations

Woden's

or Ceorl's

Wain and

the Ship.

The runes on the disk apparently mean, the whole

being probably a gift:

CLAiEO IWI

Let-the-CLAW (pointer) eye (show you)!

GILTON.

ST.

ANDREWS.

115

GILTON, KENT, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

500600.
Vol
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.
Silver

370.
in

163.

Pommel
SIDE A.

of an Iron

Sword, now

the Liverpool

Museum.

What

is

left is

thus given by Mr.

Akerman

TOP.

siiillfc

;| *ik''j!'^^f^^

@ia<i,-.K^

Runes re-engraved, from squeezes by Mr. Haigh

With Haigh
away;
his
is

suppose the
I

last letter

on a to have been

{m), the arms

now worn
(un).

dotted (guest) M- on B
as follows:

would take to have been the MERGE MIK WIS^, D^GMUND

bind-rune

[V

My

proposal

TCE IK

SIGI.

EKE

(increase) i siGE (victory),

merrily me wiss

(show, brandish, bare),

o-djegmvnd!

OKER JAG SEGERN.

MtJNTERT MIG VIS, D^GMUND.

Engraved

full

size.

Found

at the

beginning of this century.

ST.

ANDREWS,
?

FIFE, SCOTLAND.
A. D.
p.

DATE ABOUT
fi

500 600.
371.

Old-N. R. Mo7i.

Bronze Finger-ring.
a

Full size.

Probably a Signet, for the letters are sunk.

As on

wax impression, reads

ISAH.

If taken as

they appear to the eye the staves are hasi, in


in 1849.

either case a

common mansname.

Found

15

116

ENGLAND.

TRURO, CORNWALL, ENGLAND,


?

DATE ABOUT
OU-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

500600.
S65.

p. 372,

Pig of Tin,

found

in the last century;

about 2 feet 11 long,


it

11 inches broad,
in the

and

3 inches high.

The stamp
It

(of the maker), which


is

bears,

is

well

known

Old- English

Runic Futhorc.

has the power of st and

called

by the name

STAN.

Stamp

full

size;

BROUGH, WESTMORELAND, ENGLAND


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

550600.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

169.

Apparently the central slab of a grave-cross to a Christian


Christian Martyr.

Lady,

most

likely

The

excessively old Double-Cross above,

the Palmbranch on each side


still

the earliest Christian symbol of triumph over death

of

and the
runes
the

half-Scandian dialect in
the

12 lines of stave-rime verse,

together with

the

olden

the

how and

cumbel-boo

announce the overgang from heathendom.

Several

runes rare and peculiar variants.

Most

of the letters are well preserved, but


tool.

some

are

worn and damaged and doubtful.

They

were ruhhed-in with some

IKKALACGC

BUCIAEHOM

BECKCTO CUOMBIL-BIO
CIMOKOMS, ALH's COINU,
OC,
TIMID
I

ECBI,

ACLIHCG
AILIC
I

RAIRA WOLC.

BROUGH.

117

HOUH

OSCIL,

OSBIOL,
FAIJ&U.

CCHL. OEKI

LAICIAM ALWIN KRIST lUKC EECS IFT BROK, OC EC CEARUNGIA


Aici

WOP

coec(as Mec more).

15*

118

ENGLAND.

INGALANG JN BVCKenHOME
BlGGED
(built)

this-the-cuMBLE-BOO (grave-Mst)

Of-CIMOKOM, ALE'S QDENE (wife);

OK

(but),

TEEMED (bom) JN EC BY,

ON ACLEIGH

EOLY INTO

(to)

RYRE

(niin,

destruction)

she-WALKT

(went).

Her-EOW

(grave-mound) osciL, OSBIOL,

CUEL and-OEKl FAWED (made).

My. LEGEM
OK EKE

(body) the-ALL-WiNE (all-friend, all loving) CHRIST


(leads forth,
shall

YOUNG-again reaches
(but indeed,

renew) after

brook

(death),

and

truly)

carjng'S

WOOP

(care's tear-flow)

never quetcees

(shall move,
I

shall afflict)

(me more).

INGALANG

BOCKEHEM

BYGGDE detta-KUMBEL-BO (grafkammare),


cimokom's, alh's qvinna's (hustrus);

MEN, FOOD

ECBY,

(pa, vid) ACLEIGH


I

HELIG

(till)

DODEN hoil-GICK.
osciL,

Hennes-graf-HOG

OSBIOL,

CUHL och-OEKi GJORDE (uppkastade).

Min-LEKAMEN (kropp) all-vAnnen krist


UNG-igen RACKER-fram (uppvacker) efter beAk (doden),

OCH SA INGSLANS TARAR


aldrig skola-pina (mig mera).

Engraved 1-third of the

size,

from Casts generously forwarded by the Cumberland

and Westmoreland Archseological Society.


old Church-porch.

Found

in

October 1879 in the foundations of the


other sculptured
slabs

Carboniferous sandstone.

Among

dug up

at

the

same time, was a fragment of a


as

Roman

stone beginning imp. c^sar.

This

is

not surprising,

Brough was a

Roman

military station.

WHITBY, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

600650.

Vol. 3, p. 180.

(go)D USM.^ us!

GOD ALUWALUDO HELIP^ CON(nises USSSBs)!


bless)

May-GOD ON-SMEE

(look on,

regard,

us!

May-GOD ALL-f^ALD (Almighty) eelp KIN

(family, house) our!

GUD signe oss!


Full size.

gud allsmagtig hjelpe hus vArt.


old things in 1867, in the kitchen-midden

Bone Comb.

Found with other

belonging to the old monastic family (house) at Whitby.

WHITBY.

KORTHUMBRIA.

119

Front

and
Section.

NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND;
BUT

NOW

IN

THE DUCAL MUSEUM, BRUNSWICK.

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

620650.

Old-N. R. Man.

378, 865.

P?{

H'/^*r^<^ l\m M Ml %,

'0^ WH^^tt^f^uum
TJRIT

NEMI SIGHVOE ^LI,

IN

MDNGP^LyO G^LleA.

WROTE

(carved this)

nethu

for^ihe-siG-EKRRA (victory-lord, most nolle) j:li, in


(Montpellier) of-GAUL.

MUNGP^LyO

RiTADE (skar detta) nethii for-SEGER-HERREN (den adle) ^li,

montpellier af-GALLiA.

120

ENGLAND.

tUMi tiiiii/M.j^^.ni,

III! ,|j

<^im!ii^^^;^J!^/y!l^^li:^

luii

NORTHUMBEIA.

COLLINGHAM.

121

Inscription carved twice over.


settings of yellowish Bronze.
fixt in

Material, thin plates of the ivory of the


p.

Walrus with
pointed

Bottom-plate (as given


cut.

119) also of Walrus- or Morse-ivory,


full

slips of

Bronze on which the runes are


J.

Chemityped

size.

Runes

first

out by our English rune-master

M. Kemble.

The

front,

both ends, and back follow.

COLLINGHAM, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 651.
f.

Old-N. R. Mon.
All

390.

now

really left is:

^FTAR

ONSWINI, CU(ning)

AFTER ONSWINI, KING

This base
is

Upper stones do not belong

to

the lower.

2 feet

9 inches

high.

Found

in

1841.

122

ENGLAND,

e/'

ij

'rx\'"

KIRKDALE.

BAKEWELL.

123

KIRKDALE, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D, 660.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol. 3, p. 184.

A fragment
651

of a grave -slab,

bearing 0. English runes,

was found some years ago,


king
of Deira

and Mr. flaigh thought he could read the name of cethilwald,

(Yorkshire),
I

(i60.

But the

letters are

now

so gone

that

we

are

sure

of nothing.

So

pass this

piece by.

BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

600

700.

Old-N. R. Mon.

373.

(m)ingh(o) HELG
The
first

line

may have been


by
9.

part

of a

Place-

or

Mans-name,

the

second -a

fragment of the word HOLY ("helig"), or of a name.


Size about 12 inches

Found about the middle

of this century.

16

124

ENGLAND.

LANCASTER, LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

600700.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

315.

184.

Cross

from

the

drawings of Mr. M. Jones, in Arch. Journal.

Runes from a Cast hy Dr. Hihbert, in

the

Danish Museum.

LANCASTER.

NORTHUMBRIA.

125

After having myself examined the stone,

now

in

the British

Museum,

agree with

the last suggestion of Mr. Haigh, that at the close the letter was an H, half gone, that next

came a
This

T,

of which

there

is

only a

trace,

and that the rune for ing

is

quite

broken away.
an
additional

substantially

coincides
I

with

our

great

Kemble's

idea

in

my

eyes

recommendation.

therefore

now

divide and translate:

GI-BIDiE6

FOR^ C0NIBALB CUBCERE(Hting).

BID (pray-ye) for cunibalte cuteb(erehting c= cuthbert-son)!


This sepulchral cross
is

3 feet high.

It

was found

in

1807.

NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND.
?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

GOO 700.
386.

Old-N. R. iMon.
Nothing known of
this

Old-English

(?

Silver)

Brooch but the inscription:

triMRM

nnr

f^mm

GUDRD MEC WORH(t)e.

^LCHFRITH MEC a(h).

GUDBXD me wrought. MLCBFRITH ME OWETE (owns).


Lost or mislaid.
rune-smith,
in

Size and material not given.

Last seen by Mr. Kemble, our great

1847.

CROWLE, LINCOLNSHIRE, ENGLAND


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

650 750.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.
Part of a Runic Grave- Cross,

p.

183.

made use

of as a lintel in the
1

doorway leading from the


its

tower to the nave

in

the Church of S. Oswald at Crowle.

here show

original position.

Sculpture on runic side: the Hermit-saints Antony and Paul meet in the wilderness.

Below, probably: the Flight into Egypt.

Lower down, what

is

left

of the grave-words:

"(ap)jE LIC-B.ECUN B(eAFT.ffi)r

(Set

.)ap^e this- LiK- BEACON (grave-shaft)

after
7 to 8

The stone
First really

is

7 feet long,

18 inches across
J.

at

the widest,

inches

thick.

made known by

the Rev.

T. Fowler in 1868.
16*

126

ENGLAND.

J"-

\i y

'

MS

'

ni

'

Hit

7'

,V:-'

Ti ^

CROWLE.

HARTLEPOOL.

127

Section of wall at East face.

Section of wall at West face.

HARTLEPOOL, DURHAM, ENGLAND


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
p.

650700.
392.

Old-N. E. Mon.

128
Besides the

ENGLAND.

common

ancient Christian grave-formula (A)lpha and

(O)mega

CHRIST

THE EVERLASTING, THOU ART MINE HELP!

has Only the VFOman's-name HILDITHRttH.

A
HILDItRtJB.

Pillow-Stone.

From

grave of a Nun.

Size IIV2 inches.

Found

in

1833.

HARTLEPOOL, DURHAM, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N.

A. D.
p.

650700.

Mon.

396, S63.

Bears onlj the woman's -name HiLDDi(G)tJTH.


Pillow-stone.

From

grave of a Nun.

Size 7^/\ inches

by 6V2

Found

in

1833.

BEWCASTLE, CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
OM-N. R. Mon.

A. D. 670.
p.

398.

EAST SIDE (no runes).


A.
B.

west

side:

(Doubtless the Holy

Name

KRJsrus).

t GESSUS KRISTTUS (t JESUS CHRISTUS).

j^gQ

ENGLAND.

C.

f WS SIG-BECN TON SETTON HW^TRED,


WO^GAR, OLWrWOLl&U,
AFT ALCFRIDU,

SIGN-PILLAR f THIS SPIRING

SET WAS BY BW^.TRED, WOTHGAE, OLUFWOLTE,


AFTER ALCFRITH,

EAN KtfNING
EAC OSWIUNG.

SOMETIME KING

AND SON OF
f

OSWI.

f GEBID HEO-SINNA SOWHULA.


SOUTH
'

PRAY FOR HIS SOUL'S GREAT

SIN!

side:

EICES B^ES, ECGFRKTJ. t FRUMAN GEAR KCNINGES

LICE

(?

he

iTl\>es).

(realm) THIS, ECGFRITH f In-the-FlRST YEAR of-the-KiNG of-Ric


in frith, in peace).'

LIE (he

= may

AUfrith

lie,

NORTH
A.

side:

KUNNBURUG

B.
C.

= The Queen of Alcfrith. KtNESwroA = Her Sister. MTRCNA KONG) = Wulfhere, King of
WULFHERE
t
)

the Mercians, son of

Penda and brother

D.
E.

of Kiinnburug.

GESSUS

= JESUS.
Now,
the Cross-shaft broken

Originally 20 feet high.

away,

only I4V2 ^et above

the pedestal. Partly handled in 1607,


late

and often

later.

Present materials chiefly supplied by the 6'

Rev.

J.

Maughan

in

1857 and following years.

RUTHWELL, NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D. 680.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

405, 865.

p.

189.

EAST side.

A.

Top-stone.

Bird (Dove or Eagle).

B.
C.

Arm-piece.

Modern.
of Cross.

Lower limb
St.

Two

half-figures.

D.
E.

John Baptist with Agnus Dei.

Letters, nearly effaced, end with


of the Swine.

(a)DORAMVS.

The Lord Christ and the miracle


Paul the Hermit and

Inscription:

IHS XPS IVDEX AEQVITATIS.

BESTIAE ET DRACONES COGNOUERVNT IN DESERTO SALVATOREM MVNDI.


St.

F.

St.

Antony break a

loaf of bread in the desert.

Words

scs PAVLVS ET A(ntonius eremitae) FREGEE(vn)T panem IN deserto.

G.

Flight into Egypt.

Broken words: f maria et io(sephus


Defaced.

).

H.

Lowest compartment.

'iVk

....

''J

'

,-

.>^'
h

>^

'"!

+ ATiVLITAlVAr :U1W%P^

'-x:
.,1,

'-"MMf

^i

\^y^

\m
L^

AfivirrAiVAf

\.?Mm
HI'

^---^^l;^fife;a^p

^
if
:/

Oh^^'%

1,1

Vxi

y mmi^i3mm'>i'

IhT
"^

I-

I
s^^.

-=-

r'

111

:?v~'% ih\*^ '^l':3

|o>flWR}A-ETl,^Mjf[;f;
5

Mji'/?

RUTHWELL.

131

WEST
A. B.
C.

SIDE.

Top- stone.
Arm-piece.

St.

John Evangelist and

his Eagle.

Modern.

Bowman
The
St.

taking aim.
St.

D.
E.

Visitation.

Mary and
Risting:

St.

Elizabeth.

Fragmentary Latin

letters.

Mary Magdalene.

t ATTVLIT AL(ab)ASTRVM VNGVENTI &STANS BETROSECVS PEDES EIVS LACRIMIS COEPIT EIGAEE PEDES EIVS
ET CAPILLIS CAPITIS SVI TERGEBAT.
F.

Christ heals the


viDi(t

man born

blind.

Legend:
natibitate et s(anavit
glory.

f ET PRETERIENS
G.

hominem coecvm) A

eum

a)B iNFiRMiTA(te).

The Annunciation.

Both heads have the

Words:
in mvlieribvs).

f INGRESSVS angelvs (ad eam dixit, Ave gratia plena, Dominvs) TE(cvm) BE(nedicta tv Nearly gone. Crucifixion. H.

NORTH

SIDE.

Christ the Vine; and so, the Vine as the Church.

SOUTH

SIDE.
is:

Here we have
(On)gERED^ HINiE
GOD ALMEyOTTIG,
BA HE WALDE

the

Runes.

All that

now can be made out


GOD ALMIGHTY,

GIRDED HIM THEN

WHEN HE WOULD
STEP QN THE GALLOWS,
FORE ALL MANKIND
MINDFAST, FEARLESS.

on galgu gi-stiga,
modig fore
(ale) men.
(B)trG(A ic Ni dars)te;

BOW ME DURST

NOT;

(aHOF)

IC

RIICN^ CUNINGO,

RICE KING HEAVING,

heafun^s hlafard;
HiELDA
IC

TEE LORD OF LIGHT-REALMS;

(n)i DARSTiE.

LEAN ME
WAS

DURST

NOT.

BISMiER^DU UNGCET MEN BA ^T-GAD(r)E;


IC

US BOTE THEY BASELY MOGKT AND HANDLED;


I

(W^S) MI5 BLOD^

BISTEMID,

THERE WITH BLOOD BEDABBLED,

bi(g)ot(e)n o(f)

BE-SPINKLED FROM

KRIST WiES ON RODI.

CHRIST WAS ON ROOD-TREE.

HWEtR^ lER FUS^


FEARRAN KWOMU

BUT

FAST,

FROM

AFAR,

EIS FRIENDS HURRIED

^BKL^
IC

Tl

LANDM;
BI(h)EAL(d).

ATHEL

(noble)
I
I

TO THE SUFFERER.

DMT AL
IC

EVERYTHING
SORELY WAS

SAW

THERE.

S(aRE)

wj;s

Mi(j) sorgu(m) gi-(d)rce(fe)d.

WITH SORROWS HARROW D;


17

132
h(n)ag
(ic)

ENGLAND.

STOOPT

Mlt STRELUM GI-WUNDAD.

WITH STREALS

(missUes)

ALL WOUNDED.

A-LEGDUN HI^ HIN^ I.IMWCERIGNE,


GI-STODDUN HIM (^T) H(iS L)]C^S (h)eAF(DU)m,
(bi-)hea(l)du(n)

DOWN LAY TBEY HIM


O'ER HIS LIFELESS

LIMB- WEARY.

HEAD THEN STOOD THEY,

m()

i>e(r)

h(eafun)

HEAVILY GAZING AT HEAVEN'S

TOP-STONE (wrongly placed by Dr. Duncan, should have been turned round) bears ou
its

Latin side:
in prin(cipio erat)

verbvm.

On

the Runic side

is

the costly" carving:

CADMON

M^

FAUCECO.

CADMON

(=

CADMON) ME FA WED (made, Composed).


Is

Was
6 inches high.
illustrious

in Pennant's time

20 feet high, besides capital and base.

now about 17

feet

First mentioned in 1703.

Best later handling that by Mr. Kemble.


fell

The

North-English Poet ciEDMON or CADMON

asleep about the year 680, or shortly after.

YARM, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. 3Ion.

A. D. 684
Vol.
3,

700.
189.

p.

[!

orate
'

PRO tru]

MBEREHC
T
4-

/+ pray

FOR

trii]

mberehct ^

BiSffOP

-i-

SAC
4-

-J-

ALLA this-siGN
ALLA
SIGN

(beacoH,

memorial) after
}

HIS brother set

UMAEFTER
HISBREODERA
i'SETAE
-I-

Sandstone, 2 feet 2 inches high,


in

f.

3/^

of an inch wide and 77^

i.

thick.

Found
Both

1877 doing duty

as a weight in an old mangle.

Fragment of
is

large Grave-cross.

the narrow sides having the same pattern, only one


in value for the

here engraved.

Not

in runes,

but equal

dialect

and formula

Minne-stone of trumberht.
his

Bishop of Hexham from

681

to

684, when he was deposed.


at this

Date of

death not known.

sac

is

the usual con-

traction for sacerdoti,

time the word for bishop.

YARM.

LINDISFARNE.

133

FRONT.

SIDES.

BACK.

LINDISFARNE, AFTERWARDS DURHAM, NORTHUMBRIA.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 698.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

449.

CARVINGS ON THE COFFIN OF


After the

ST.

CUTHBERT.

name and

bild of ST. john,

we have:

ST.

THOMAS.

ST.

PETRUS.
17*

134

ENGLAND.

LINDISFAENE.

135

ST.

ANDREAS.

ST.

MATHEUS.

M
=
ST.

MICHAEL.

a fragment.

ST.

LUCAS.

=
AND THE LATIN INSCRIPTION
IN RUNES:

a bit of EPiscoPUS.

/
v\
Of the word which preceded
clear.
It

(IHESUS)

SANGTV&

this scs,

and which was of 3

letters,

only the last was


h,

was a similar old-runic


i.

to

the above.

The second was apparently


old-Roman
s

the

first

must have been


the coffin.
later

Thus
is

this

costly old-Runic and

was carved

at least thrice

on

This

so

much
in

the more

interesting as

we know

that this lik-kist cannot date

than 698.

Found

1827.

136

ENGLAND.

FALSTONE, NORTHUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D. 700.

p.

466.

TWAY-STAVED (RUNIC AND ROMAN).

Roman
t

Staves.
t

Runic Staves.

EOMAER THE SETTAE

EOM^R

t(E

SCETTCE

AEFTAER HROETHBERHT.*,

^FT^R ROETBERHT^,
BEGUN ^FT.R EOMJi.
GEBIDvED DEE SAULE.

BEGUN AEFTAER EOMAE.


GE-BIDAED DER SAULE.

EOM^R

THIS SET

AFTER HROETBERT.
this-BEACON (mark, memorial) after Ms-eme (uncle).

BEDE

(hid,

pray-ye) for-THE (his) soul!

graystone fragment, about a foot long and

5*/2

inches broad,

broken away from a


in the

Runic Cross or grave-pillar.

First publisht

in

1822.

Here engraved from a cast

Danish Museum.
Similar biliteral (Scandinavian-runish and

Roman) grave-stones from olden

Christian

times also exist

in

Sweden.

BINGLEY.

137

BINGLEY, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 768
Vol.

770.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon. p. 486.

p.

194.

The
elements.

stone, originally very simply tooled, has suffered fearfully

from ill-usage and the

The runes, which

are carved on the front,

are

almost

illegible.

What

is

left

of

them has been variously deciphered.


highly incorrect.

Mr. Haigh's transcript (see

my

Vol. 3) I believe to be
I

After long and careful examination of a Cast, Rubbings and Photographs,

beg

with

all

deference

to submit

my own

reading of this doubtful inscription:

EADBIERHT CUNtNG

het hieawan d(ep-stan


(g)ibid

us.

fOr his SAULE.

EADBIERBT, KING,

BOTE

(ordered,

bade)

to-EEW this-DiP-STONE

(font) for-us.

BID (pray-thou) for bis souli

Should

this reading be substantially correct,

it

can only refer to eadbert,


a priest,

who was
kingdom

king of Northumberland from 737 to 757,


to his son Oswulf.
gifts to

when he became

giving

up

his

He

died as

Canon

of

York

in

768,

and doubtless
soul.

ordered several pious

Church and Clergy

in the usual

way

for the

good of his

Among

these was also

138

ENGLAND.

this

BAPTISMAL FONT,

of strong gritstone.
is

It

is

about
it

2V'2

feet

square by

IV4 high and 10


It

inches deep.

The under-part

quite rough,

as if

had never been workt.

has a drain,

to let out the water.

THE CARVINGS ON THE BACK.

THE CARVINGS ON THE RIGHT

SIDE.

BINGLEY.

^THREDS

FINGER-EING.

139

THE CARVINGS ON THE LEFT

SIDE.

Long known, and


J.

as

long neglected.

For

my

materials

am

indebted to the Rev.

T.

Fowler, F. S. A., in 1869, 70.

JETHRED'S FINGER-RING, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

700800.
463.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

lai^Baaasfiia

^DRED MEG

AH,

EANRED MEG A-GROF.


(engraved).

JSTHRED HE OWNS. EANRED ME A-GROOF


iETHRED MIG AGER.

EANRED MIG GRAVERADE.

Mixt Roman and Runish


badly,

letters in gold.

Ground a dark

niello,

First publisht,

by Elickes in 1705.

18

140

ENGLAND.

DEWSBURY, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

700800.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

464.

200.

Full

size.

Fragment

of a

sandstone memorial Cross,

found about 1830.

Not

in

runes, but in the same olden dialect.


[

Mr. Haigh's restoration


/.

is:

Sis

settae-

this set

aefter EdilsEJEHTAE.

after ecHIbjeJrht.

BEGUN AEFTER BEORNAE.


GIBIDDAD DAER SAULE.

a-BEACON AFTER

the- BERN (prince).

BiD-ye (p-ay) for-TEE soul!

DOVER, KENT, ENGLAND,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

700800.
865.

Old-N. R. Mon.
Inscription
as
corrected

p. 465,

from a rubbing by tbe Rev. John Puckle, M. A., Vicar of

Dover.

Given

1 -fifth

of the size; only the

name

of the dead man,

DOVER,

141

^
GyOSLHeARD.

'

Breadth of stone at broadest, 2


about 1825.

feet 1 inch;

length,

5 feet 11 inches,

Found

18*

142

ENGLAND.

IRTON, CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

700 800.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

469.

200.

Defaced Cross.

Letters nearly gone.


GIBID^J
FOB.JE
. .

Mr. Halgli proposed:


BiD-i/e (pray)
.

FOR

But J.R.
no traces of runes

Allen,
left.

Esq., C. E., F. S. A. Sc,

who

visited

the cross in 1879, could find

NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND;
BUT BOUGHT
IN

AUZON, BRIONDE, HAUTE-LOIRE, FRANCE.


DATE ABOUT
p.

A. D.

700800.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

470,

LXJX.

200.

LEFT SIDE.

n'Jtffff^n'iHT'i''

NORTHDMBRIA.

143

The

tale

about

Romulus and Remus.


IN ROMjEC^STRI.

OIL^ UNNE6 ROMWALUS AND REDMWALUS, TW(EGP:n GIBROtiERA; F(EDDE WiM WtLIF
Their-OTEL (home-land,
birth-place)

un-njge (far away from) were.ROMWALVS (= ROMULUS) AND

REUMWALUS (= REMUS), TWAIN

(two)

BROTHERS; FED

(nourisht,

sucMed) EI (them)

a-WYLF

(she-

wolf) JN

ROMECASTER (Rome-city).
upprODDE dem en-ULF-hona

Sin-ODEL (hem) icke-nAra voro-ROMULUs OCH remus, tvenke brOder;


I

ROMA-BY.

Back.

The

tale

of Titus

and

the Jews.

HER FEGTAI TITUS END GIUMASU.


DOM.

HIC FUGIANT HIERUSALIM AFITATORES

(= HABIT ATORES).
GISL.

EERE FIGHT TITUS AND TEE JEWS. EERE FLY-from JERUSALEM itS-lNHABITANTS.

DOOM

(Court,

Judgment of Jewish

rebels).

gisl (Hostages given

to

the

Romans).
possibly

Partly in Runes,

and partly
artist's

in

Romanesque
hands?

letters.

The DOM and

gisl

may

be taken as one word,

the

name, domgisl.
his

Or,

can the DOM compartment be the

Condemnation of Christ, Pilate washing

Front.

The

tale

whence came the Casket.


FISC-FLO'DU

HRON^S BAN

A-HOF ON FERGEN-BERIG:

WARI GASRIC GRORN,

iMR HE ON GREUT GI-SWOM.


Of-the-Urone (= Whale) the-bones
(Fergen-hitl, on the coast of
(crusht, pasht to pieces,
the-fishes -flood

(=

the

Sea) hove

(lifted,

raised)

on Fergen-berq

Durham) ; worth

(became, was- he) gas-rich (playing, gamboling) groren

killed) there (there-where,

where) he on the-grit
FISHES' FLOOD

(shingles,

shore,

coast)

swam.

THE WHALE'S BONES THE


LIFTED ON FERGEN-EILL:

EE WAS GASET TO DEATH IN HIS GAMBOLS, AS A-GROUND EE SWAM IN THE SHALLOWS.


HVALENS BEN FISK-FLODEN (hafvet) UPPLYFTADE PA FERGEN-BERG: HAN-BLEF I-SIN-LEK KROSSAD, DER

HAN IN-pI STRAND-GRDSET SAMM.


Left front scene.

The

tale

of the weapon-smith
(in runes

Weland.
offering to Christ.

Right front scene.

The

tale

of the

magi

m^gi)

144

ENGLAND.

o o

o
CO

w w

NORTHUXIBRIA.

145

E-i

02 <i

W M

o
n H
Eli

O
Pi

All the rest

Right

side.

broken away.

146

ENGLAND.

Some

tale

from

the

Weland-saga.
performs) swili
(deceit).

DRyGYJ swi(k) ....

DREETE

(svffers,

bears; or,

does,

LIDER

(el.

GOR) SVEK ....

o o w

a
!>

CD

NORTHUMBRIA.

THAMES

FITTING.

147
His

Top.

Another

tale

from the Weland-saga,

doubtless about his brother ^gil.

name

is

written in runes, ^gili.

He

is

attackt in his stronghold.

But no known ^GIL-Iegend

can explain to us the details here carved.

THE FRANKS CASKET,


in

bought

in

France by Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., F.

S. A.,

1857,

and generously given by him to the British Museum.

now

Full size.
in

Of whalebone.
The tenons
is

One

of the oldest and costliest treasures of ancient English art

existence.

were doubtless once covered with corner pieces of metal, perhaps bronze.

The

lock

torn out.

THAMES
?

FITTING, ENGLAND.
A. D.
Vol.

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. IJon.

700800.
3.

p.

204.

(Her Jonas) SBERiEDH Tyo bda


(bide,
1

erha d^bs

(Here Jonah) speireth (asks) to bo


Full size.

he cast)

in the-ARG (waves, trough) of-the-DEEP.

Only a fragment,

as

suppose of a Shrine or Casket,

Of

lightish Bronze,

once

gilt.

suppose the Casket to have borne Biblical symbols of the Uprising of Christ,
story
of

among them the


Resurrection.
tions

Jonah

in

the
1,

Whale's Belly,

so

often

used as a

type

of

the

See Book of Jonah, Ch.


ecclesiastical

v. 12,

S.Matthew, Ch.
I

12, v. 39, 40.

Such applicain

abound on old
(Bosio,

works of
1632,
p.

art.

add one example from the Catacombs

Rome

Roma

Sott.

Roma

431).

Here Jonah

is

literally

asking to be cast

forth into the sea:

Dredged out of the Thames, London,

in

18fi6.

19

148

ENGLAND.

THORNHILL, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

700800.
3, p.

Vol

209.

Found, with other grave-cross fragments,


close of

during alterations

of the

church at the

1875 and beginning of 1876.


t

Of sandstone.

About

1 -fifth.

Part of the shaft of a

funeral pillar.

EtELBERHT SETTjE^

ETEELBERHT

SET-up-this

^FTER ECELWINI DERING(se).

AFTER ETBELWmi BERING.

THORNHILL, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

700
3,

800.
210.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

Found
Cross.

at

same time and

place.

Sandstone.

Scale about 1

5th.

Shaft of a Grave-

Calvary-cross, followed by the words:

THORNHILL.

WYCLIFFE.

149

EADEED SETE ^FTE EATEyONNE.

EADRED SET-up-this AFTER

the-lady-EATEyA.

WYCLIFFE, NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 700
Vol.
1,

800.

OU-N. R. Mon.
BAEDA
(?

p. 476, e.

the se)T(t8e)

BAEDA THIS SET


AFTER BERCHTVINI,
a-BEACON (grave-mark) after Ms-Father.
bid-ye (pray) for-the-soul!
of a Grave-Cross,

AEFTER BERCHTVINI,
BECV>r AEFTER f(? a|3or8e.

ge-bidsed der saule).


Lost.

Not

in runes.

Fragment

found in 1778.

19*

150

ENGLAND.

THORNHILL, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 867.
3,

OU-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

p.

212.

Ud^EW
From
Haigh's Thornhill Inscriptions,
Sandstone'.
p. 4.

Scale not given.

Found

at Thornhill with

the other fragments.

Not

in runes,

but in the same costly dialect.

Only a small

part of the center remains, apparently to be restored:


(t ecgbe rcht
Set)E
(er.)
.

5is
.

AEFT

OSBER
.

(ch)TAE

BEG

(un

o)SBER
ge
.

(chtaes

biddaS
er
.

6a

saule.)

Thus 4

lines of stave-rime verse:

ECGBERCHT BIS

SET.fi;

AEFT%B, OSBERCMTAE,

ECGBERCBT THIS SET AFTER OSBERCST,


the- BEACON

BECVS OSBERCnTXES.
GEBIDDAD DAER SADLE.

of-OSBERCHT.

BlD-ye for- THE SOUL.

OSBERCHT
succeeded in his

York against the Danes March 21, 867. Northumbrian kingdom by ecgbercht.
fell

in

the battle

at

He was

COQUET ILAND.

ENGLAND; BUT UNKNOWN WHERE.

151

COQUET ILAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

800900.
1,

OU-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

p.

480.

>-

Ai^

>
i,,i,iil

v^i:m^^,n
r--?Fn? n-r- V^=Tt--?ff

-"

BIS IS

SimLFUR(N).

THIS IS siLVER(N)

of

silver.

Lead

but was once silvered and made to

pas^s

for silver.

Full size.

Found about 1860.

ENGLAND; BUT UNKNOWN WHERE.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

800900.
3,

OU-N. R. Mon.

p.

213.

For the present


olden

lost,

and material unknown.


owi.

Bears,

in 0.

E. runes,

the

common

mansname
As we know nothing
of the original or its setting, date only approximative.

152

ENGLAND.

HODDAM, NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

800900.
1,

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

p.

483.

Part of a Runic Cross,

now
9

lost.

No copy was

ever

made

of

the runes.

This

fragment measured 2 feet in height,

inches in greatest

breadth,

6 inches

at the sides.

Found some time

before 1816.

KIRKDALE, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND,


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

800

900.
214.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3. p.

Ruined Cross.

Has

traces of runes.

One

only, ^ (ng), is distinct.

MAESHOVE.

MONK WEARMOUTH.

153

MAESHOWE, STENNES, MAINLAND, ORKNEYS,


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol
1,

A. D.

800900.
Vol.
3, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

485,

214.

Two
letter,

scribbles,

probably

by

the

same

hand.

The

latter

has

one Old- Northern

the

o.

From

the famous rune-rich Picts-house, long a

Wiking rendezvous.

BORNB S^Et.

THORN

(or javelin) soreth.

H^LHI

RJCISTO.

BjELHI RlSTED (carved-this).

The stone here engraved 1-third the

size of the original.

Found

in

1861.

MONK WEARMOUTH, DURHAM, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. 822.

OM-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

1,

p.

477.

154

ENGLAND.

Bunes
full
size.

TIDFIRt.

This TiDFiRTH or TIDFERTH was the last bishop of Hexham.


of a

Stone apparently the base

small

grave-cross,

the

arms and top being

lost.

It

is

I2V2 inches high by 8 inches

where broadest.

Found about 1860.

LEEDS, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,

A. D. 872.

Old-N. R. Mon.

f.

487.

Vol.

3,

p.

215.

LEEDS.

HACKNESS.

CRAMOND.

155

CUN(unc)
I

KING.

ONLAF.
I

ONLAF. the anlaf


or olaf,

According to Mr. Haigh,

son of a Danish king,

who with

his

brothers Sitric and Ivar went to Ireland in 853, invaded Britain in 866
there in 872.

7,

and probably died


in

Fragment of a Runic Cross, IIV2 inches by about 10 inches

height.

Found

in

1837.

HACKNESS, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,

A. D.
p.

850950.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

467.

p.

213.

For the Photograph, which cannot be repeated here,


suflFered too

see p. 467.

The stone has


can

much

to bear sharp engraving.

But the runes, which

are English-Northern,

pretty clearly be

made

out.

They

are

EMUNDR

ON ^SBOA.
(This
is

EMUND OWNS-me ON

(at)

ASBY.

the grgive of

Emund

at Ashy).

Below
give no clear

we have 3V2 lines of the rare Twig- or Tree-runes, but so injured as to meaning. The 6th line closes with one word, in early Roman uncials, the verb
this
the soul!).

OBA (pray for


in

The other

side bears

the head of a female figure,

and above

this,

Latin letters, bvgga virgo,


It is
is

Originally this piece has perhaps been

the central slab of a

funeral Cross.

about 16 inches high and 14 broad.


a palimpsest stone,
it

As
Christian,
I

this

is

in

the

Scandinavian- Wiking dialect,

and yet
first

is

now

think

cannot be earlier than the 9th century, or perhaps the

half of

the 10th.

Found

early in this century.

CRAMOND, EDINBURGHSHIRE, NORTHUMBRIA.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

9001000.
3,

p.

215.

Full size.

Bronze

finger-ring.

The

letters

have suffered so much that

cannot read

them.

Found about 1869.


20

156

ENGLAND.

ALNMOUTH, NORTHUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT
JR.

A. D. 913.

Old-N.

Mon.

p.

461, 865.

..^y<mi^fiMm
.

ADVLFES D

(JDis

is

cyning e)ADULrES d(ruh).


J)8ere)

SAV

(gebiddad
. .

SAU(le).

MYREDAH MEH WO

MRYEDAH MEH WO(rhte).

(HL)VDWYG MEH FEG


(This
is

HLUDWYG MEH
king ejADULPS TH(ruh,

FEG(de).

- grave-kist).

Bid-ye (pray) for-the souL-

MYREDAH ME WROUGHT

(made).

HLUDWYG ME FAYED

(inscribed).

Fragments of a partly-runic funeral Cross.


Given by Haigh to king eadulf of Bamborough, died
of St.

Height of what
in

is

now
in

left

about 3

feet.

913.

Found

1790, in the ruins

Woden's Church.

AMULET RINGS, ENGLAND.

157

AMULET
?

RINGS, ENGLAND.
A. D.

DATE ABOUT
J\Jon. p.

10001100.
Vol
3, f.

Old-N. R.

492,

216.

No.

1.

G'RETMOOR HILL, CUMBERLAND.

Of

gold.

Full size.

Found

in

1817.

No.

2.
i

ENGLAND.

Of electrum.
1740

Letters

on a ground of

niello.

Full size.

Was

in

Denmark about

50,

when

it

was thus copied by Johan Olafsson:

No.

3.

BRAMHAM MOOR, YORKSHIRE.


4>Ff\4^MnHrT4>^M^l\lt>Pi4>xrF^tf^c;ptP^
Of
were copied
gold.
in

Found

in

1733 or 1734.

For the present

lost or

unknown.

The runes

1805 by Francis Douce.


20*

158

ENGLAND.

No.

4.

WEST OF ENGLAND.

^^(Hn^^PM^^.wfcl^frM^t^'*t^4b^
Of pinkish Agate.
British

Was

lost.

Is

found,

and now, thanks to Mr. Franks,

in

the

Museum.

Full size.

No.

5.

NORTH OF ENGLAND.

mkw h kKA
I

i>

ihk \>/yiVMA-/>m
I

Copper.
Carlisle,

Full size.

About 1869 came


it

into the

hands of Robert Ferguson, Esq., of

who has generously given


Thus
all

to the British

Museum.

these Rings bear, substantially, the same inscription:

No.
,,

1.

^RtlRIUFLT tJRIURItON GL^ST^PONTOL.

2.

^RtfRroFLT ttRITJRIiON GLiEST^PONTOL.


^RtfRIUFLT tjRIURItON GLJilST^PONTOL.

,,

3.

,,

4.
5.
all

EROKIUFDOL URIURIIiOL WLESTEPOTENOL.

,,

^RORIUFLT uriurii>on gl^st^pantol.


as

still

regard
a

them

connected with

some

secret

sect

or

society,

and

as

meaningless
a

mere abracadabra; or

as a cabbala of mystical origin or for mystical use as

Charm

against

some sickness or an Amulet or Pass.

ENGLISH

(?

OR NORWEGIAN) RUNIC CALENDAR.

159

ENGLISH

(?

OR NORWEGIAN) RUNIC CALENDAR.


?

DATE ABOUT
2,

A. D.
p.

1000 1100.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon. Vol

866.

p.

219.

Made
17th century.

of the jawbone

of the Porpoise.

Engraved

full

size

from Worm's woodcut.

Bears several Old-Northern and specially

provincial English

runes.

Found

early

in

the

160

ENGLAND.

BRIDEKIRK, CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND,


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol.

A. D.

1100

1200.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

2, p:

489.

Vol.

p.

221.

-^,
o

Pt^

iSU

10

BRIDEKIRK.

161

A
bind-runes.

strange intermixture of Old-Northern and Scandinavian and Old-English staves and

The

dialect is also mixt,

Early North-English, with a touch of Early Scandinavian.

The words

are in rimed verse:

WEST

SIDE.

EAST

SIDE.

ST.

JOHN BAPTIZING CHRIST.

SUBJECT AS YET UNKNOWN.

162

ENGLAND.

EIKARTH HE ME IWROKTE

AND TO THIS MERTHE 5ERNR ME BROKTE.

RICHARD EE ME

I-

WROUGHT

(made),

AND TO THIS MIRTH

(heauty)

YERN

(glad)

ME BROUGHT.

RICHARD HAN MIG GJORDE,

OCH TILL DENNE SKONHET GJERNA MIG BRAGTE.

Should

my

idea be correct, that this richard was the well-known Architect ricardus

who was Master


the

of the

Works

to,

Bishop Pudsey during


be

his

improvements at Norham Castle,

date

of

this

stone Font will

about

1150

1170.

The lowermost

panel

shows

RICHARD at work!

The
See

runic inscription

is

engraved above separately half

size,

from a rubbing by the

Rev. D. H. Haigh.

Otherwise the engravings are copied from those publisht by Mr. H. Howard.
of Ant. of

his essay, redd in the Soc.

London

in

1801.

BEACTEATES,

&c.

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

Dr.

OSCAR MONTELIUS,
STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.

Old-N. R. Mon. pp. 503564, 8739,

LXVIII;

Vol.

3,

p.

223

foil.

Limdreds H.
pieces,

of these

Golden Ornaments

Rank-decorations,

Family Medals, Giftall,

Amulets, or whatever else they

may have been


but

have no letters at

either runish

or otherwise.

Others

bear

plain

staves,

these are

only more or less half-runish Uind

imitations of the writing on their prototype, Classical monies,

and are here omitted.


as

Some,

here given for the sake of completeness (taking too

many

rather than too few,

they

may

be instructive) are doubtless chiefly barbarized imitations or copies' copies of semi-classical or


better runish
pieces,

and

till

their

sources
I

are found

can give no sure meaning.


that
several
of

After the

fresh

experience

of the

last

15 years,
I

now

think
all

my
that

attempts at their

translation were failures.

But

expressly said of

the Bracteates

my

readings were
of these

only feelers in

the

dark,

and that "somebody must begin".

The majority however

inscribed golden roundlets are really and seriously intended to be deciphered in the usual way,

and

my

translations of these

think

likely or certain.

But we learn more and more every

day, and

some may have

to be modified or rejected.

Special difficulties are connected with all

olden Coin pieces from the words often not being divided (so that we do not
begin),

know where
most

to

from helpless cuttings, and from mixt and borrowed shapes and up or down turnings
characters
are
as

of

the

the
at

object
fault,

is

supposed

to

be

held,

so

that

the

skilled

numisniatists

often

even where the pieces are not absolutely "barbarous" and

unreadable.
are

Just the same thing holds good with


only contractions,
a

many

of the Bracteates.

Other

letters,

again,

evidently

rune

or

two standing for a whole word.

Add

hereto the

additional hindrance of so

many Holy Symbols and Ornament-marks, which sometimes may be


shall never

mistaken for

letters.

So we

master many of these beautiful blinks.

But of those

whose meaning we can reasonably reach


Besides

how

costly

is

the word-hoard!

many

fresh runeless Bracteates from time to time dug up in Scandinavia, two


in

have lately been found in English graves at Faversham


in 1873,
is

Kent.

The

one,

which turned up

a plain disk of gold with a raised ring, internally enclosing a garnet or bloodstone.

The

othei",

exhumed

in

1874, bears circles of beaded

lines,

and an open cross workt

in the center.

In the Hindostanee Playing-Cards engraved in

W.

A. Chatto's "Facts and Speculations


1

on the Origin and History of Playing-Cards" (8vo, London 1848, Plates

and

2),

a kind of

Horn

or

Ornament

(one not two)


is

is

borne by the Horses and even by the Elephant.


or perhaps the head-harness,

This

Horn-like decoration

affixt

to the head,

by the narrow end.


21*

166

BRACTEATES, &C.

One word more.


impossible for

Whatever some
to

linguists

may

jDai^ally

lay

down,

it

is

absolutely

any one surely

knoiv whether
or
ahl.

many

of the

names on these pieces

are masc. or fern.

and in the nom. or gen. or


dialects are endless.

dat.

The

variations in sound and

form of old and unknown


in

Many

(especially in N. English) had masc.


,

nom.

-u,

while by degrees

there grew up Yegul&v feminines in -a (gen. dat. ac. abl.

especially

in Scandinavia,

otherwise

commonly -u

or -o).

Consequently where a Bracteate bears only one tvord,

apparently the
a

name

of the

Owner

or

Maker
it

or Giver,

for

instance ^ltj,
a

this

may have been

mans-name,
or

nominative absolute.
abl.

But

may have been


philologists.

woman's-name, gen. ^la'S, or

dat. to-jELA,

from-JELA.

And

so with other words and combinations, sometimes where

we have

2 words.

Let us NEVER believe infallible


I offer

Let us hold these things

in

suspense,

my own

readings with this express proviso.

We

must choose some one reading.


Otherwise, opinions

Now
may

and then some happy fiud


differ.

may

fix

some

particular formula for us.

In combination with his labors on the Golden Horns, the Chamberlain

Worsaae
His imis

thinks

(1880) he can now identify the various Holy Symbols on the Bracteates.

portant work hereon will appear in due time.

The number of these runed pieces

now

(Feb. 1881) 95, but often several duplicate copies of the same type (and struck from the same
die)

have been found.

And where

one such

bhnk has been saved, hundreds have perisht!

No.

1.

BROHOLM, FYN, DENMARK,


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

519.

Found
suggested

in

1832.

half-runic meaningless imitation of a

Roman

epigraph.

In 1867 I

KItUNK HAG TU OIW HUG.

KITEUNG HEWED

(cut-tMs) TO

EVER-dunng

HOW

(memory).

BEACTEATES, &C.

24.

167

No.

2.

MIDT-MJELDE, HAUG PARISH, SOUTH BERGENHUS, NORWAY.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

520.

Found

in

1827.

Certainly meaningless.

No.

3.

FIND-PLACE UNKNOWN, POSSIBLY BOHEMIA.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

320.

Runes and Latin

Uneials.

Not known when

found.

CUN (= CDNUNG or cuning) iasco (or PUSCO).

KING THASCO (or THUSCO).

No.

4.

BOHUSLAN, QVILLE PARISH, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2. p.

521.

Found

in 1817.

now read

only the mansname: huthu.

168

BRACTEATES, &C.

7.

No.

5.

FIND-STEAD UNKNOWN, PROBABLY SCANDINAVIA.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

321.

Found

in last half of

17th cent.

Runes and

Uncials.

The mansname: ecmu.

No.

6.

MAGLEMOSE, VALLERSL0V, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

522.

SEHS-CUN^ ^OAH^E.
victorious)

To-the-siGE-KEEN (triumph- daring,

eorsemam.

Till-den-SEGERSALLE EYTTAREN.

Most
race,

likely refers here not to success in battle but to victory in

perhaps at Constantinople.

But ^OAHiE^ may be

mansname.

some great HorseFound in 1852, with 3

others of

same

type, and Nos. 39 and 55.

No.

7.

NEBENSTEDT, DANNENBERG, HANNOVER.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol. 2, f.

523.

Vol.

3, p.

227.

BRACTEATES, &C.

79.

169

GAL GLyo^:u-GiAtryou.

OAL
GLEE-GIFT Or GLEE-GIVERESS

to-the-lady- GLyo^u- 6IA uyOA


is

very

fine

womans-name.

Found

in

1859, together

with Nos. 8 and

9.

No.

8.

NEBENSTEDT, DANNENBERG, HANNOVER.


0.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

524.

Found
this a careless

in

1859, with Nos. 7 and


original,

9.

Doubtful or barbarized.

Possibly,

considering

copy of a better

we may guess:

TO AULILyO^ PAM TILLE.

TO AVLlLyO THE TILL

(good).

No.

9.

NEBENSTEDT, DANNENBERG, HANNOVER.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

524.

Found

in

1859,

with Nos. 7

and

8.

would

now read

the

staves

from below

upwards, taking the ta as a clear bind.

This gives us the mansname:


TALL WE.

170

BRACTEATES, &C.

1013.

No. 10.

DENMARK, UNKNOWN WHERE.


0. N. B.

M.

Vol. 2, p.

523.

Not known when

found.

Meaningless.
TO GLWK.

My
yOLW

guess in 1867 was:


HAC,
(carvcd).

TO LUCK!

YOLW HEWED

No. 11.

RANDLEV, VIBORG SEE, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M. Vol

2, p.

525.

Found about 1820.

Meaningless.

My

guess in 1867 was:

TU LUCGWN

TO LUCK! (Luck

to

you!)

Nos. 12. 13.

DENMARK, UNKNOWN WHERE.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

526.

No. 12, Find-tide unknown.


Barbarous.

No. 13, found in the last half of the 17th century.


TU
HIL.
,

My

guess in 1867 was:

TO EELE!

(To Luck!

Hail

to

thee!)

BRACTEATES, &C.

1417.

171

No. 14.

FAX0, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

527.

Found

in 1827.

now take

this

as the

mansname:

FOSL^U.

Nos. 15, 16.

15

SLANGERUP, SEALAND.
O.

16.
2,

SLESVIG
p.

or

HOLSTEIN.

N. R. M.

Vol.

328.

See No. 18.

No. 15 found before 1817. No. 16 before 1852.


^LU.

Both bear the

same mansname:

No. 17.

DENMARK, UNKNOWN WHERE.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

529.

22

172
Find-tide unknown.

BBACTEATES, &C.

1719.

Dou-btless barbarous.

My

guess in 1867 was:

yOLSURU HUyOC COLLD iEEMLEO ELO^.

yOLSURU HEWED

(striick) this-

GOLD-picce for-the-ATBEL (noble) elo.

No, 18.

SNYDSTRUP, HADERSLEV.
0.

S.

JUTLAND, DENMARK.
Vol.
3,

N. R.

Vol.

2, p.

529.

p.

228.

See Nos. 15, 16


p. 183),
I
I

the

in

^RU was
him

& 71. Found in my woodcutter's


199)
in

1841.

As remarkt by

Prof.

Bugge (Aarb. 1871,


it is

error for L (^Lu).

Accordingly

here
c

rectified,

also

agree

with

(p.

taking
dat.

the 4th rune in

2nd word as a bind,

and

je.

therefore

now read (nom. masc. and

masc):

^LU L^UC^A.

^LU

tO-LJEUC^.

No. 19.

SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.

N. R. M. Vol

2, p.

530.

Found about 1840.


the 8th rune
is

Bugge,

Om

Runeindskr. pa Guldbrak. p. 199, says rightly that


stave in next

a bind, c and m.
(dat.

The 2nd

word has doubtless the same

value.

So

now read

masc. and nom. masc):

LiEWULOUC^A G^^CALLU. To- ov for-L^wvLOUc^E o^^ECALLU {gave or made).

BRACTEATES, &C.

2022.

173

No. 20.

LELLINGE, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

531.

SiELU

S^LU.

seel! seel!

('=

Joy! Joy!, Health and Happiness!)

LYCKA

LYCKA

Found

in

1845.

No. 21.

HADERSLEV, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

532.

Found
2 (or 3) letters.

in

1822.

Whether

name,

a word, a contraction,

we cannot

say.

Only

Probably the mansname:

L^

(or GL^).

No. 22.

VADSTENA, EAST G(3TLAND, SWEDEN.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

533.

Vol.

3, p.

229.

22*

174

BRACTEATES, &C.

2224.

LUPiE TUWjE.

Of-the-LEDES the- TOG.

(Of-the-men the-Jetter-row.

= The

Alphabet of the people).

Followed by the

first

23 letters of the Old-Northern Runic stave-row:


HNIYyOPAS;

FUB^RCGW;

TBEMLNGO.

Found

in

1774.

No. 23.

OVERHORNBEK, RANDERS, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

537.

Found

in 1848, with Nos. 28

and 30.

Apparently barbarous.

My

guess in 1867 was:

USSU, ATLITO^ EMLLO.

To- usSI, ATHLETE

ATEEL

(noble).

No. 24.

FYN,
0. N. R.

DENMARK.
2, p.

M.

Vol.

538.

Vol.

3,

p.

230.

Found
3rd rune
I

early in the
like

17th century.

Bugge,

Om

Run. pa Guldbr.

p.

199,

says the

is

more

than w,

and

agree with him.

See the fellow^bracteate No. 55.

now propose:
NJCIUYiENG UYiEYLIIL JLNN HOUiEA.

The-NjiTHUY^NG UY^YLUL ANN

(gwes-this) tO-BOU^.

BRACTEATES, &C.

25.

175

No. 25.

KORKO
O.

(or

TJOREO), CARLSKRONA, SWEDEN.


Vol.
2,

N. R. M.

p. 338.

Vol.

3, p.

230.

5UR TE RUNOa!

JLNWLL, H^-CURNE HELD^A, CUNlMUDIU.

TSUR TEE

(bless)

these-RUNES!

^JNWLL

(=JENWULFJ, ihe-BJGH-CEOSEN of-the-HELTS


the

(the Elect of

the Heroes,

the Chosen

Leader of

Army), gives-this-to-the-lady-cuNiMunDiA.

THUR siGNE dessa-RUNOR!

^NWLL, HJELTARNES HOGT-DTKORADE (Harens utvalde Hofding),


gifver-detta-till cUNlMUnDiA.

Found
The name
ANWtJLF
is

in

1817, together with No. 33.


-

The

dialect here is pure old Scandinavian.


in all Scandinavia.

is

unknown

in

Germany, and only occurs here


a

But

this rare

the

name borne by
the

"Goth" (anaolf) who,


and

in

430,

at

the head

of his

troops

fought

against

Roman
a,

General Aetius in Gaul,

was

by

him defeated and taken


are kinglets in

prisoner.

in

Later,
the

family bearing this name, times,


especially

(eanulf and other spellings),

England

early

the

9th century,

and have

their

seat

and power in

Somersetshire.
In
in
I

my Vol.

3,

Bracteate No. 75,

have brought together a mass of arguments which,

my

opinion,

connect this family with the anwulf (iENiwuLu) on the Golden Triens No. 75.

there conclude:

"Apparently,

in

430
is

a Swedish-Gothic

folk-king called anwulf fights in

the ranks of the Goths in Gaul, but


for a time in

defeated and

made

prisoner.

Doubtless ransomed or
long or short
his life

Roman pay and


we cannot
say.

service,

he returns to

his country.

How

or his sons,

People sometimes lived very long then as now.

But
in

his son or

grandson strikes this beautiful golden Bracteate for cunimdndia,


bands of other Northmen gains broad lands
for the
in

and sword
strikes

hand

among

England.

Here he

the golden Triens

commerce

of his people.
in the English

In time his race are no longer kinglets,

but become great


times,

chiefs

and barons
this

monarchy.
the first

Thereafter they disappear.


tie

New

new men.

But

if

so

be,

we have here

connecting the

Bracteates with acknowledged


in contact

history,

and for

the first time loose objects bearing the


I

Old-Northern runes are brought

with our regular annals.

may

be so
I

much

the more excused in drawing this conclusion,

as

this is the only instance in

which

have ventured to give any such loose Old-Northern piece

a direct historical application."

176

BRACTEATES, &C.

2628.

No. 26.

SKANE, SWEDEN.
0. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

539.

Found about 1840, with

2 specimens of No. 19.

Perhaps the mansname;

FUWU

(or FUBU).

No. 27.

TROLLHATTA, SWEDEN.
O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2.

p.

340.

Found

in

1844.

May

be taken in
I

many
now

ways,

Had we

thousand more such

monuments, our doubts would be the fewer.

prefer:

TiEWON ^tODU.

T^ WON-made-this

for-the-lady-JSTEODA.

No. 28.

OVERHORNBEK, RANDERS, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


0.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

540.

BRACTEATES, &C.

2830.

177
late

Found
in date.

in

1848, with Nos. 23 and 30.

Perhaps barbarous and comparatively

In 1867

my

guess was:
SIHUIN iEND B^yOUI DUO B^1>E EUWiEiDIT.

SIEUIN AND BJEyOUI, SLEW-theniBOTH EUWJETEIT.

No. 29.

CORLIN

(or

COSLIN), POMERANIA.
M. Vol
2,

0. N. R.

p.

541.

Found

in

1839, with the Corlin (or Coslin) Golden Ring.

See the gothic march.

Bears only the mansname:


WMIGJE (or iMlGM).

No. 30.

OVERHORNBEK, RANDERS, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M. Vd.

2, p.

542.

Found

in

1848,
28.

together with Nos. 23


In 1867
I

&

28.

Probably as meaningless and com-

paratively late as No.

proposed:
SYGTRYH.

MGELM BLM, B^SULOE,


For-JEGEL the-BLUE, BASILEUS
(king),

SYGTRYH (made

this).

178

BRACTEATES, &C.

31

34.

No. 31.

FYN, DENMARK.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

343.

Blind-runes or contractions.

Found

in

the last half of the 17th century.

No. 32.

ECKERNFORDE, SOUTH JUTLAND. DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

543.

Found

in the first half of this

year-hundred.

would now prefer;

TW^D

TIWIT^.

TWJED to-TIWIT.

Nos. 33, 34.


33.

KORKO

(orTJORKO),
34.

CARLSKRONA, SWEDEN. SKANE, SWEDEN.


Vol.
2, p.

O.

N. R. M.

544.

BRACTEATES, &C.

34-

179

Both found early


the same

in this century;

the former in 1817, with No. 25.

Each bears

mansname:
ot:m.

Nos. 3541,

b.

SWEDEN; DENMARK; NORWAY.


O.
All

N. R. M. Vol
or

2, p.

54446.
or

bear

the

same

name

word

(?

dat.

nom),

to-iNGE

(mansname),

inga

(womansname), or possibly youngster, to-BABV.


No. 35, probably found
in

Sweden, not known when.

IC^A.

No. 36.

Found

in

Fyn, Denmark, about the middle of the 17th century.

YC^A.

No. 37.

Denmark; found

in

1845.

YIA.

No. 38.

Denmark, unknown when.

ICHIAY.
23

180

BRACTEATES. &C.

3941,

b.

No. 39.

Maglemose, Vallerslov, Sealand, Denmark.

Found

in

1852,

in conjunction

with Nos. 6 and 55.

YCiEA.

No. 40.

Frederiksstad, Smalenenes Amt, Norway.

UGKHA.

No. 41.

Sweden, found before 1861.

YKCjEA.

No. 41,

b.

Sogndal, Bergen, Norway, in 1861.

Barbarized.

YGQEA.

See Nos. 83, 84.

BRACTEATES, &C.

4246.

181

No. 42.

SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.

N.

M. Vol

2, p.

347.

Not known when found.


the

Either an ornament or a bind-rune.

If

the latter perhaps

mansname
ITO.

Nos.

4346.

CHIEFLY SWEDEN.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

547.

Vol.

3, p.

231.

23*

182

BRACTEATES, &C.

4648.

The

large Blink
right,
I

to

the
in

top

left,

No. 43,

found in Sweden but not known when;

No. 44, the top


all

found

Gotland

in

1843; and the Swedish No. 45, find-tide unknown,

agree in what

now

read as the

mansname
ELTIL.

No. 46 was found long ago

in

Denmark, date not markt.


TIL.

It

reads, a

mansname,

See Nos. 85, 86, 87.

No. 47.

SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

548.

Not known when

found.

Only the mansname


ELWU.

No. 48.

NORWAY.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

549.

Find-tide not known.


the word must

Accidentally mis-redd on p. 549.

As

the staves are reverst,

begm from

below.

The mansname

BEACTEATES, &C.

4950.

183

Nos. 49, 49
49.
49, b.

b.

VASBY, SKANE, SWEDEN.


Vol
2, p.

ESKATORP, HALLAND, SWEDEN.


549, 875.
Vol.
3, p.

0.

N. R. M.

231.

Both these pieces have the small errors common with careless die-cutters, but the
two texts agree in nearly every
particular.
is

The

in

riHJiDU

is

hidden

by

the

triangular
text,

ornament

under

the
is

loop.

No. 49

more

correct

than

49, b.

The

common

by

comparison of both,

HHL^^DU-UIG^ ALTE-UILJiA

FIHiEDU.
this).

HL^DWIG for-ALTE-uiL^ FAWED (made


HL.ffiDU-wiG.ffi

means lade-wigg. Pack-horse, Carrying-nag, Sumpter-horse.

The design

in

the

center

is

therefore the Goldsmith's Sign or Rebus-play on his

own name.

No

other
are

Bracteate, with or without runes, bears the above type.


often excessively barbarous.

But, as

w^ know, these Blinks

On some

the

Helm

or Cap,

on others the Head, on others the

Neck, on others the Animal, almost or entirely disappears.

We
which

may
is

therefore say that the

Rebus

is

"not proven".

But
it

this will not alter the reading,

so simple and plain and

grammatically correct that

remains unshaken.

Find-tide of No. 49 not registered.

No. 49,

b,

was dug up

in 1867.

No. 50.

DENMARK, FINDSTEAD UNKNOWN.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

550.

The staves apparently


at

give no meaning,

are blind or contractions.

In

1867

guest

Tuu (the God's name) &c.

184

BRACTEATES, &C.

51

54.

Nos. 51, 52.


51.

BOLBRO, FYN, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

Vol.

52.

VEDBY, FYN, DENMARK.


550.

M.

2, p.

No. 51 was found

in

1852 with No. 56; No. 52

in 1860.

Comparing the two,

now propose

to read:

OW^-ALDT EiEtL^DA.

ow^-ALVT made

(or gave) -thh to

e^.tel^u.

No. 53.

L0GST0R, NORTH JUTLAND. DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

551.

Perhaps only barbarous or contractions.


the M,
E,

Found

in

1841.

My

guess in 1867 (taking

to be cut in half at the top),

the

mansname: etlstn (= ethelstan).

No. 54.

FYN,
0.

DENMARK.
Vol.
2, p.

N. R. M.

552.

BRACTEATES, &C.

5456.

185

Found

in

1848.

Only the mansname: laoku.

No. 55.

MAGLEMOSE, VALLERSL0V, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

552.

Found
I

in

1852, with Nos. 6 and 39.

See

my

remarks on the fellow- bracteate No, 24.

now

explain the simplified

M and

the N with the side-stroke on the right, as caused by the

extremely narrow space, and propose:

SIHMtWNT iENN H0(u8e)A.

SIHMYWNT

( SJGMUJSD)

ANN

(gives-this)

tO-HOU^.

No. 56.

BOLBRO, FYN, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

553.

Found

in

1852, with No. 51.


USCEUNIA

Probably barbarous.

My

guess in 1867 was:

KOWT HUC

ECETIOeA(STU) HILTU UFFTjEIC.

USCEUNIA the-GOTS EEWED-this

for-the-most-ilhistrious

helt

(hero) vffti(N)G.

186

BRACTEATES, &C.

57

58.

No. 57.

SEALAND, DENMARK.
0. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2. f.

554.

Vol.

3.

p.

233.

This costly golden blink was dug up in 1852.


hand.
I

Unique type, a War-Chief spear


c,

in

now

agree with Bugge that the 13th rune


HJ? uiu,

is

not

L,

and read:

FiEUiE,

UISiE!

GIB UJiLYJi (TIU)!

Wage

thy-hattle,

publish thy-war-han,

0-Fcena our-Wisa (Leader, Captain)!


Give weal (success)

(O God Tiu)!

BATTLE STOUTLY,

BAN THY

FOE,

0-F^UA OUR LEADER!


GIVE LUCK (0 TIU)!

Begynn

din kamp,

utrop forbannelse ofver fienden, 0-Fseua, var Hofding.


Gif framgang (0 Tiu)!

Should
verse.

this

be

so,

this

is

the

only Bracteate

on which
in

have found stave-rune


Ch. 18,

We

have an echo of such a Northern Battle-cry


93;

the Hervara Saga,

Bugge's ed.,
p. 82.

Sec. 92,

and

in

Eyrbyggja Saga,

ed.

G. Vigfusson,

Leipzig 1864,

Ch. 44,

See the unique example of the Spear-shaft inscribed with the War-ban, to be cast

over the border, under kragehul, Denmark.

No. 58.

HARLINGEN, FRISLAND.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2.

p.

554.

Found

before 1846.

Bears the mansname: hama.

BRACTEATES, &C.

5961.

187

No. 59.

HESSELAGERGARD, FYN, DENMARK.


O. N. R. 31.
Vol. 2,
p.

555.

Vol.

3,

p.

234.

Not
fore re-copy

correctly given in Thomsen\s Atlas, from which


it

my

engraving vpas made.


its

there-

here from the original, by the kind permission of

owner, the Chambei'lain

F. Sehested,

Broholm, Fyn.

The runes may perhaps be


TE NU kl>M, OD.

divided:

TEE

(give)

NOW EAD
Found

(fortune,

happiness) o-OD (=0DIN, WODEN).


letters

But

all

this is doubtful.

The
in

solitary

may

be

contractions,

and the whole

can be variously groupt.

1856.

No. 60.

ULDERUP, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


0.

N. R.

31.

Vol.

2, p.

556.

Found

in

1856.

May

be nikui or nukdi.

No. 61.

FINLAND.
O. N. R. 3J.
Vol.
2, p.

557.

24

188
Silver bracteate

BRACTEATES, &C.

6164.

from 11th or 12th


JULIENI

age.

Found

early in this century.

HCUG MMlLm,
(struck this) for-the-lady-JEMiLlA.

JULiENl (JULIAN)

HEWED

No. 62.

GARDSBY, OLAND, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

557.

Find-date not known.

Copper

blink.

Also very

late.

JOHN HO.

JOHN HEWED

(struck this).

No. 63.

LEKENDE, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

558.

Found
if

in

1864.

This

fine

Golden Blink bears only 2 wend-staves


aye, for-AYE, ever-yours.

- e^

-,

which,

not a name or a contraction,

may mean

No. 64.

SWEDEN.
O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

558.

BRACTEATES, &C.

6466.

189

Not known when found.


of Latin words),

Silver.

In

Roman

letters.

If

not a contraction (perhaps

only the

mansname: sunedromdh.

No. 65.

SKARKIND PARISH, EAST GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

559.

Found
Greek.
I

early in this year-hundred.

Golden

blink.

Also

Roman

staves-,

and one

in

now

read:

TVTO AIVOMIA VRwITO.

TUTO

for-the-lady. AIVOMI

wrought (made

this).

No. 66.

ILAND OF GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R.

31.

Vol

2. p.

559.
24*

190

BRACTEATES, &C.

6668.

Found

in 1837. Middle-age.

Silver.
-|-

Latin staves. Has been mounted on a Chalice or

Book

&c.

MAIESTAS: OTI ME FECIT.

Christ-the- Divine- MAJESTY.

OTl

me

made.

No. 67.

SKODBORG MARK, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

560.

Found
workmanship.

in

1865.

Beautiful

Golden Blink; nearby lay a golden


Begins
right,

Brooch of

delicate
left.

All the runes reverst.

above the Holy Symbol, and runs

SEEL

(happiness, good luck, success)

to-THE youno

^l^win^, the-YOUNG ^l^winje,

the-YOUNG JEL^WJNJEl

No. 68.

0LST,

NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

561.

BRACTEATES, &C.

68

71.

191

This golden Bracteate was found

"in

1863.

Reverst staves.

BMG

MLV.
stnick this piece).

HEWED JELU (= ^lu

No. 69.

DENMARK.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2,

p.

562.

Either a mere mark or a bind- rune.

When

found

is

not known.

No. 70.

WYK, UTRECHT, HOLLAND.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

563.

Vol.

3,

p. 235.

Silver

Runic Coin,

dug up
it

in 1836,
is
c.

the only one ever found in Holland.


J

The

last

date of the other coins lying with


first

about 840.

now

agree with Mr. Haigh in taking the

stave to be an inverted

l.

not a

LUL ON AUASA (or maybe Adsa).

LUL ON

(of)

AUASA
in

or

AUSA

(struck this piece).

The ornamental monogram

my

opinion gives

us
all

the

king's

name

ecgberht.

This suits ECGBERHT titular king of Wessex, but in fact of

England, who died in 836.

No. 71.

BORRINGE, VEMMENHOG HARAD, SKANE, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

876.

192

BRACTEATES, &C.

7173.

See Nos. 15, 16, 18, 19.


indskr.

Found

in

1855.

now

agree with Bugge

(Om Rune-

pa Guldbr.

p.

199)

in reading the last

word

as a:mlm,vcma.

Runes turned round.

T^NULU (^ DANE- WOLf) tO-^^LJEUCu^.

No, 72.

VISBY KUNGS-LADUGARD, GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


O.

N. B. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

877.

Found

in

1860.

Reverst staves.

Bears the mansname: auto.

No. 73.

GOTLAND, SWEDEN.
O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2,

p.

878.

Wend-runes.

Found

in

1865, probably at Gurfiles, in Ahla Parish.

Bears the mans-

name

NAI>^..

BRACTEATES, &C.

7475.

193

No. 74.

ENGLAND.
O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

2, p.

879,

LXVIII.

Not known when found.


Cabinet
it

Can only be traced back The English

to

king George

111,

in

whose

was.

Barbaric Golden Solidus.

provincial

runes are apparently only

one word, the mansname: SCANOMODU.

No. 75.

ENGLAND.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3, p.

236.

Found

at

the

beginning of this century.

Barbarian Golden Triens,

in

the

British

Museum.

Like No. 74, struck in England.

Bears in back-runes on obverse:

iENlWULU KU(nung).

uSNlWULU (= ANWULP) KING.

Has

also,

in
,

Latin

letters,

C lio,

which

the

other

copy

shows

is

contraction

for

COENILIO

doubtless the

name

of anwulf's Chief Fiscal Officer or

Head
in

of the

Royal Mint.

On

reverse
:

we have,

in

Latin letters,

the

name

of the

Moneyer

the genitive (mot under-

stood)

TENAES.

The Leyden Museum possesses

a later barbarized copy

of this

piece,

also

in

gold.

When
full

found not known,

but before

1870.

The obverse

omits

the

runes,

but

gives

the

name

CORNILIO.

Reverse, also in Latin staves

tenes m.

Thus teN'S (= DANE'S

or

dans) mot (Mot-

house or Mint, or Coin, Stamp, Die.

See No. 25.

194

BRACTEATES, &C.

7678.

No. 76.

DALUM,
O.

N.

TRONYEM, NORWAY.
Vol.
3,

N. R. M.

p.

245.

Barbarous-runic golden Bracteate.

A copy's copy's copy.,

Found

in

1868.

No. 77.

EASTLEACH TURVILLE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, ENGLAND.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3, p.

246.

Found about 1868.


the

English golden Trimessis,

of about

the

5th century.

Bears

common mansname:
BEA(r)tIGO f'= BEARTING, BRIHTING).

No. 78.

N^SBJERG, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p. 247.

BRACTEATES, &C.

7880.

195
venture on the following,

Coarsely cut and


taking the small

difficult

to

read.

Retrograde runes.

mark

after g to be divisional:
TISiECG

HU H^RiENGU.
this)

TIS^CG HEWED

(ciit

for-the-lady-HJERJSNGA.

Found

in

1870, together with 2 copies from the same die of No. 79, and 3 exemplars

from the same stamp of No. 80, besides several other runeless golden Bracteates and some
small pieces of golden work,
all

apparently from the 5th or 6th age.

No. 79.

N^SBJERG, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


0. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3,

p. 248.

Found

in

1870.

See No. 78.

Right word as

usual.

Left word,

runes reverst.

Apparently we must read


DjEITUHiE LILIA^IWU.

D^ITUHJE to-the-lady-LILlA^lWA.

No. 80.

N^SBJERG, NORTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3, p.

248.

25

196
This
(staves reverst)
this
I

BRACTEATES, &C.

8082.

elegant

golden

Blenket

will
is

always

remain

doubtful,

because

the

last

word

for

want of room -i,

contracted.
is

The vowels

are left out.

Usi^ally, in

case,

it

is

the simple vowel


to

which
as
a

supposed to be included on the foregoing


kind
of Burial-Medal
in

stave.

therefore venture

look on

this

memory

of

deceast

Chieftain, and translate:

NIUWILiE

LM

(-

LIPIN').
is

NIUWJL^ is-LiTHEN
As LiwN properly means gone,
war-expedition.
it

(dead,

no more).
here

is

possible that it

may

signify departed on some

A part

of the gold-hoard found in 1870.

See No. 78.

No. 81.
?

MECKLENBURG.
Vol.
3,

O.

N. R. M.

p.

249.

This golden Bracteate bears only one rune,

the a,

of course

the beginning of some


letter.

word.

See nydam moss, Denmark,


found.

where one of the Arrows has this

Not known

when

No. 82.

KILLERUP, FYN, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p.

249.

Unhappily a fragment.

The runes

are

UNDA
but this
the

may

be the end of the name, and other words

may have
Victory.

followed.

The type
of a

is

rare,

classical

motive

of

the

Emperor the Csesar and


Only
this
illustrates the

Part

gold-hoard,
It

Bracteates and other pieces, found in 1874.


to that class of

one and No. 83 bore runes.

belongs

Winks which

"Barbaric Gems".

BRACTEATES, &C.

8387.

197

No. 83.

KILLERUP, FYN, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p.

253.

Found with No, 82

in

1874.

See No. 84.


(inge,

Same type

as Nos. 35

41,

b,

which

see,

and bears substantially the same name

ingwe), namely: inki.

No. 84.

eiLLEROD, SEALAND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p.

255.

Found
name

in

1874.

See Nos. 35
the

41,

b,

and 83.

Also,

as

far as I

can see,

same

as the last, namely,

womans-name

(inga): ^MCk.

Nos.

8587.

GOTLAND, SWEDEN.
O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

2, p.

874.

Vol.

3,

p.

256.

25*

198
See Nos. 43, 44, 45.
see.

BRACTEATES, &C.

8789.

in

No. 85, found at Barge

in

1859,

my

45, b, p. 874, which


it

3,

No. 86 a variation of the above; found at Allmungs


I

so nearly identical with No.

45 that

need not be
1872.

engraved;
all

1873.

No. 87 was found at Djupbrunns

in

They

as far as

can see, bear the mansname: eltil.

No. 88.

DJUPBRUNNS, HOGRANS PARISH, GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3,

p.

256.

Found with No.

87.

Back-runes.

Like Nos. 15, 16 bears only the mansname: ^LU.

No. 89.

UNKNOWN WHERE. PROBABLY DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3,

p.

237.

Observed early

in

1876 by Archivary C. F. Herbst among the barbarous Coins


Is

in

Thomsen's Collection
side,
1,31

in

the Danish Coin-Cabinet.

flan

of silver,

struck

only

on one

of the usual weight and size of the olden Silver Penny.

Museum number
it

12,186; weight
is

grammes.

Has been much

cut on both" sides

to

see

that

was pure metal, and

good deal worn.


artist.

Some

of the letter-marks are so slight, that they could not be given


is

by the

The no
I

are especially difficult, but there

no doubt that the

first

word was

mans-

name.

take the runes to have been:


F^.GANO

TMMiM.
this piece).

F^GANO FA WED
Apparently a
as yet unique.
trial-piece

(made, strnch,

by a journeyman or beginner
(? 0,

in the

7th century, and as such


as well as the (m)
V-

The G

(X), a

(Y) and

K) are special 0. N.

staves,

BRACTEATES, &C.

9092.

199

No. 90.

GETTORF, SOUTH JUTLAxND, DENMARK.


O.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p.

258.

Two
South Jutland.

golden Bracteates were found by a poor person in the

Duchy

of Slesvig or

They past mto the hands

of a merchant in Kolding,

who

sold the one here

given to the Kiel

Museum.

It is

Runic-Roman-Barbarous, and of course meaningless.

No. 91.

GETTORF, SOUTH JUTLAND, DENMARK.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3, p.

258.
sell

This
or have

is

the second Blink,


It
is

which the owner has hitherto refused to


bears
a

or publish

copied.

very

beautiful,

rude Mans-head and the Felefoot,

and the

following runes:

TjELINGWU.

To-the-lady- tiling wa.

Observe the rune for

ing,

and see Bracteate No. 78 and the Kovel Spear-head.

No. 92.

LUND, SKANE, SWEDEN.


O.

N. R. M. Vol

3, p.

258.

Silver bracteate, found in

1878

in

a garden,

Lund, Skane, formerly


the

Danish folkland.
the

Curious for the masterly intermixture of the Old-Northern,


runic alphabets.

Old-Roman and

common

Apparently reads:

200
lAULIGR
I

BEACTEATES, &C.

9295.

SIMI FYIDI IAU5INI

BIRKOIINDM.
this)

lAULiG (= jolgeir) IN SIM (^ SEM in N. Jutland) FA WED (struck


(=.

for-iAVpiN

SAP win) in BlBKWlN (= BERGEN, in West Norway).


V,

Type

of

KNUD

Magnusson, king of Denmark 11471154.

siM is

apparently the

parish and district

now

spelt sem or seem near Ribe in

North Jutland, Denmark.

No. 93.

WAPNO, POSEN, POLAND.


O.
All
details
I

N. R. 31
is,

Vol
that

3, p.
it

259.

know about
in

this

Bracteate
letter

is

spoken of

in

passing without further

by Dr. Wimmer,

his

on the Kovel runic Spear-head.

See "Materialien zur


Vol. 2,

Vorgeschichte des Menschen im ostlichen Europa",


1879, p. 181.
Dr.

by

Kohn and
which
will

Mehlis,

8vo,

Jena

W.

gives the inscription as

^^^1^,

be the mansname: S^b^r.

No. 94.

SKIEN,

SOLUM PARISH, LOWER THELEMARKEN,


O.

S.

NORWAY.

N. R. M.

Vol.

3,

p. 260.

In the

summer

of

1879 two copies of

this

Golden Blink, struck from the same

die,

were found

in

a Lady's grava

Several other objects, including a fine silver Brooch, lay nearby.

Date apparently the 6th century.


and a
dative. I take ta^e

Would seem to be, as often, the formula of a nominative (= tah^) to be the common mansname taa, in England toe, and
Thus:

the elWjEO to be a

womansname.

TA^ ELWiEO.
TAJE (made-this-for,
or,

gave-this-to) the-lady-ELWJE.

No. 95.

AGEDAL, BJELLAND, LISTER AND MANDALS AMT, NORWAY.


O. N. R.

M.

Vol.

3,

p.

261.

Found
the funeral pyre.

in

1879 Date

in a Lady's grave, at least as

containing

many

rich

remains which

had escaped

early as No. 94.

Inscription apparently barbarous.

THE GOTHIC MARCH

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

THE

KEV. ISAAC TAYLOR, M. A,

LL. D.

SETTRINGTON, ENGLAND.

BUZEU, WALLACHIA, ROUMANIA.


?

DATE ABOUT
Vol.
2,

A. D.

200

250.
Vol
3, p. ,263.

OU-N. R. Mon.

f.

561.

26

204

THE GOTHIC MARCH.


golden hoard found in

Belongs to the so-called Petrossa treasure,


Dacia.

1838

in

old

Engraved

full

size.

The mound and

ruins point out the place as a heathen temple of

the Goths, to which this gold-ring was given.

now

divide and translate:

GUTiE NIO Wl H^ILiEG.

Of-ihe-GOTHS to-the-NEW wiH (temple) holy.

= Dedicated

to

the new-built

fane of

the Goths.

KOVEL, VOLHYNIA, RUSSIA.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D. '300400.
Vol.
3,

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

266.

l^T-,^

*:
-.'s

KOVEL.

MttNCHEBERG.

205
Full size.

Iron Lance-head, the figures and letters filled-in with silver inlay.

Ploughed

up

in

1858 near Suszyizno, some miles north-east of the hamlet Kovel; now the property of
Ssyszkowski, of Warsaw.

Prof. A.

Bears the owner's name:


TILiERINGS

mansname here found


the

for

the

first

time.

Belongs to the early warlike and mercantile

wanderings of the Northmen into the Slavic lands, out of which they eventually carved Russia,

from RUOTSi, ROTSi,

name

given by the

Wendish Estonians and

wild Fins to the nearest

Swedish coast at ros-lagen.

MONCHEBERG, MARK-BRANDENBURG, NOW


?

IN

GERMANY.

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

300400.
2, p.

OU-N. R. Mon.

880.

/111!

^-^ -'..''

\
I

->'

^
-T
I

26*

206

THE GOTHIC MARCH.

Found
district
tribes.

in 1865, with other


till

weapons &c.

in a grave
it

from the cremation period.

The

was Scando-Gothic

about A. D.

300400, when
R^NINGiE.

was overrun by Wendish

(Slavic)

The ornaments and

staves inlaid with silver.

Full size.

Bears only the mansname:

CORLIN, POMERANIA,
?

NOW A PART OF GERMANY.


A. D.
p.

DATE ABOUT

400500.
600.

Old-N. R. Mon.

We

cannot

tell

whether the bind-stave above the .^LU be


it is

ML

or i,M or yo, or

some-

thing other; nor whether

to be taken separately,

or with the following word, the

mansname:

Full

size.

Golden Fingerring, found

in

1839

at

Corlin

or Coslin

together with a

hoard of other golden pieces, including the Bracteate No. 29 and 5 other such which were runeless.

BOHEMIA.

See the Golden Blink No.

3.

MECKLENBURG.

See the Golden Bracteate No. 81.

WAP NO, POSEN, POLAND.


See the Golden Bracteate No. 93.

WANDEREES.

THANKFULLY INSCRIBED

TO

DR.

SOPHUS

O.

MtJLLER,

CHEAPINGHAVEN, DENMARK.

THE BUZEU RING.


See under the Gothic march.

NORDENDORF BROOCHES.

See under England.

OSTHOFEN BROOCH.

See under England.

THE CHAR NAY BROOCH.


See under
3S[orway.

THE CORLIN RING.


See under the gothic march.

THE BRUNSWICK CASKET.


Siee

under England.

THE FREI-LAUBERSHEIM BROOCH.


See under norwat.

THE FRANKS CASKET.


See under England.

210

WANDERERS.

EMS, NASSAU,
?

DATE ABOUT

A, D.
Vol.

500
3,

600.
274.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p.

Fragment of a
Dr. M. Rieger thought
it

Silver Brooch,
had'^still
left

found

some

years

ago.

Never

properly

publisht.

on one side uwiED^ and on the other mid^bng, the


is

above drawing not being correct.

The Pin

doubtless of English origin.

THE WOED-HOAED.

_Lhat the reader


in these precious

may

the better grasp

all

the linguistic teachings handed over to us

Scando-Anglic runic remains


wide-spread local talks

the oldest

we have
it

of our

noble Northern

mother-tung

in its

have

thought
details

best to gather together the the Word-lists


at

whole word-stuff in 3 separate groups.


of Vols 2 and
3.

For further

see

the
I

end
have

In the vocables here given

some

errors

may

hereafter be found, for


on.

repeatedly said that


fresh
runic

my work
us
to

is

only tentative.
in _

We
my

must modestly creep slowly

Every

piece
I

helps

amend,

one direction or another.

But

still,

whatever the

shortcomings,

think and hope that in general

readings will be found substantially correct,


at

and consequently that we may use with some confidence

least

most
an

of the

considerable

number

of

words here before

us.

few years

back,

not

even

enthusiast

could

have

dreamed of getting half so many.


All this, however,
is is

on one condition,
a "vowel,

my

being right in
A.

my

main stand, that the


school in Scandinavia

Old-Northern rune-stave

and

this

vowel

An opposing
-R,

has long ago decided (of course at once, and without appeal, and in the

name

of

what

it

calls

"High Science"), that


word,
or of a

this

Y
a

is

a consonant
it

and
is

this

consonant

end-R, the falling -R of a

syllable

in

word where

not a part of the root.

As

The

difference

is

immense, revolutionizes everything.

In fact so

serious a discrepancy could only arise in the

infancy of this little-studied Old-Northern Rune-lore,


slender,

when the material was

so comparatively
fresh inscriptions
last score

and the few monuments gave scarcely any acknowledged formulas.


to

continue

come

in,

we

are

better and better able to see our way.

Within the
I

years or so the
to

number

of these pieces has been


cardinal
this

neaidy doubled.

So

think

we ought now

be able to decide

this

question,

one way or the other.

Let us then take the

general outcome of what

we

moment

have.
that

But
which
be
is

in so

doing let us remember,

the only honest and

solid

Philology

is

that

Analagous and Comparative and Comprehensive,

everywhere following facts.


of olden

If this

admitted,

we must
left

also

bear

in

mind the hundreds

overgang Scando- Gothic


in

dialects

which have

no written trace behind them, but which have

many ways

led
in

up
the

to

those which have;

and the endless changes

local

speech has undergone even

same landscape;
or metal or
later
in

and the equal right of any and every Runic or Romanlettered piece, stone

wood

or parchment, to represent
fixt

wbat was then, and there spoken, as well

as the

skinbooks in a partly

and schooled book-tung.

But even these

latter,

as

drawn out

Grammars, are largely

falsified,

scarce older or later forms being usually past over and the
27*

214

THE WORD-HOARD.
while the words are often corrupted and "syste-

paradigms showing only the "vulgar" forms,


matized by the editor" so as
to

destroy unwelcome peculiarities, sometimes the whole being


that
is,

what

is

called a

"normal

text",

wastepaper.^

The

influence of time also, as well as of place,

must be considered,
earlier

for time will bring

language in one district to the same worn standard as much


in another.

but very rapid development


in
its

And

in general

100 years

will

largel'i/

alter

an "uncultivated" unfixt dialect


in
will

grammar and genders and syntax and word-hoard, and which are not driven out by others. How much more
600
or

the meanings of those expressions


this

be the case

in

the

lapse of

1000 or 1500 years?

Such epochs materially


of our

re-create a language.

In England, helpt

by runes, we can follow the course

mothertung

for

nearly

1500 winters.

Hence we

can see the enormous developments from Old to Early English,

and so to Middle and Later

and Present English,

more or
for

less in

many

things 5 speech-systems

locally modified

by scores of shire-talks,
Northern,
the
last

convenience crusht into 3,

the Southern,

the Midland
in

and the

further influenced
far therefore

by the mighty flood of wiking-settlers

the 9th and

10th centuries.

So

from the watchword of Modern Philology,

"Unity and Iron


as

Laws", we must largely build on very different truths,


all

"Variety and endless Caprice",

Nature

thro.

But

to

return.
in this:

Assuming

to

be_-R;

even in the hands

of

great

linguists

the

system has ended

most of these remains are unreadable, or only partly translatable

with the aid of desperate archaisms or unknown constructions, giving meanings to say the least
strange and paradoxical; or they are contractions; or else they are written in an

unknown tung
of

invented by the rune-cutter;


to hold fast

or

else

they are magic.


is

One must have the Gloves


700 years
of these
-s,

Thunor

and doom

Salmon-Loke school which

helpt by loop-holes like these! - But


first

the doctrine also says


characteristic

that in this olden time

say the

after Christ

the

nominative-ending of Scandinavia was -R.


its

Some

epigraphs are much

older than Mseso-Gothic, with

exceptionally frequent and favorite


in Scandinavia as

This nom.

-S,

(also

common
holds on

in forn Classical dialects),


falls

elsewhere eventually passes into -R, and

then (Iceland excepted)


here and
1

away altogether
the

in

the

Scandian

tungs.

But

it

(and

not -r)
in -s in

there

in

oldest Northern
it

runics,

which show 3 nominatives


or

the sing, and

in the

plural,

and

also

survives locally in a score

two pieces bearing


of old

Scandinavian or
still

later runes,

down

to the Christian age.


later

The nom. mark was therefore

often -s,

but never -R.

How
ac.

then could the


pi.

-R be the old and primitive Old-Northern


is

characteristic?

As nom. and
oldest

ending also, this -s

largely vocalized and falls

away

in

most of the
revives,

Scandian runics and parchments;

afterwards

when

this

plural

consonant

the later -R for the older -s in plurals becomes organic in Scandinavia, where, Danish

excepted which has no -R in some classes,


In
IS

the

common

plural

mark becomes

usually -R.

the

same way, we have


IS,

in

Scandinavia in the

oldest

runics

and vellums such words as


s.

(our

s.

pr.

and our

AS,

who
iR,

or which),

and was, uas (our was, B

p.).

But they
this ancient

also

soon get the weaker sound,


not he and therefore
is

er,

war, var, as in some English shires.

But

Y must

not a.

What
"On

then are we to do with the 0. N. runic words

See

my

remarks hereon
3,

in

the paper
2,

the Dialect of the First

Book

printed in Swedish", in

Nova Acta

Reg. Soc. Sc. Ups. Ser.

Vol.

10, part

4to.

Upsala 1879.

THE WORD-HOARD.
actually containing it?

215
stands alone,

Nothing
first

is

easier.

Where
it

it

and

is

therefore an indeit

pendent word or else the


heginning or middle of a

letter of a word,

is

simply ignored.

Where
letters

occurs in the'
tii>as),

word

(as in ACEi>iEN, ah, asping; fajur, inofasti, laing, lau,


plainly
it

its

existence

is

denied,

however
all

may

stand;

or

else
is

all

the

are

pronounced

contractions;

should

this be impossible, a

then the whole

declared to be magic, a "magical


dat.

fonmda".
and
ac.
pi.,

At the end of
it

word,
for
this

as

for instance in

substantives

and

ac.

sing and

nom.

cannot be,

would clash with "Icelandic Grammar"!


vowel
all

Yet we naturally
oldest
antique

expect
in

by. sound
like

"Comparative Philology" -a or some such


for
it

in

the

Scandian

the

places,

more

or

less

survived

there

in

the

most

Scando-

Gothic moles.

But
was
from

this

whole -R system was based on the strange theory, that one language only

the Iron

Age downwards spoken over


was
Icelandic^

all

the

Scandian lands;

and that

this

"Old-Northern"

tung

(the

comparatively
little

modern book-dialect

whose

oldest

specimens date from about A. D. 1200 or a


-K ending,

before);

and that therefore the nom. and the Passive (or

and the

Infinitive

in -a or

-M

or -E,

and the Post-article,

Middle) Verb, &c. were necessarily "Old-Northern" as being Icelandic.


having these
group.
peculiarities

Hence

all

dialects not

were unholy and unworthy, and coidd not belong to the Scandian
usually
it

Modern Scandinavian doubtless remains such, tho


in

has long since


Infinitive,

lost

the

nom. -R mark, and we have done


in

many

of its dialects also

the

end- vowel of the

just as

England.

Oldest English (by mixt immigration a mixt and

worn dialect-cluster)

never had the nom. -R


at

mark and

the Passive.

It

was therefore a German speech, tho German


in

one time often Jiad the -R mark,

and nearly developt a Passive

the

same way

as the

later Scandinavians

by

its

use of SIK (sich), which in Scandia became -SE, -s,


in the Infinitive,

and tho large


in

sweeps of German territory early dropt the end-N and North-England.

as

was done

Scandinavia

But the
in all the

oldest runics

show that strong nouns had

-s

as .their

nom. mark, tho, as

other Scando-Gothic tungs (and afterward surprisingly in the Early English and the
to

later

Saxon &c.), there was a great tendency

use weak forms. ^

Later down the stream

understand that

many

of the younger and


I

more gifted speechmen


nearly
it

in

Scandinavia are
1

now abandoning
as

this

Icelandic- Old -Northern Fetish.

But when

began

my

battle against it,

30 years ago,

was simply
an

ostracised,
to

execrated and excommunicated.


assist his

I,

Nay,

Prof.

Sophus Bugge, who

finds

necessary

and useful

argument

new theory about

the modern origio of the Scandinavian-English Mythology, now says (Studier over de nordiske
1,

Gude- og Heltesagns Oprindelse,


Euneindskrifter

Christiania 1881,

p.

3):

"Rundt omkring

Norden raadede, saaledes som


til

vi

af
et

maa

slutte,

den

seldste

Jaernalder og Mellemjsernalderen igjennem,


et

altsaa vistnok
i

henimod Aar 800,

Sprog, som

Lyd, Former og Ordforraad stod paa

ganske andet Udviklingstrin end de


i

historisk Tid kjendte nordiske


er affattede."

Tungemaal, altsaa ogsaa det Sprog, hvori endog de

seldste
the

Ssemunds Edda optagne mythisk-heroiske Digte

We
in

must conclude from

the

Runic Inscriptions that


to

in

Northern lands, thro the Oldest Iron-age and the Middle Iron-Age,
there

other

words apparently down

about

the

year 800,

prevailed

a language luhich
to

in

sound and forms and word-

material

was
^

in

a quite other stage of development

than the Northern tungs known

us in the historical period,


turitten.

and thus

very different

from

that mole in which even the very oldest mythical-heroic


to the multitude of local

poems

in

Smmund's Edda are


territories

With regard

speech-forms
:

in

such immense
less

as

all

the Scandian and


less

Anglic folk- kingdoms

during the

space

of a 1000 years

of

much

land-group

during a much
is

period a

German dared

to say in 1852:

"The

contrast between the Ohg. and the

M. Goth, and Mhg.

immense.

In the latter

we

find

simple and transparent relationships in the roots; in the former are crowds of differences.
dialect at all but a general orthodox written language; in the

In the one

we have

but one dialect, or rather no

Ohg. we meet a mixture of

21Q
turns,
to -R).

THE WORD-HOARD.

and

taste
also

sets
in

in

for

strong
in

forms
all

(which

by

that

time show the

-s

weakened

So

Scandian as

its

sister-dialects,
this
-xX

the Infin.

must

originally have
fell

ended in -an, tho,


Old-Scandian runic
only 1,

as in

Old-North-English,
earlier

rapidly
are

became nasalized and

away.
as

Infinitives

than A. D. 800
in

deplorably rare;
I

we have

yet
of

perhaps 2,

which already end

-A,

-M.

But

have found

several

examples

It stones bearing the later runes. Scandian Infinitives in -AN locally surviving on ancient Scandian as little had the Pos^-Article as the is also now acknowledged that the primitive

Jutland dialects, the Enghsh, and


Reflex

all

the other eldest Scando-Gothic.

The Scandian. Passive

or
to

verb

and

Post-Article

are

even more modern than

the mighty

Wiking

outflow
for

England

in the

9th and 10th centuries.

They brought nothing such over with them,

talks at home. very good reason; they were not yet developt in their local these On the other hand, the moment we build on Y being A,

0. N.

runic

inscriptions can be
for

redd with reasonable satisfaction,


difficulties

if

not
of the

always with

absolute certainty,
dialects

there

are

of course

and we know

little

manners and

of old.
fully

Even some
mastered

of

the

things

cut

in

the Scandinavian or later runes


particularly

have not yet been

by the best rune-smiths,


indeed in
these

where the words are not divided by stops.


or

We

find

oldest pieces

no

"Icelandic",

any

other

07ie

governmental or
local
chiefs,
at a

Chancery "written language" over such immense countries under manifold period when no "Denmark" or "Norway" or "Sweden" or "England" existed.
here as in every other land
all

We

see instead,

the world over,

many

nearly allied patois showing the same

general characteristics amid endless minor differences,


others

some being more laggard and conservative


phonetic and grammatical changes.
In a

more go-ahead and revolutionary


holding fast A as
in

in admitting

word,

the

value
style,

of Y,

the

Jewels,
or

Weapons, Tools, Grave-stones,


or
local

bear

words

the

usual natural

scribbles

names

funeral

formulas

exactly as

elsewhere,

and just as we

find

them

continued by the same populations on pieces carved with

the

later runes.
I

add two interesting

indirect proofs

'

that this

can really only


old and new,

mean

a.

The

first

is,
E,

the well-known Jluctuation and interchange in our dialects,


the

between A and M,

monuments and manuscripts (even

in the

same

line)

and the folk-talks swarming there-

with.

Now

also

these

oldest

runic

pieces

(many centuries older than the fornest vellums)

dialects,

as

it

would seem

in

perpetual interweavement.
in the oldest

And

in like

manner with the forms of

inflexion."'

TVhile as

to the
till

ahundance of weak forms


fell

Northern local talks, which mostly afterwards swung over to strong forms,

they at last usually


'

away,

I will appeal only to one authority.^

And

here call attention to another,


is

of a

technical character.

In the later runic alphabet, besides the usual


(or,

^
is

(r),

as in the older futhorc, there


letter belongs

a second or so-called final -r, /k

shortened,

I).

By

the rule,

the former r
I

used where that

to the root, the second form


-R.

only in falling syllables, &c.


latter

Accordingly this /k or

is

the proper

mark

for the
K.

nom. ending in

But

in fact,

the

is

often,

even on very old stones,


should the Old-Northern

used

for the

former, sometimes
really

and

A
fc,

are used almost indiscriminately for each other.

Now

had the power of

how has

it

come

to pass that

whole 0. N. E. period

in all

the Northern lands

^ and

or

have never interchanged,

so that

or

have

thro the

we have

not one

example of a nom. ending

in -R.?

K. A. Hahn.

Althoohd. Gram.
4to.

v.

A.

Jeitteles.

Prag 1866,

p.

V.

j,

Qrimm.

Von Vertretung mann-

licher durch weiblicher Namensformen.

Berlin 1858.

THE WORD-HOARD.
decidedly show a prevailing tendency to prefer the Ji-sound, especially in Scandinavia'.

217
Else

we cannot
expect A,
the A

explain the fact,

that in

them we have

often

or E where
[t is

we otherwise

certainly

and that some of the ristings show no a


little

at all!

chiefly in the dat.s.m.


is

that

suffers
is

change.

Remembering

that

the

usual a (Y)

also

stoopt (A),

as

the

usual E (M)

also stoopt (u), let us take examples from each Scandinavian province:

M.

and E together.
5
6 9

Tanum, Sweden
Skarkind,
,
,

5
6 9

2
2

Mojebro,
Bjorketorp,
Valsfjord,
,,

7
2

24
5

4
1

28
6

Norway
,,

Tune,
Torvik,

5
1
,

15

19

,,

4
6
1

4
6
1

Orstad,
Thorsbjerg,

,,

2
1

Denmark
,,

3 Vi

Moss

pieces,

2
2
1

14
5

2
2

16
7

Gallehus,

,,

Kragehul,

,,

14

4
17

18

28

108
E.

125
is

Thus 28 A
dominance of

to

108 M, but

to

125
in

and

There

not the

same

large

preis

(and e) in England,
is

whose

provincial

slightly-modified

futhorc
Ji,

a,

eA,

yA,
A,

and K

1,

A,

(while the
F

exceptional

Brough stone, which has no

retains

the

Scandian

\,

for a), the

remaining m.
Y.

A,\.

Thames Knife
Nethii's Casket

Ruthwell

Dover
3 Thornhill stones
.

Brough
Lancaster

15

Northumbrian Brooch
Bewcastle
Falstone

Hackness
Franks Casket

....

218

THE WORD-HOARD.
here only 80 A to 57

The proportion

is

(149
all

and E together).

Old-English
is;

words are sometimes cut in


events we are sure that
it

Roman

letters,

and we

know what the Roman a

at

all

was not

-E.

And we have
in

also

one bi-literal stone (Falstone) in

England, the English words being carved


left.

Runic staves on the right hand,

The Runic

(F) JE is

given on this stone by


in

Roman

ae,
is

and the Runic K

Roman by Roman
in letters,
is
less

on the
a;

but

the latter vowel only occurs


piece in Scandinavia.

one word,
is

SAULE, which

not yet found on any 0. N. runic

^9red's Ring

inscribed with micct Runic and


all

Roman
Nothing

among

which
than

last is

the word ah.

Now

let

us take advantage of
,

this.

doubtful

the

common
the 3
s.

formula of ownership
pr.

N. N.

OWES (OWNS,
in its

possesses,

enjoys) ME, &c.,


a,

where
0,

we have

of the verb agan,


0,

to

OWN,

many
I

local

sounds,

ah, ^h,

OH,

18 runic examples.
Scandinavia.
a,

(The ^H,

OH

as having no a

do not use here).

Let us now see:

England.
ah, PR. ah.

Y.

Orstad, Norway.
Sigdal,
,,

Northumbrian Brooch.

ah, YH.

^E9red's Ring (this word in

Boman
p.

staves).

ah, YH.
AH, YH.

,,

The Chatham Brooch


Sutton Shield (Vol.
1,

(Vol. 2,
all in

586)

and the

Thorsbjerg, Denmark.

p.

290)

Roman

letters, jclfgiui

AH,

Yi=l.

Vi Plane,
let

,,

me ah, jElfgiui me owns, and j^dvwen me

ag.

And
coincide,

us apply another test, and see


/k,

how

the usual later Scandian

a,

A.

+,

answers
to

to the 0. N. Y,

in those

very few words yet found on these


P,

monuments which happen

a interchanging with m,

as usual.

Let us compare:

d^g^, Einang, Norway;


in

dYh, Osthofen,

England;

Mansname, nom.,

now

in

Scandinavia dag,

England day.
Flemlose, 3
s.

p.;

r^miDO, Einang, Norway;


rXitr:,

ymm^m, Bracteate 89;


cut,

rPucEiio,

Ruthwell;

Fi+to,

Brough, 3
ac. s.

pi. p.

fawed, made,

carved.

fTbur, Vordingborg, Denmark, f+br, Osby


HiLic,

Sweden,

father.

s.

h^il^g, Buzeu, Wallachia;

Brough, England, nom.


m.;
HLf^FORD,

s. f.

HOLY.

gsen^L^iB^N, Tune, Norway, LOAF-fellow, Husband,

dat.

s.

Ruthwell, England

LOAF-giver,

Lord,

ac.

m.

hjsriwol^fa,

Stentofte,
s.

Sweden,
p.,

nom.,

h+riwulfs,

Rafsal
1
s.

Sweden, gen. Mansname.

wYs, Fonnas, Norway, 3


s.

w^s, Ruthwell, England,


Tune, Norway,
ac.
s.

was; w^s, Tanum, Sweden, 2

imperat. be!
s.

stjein^,

m., st+in,

Freerslev and Helnses, Denmark, n.

m. stone.

Another argument
bering

is,

taking this vocalic fluctuation


o,

in

a wider range,

and remem-

how undoubtedly
let us

A,

M,

E,

u,

i,

&c. pass into each other often in a way no "laws" can

always explain,

take two words, which accidentally and happily occur several times, and

see what they show.

The

first little

handful

is

the word for runes, nom. and ac.

pi.

fem.

We

have

it

5 times ending in Y, A,

= a,

ronoa, euna, eunjsa, eunya, runoa.

Let

us,

as

commanded,

write RONOR, runr, runj<:r, rtintr, runor.


strictly
all

Well and good.

These words can pass, tho not

"Icelandic and Grammatical",


-r.

as respectable

specimens of Middle-Scandinavian.

They

have the wisht for

But we have two other equally undeniable forms, rung on the

Norse Einang stone (3rd century), and run^ on the Norse Brooch (6th century).

What

are

we

to

do with these?

They

are

both in

the ac.

pi.,

governed by a verb meaning made.

THE WORIJ -HOARD.


wrote,
cut,

219
If

runo f^ihido and wr^et run^.

We
'.

see that the system breaks down.

we may

say RUN^: and runo, we


for RUNAR,

may

also say

runa
is

Once indeed we

really have

rnr (carved short

to

save space);
late,

but

this

on the invaluable Danish overgang Freerslev stone 2,

which
period.
ac. pi.

all

admit to be

not older than the 9th century, thus Middle-Danish in the Wiking
-m, -0,
let

And

as to this ending in -a,

us honestly

bow

to the fact of this vocalic


in

ending surviving on at least two score examples


or
later

in
ac.

the Scandian
pi.

runes,

is
I

of runa, runi, runo

grave-formulas

in

other words not yet

having gotten

the

now incoming
barrow,
It

mark

-R.

The second
sing.

tiny cluster
n.),

the Scandian word for low,

grave-mound,
2,

in

the

nom.

(?

m. or

of which

have spoken at length Vol.


of the

p.

849

foil.

occurs as

nom.

thrice,

always preceded by the name


all

deceast in the genitive singular,


letter is

and

the

inscriptions on the 3 grave-blocks are

perfect,

no one

broken away.
with
the

The Norse
or vowel-

Stenstad

stone

(3rd century)

reads:

igingon h^l^ea,
so

iging'S low,

drawl
in

richness in HiEL^A of which

we have

many examples on
here
also

these

monuments both

Scandinavia

and England in the oldest days.


of the whole then will be
for,
I

Now

we may say h^l^r, tho what


S.

the

meaning

cannot say.

(Prof.
,

Bugge writes that we must read halar


this is this

having no

A,

he makes

into a

and that

hallar, nom,

s.

m.,

a slab, flattish

stone, tho this particular stone is nearly round,

and tho

word-form has never before or since


let

been found

in

0. N. runic times for

grave-block).

Well,

us do so.

But then we
low,

have on the Norse Bo stone (3rd century): HX^BMiES (or HN^BDiEs) blmiwm,,
for

hn^bmews
also
clearly

there surely

can

be no doubt that the word and

the

formula

is

the

same; and on the


the

Swedish Skarkind stone (3rd century) we read: SCUiE LEUWiE, SKlTH'S LOW,

same word and formula.


-A
is

Now

here again

if

-m and -M
Sigdal

are correct,

surely

the

ending in

equally to

be

expected.

On
ac.
s.

the Norse
for
to
in

stone

(5th century)

we have again
and

LJiEWE (or possibly L^iw^l) in the

LOW.
overgang- forms,
dialectic

And
in the

generally,

with

regard

vowel-fluctuations,

development differences side by side

the

same land and often on the same monument or


For instance the
Infin.

same manuscript,

let

us take a very rapid glance at such things.

ending, now,

(where not otherwise or fallen away


-E in "that of

altogether in local dialects),,

-a in the bookof the


are,

tung of Sweden and Iceland,

Denmark -Norway,

in

only 13 lines

oldest

Scandian laws,

omitting those of Norway-Iceland, which hold fast -A.


-p.

The dates
p.
1

about:

West-Gotland, Elder, 1290,


1330, p. 25;

3;

Younger, 1350,
agrees),

p. 81;

Upland, 1300,
Bjorko,

Sodermanland,
Gotland

Skone (and Runic, which

1325, p. 3;

1345, p. 113;

(26 half-lines), 1350, p. 7; Helsingland, 1350, p. 5; East-Gotland, 1350, p. 3; 1350,


last
p.

Westmanland,
is

4;

Smaland, 1350
editions,

1400,

p.

103.

Of course the page

referred

to

that in

the

and best

by

Prof. Schlyter.

I
(all

believe that the

Y^

-R school
a.c.

now

proposes to get out of this difficulty by taking rcno, rdn^ as accus.

sing. fem.

the other forms being

pi.

f.

as usual), they translating rdno,

rdn^ by

runic inscription.

only answer,
formula,
RnNA-RA[>,

that this use of the

word

as

a singular has never yet been


to express this

found on the hundreds of

later

stones

bearing this

and that when


or,

it

was wisht

meaning on the ScandinaTian-runic blocks the term employed was

when both
^

staves

and ivinds were included, runa-ritar.


stone
,

This costly Freerslev

which see
rare.

has several such


there
is

shortenings of words
it

by omission

of vowels

for

reasons of space.
contracted,
if

Such contractions are

Where

plenty of room,

is

unreasonable to say the words are

they otherwise can give a good meaning.


28

220

THE WORD-HOARD.
^.

A.

E.

0.

West-Gotland, A

13
1

B
Upland
Sodermanland
Skane
Bjorko

21
1

13

10
6
1

2
9

Gotland
Hclsingland

10

(Thus 76
is

East- Gotland

18

Westmanland
Smaland

10 13

a,

62 m, 2 e and

0.)

The Danish nearly everywhere -m.


these Early Laws,

But there

particular

formula in some of

and in Norse from 12501350,

Icelandic (Gragas),

1250 and 1260, and

Danish (Jutland, 1290),

the solemn words of Baptism.


fa|)urs oc

West-Gotl., A.

namn

sunER oc andJDS helaghA.


fAJsir,

(This codex has also


,, ,,

n.

s.,

f^jDur,

ac.

s.)

B.

nampn

fathurs oc sons ok thses heelghA andA.


faJDurS

Sodermanland.
Smaland.
Norse.

namn

oc sons oc

Jjes

helghi andA.

namn

fathurS oc suns oc thes hselgh^E and^.


nafni) fAdur (fo9or) oc

nafuE (namfnE,

sunAR oc andA

hseilags (andANs

hfelghA).

Gragas.
Jutland.

I
i

nafnE (nafni) fAu9or (fo9ur) oc souar oc andA heilags.


fAthsers

nafn^ (nafn) oc suns oc hin hselghse (hselegh) and* (and).


S. Engl, a,

We
ab.

will

add the oldest English, from the Gospels,


c,

about 1000, S. E.

B,

1170; North-Engl.

ab.

950, N. E.

d,

ab.

1000.
|)8es

South-Engl.,
>>

A. B.

on naman f^der and sunA and

halgAN gastes.
|)as

on naman f^der (fAder) and sunE (suua) and


in in
is

halgEN gastes.

North-Engl.,
'<

C.

noma
noman
namen
these

fAdorES and sunu and halgES gastes.


fieder

"

D.

and

suntr

and

|)8es

halgAN gastes.

The only other

very old copy

the Frankic, about 850.


in

fAter inti sunES inti thes heilagEN geistes.

Now we
intermingled.
falling

see

here that

differences

do

not

mark

"nationality",

they are too


or less

They

are merely the fluctuation of


nasal,

weak and strong forms, the greater

and a word or two assuming a particular meaning in a particular province at a particular epoch which is always happening everywhere. Thus

away of the

in

gast has not

yet

been found in Scandinavia

this

sense,

and

in

England ond, and,

is

little

known and

only provincial.

But
and
ac.
s.

the

most

striking

words here are father and son.

Let us look

at

them

in

gen.

Sanscrit

g.

s.

pitur,

ac.

pitarAM;

g.

s.

sunos,

ac.

sunuM.
sunc.
son.

M. Goth.
Icelandic

(?fAdrs,
foQur,

?fAdar);
foQur;

sunAUS,
souar,

THE WORD-HOARD.

221
but the
fadEres,
s.

Csedmon (A. D. 680)

in

his

North-English First Song has gen.


English has otherwise
sunES,
s.

s.

fAdur,

South-E. copies give f^der; while the


fadrES,

oldest
s.

g. s. f'adores, fasdores,

f^der,

ac.

s.

teder,

fAder;

g.

sunAS,

sunu,

sunA,

sunE,
feders,

and

in

ac.

sunA,
ac.

sun^, sunE, snnu, sono.


fEilcr.

The 0.

Fris.

has

g.

ffider,

federES,

feiders,

faders,

And

in the

speech-groups called Hig^i-German and Saxon the same diversity prevails.


s.

Thus Graff
suno;

gives g.

fAter,

fAtir,

faterES,

ac.
g.

fAter,
s.

fAtir,

faterAN;

g.

s.

sunES,

sums,

ac.

sunu,

and M. Heyne for the oldest Saxon

faderA, ac. fAdaer,


the

while Schiller

and Liibben

in their

Lexicon give both vader and vaders as gen. from

same document, dated 1303.

In the later runes


FOiiOR,

we have simply
faj&urs;

endless fluctuations in the different cases.


as
ac.
s.

As

gen.

s.

famr,

and 2 examples of

35

different

shapes,

among them

the

valuable
pitai-AM.

FAtDRA, faiuri, fai&urO, fauiura, distant echoes of a source whence


I

came the Sanscrit

have mentioned the 0. E. Gospels.

These 4 nearly coeval monuments, translations


in

of one original but in

4 independent

local

dialects

one land,

are

a linguistic

treasure

no

other Scando-Gothic kingdom can show.

But the mine has never been workt.


specimens,
A.

It awaits

more
in

than one "digger".

will

only give,

as

a couple

of the nuggets,
I

for

they

hundred ways explain and defend


in

my
in

0. N. Runic

At the same time

may remark

that

the

infin.

ends in -an, in
-N,

-AN and -en, in

C commonly
or -E.

in

-A,

otherwise -E,

now

and then with an

usually -an. otherwise -A,

-M

22-2

THE WORD-HOARD.

THE WORD-HOARD.
or by artists using the 0. English futhorc.

22o
a few'very short

will

now hazard

and cursory

remarks, merely to open the subject.

NOONS to 400.
(-AS,

Nom.
fem. in

s.

masc. ending in
ex.;

-s,

of which I have spoken above, 3 examples


-u,

-MS,

-INGS); in -A

and -ma, 4

in -o
-ia,

and

5; in -e

and

-i,

3,

besides -iNGiE, -ingi,

-ONG, -UNG.
in

in

Nom.
-M,
2.

s.

-ma and
s.
f.

2 ex., besides -ingoa and -ing^.

U
n.

Nom.

s.

neut.

-^A,

1;

1.

Gen.
s. s.

m,
in

in -iES
-u,
-I,

and

-IS,
s.

-INGON and -iNGiEN.


-E,

2,

but also 3 in weak terminations,


in -a. in -M,
pi.
f.

-M,

Gen.
Dat.

1.

-m,

Dat.
s.

m.

-ma and
4.

-ia,
s.

examples; in
in -m,
1.

1;

in
pi.

-^N,

1.

n.

in
pi.

1.

Ac.
1.

m.

-o,
all

Ac.
1.

And

Nom.

m.

in

-^s,

Gen.

n.

in

Ac.

in

Now

these facts speak for themselves.

They cannot be
show

"misredd" by myself or
features.

"miscut" by the writers.


in this latter period,

And

the Tables from 401 to 800


in,

the

same general

where English pieces come


Scandian mother-country.
1

the English endings are substantially the

same as those

in the

ADJECTIVES,

to 800.

The Gotho- Scandian forms already agree


which here as elsewhere
is

from the slurring

of the

-N

with

the

0. North-English,
as

the key to the rapid

levehng Scandian development,

compared with the English Midland and especially with the

Southern English.
PEONOONS,
1

800.
I

Several costly archaic forms, the 0. Scandian

and the 0. Engl.

throwing light on each other.


VERBS,
s
1

800.

have spoken of the

s.

pr. indie.

Exceptionally interesting here


in the oldest runics.

the 3

s.

pres.,

which unhappily but naturally occurs so very seldom


is,

The usual Scando-Gothic ending


to the earliest

as

we

all

weet,

-5 (-th,
it

-t,

-d,

&c.),

which goes back

known Aryan
-s

times.

In modern English
in the

is still

formally -th, but actually and


is

conversationally and

commonly and
had then

book-language

this

-th

lispt into
s.

-s.

More than
it

1000 years ago

this
it

bad become the usual N. E. mark of the 3


as

pr.,

which

still

is,

but in this dialect


the plural present.

now

(in

North-English) mostly crept-in also as the mark of


it

In Shakespear's
pi.

day

was by a very narrow chance that

this

North-

country -S in

s.

and

did not gain admittance into the accepted book-dialect.


s.

In olden and

modern Scandinavian the 3


us.

pr.

ends in

-R,

not -th.

How

is

this?
-S,

Again the 0. N. E. helps


so
in Scandinavia with its

We

see

that

as

in

N. England the -th was


it

lispt

into

quickly growing distaste for -s


(like

was further softened

into -R.

In

modern Danish

this

-R
this

the -S in N. English) has


is

even become the

common form
Such things

also in the plural,

and

revolution

silently

spreading into Sweden and elsewhere.

In fact

we have examples

of it

as old as the

Middle Age both in Iceland and Sweden.

begin

much

earlier

than we

sometimes suspect.
I

have said that we have no very old Scandian 3


is

s.

pr.

none
I

in the

Old-Northern
it

runes.

But there
than
the

one comparative exception, tho not very old, for


century.
Picts

cannot give
it

a higher

date

9th

But

as

bearing

one

of
in

the

0. N.

runes

is

overgang and

conservative.

The famous
them

house at Maeshowe,
its

the Orkneys,

was
are

for

some 3 yearname, or N. N.
this,

hundreds the resort of Scandinavian wikings, and


scribbles,
cut
this,

slab-built walls
style,

covered with their


the

many

of

quite short in the regular

John Bull

merely

N. N. carved

these runes,

others a

little

longer and ending N. N. wrote

&c.

One

of the oldest of these ristings reads

224

THE WORD-HOARD.

tORtsR SMR^.

H^LUI

RiEISTO.

Both these short sentences seem


i

risted
for 0,

by the same man, who

in the first has

used the later

and

in

the

latter

the older
all

1(

perhaps merely to show that he was acquainted with

both.

But whether

inscribed by one person or no, the words are so simple that probably

few

will

dispute the translation

a-TEORN SORETB. EJELHl RISTED


Should we take the
course
the
this
first

(cut this).
in

words
be:

figuratively,

as

was common
or

the
or

warlike

wlking age,

of

meaning

will

a-war-THORN (= JAVELIN
is

DART

spear) WOUNDETH.

But

however

may

be,

the whole

most orthodox middle-Scandinavian.

We

have the familiar


s.

nom. R-mark of that time, and the everyday Scandian mansname helge, and the olden 3
-0,

p.

that verbal ending so

common

in the earliest days.

But then we have the 3


still
a,

s.

pr. S^R5,

ending not in -R as we had expected,

nor even

in -S,

but in the
is it

forner -5, -th.

Now
in

what

is

this

-i>?
s.

Is

it

English, pickt up in Northumbria, or

fi^st

example of
far

the oldest

Scandinavian 3

pr,,

brought

over from

some
in the

"slow"

backwood

dialect

away

the

Scandian home?
generally

Northumbrian, however,
the
sibilant
-s;

9th and 10th century had already long ago


in

adopted

while

the

-R

tORNR

and

the

name h^lhi
smr^
is

are
is

not

Northumbrianisms.
Scandinavian.
I

The
it

likelihood is

therefore nearly a certainty,

that the B in

oldest

If so,

is

excessively costly.
s.

Should the reader say no, no harm


&c.
3
pi.

done.

have spoken of the 3


Scandian

p.

in

-o,

But
p.

as

to

the
in

3 plural past.

We
of

have
the

one

most ancient

instance

of

this

ending

-UN,

the d^elidun

Norwegian Tune block (3rd century).

The other

oldest 0. N. runic examples are N. English


fall

(date 680), and are in -UN, -on and -u, the -n early tending to
it

away

in

N. England, which
a whole mountain

soon did entirely in

all

the N. English and Scandinavian vernaculars.

Now

has been
is

made out
to

of this molehill, this precious but unfortunate d^lidun.

Tho
in

this final

-N

in

common

all

the

known antique Scando-Gothic tungs, and lived-on


and
is

South-England
fixt

("Book-language" England) to the 14th and 15th centuries,

at

this

moment the
slice

form

in

the usual Frisic and

Dutch and Saxon and German


upon
to

an immense

Gothic Europe

of Scandothis

we

are

called

believe

by

my

learned

opponents that

end-

nasal could not possibly,

even once, be kept


all its

up

locally in

a venerable dialect like that inscribed

on the

fine

Tune monolith, which

critics

agree cannot be

much

later

than the 3rd year-

hundred after Christ!

But
3
pi. p.

let

us turn the argument round.


(in

In

England by the 14th century the -N


left.

in this

was usually gone, only the -E

the -en) being


-a,
-e,

About the same time Scandian


still

writings

had also come to the same stage, -m,


-u.

the Swedish

mostly keeping

its

older -0,

By

the

16th

century the -e in

England has almost perisht,


slur

and has never

been heard or seen since


centuries
later,

in .English.

This
all

final

was reacht

in

Scandinavia a couple of

and at

this

moment
-u),

the

living

local

Scandian talks (Icelandic excepted,


entirely

which has always held


dropt the vowel.
verbs,

fast its

as well as the
still

Dansk-Norsk book -language, have


on
its

The Swedish book-tung


of careless

insists

useful and expressive -o in strong

but

numbers

Scandinavians
the Scandians

uneducated Swedes have given it up. Thus the and English have practically come to the same result in the same way, only

and

made

great haste

as

to

the -N,
then,

while

casting off the remaining vowel.

they were more backward and slow in

What,

should we say,

supposing that England had

THE WORD-HOARD.

225

no really old parchments


he had found
this

to help us,
p. in

if,

on some person modestly and quietly showing that he was met by the

pi.

-n on an antique runic piece in England,

"infallible" protest

(i

that such an instance was "absurdly impossible"?

PREPOSITIONS and adverbs,


is

1800.
both in

Call

for

no remark.

Again we see how the -n


tho instances occur in
it

usually
later

nasalized

for in,

o for on) in N. England and of

Scandia,

much

Scandian

remains

and on,

while

in

Midland

and

Book-English

continues to this day.

As
staring us
in

far as I can see,

there

is

only one conclusion from the whole.


that manifold dialects were
the oldest

With

the facts

the face,

we must admit

in

continual

growth and

change thro the Northern lands, tho in


local

time

all

agreed in their bolder features.

But

developments and fluctuations of population and settlement went on unceasingly (as they do still) both on the Scandian main and in the English colony; disparities multiplied, and in time the great Scandian and Anglic branches show differences wide indeed. The Scandian
creation of its Post-article

and

its

Passi-ve

was

itself a revolution,

equaled only by the large


the English

Romance elements which became


Scandinavian.

so

much more interwoven


as in England,

with

than with the

But

in Scandinavia itself,

how

greatly do not the "languages"


of Scandinavia,

and "dialects"
cannot

diflFer!

At
redd

this

moment
the

the written languages


country,

however near,
to

be

generally

out of

and

translations

from

Danish-Norwegian
in

Swedish and the reverse go on


land,
as a

dail-i/.

The

spoken dialects

are very

many

each Scandian

and folk

in
is

the

one district can often not understand the natives of another,


face
to

in

just

Londoner

helpless

face

with a poor Cumberland "statesman",

books

the

broad North-English almost unreadable by a


general (specially the Danish) greatly liken

common Englishman.

But the Scandian

talks in

the English (especially the North-English),

and a

farm-laborer (from Jutland for instance) can after a couple of days be hob and nob with the

peasantry in Northern England and Southern Scotland

the

the olden North-English march.

Now
which

in the

Old-Northern Runic age


allied

all

these folkships could get on well together, while they

were also very closely


took
part
in

in

speech and blood with the Frisic and Saxon clans (some of
of

the

settlement
all

England),

Old-High-German
has
real

showing

greater
of

differences ^

Only one of

these

Scando-Gothic offshoots

organic

variations

weight, pointing to peculiar development by intermixture &c.

its

the Mseso-Gothic.

This talk

stands considerably
its

apart from the rest


its

has become a kind of Gothic "Icelandic"


forms,

from

excessive
in

sibilation,

peculiar

or

archaic

and

Middle Verb,

and

it

probably

difi^ered

some

of these things from those nothing.

other

Gothic clans whose talks we have lost and


as

of which

we consequently know

But even

we have
has

it

a regulated schooled

Chancery book-dialect

Mseso-Gothic,

like every other tung,

its

curious abnormities and

'

This

is

now acknowledged by

Prof. S.

Bugge
at

(in

nordiske Sserprseg er paa dette Trin saalidet udfoldet.


Dialekt.".
tittle

his new work on the Northern Mythology, I, man med Grund kan betegne Sproget som kun
in
this

p. 28):

"Dets

en germansk
8th century] so

Its

[the

Scandinavian tung^s] Northern characteristics are

stage [cloion
dialect.

to

the

end of

the

developt,

that

we may

well call the language a

Teutonic

[=

Scando-Gothic]

226

THE WORD -HOARD.

exceptions and absurd contradictions within


tyrant- fetish than Icelandic or Sanscrit.
I

itself,

and

is

no more worthy of being made a

need not add that the words

in these lists

which may wear the same general out-

ward shape may actually mask several independent roots,

that the meanings of some words

we

shall

perhaps never know,

that

the same

ending

may

be borne by words of

different

genders,

We
^

that the date of these runic pieces has only been fixt approximately,
little

and so

on.

We

know very

of

all

such things as yet.


clan-lands
in

How
of our
if

should we?
forefathers

Few and

far

between are
after

the lights which glimmer over the


Christ.

1000 years before and


less.

may

learn

little

more

time,

we work hard and theorise


m'C

But

whatever we can now master as to


MONDMENTS.

this

Old-Northern language,
at
all

have learned from the

These therefore we must respect

hazards,

whatever systems

may

have to

give way, and even tho the upshot should be that

much

of our boasted

"Modern Philology"

with

its

"iron laws" and "straight lines"


built

and "regular" police-ruled developments

is

only

a House

upon

the

Sand!

NOUNS AND NAMES.


SWEDEN.

To A. D. 400.

MasG. Norn,

^neeha?; Fino;
gileugce);

Hseislee;

Hsei-tinse;

Hgering (but Hoeringoe

if

we

divide Hcerinqce

Hseuc;
OfDua.

Siaseluh.

Gen.

Scil3a3;

Prfewingsen.

Dat.

Frse-

wsereedsea;

Fern. Nom,.

Ginia.

Sseligsestia.
^

Neut.

Nom.

Leuwse.

Ace. Leugse.

NORWAY.
3Iasc.

Nom.

Mln;

Dsegse;

Godsegses;

Hao;

Ingost;

Lsemse

(?

L^dte);
Af^Eea;

Lia;

Fem. Nom.
Neut.

Wiwiln.

Gen.

Hn^bmses;
Mirileea;

Igingon
S3eg(a);

(? fem.).

Dat.

gfeHselseib^n

Hsegustseldia;
Stseinse.

Dewsea;

Weering^a;

Woduride^
Runo.

Ace.

Nom.
Dohtr;

pi.

^rbingses.

JErbingse;
Hgelasa;

Ecwiwsea;

No^uingoa.

Ac.

pi.

Nom.

Hlseiwse.

DENMARK.
Masc. Nom.
^8eda3g*s(li);

^isg;

Echlew;
LeJDro
(?

Erileea;

Gisliong;

HEering^;
Tit)as;

H^riso;

Hleung;
De;

Lse^seeuwingse;

LuJ^ro);

Lu^;

Tabling;

Will;

Wiis(a).

Gen.

^s-ugis.

Tunba;
Ow1]du-

iDcwsea;

Wiyu-bigi(? ^).

_
s.

Dat.

Holting^a;

Ace. R^g^\s,;

Hornse;

(or also ac. pi. neut.)

Smuhse.

Fem. Nom.
Neut.

Niwseng-mseria.

Gen. Riigu.
m.).

Ac, pi. Hornse; (or also ac.

Gen.

pi.

m^;
;

L^-orb(e).

Chr-st

T" T' TL 'T Z ' r"''" *-/-'^^' -'"''


t^
mark
,

'

"

^'

"^-

---*'

"^

older than the

assumed date 801


r.

after

Frederiksberg,

trom the last half of the fror;hettTlf T.. 8th century, somewhere about 800.
., consonantal
or that consonant
^, ^
^
.

.Hn...K, Heln.s

and hho.., Vatn, Norway) date


have all either no
,

, The other wt nU.. nommatives -^""^ oiner, yet older,

is

-s.

THE WORD-HOARD.

227

THE GOTHIC MARCH.


Masc. Norn,
Neut.

^lu;
Dat,

Reeniugse;

Tileerings.

Gen. pi Gutse.

Wi.

NOMINAL ENDINGS.
SWEDEN.
Masc.
Fern.

Nom. Nom,
Nom,

-se^ -ing(?ge);
-ia^
-se.

-o;

-^

Gen.

-ge;

-ingsen.

Dat. -a; -*a.

Neut.

-se^
-ia.

Ace.

-se.

NORWAY.
Masc.

Nom.

-a;
-e^;

-ees;

-o;

-u;

-'.

Ac.

Gen. -ses; -ingon.


pi.
pi.

Dat. -a

(?);

-aja^ -sen;

Ace.

-se.

-.

iVbm.

-ses.

i^mi. iVbm.

-sea;
-se;

-ingse;
-sea.

-ingoa;

-o.

Neut.

Nom.

DENMARK.
Masc.

Nom.

-a

(?=*);

-se*

{V);

-sea;

-as;

-e;

-i

(?==);

-ing;

-ingse'';

-o^ -ong; -ung; -\

Gen.
Fern.
iVewf.

-is.

Dat. -8ea^

pi.

Ace.

-8e^

Nom.

-ia.

pi.

Gen. -u.
-se
(?)

Ac.

Gen.

-se.

THE GOTHIC MARCH.


Masc.
Neut.

Nom.

-se;

-ings;
-i.

-u.

-sea;

(ren.

pZ.

-se.

Dat.

OLD-NORTHERN.
ilfasc.

Nom.

-a (?^);

-se^

-ses;
-se;

-as; -e;

-i

(?^);

-ing^
-is.

-ingse^

-ings;

-o*;

-ong; -u;
-sen;

-ung;
-e;
Fern.

-.

-ia.

Gen. Ace.
-ingse;

-ses;

-ingsen;
pi.

-ingon;

-o.

Dat. -a(?^);

-sea'';

-se*.

Nom.

-ses.

Gen.

Gen.
pi.

pi.

-se.

Nom.
Nom.

-sea;
-se^;

-ia^;

-ingoa.
-i.

Gen. -u.
-se.

Ac.

Neut.

-sea.

Dat.

Ace.

pi.

-se.

ADJECTIVES & PARTICIPLES.


NORWAY.
Dat.
s.

To

A. D. 400.

m.

wiTMi

(defin.).

DENMARK.
Dat.
s.

m.

^G^STIA (sup.

def.).

vgm

(defin.).

THE GOTHIC MARCH.

Nom.

s.

f.

H^IL^G.

s.

Dat.

s.

n.

Nio (defin.).

OLD-NORTHERN.

Nom.

s.

/.

-,

Dat.

m.

def.

-se;

-sei.

Dat.

s.

m.

sup.

def.

-sestia.

Dat.

s.

n. def.
29

-o.

228

THE WORD-HOARD.

PRONOUNS.
Nom.
pi.

To

A. D. 400.

NORWAY.
neut.
la.

DP^NMARK.

Norn.

s.

Ec.

VERBS.
2
imperat.

To

A. D. 400.

SWEDEN.
s.

Wees!

s.

pr.

sitbj.

^gi.
NORWAY.

s.

p.

Fseihido; Worsehto.

3 pi

p.

Dselidun.

Inf.

(Set)a.

DENMARK.
Is.pr. Hseite.

Ss.pr.kh^; 0.

p.

s.

p.

T^wido.

-un.

s.

imperat.

Gee^ He.

Inf.

Niyse.

OLD -NORTHERN.
t
s.

pr.

-e.

s.

pr.

-.

s.

-o\

3 pi.

p.

s.

imperat. -\

Inf.

-a;

ee

(?).

PREPOSITIONS.
NORWAY.
iEfter.

To

A. D, 400.

DENMARK.
Gsegin.

ADVERBS.
A; Ai;
Hser.

To A. D. 400.

SWEDEN.

NOUNS AND NAMES.


SWEDEN.
Masc.

From 401

to

800.

Nom.

^bse^;

^lu;
lit;

Erilsea;

Gsefing;

Heeidar-runo;
Sseaj);

Hseriwolsefa;
Porlsef;
(?

Hse^uwolsefa;
Uansebserseh.

Hauf^uiikii;

Mmlse;

Mwsyouingi;
Dat.
,?

U|)ser;

Gen.

Gen.

Hoeges.
Lsea;

^awelee;

Bseruta
Fselse;

fem.);

Hy|)uwul8efa;
Stsense.

Hyriwulsefse;
pi.

Svoseneea.

Nom.

Ace.

Ihaee;

Ruma;

Hselhseda;

Helsehedduse.
;

Fem. Nom.

JEheker;
Miicnu;

Hyeruwulsefia

OlJDa,

Dat. JElu;

Unboaeu.

Ace. ^.rse^

Ro;

Ukisi.

Nom.pl. Ginse-runsea;

Runoa.

Ac.pl. Gino-ronoa;

Runoa;
Neut.

Runya.

Nom.

^anb.

Dot. Tuma.

pi.

Hidear-rungno.

THE WORD-HOARD.

229

NORWAY.
Masc.

Nom.

Acela^n;
Sserselii;

iElwa

Asping;

Boso;
U]d;
1

Laing;
Weettset.

Mirilse;

Rhoseltr;

Seemseng;

turmuja;
Icweesuna;

Unnbo;
Iddsen;

Gen. Msenis.

Dat.

Hiligsea;

lulDingsea;

Weerua.

Rsew,

Gen.

pi.

DseJDyonse;

Hseldseo.
Fern.

Nom, Nom,

Dselia.

Lau.

Gen. Goi]Du;

(O)t)c(u).

Ace.

Cisego;

Roate,

Roae.

Ace.

pi.

Runse.

Neut.

lod;

Ace.

Lseewe.

DENMARK.
MasG.

Nom.

^ni; ^uair;
funl^r.

Nura-ku|)i;

Rhuulfr;
Sui|3zks.

Ruulfasts;

Stsein;
?

Triibu;

Tu;
Ace.

PiwbyoJE]Disl;

Gen. Hurnburse;
FaJ^ur;

Dat.

Isinglasea.

BrujDur-sunu;
Fern.

Kujaumut;

Stain.

Nom..

Ujaseict.

Ace. Prui.

ENGLAND.

Masc.

Nom.

^Egili;

JElcfrith;

^leubwini;
Cuhl;

Alia;

Alwin;

JEbred;

Baeda;

Beagnojj;
;

Cadmon;
Eadbierht;
flodu;

Krist^

Cunung;
Els;
q2

Kung;
Eomser;

Dsegmund;

Dah

Dom;
Fisc-

Eadred;

Eaured;

Eomaer;

EJDelberht;

Gisl;

Gyoslheard;
Oeki;

God^

Gonrat;
Osbiol;

Gudrid;
Oscil;

Hwsetred;
Reehsebul;

Ikkalacgc;

Isah;

Lonsewore;

01wfwol|Du;

Reumwalus;
Kuninges;

Romwalus;
Ecgfri]3u;

Wodsen;
Heafanses;
Ecbi;

Wop;
Eomse;

WoJDgar;

Wulfhere.
Dat.
JEli;

Gen.

Alhs;

Hronses.

Raira;

Breodera;

Buciaehom;
Roetberhtse;

Dering(sB);
.

Erha;

EJjelwini;

Hroethberhtse;
(tru)mberehct.

...rhtae;

Mungpselyo;
Berchtvini;

Olplss;

Sighyor;
Cilningc;

Ace.

AlcfriJ)u;

CilniballD;

Kilning;

Cu|3boere(hting)

DoepOnswini;

stan;

Fergenberig;
Sigi.

Galga;

Great;
pi.

Hlafard;

Houh;

Laiciam;
Gen.
pi.

Oswiung;
Dat.
Fern.
pi.

Strelum.

Nom.
Ac.

gibro|)8era;

Men.

Myrcna.

pi.

Men.
Hilddi(g)u|)
; ;

Nom.

Claseo;

KiineswijDa;

Kunnburug;

Hildi]3ru|3;

Igilsuilo;

Wiilif.

Gen. Cearungia;
Birh'nio;

Cimokoms;
Rodi;

Coinii

Geeliea;

Ultyo,

Dat. Berhtsui{)e;

Eateyonne;

Romsecsestri;

Sowhula;

Saule^;

Winiwonseyo.

pi.

Ace.

Aclihck.

Dat. pi Sorgum.
Rices.

Neut.

Nom.

Gen. Dsebs;
Ace.

Licses;

Dat. Beornse;
Lic-bsecun;

Bergi;

Blodoe;

Gear.

Becun*;

Brok;

Cuombil-bio;

Sig-becn,

Dat.

Heafdum.

Ac. pi. Ban.

THE GOTHIC MARCH.


Masc.

Nom.

M\n.

BRACTEATES,
Masc.

&c.

A. D.

401800.
Beartigo;
Cornilio;

Nom.

AW;

^niwulu;

^nwll;

^nosense;

Auto;

Cun(ung)

Ku(nung);
Geegecallu;

Dasituhse;

Ecmu;
Hama;

EltiF;

Elwu;

Feewse;

Foslseu;
Ichiay;

Fuwu
Ito

Gal;

Glse;

Hhlseaedu-uigee^;

Huthu;

Inki;
29*

230
Laoku;
Lul;
NajDse;

THE WORD-HOARD.

Nae})uyseng;
Tase;

Niuwilse;

Otae^
Tsenulu;

Oti;

Owee-alut;
Til;

Ssebser;

Sihmywnt;
Tvto;

Sunedromdh;

Tallwe;

Tsewori;
Uyseyliil;

Tissecg;

Tweed;
Tenes.

Pasco (or Pusco);

Pur;

Wseigae;

Uodn.

Gen.

Tenaes;

Dat. ^.aBlseucsea;
Esejalseua;

^Isewinse^;

^lewin;
Lseuceea;

Alte-uilsea^

^ohaeese;
Tiwitse.

A\>;

Aulilyose;

Housea;
Heldsea.

Lsewuloucsea;

Ace. Uelyse.
Yseca,

Ac.

Gen.

pi.

Fern.

Nom.

Voc.

Icsea,

Yc8ea^

Ykceea,

Yia,

Ygcea,

Ugha;
Elwseo;

Sselsew,

Sselu.

Dat. Aivomia;
Hsersengu;
Neut.

^|)odu;

Auasa;
pi.

Cunimudiu;
Haeiticse;

Glyoseu-giauyou

Liliaeeiwu.

Runoa.

Nom.

Ace. Uia.

NOMINAL ENDINGS.
SWEDEN.

Masc.

-a^;

-ee^;

-sea;
-se^;

-ing;
-ase.

-ingi;

-o;
pi.

-u;
-a;

-ii;

-*.

-i;

Gen. -es.

Dat.

-a?;

-se^;

-eea.

Ace.
Fern.
-a;

-a;
-ia.

Gen.
-u.

-use.

Dat. -seu;

-o.

Ace.

-se^

-o;

-u.

Nom.

pi.

-sea;

-oa.

Ac.
Neiit.
-.

pi.

-ya; -oa^

Dat.

-a.

Nom.

pi.

NORWAY.
Masc.
-a;
-se;
-.

-seng;

-ing;
pi.

-o;
-seo;

-r;

-u;

-^

-.

Gen.

-is.

Dat. -a^

-sea;

-sen;

-ingsea;

-e.

Gen.

-yonse.
-ae; -o;

Fem.
Neut.

-ia.
-^.

Gen. -ul
AcG.

Ace.

-ase;

Ac. pi.

-se.

DENMARK.
Masc.
-i'; -.

-r';

-s;

-^
-i.

Gen.

-se;

-inks.

Fem.

Dat. -eea?

Ace.

-u;

-\

Ace.

BRACTEATES.

Masc.

-a;

ee-";

-e;

-i;

-o*;

-on;

-u'^

-^l

pi.

Gen. -aes; -es.


-sea.
-.

-sea^ -yoee; -^

Ace. -yee.

Dat. -a;

-ee^;

-ee;

Gen.

Fem.

Iceea,

Y^ca, Yceea^ Ykceea, Yia, Ygoea, Ugha; -u;

-you. Neut.
Ace.

-u.

Dat. -a; -seo;

-ia;

-iu;

-u';

Ac.

pi.

-incee;

-oa.

SCANDINAVIAN OLD-NORTHERN.
Alasc.
-a*;
-se;

-se'^

-*a; -e; -i^


-es^;

-ingi,
-is.

-ing^ -seng;

-o^ -on;
-sese; pi.

-r^
-sea

-s;
(?

-u";

-ti;

-^

Gen,

-aes,

-inks;

Dat. -a^ -ee^

9);

-sen;

-ing^a; -yoee;

-I -- Ace. -a; -se^ -ase; -u; -y^; -^


Fem..
-a;
-seu;
-eea,;

_
Yia,

Gen

-a;

-sea;

-*o; -u^; -yonfe.


-.

-ia^
-ia;

Icsea,

Yseca,

Ycsea^ Ykcsea,
-you.

Ygosa,
-ae;

Ugha;
-^;
-i;

-u;

-iu;

-u
Ac.

(?

5);
-se;

Dat. -a; -seo;


-.

Ace.

-a^^

-oa.

-o^ -u;

Nom.

pi.

pi.

-inc*; -oa^ -ya.


-u.

Neut.

-I

Dat.

-a.

Ace.

-e;

Nom.

pi.

-o.

THE WORD-HOARD.

231

ENGLISH OLD-NORTHERN.

Masc.

-a^; -a';

-e^;

-i*; -i*;

-u^ -ung; -g; -us (Lat.);


-yo;
-*.

-^'.

Gen. -ses^; -es; -s; -u.


-'.

-a;
-i

Dat.
-.

-se^
pi.

pi.

Ace.
-uin.

-P; -u^ -ing, -ingc, -ung;

Nom. pi

-io;

Gen.
Fern.
-a;

-na.
-*.

-o;

Dat.

Ac. pi
-s;

-.

Gen. -ia;
-.

-iea;

-u;

-yo.

-.-

Dat. -a;

-seyo;

-e^;

-yonne.
Neut.

Ace.

Dat. pi -um.
Dat.
-se^;
-.

Gen. -ses; -es;

-s.

Ace.

-*.

Dat. pi -um.

Ac. pi

-.

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.


SWEDEN.

A. D.

401800.

Nom.

s.

masc.

lilse

(defin.);

Mse

(defin.);

Sbse (defin.).

Dat.

s.

neut.

Niu

(defin.).

NORWAY.

Nom.

s.

masc.

Nom.

s.

fern.

Inglsk,

ENGLAND.

Nom.

s.

masc.

Almeyottig;
Ailic;

Aluwaldo

(def.);

Gasric;

Grorn;

Modig.

Nom.
Nom.

s.

fern.

gioroefed;

biGoten;
s.

bistemid;

Tim^;
Dat.
s.

giwundad.
neut.
s.

s.

neut.

Dun.
s.

Ba.

Dat.

m.asc.

Lanum.

Fruman
Al.

(defin.).

Ace.

m. lukc;

Lim-woerigne;
Fusse;

Riicnse.

Ace.

neut.

Nom. pi

masc.

iEJ)J)il8e;

Giu^easu;

Twcegen.

Ace.

pi masc.

Ale.

Ace. pi.

neut.

BRACTEATES.

Nom.

s.

masc.

Hse-curne
(defin.);

(defin.);

Lif)m.

Dat.

s.

masc.

Sehs-cunse

(defin.);

Tille

Ungse^ (defin.).

PRONOUNS.
Nom.
sing.

From
SWEDEN.

A. D.

401-800.

Ec.

Nom.
pi.

s.

masc.

See.

Ace.

Ace. sing. Mic.


pi.

Nom. pi fem.

Ssea;

Usa.

Gen.

masc. terse.

fem. Pyiya.

NORWAY.

Nom.

s.

fem. Hu.

Ace,

s.

fem. Yoise.

Ace.

s.

neut.

Dsetsea.

Nom. pi

neut.

Ia.

DENMARK.
Ace.
s.

masc. Sin.

Ace.

s.

fem. Piseu.
ENGLAND.

Nom.

sing.

Ic\ Ik, Ih.

Dat.
Mec*,

s.

Dual

ace.

Gen. neut. Psees. Mic^ Mik, fem. Der^ Daer, Dser. Ace. masc. Him. Dat. neut. Pis; Dset. masc. Hinse^ Doe, The. Ace. Meh, Mas. Ace. Ungcet. Nom. pi masc. Hisel Dat. pi Us. Ace. pi Us.

Nom..
s.

masc.

Hel
s.

Gen.

s.

m. Hisl

s.

sing.

s.

s.

Ace. pi masc. Hise.

BRACTEATES, &C.

Dat.

s.

masc. Imse;

Pam.

232

THE WORD-HOARD.

VERBS.
1
s.

From

A. D.

401

to

800.

SWEDEN.
pr.
Hsete'c.

s.

pr.

Mh,

0.

~
2
s.

3 pi

pr. Hsebo;

Meeleel

s.

p.
pi.

Dseude; Hiuk:
p.

Oseg; (r8eis)ti; Ssete; Wseryit,

Wseritse, Riuti; Wortse.

(I)ugo (or

(W)ugo).

Imperat.

Gsea.:

NORWAY.

s.

pr.

A, Ah', 0, Oh.

s.

p.

Fj\)se\;

Was;

Wrseitse,

Wrseet.

Imperat.

s.

Ah^

DENMARK.

s.

p.

Kserjji;

Fajai;

Sati.

s.

pi.

p.

Truknajau.

ENGLAND.
1
s.

pr.

Bim;

Yce.
Fegta}3.

pr.
s.

Ah^ Oh;
Darstse,

Coecas;
Darste;

Drygy}?;
bineald;

Recs;

Sbsersedh.

p.

Hnag;

anof;

3 Wses. 3

pi.
s.

pr.
p.

Beckcto; Foedde; Fauoe}3o, FuJDe;


Sete,
Urit.
Settse,

onGeredse;

aarof;

Het;

anof;

aRserde; Ysetae,

Settae,
pi.

Soettoe;

giswom;
Faijju;
gefiid
!

Walde; Warj^; Wees; Wolk; Worhie;


binealdun;

p.

Kwomu;
imperat.

aLegdun;
!

Setton;
pi.

bismseredii;
giBidseJ),

gistoddun.

s.

gisid

Wisse

3
s.

imperat.

gesidaed, gesidsed, gisiddad,

geBiddaja,

geBiddsejD!

pr. subj.

Hehpee; Iwi;

Lice; usmse

Inf.

Buga; Hselda; Hiewan;


BRACTEATES, &C.

gistiga.

s.

pr.

^nn^.

s.

p.

Fihsedu; Hseg; flu; Vrwito.

s.

imperat.

Gib! Hse'! Te'!

PREPOSITIONS.
Yfeeta;

From
SWEDEN.

A. D. 401 to 800.

^t, Et;

(or Uti); I;

Mut; Uti (or

I).

NORWAY.
?

yEt; Ute.

DENMARK.
Aft,

^ft.
ENGLAND.

Aft,

After,

^fte, ^ftar,
In^ P; MilD^

Mher\
Of-,

^ft^er^ Aeftaer^
Ti,

beAft^r;

Ift;

^t.

At; Forse, Fore,

Fiir;

On^ 0;

Tyo.

BRACTEATES.

To.

ADVERBS.
j^,

From

A.

D. 401 to 800.

SWEDEN.

^iu; Geu, Geuw;

Hseerse, Herse; Ni; Nu.

NORWAY.

Ao;

H8er(cB).

THE WORD-HOARD.

233

ENGLAND.
Aici;

And, End; Ean; Fearran; ^tGadre; Her; Hwejjrse; Ni^ Eac; Sare; Per^,
BRACTEATES.

Peer.

Nu.

NOUNS AND NAMES.


SWEDEN.

From 801

to

Masc.

Nam. Nom. Nom,

Enruk; Halstun;
Dot. Roaul.

liseuri;

Inofasti;

Ruti; Samsi.

Gen. JEsmuts; Hariwulfs,

Ace. Fa|)r; Sigi;

Stun; Sul; Teeen.

Nom.

pi.

Stainar.

Fern.

Kearstin.
Riusii.

Gen. Unu.

Dat. Mariu.

Neut.

NORWAY.
3Iasc.

Nom.

Aluer; Bonte; OJ)inkar; Prestr; Tone;

Dormu^; Porrsonr;

Port.

Dat. ^nsadgm.

Fem. Nom.

Ossk.

Dat. Sikktale.

Ace.

Auik; Kloko.

DENMARK.

Masc Nom.
Fem. Nom.

A(Rfik)I; ^slaikir: Olufr; Skser; Siuar^; Staein; Tyw; Unitr.

Gen. Kunuselts;
pi.

Ruhalts; Sikwwlfs; Sunar; Tadis; Pular.


Sol; Porse.

pi.

Ace. Stain.

Dat.

Sal-haukum.

Gen. Afai; \nkur.

Ac.

JEr-ruaar.

ENGLAND.
Masc.

Nom.

Emundr;

Hselhi;

(Hl)vdwyg;

Myredah;

Onlaf;

Rikarth;

Tidfirf);

Pornr.

Gen. Eadvlfes.

Dat. Osberchtae.

Fem. Nom.
Neut.

Dat. Merthe; Sav(le). Dat. iEsboa.


BRACTEATES, &C.

Nom.

Masc.

Nom.

lauligr; lohn;

lulieni.

pi.

Dat. lau^ini; Simi.


Birkoiinum.

Fem. Nom.

Dat. ^miliu.

Dat.

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.


SWEDEN.

From 801

to

Dat.

s.

fem. Uena (defin.). ENGLAND.

Masc.

s.

nom. Jernr; Siuilfurn.

PRONOUNS.
Dat.
s.

From 801

to

SWEDEN.
Dik.,

Ace.

s.

m. Sin; Pansi; Ponise.

NORWAY.
Aec.
s.

f.

Pissa.

Nom.

pi. f.

Sise.

234

THE WORD-HOARD.

DENMARK.
Gen.
s.

f.

Sinser.

Ac.

pi. f.

Pisi.

ENGLAND.

Nom.

s.

Pis.

Norn.

s.

m. He.

Dat.

s.

f.

This.

Ace.

s.

Meh^ Me.

VERBS.
3
s.

From 800
SWEDEN.

to

p. JEa.; Korjje, Kar^i; Risti; Wraiti.

NORWAY.

s.

pr.

Oh.

s.

p.

G
p.

(?

GarJ)e);

Styopte.

pi.

p.

Leto.

Inf.

Styopa

DENMARK.

s.

pr.

Huiler.

s.

Raisti;

Uk.

s.

imper.

Al!

ENGLAND.

s.

pr. 0; Is; SaerJ).

s.

p.

Brokte; Feg(de); Rseisto; Seta; IWrokte.


BRACTEATES.

s.

p.

Fyidi; Ho, Hfing.

PREPOSITIONS.
SWEDEN.
Yuir.

From 801

to

BRACTEATES.
I;

NORWAY.
I;

DENMARK.
0.

ENGLAND.
0,

Aa.

On^

To.

On.

ADVERBS.
NORWAY.
Ok, Uk.

From 801
DENMARK.

to

ENGLAND.
Pser.

Afta; Hserse; In; Iwika.

FKE8H FINDS,
TOO LATE FOR ROOM
IN

THEIR PROPER PLACE.

KROGSTAD, UPLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
this

A. D.

400500.
Vol. 3, p.

See page 14 in

volume.

Old-N. R. Mon.

452.

Here repeated, from drawings kihdly forwarded by the Swedish Rune-smith Adjunct
K. A. Hagson of Linkoping, showing the stone as
dots on the figure,
the bild that of a
that
it

now

stands.
falls

There never have been any


Adjunct Hagson thinks
hint,
1

and

therefore

the idea

of chain-mail

away.

man

praying to
Christian,

the Gods. the


attitude
in

Helpt by
of

this

ingenious

now suggest
figures

the

deceast was a
in in

prayer
oldest

reminding

us

of

similar

(ORANTES)

the

Catacombs and elsewhere

the

West.

Isolated Christian families

were found

the otherwise heathen North hundreds of years

before

the

historical Missions

30*

238

FRESH FINDS.

VISBY, GOTLAND, SWEDEN.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.

A. D.
Vol.

1250 1300.
3,

p.

404.

Golden Finger-ring, found by workmen digging near Visby

in

1880.

Is

now

in the

Husaby Museum, Smaland, Sweden.


less

Here given
all

full

size.

More than

a dozen such,

more

or

of the

same

type, and

all

or nearly

met with

in

Gotland, are in the National Museum,

Stockholm.

The retrograde runes

spell the

name

of the owner:

INOFASTI.

STRAND, RYFYLKE, STAVANGER, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

200 300.
p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3.

453.

Found
been
lifted

as building-stone in the roof of an outhouse,

in

the

autumn

of 1882.

Had

from a grave-mound near the farm-house.


but

Another such rune-stone, with a short


disappeared.

risting,

had stood on another how nearby,

has

Taken out and sent

to

Christiania in July 1883.

Coarse-grained gray granite, about 7 feet 7 above ground, 9 inches

thick, greatest breadth nearly 21 inches.

From

the beginning, surface rough and weathered;


in

runes not elegantly cut.


weathering,
characters

Part of the tips


is

of the staves

the right line has suffered from

and
can
I

one letter here (the l)


be fairly

doubtful,

as

the

top

is

gone.

In
left

general,

the

made out
line,

All

wend-runes,

redd

from right to

(from below

upward).

propose (right

middle, left):

HiEDU(L)iEICjEA, ECAI iEGSI ST^DiEA.

HiE^IWIDO M^EGUM IN INO.

To-HJEDV(L)u^ic^, AYE the- AWE of-the- STEADS

(coasts,

ever bravely harrying the foemen's harbors).

BOWED

(buried in his grave-mound) with-his-MAUGS (kinsfolk)

him

mo

Ino laid him in

his

barrow,

to

rest

with his kindred).

FRi:SH

FINDS.

239

TORVIX, HARDANGER, NORWAY.


,

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

200-300.
3,

Old-N. R. iMon.

Vol.

p. 403.

Now
of the

in the

Bergen Museum.

Engraved

V15

of the size.

Granite.

Found

in

the

spring of 1880 in a ruined grave-mound which contained a stone-kist built up of slabs.

One

long

side- stones

(the

only
it

one of granite) had been taken from a

far

older barrow,

and

had

be^n

slightly cut

that

might

fit

in.

But

it

bore rune-words

in

minne of the

240

FRESH FINDS.

dead man on whose grave


cut away, at least the

it

had stood, and, when used as building-material and a small part


letter disappeared.

arm of one

As the grave-chamber and

its

contents

date from about the 6th century,

and a long time must have elapst before the olden tomb
to very ancient times,

would be thus desecrated, and as the runes and word-forms point back

we cannot

well fix

it

later

than about the 3rd yearhundred.


still

This

is

the

first

Old-Northern

heathen stone found as building-gear in a

later

heathen

tumulus.

The angle above the


short

and before the w,

take to be a dividing mark.


or

As we have here the

type which may

stand for either M (d)

(m),

we

are
it

not sure

whether the name was


likely

lmmm
or

or L^D.*;.
these-

Should anything more have followed,


RUNES.

was most

the

usual

WROTE

WROTE

What

stands on the block

is:

L^:M^ (or LiED^) WiERING^A.

L^M^.

(or

l^dje)

to-

wiring.

FRESH FINDS.

241

TORVIK, HARDANGER, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

200 300.
3. f.

Old-N. R. Moil.

457.

A
heathen

second stone,

clay-slate,
8
feet

belonging to a long side of the same grave-kist in this

tumulus.

Measures

10 inches

in

length

by

feet

in

breadth,

with

242

FRESH FINDS.

thickness of from 2V3 inches to SVg'l^be runes rubbed-in, they were first seen in June 1883 by the Norse Oldlorist A.

lilie

those on the Einang block;

Lorange, Keeper of the Bergen


(|||,

Museum, where

this

slab

now

is.

very faint beginning-mark


first

as on the Forsa
is

Ring and
the

the Valsfjord Rock) stands before the

letter (b).

The

inscription

quite complete,

name
This

of the sleeper below:

PIEtROnWENC.
is

equal to MEMOD/iVG or SON, and


feet.

is

found here for the

first

time.

Several of the staves

have ornamental

S.EBO,

HOPREKSTAD, SOGNEFJORD, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

750
3.

800.

Old-N. R. Mon.

p 407.

,,

'^ill ,\^ /sth, but the

rJ " ^;8;.-'-W
r,^es
full

'' ^'king-swords; found


A.

Lorange,

nscnpfons on
.n

of these blades are dan,asceed, and not a few ha the one s.de and trade-arks or ornatnents on the other, the letters or nrks

s,.e.

Many

Norway, studied and identified Keeper of the Bergen Mnseu.. Engraved


in

18S6

':il r

' the older staves, or ,n

T- "' "'" Roman

''"

'

"'"^

or n,i.t

Ro.

^
letters.

ad Rie

^ " These ristings are This sword has no onlj

FRESH FINDS.

243
it,

tho Old-Nortliprn runes,

but has also the Thor-mark,


often

with

its

phonetic

or

sotmded value
of the
left.

THDR,
is

like

as -f or

is

used with
lettering,

its

phonetic value Christ.


runes,
reads

The form

costly variant.
are,

The whole

in reverst

from right to

The

words

quite clearly:

OH CURMTO.

OWNS

(possesses-me)

thurmute.

ROMES-FELL,
?

S.

TRONYEM, NORWAY.
A. D.

DATE ABOUT

800-900.
5, p.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol

411.

In

1880 two

fine

Walrus-teeth were found

in

a deep

rock-cleft.

They

are

now

in

the

Tronyem Museum.

The one

bears, in the usual runes,

K^TIL A

K^TIL OWNS-me.
has the Old-Northern

The other, here given Vsrd


therefore transitional.

of

the

size,

and the archaic K,

and

is

The

letters, given separately full bigness,

are merely the

name

of the lady

OSSK

whose property
wife,

it

was.

The valuable teeth may

therefore

have

belonged to husband

and

or to brother and sister, and are from the time

when the Norwegian landholder Ohthere

told

king Alfred of England

how he

got similar teeth by Walrus-fishing in the Northern seas.

31

244

FBESH FINDS.

EIDSBERG, SMALENENE, NORWAY.


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.

A. D.
Vol.

11001200.
3.

p. 412.

In the

summer
here

of 1880,

during the repairs of Eidsberg Church,


builder,
in

granite slab was

found bearing the name of


letter (g).
It
is

the

later

runes

but

also

having

one

Old-Northern
of

given ^/igth

of the

original.

Four other runish


chiefly

slab.s

brick
in

also

turned
days,
is

up,

connected with later alterations.


first

The name,

used

in

Denmark

olden

here seen for the

time in Norway.

OKNKAR
OTBiNKAR
G(ared,

G(arlDi).

made,

built this).

SEALAND, DENMARK.
?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.
Vol.

1200 1300.
3,

p.

458.

FRESH FINDS.

245

Copper.
to

Engraved

full

size.
it

Found
for

in

June 1879 by a man digging, sold by him


in

a dealer,

from

whom

bought

trifle

August 1883.

Is

now

in

the

Husaby

Museum, Smaland, Sweden.


I

Has

modern

look,

but the 0. N. runes are absolutely genuine.


or

give

it

as

find it,

looking upon the piece as a stamp


lead
or

punch,
or

for striking impressions

with a

hammer on
all

soft

wax

or

terra- sigillata

flans

blanks.

Such things were

immensely used
give

thro the

middle ages.

Only

reverst

letters,

whose impression would

perhaps the beginning of a name:


HU.

CHESSELL DOWN, ILE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT A

D.

500

600.
459.

Old-K R. Mon.

Vol.

3, p.

31*

246

FRESH FINDS.
Iron Sword,

The above drawing

is

half the bigness.


in

now

in

the British

Museum.
first

Found about the middle


seen in 1882 by Aug.
2 feet 6V2 inches;

of this century

an Old English grave.

But the runes were

W.

Franks, Esq., the Director.


tip

Present length of blade from the guard,

from the guard to the

of the

pommel 6V2

inches.

The runes

are on

the inner side of the silver scabbard-mount,


cleaned.

and were only seen lately when the piece was

Hence

their perfect preservation,


I

tho so slightly cut-in.


full

They have been hidden

for

some 1300 winters!

give

them and the mount here

size:

^:co scERi!

AWE

(terror,

death

and

destruction) to-the-SERE (brynie,


this
his

armor, weapons, of the foe)!

In this case the

owner had cut


the
easier

spell,

singing therewith

some chaunt

of super-

natural

power,

to

overcome

unsuspecting

enemy.

All

such witchcraft and


this is the only such

amulet-bearing &c. was strictly forbidden.


secret rune-risting yet found.

Whatever

the staves

mean,

CHESTER-LE-STREET,
?

N.

DURHAM, ENGLAND.
700800.
3,

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

p.

461.

Found

in

June

1883,
2 feet

in

repairing

the

Chancel

of

the

once

Collegiate

Church.

Closish-grained sandstone,

11 high

by 8 inches broad below,

7 above.

The lowest
is

uncarved 5 inches went into the socket of the grave-cross,


that
front.
is

of which this square pillar

all

left.

The back has knot-winds almost


is

identical with those

below the horseman on the

All the writing seen here

the dead man's name,

EADMUND.

Only the M and N are 0. Northern runes, the other staves being Roman.

FRESH FINDS.

247

RIGHT SIDE PATTERN,

Kif

FRONT.

LEFT

SIDE.

SELSEY, SUSSEX, ENGLAND


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.
Vol.

700
3,

800.
463.

Old-N. R. Mov.

p.

Two
a

bits

of a golden finger-ring,

now

in

the British

Museum.

They were

pickt up
to

few years ago,

along with 280 small British golden Coins

and other objects,


to time.
faint

down

the

middle age.

Such things are thrown on the coast there from time

These ring-morsels are so much injured and the runes so


that
J

from long

friction,

will

not attempt any engraving.


of

But

my

decipherment of the staves was approved by

Mr. Franks and by Mr. C. H. Read,


bear
^R.IM>R.1-

the British
h

Museum. The u
in

The
brotr
is

first

fragment seems to

(brotrn), the second Pi

(on el).
the

not quite perfect.


here
slightly

The

distances between on and e and l are

from

shape of the ring,

raised and

past
will

over.

The n

is

the

beginning

of a

lost

mansnanie
...

let

us

say niclas.

The whole

then be:

BRTOR Niclas ON EL

BROTHER

Niclas

ON

(of)

EL

248

FRESH FINDS.

THORNHILL, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

700

800.
414.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol.

3, p.

FKONT.

SIDE.

BACK.

Found
chamber.

at

the

close

of

1881

in

the

Tower

of Thornhill

Church,
Is

up

in

the

bell-

Now

taken out and carefully preserved in the holy house.

21 inches long, I2V2


Part of the tapering

broad below to 16^/4 above, thickness 7V2 inches at bottom to 7 at top.


shaft of a sandstone grave-cross,
raised
is

by a Lady to a Lady.

The

relationship or friendship
of

then known locally to

all

not mentioned.

Gives the earliest instance in England

AR^RDE, and the only runic example yet

found

in

England of BERG for BARROW, grave-mound.


Scandinavian mother-land.

Only 3 other such runic instances are known

in the

The womans-

name
see,

igilsuith has never before

turned

up

in

England.

Observe the bind-runes.

As we

the grave -words are 4 lines of stave- rime verse:

FRESH FINOS.

249
(raised)

IGlLSUIlt

AR.IiRDK

IGILSUITH A-REARED

jEFTER BERHTSUI^E

AFTER

(in

minne

of)

BERHTSUJTE

BEGUN AT BERGI.
geBlDDAI> l>iER SAULE.

this- BEACON

(pillar - stone)

at

(on,

close

to)

the-BARROW (how, tumulus).


BiD-ye (pray-ye) for -the soul.

DEARHAM, NEAR MARYPORT, CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND.


?

DATE ABOUT

A. D.

850 950.
420. 447.

Old-N. R. Mon.

Vol. 3, p.

250

FRESH FINDS.

Taken out of the Church during


found,

its

restoration

in

1882,

and the end-inscriptions

by the Rev.

S.

Calverley,

later personal examination has

whom I have to thank for all details and materials. This sarcophagus, convinced me of their entire correctness.
where the further side and ends would
least width

of yellowish

sandstone,

once stood alongside a wall,

not be seen.

Length, 4 feet by 3 inches and a quarter;


the

13 inches, greatest

15,

depth
(p.

6.

Is

second

sarcophagus slab
first.

bearing runes

known

to

me

in

England.

Dover

140 above) being the

The

principal
I

scene,

Man
It

fallen

and

Man redeemed,

is

clear.
is,

It

is

shown

in

masterly way, which

have never seen before.


is

What
in

strikes us
it

that

Adam

and Eve are

draped, a conventional handling.

not the sin

Paradise;

is

the

Man- kind, the Human


shown on the

Race, for

whom

Christ died.

And

so the Serpent, his revenge and punishment,


as so often in

same plane by doubling

his form,

olden

art,

pagan and Christian.

We
in

must

wait for fresh finds, before we can speak with certainty on the other symbols.

At

the

bottom

is

the

name

of

the

deceast,

probably

an

ecclesiastic,

early

Roman

letters

ADAM.

Above, a corner of the stone

is

broken away.

Originally the runes doubtless were:

(krist s)u(l) gi-ni^ra.

May-Christ his-soVL n^ere


First time
in

(save,

bless)!

this

common
the

0. Engl, and Scando-Gothic word nj!:ra(n) has

been

found in runes
in gi~NijERA,

a
s.

prayer for
pr.
subj.,
is

dead.

We

have otherwise help, lete,

see,
is

&c.

The -A

an antique ending.

The +

in

the bind for

^R

also a rarity in England

BRACTEATES,
Nos. 90, 91.

Old-N. R. Mon. Vol.


It

3,
is

p.

463,

4.

The
Both

seller said,

in Kiel, these

pieces were found at geltorf, not gettorf.

immaterial.

villages are in the

Danish

province of Slesvig or South Jutland.

No

91

has lately been bought by the Kiel Museum,

and

its

learned Keeper,

Prof Handelmann,
Prof,

has kindly favored

me

with an Electrotype, here

drawn and Chemityped by

magnus Petersen.

FRESH FINDS.

251

SPARLOSA, WEST-GOTLAND, SWEDEN,


?

DATE ABOUT
Old-N.

A. D.

700800.
p.

Mon.

Vol. 3,

32

252

FKESH FINDS.

From
in height
in

materials

kindly furnisht by Adjunkt


is

Karl Torin, Skara,


it still

W-

Gotland.

The

base of this granite boulder

largely broken away, but


It

measures about 5 feet 4 inches

and 2 feet

in breadth.

lies

flat

on

its

side in the outer wall of SparlSsa Church,

Wiste Harad (Hundred).

The runes by

far the largest yet

known, the longest measuring


split centuries ago,

nearly 2 feet!

They

are not divided into words.

The stone has been

but

no great damage has been done.


later,

narrow unwritten border has been used, a couple of

centuries

for a fresh inscription.

The barbarous head and part-bust of thu(no)r, with the decoration


to the

of his

Holy HAMMER-MARKS, are equal

rune-formula on some Scandian heathen stones,

"BUR

uiHi",

= may-THUR
I

wm

(hless-these-runes-and-this-tomh)!
.

As

suppose, the oldest risting clearly says:


iEGGIULS KJEF UGU, ^IRIKIS SUNCE, KN-F^LIIKI.

^GGIULS ( SWOrd-EDGE-WOLF, SWORD-WOLF) GAVE-this-minne


his- GUN- FELLOW

tO-UG, MIRIK'S-SON,

(war-mate, hrother-in-arms).

The

later

memorial

is

simply:
KISLI KARBI IFTIjR

KDNAR, BRUIi(r).

KISLI GARED (wrote

this)

AFTER EUNAR, his-BROTBER.


(overgang)
fell

The name
nominative- ending in

jsggiuls
-s,

is

another

Old-Northern

example
away.

of

the

ancient

which afterwards became -R and then

FRESH FINDS.

253

THE GOTHIC MARCH.


TORCELLO, VENEZIA,
?

ITALY.

DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.

A. D.

300 400.

Vol. 3, p.

32*

254

FRESH FINDS.

Found by Dr. ingvald dndset, the Norse

Old-lorist,

Oct.

1883, in the small local

Museum
February

at Torcello,
this

an iland
forn-hall,

in the

Lagunes, about 2 hours' row from Venice.

The Founder
across
it

and Keeper of
in a

Consul the Cavaliere Nicolo Battaglini,


it

came

last
fitted

farmer's

house, \^here
it

had been as long as the family remembered;


a Poker!
It is
in.

with a wooden handle,

had done duty as

of Bronze,

I6V2 inches
its

long,
it

the

incised lines filled with circlets and stars stampt boldly

To judge from

patina,
full

has

been dug from a boggy

soil.

For the drawings (each


J.

side 1

3rd,

runes apart
similar

size)

we

have to thank the Danish Architectural Designer


pp.

T.

Hansen.
is

See the

Spear-heads
only

204,

206,

especially the latter,

of which

this

one

almost a counterpart,

much

richer and larger.

This WANDERER, doubtless originally from the gothic march,


or

what not, and


ring
is

is

another

proof how things change

may have been war-plunder hands and may accidentally turn up.
piece.

The small

a beginning-mark, as on the

Muncheberg

Should

my

transliteration

be right, the reverst runes give

TENING^
the

name

of the owner,

or of the officer

by or before
will

whom

it

was carried

in

battle,

and

which means dan's or Dane's son.


the straight-armed

The reader

please to

remark the single-armed t and

F.

The

peculiar

and elegant workmanship of the runes and symbols has


This precious old-Iave reacht

not,

believe,

been seen before.


it

me

at the very last

moment.

Just therefore

stands where

it

does.

FRESH FINDS.

255

BRACTEATE.
No. 96.

ASUM, SKiNE, SWED-EN.


Old-N.

iMon.

Vol.

3,

p.

464.

Found by

mangploughing,

Nov. 27,

1882.

Here given
is

full

size.

Is the largest

golden blink yet known.

Weighs

100,3 grammes.

The loop
I,

broken away.

Bears 13 wend-

runes, not divided into words.

Reversing the
SNEic

letters,

read:

^C^A
or

FiEHi(do Or fsehide).
(:=.

SNEJC (= SNEING

SNOWSON)

tO-

for-MC^

AGE, AGE, OVE) FA


i

WED (made

this).

There was no room


is

to finish the verb.

The

comes under the animal's snout, and

therefore
is

much

shorter

than usual,

and the following -do or -de (or whatever the ending


splendid

was)

therefore understood.

This exceptionally

6th

century Old- Danish Jewel

is

now

in the

Stockholm Forn-hall.

BETTERINGS.
Page
8.
1.

9.

For Vanga read Vanga.

P. 27,
P.

Read hel^heddu^.

156.

ALNMOUTH.
folio,

2,

Plate

117 of the

late Dr.

John

Stuart's

noble "Sculptured

Stones of Scotland",
all the

Vol.

which reacht

me

after the publication of

my

Vol. 2,

gives

sides

of these Cross-fragments,

tho not quite correctly.

We
is

can thus examine also


oldest way,

the

back of the large piece, which shows the Crucifixion.

This
of the

carved in the

the Sun and

Moon

above,

the 2 Thieves under the arms

Rood, and below them the

Centurion and the reacher up of the sponge with vinegar, with costly interlaced work as the
base of the Cross.

Add

hereto the very antique character of the


is

Roman

letters.

therefore

now think

that Mr. Haigh's ^rsi date (about A. D. 705)

undoubtedly the correct one.


at

The

EADULF here

commemorated

is

thus

the

king

who usurpt the crown


.See Vol.
1,

the death of king

ALDFKID, but was shortly after defeated and slain.


P.

p.

462.
a

159.

French savant, Mons. L. L. H. Combertigues-Varennes,


has just (Jan. 1882)
will

learned

student of Runic and other Calendars,


treatise

favored

me
it

with a valuable Ms.

on

this curious

Calendar.
to say,

We

hope that he

will

make

public.

Meantime he
ce calendrier,

has kindly permitted

me

that his paper closes as follows:


la

"En resume,
le

non termine par son auteur, donne, pour

portion que

Worm
le

nous en a conservee (quoique


Cycle Lunaire,

avec de grandes fautes d'execution), les Signes des fetes,


c. a. d.

Cycle Solaire et

qu'il

appartient a la classe que


et le

Worm nomme
du
1^'

Calendriers parfaits.
3. II

L'annee y commence

avec

le

14 Octobre

nombre
un

d'or

Janvier est

offre,

en outre,

comme

renet

seignements
quelques

complementaires,

Cycle

Solaire

complet,

un

Cycle

Lunaire

defectueux

monogrammes on
c'est

dessins sans importance.


est

Ce

qui constitue I'interet capital

oflfert

par ce calendrier,

qu'il

probable que

la Serie

de

son cycle lunaire (correspondant,

comme
S.

toujours, a

un alphabet) runique, est tout-a-fait


identifies
S.

inedite."

In

this

memoir the learned author

the

festivals,

among them those


to

of

Edmund
P.

(England), S. Thorlak (Iceland) and

Knut, Duke and Martyr (Denmark), thus


J

making the Calendar a century more modern than the date


168.

had assigned

it.

Bracteate

No.

6.

now
I

prefer
right in

to

take SEHS-CUN^

in

the meaning

SAX-KEEN, sword-bold, falchion-daring.

So, if

am
to

my

rendering of the Tjursaker stone,

we have

SAKSE-TtfNiR
P. 234.

Sax-lord, Sword-Captain, as an epithet of and kenning for (w)oden.


will

The reader
in

please

add and tabulate for himself the grammatical

forms and endings given

the fresh runic finds.

They

are

of the

same general

character,

and abundantly strengthen

my

argument.

HAND-LIST
OP ALL THE
IN

OLD-NORTHERN WORDS

THE THREE FOLIO VOLUMES.

A,

M, see under Agan, ^iu, On.

A, Bracteate 81;

Aa, under On.

Nydam Arrow. Doubtless ^a, u. Hiewan.


?

first

letter of a

Name

beginning with

a.

^ANB, Lindholm.

Voc'.

Neut.

s.

Snake.

^B^, Bjorketorp;
-(^csea,

Stentofte.

Mansname, nom.

See se^ and Word-lists.

under

OEKI.

ACEBiEN,

Belland.

Mansname, nom.

The broken .... ^N

of the

Tomstad stone was

probably a part of the same name.


Mco, Chessell

Down.

Nom.

s. f.

awe, terror, death. Dat.


s.

^gsi, Strand.

Dat.

s.

m.

The-AWE,
awful,

fear,

fright.

u.

iEGiESTiA,

Gallehus.

m.

def.

superl.

To-the-AWEST, most

most dread

or venerable.
?

ACLIHCK, Brough.
TEsedsegsesli,

Place-name.

dat.

s.

f.

See

ecbi.

AJ)8e.

ADAM, Dearham,
AFAi,

Mansname, nom.
Gen.
s.
f.

(In

Roman

letters).

Freerslev.

Grandmother.
Vordingborg;
Thornhill;
afta, Freerslev;
^eftar,

AFT,

Bewcastle; Selnces; mft,


Falstone;

CoUingham; jEFT^r,
aefter,

Falstone;
Wycliffe;
of.

aeftaer,

^fte,
ift,

^FTER,

Thornhill;

Tune;

Dewshury;
in

Yarm;

tf^eta,

Istaby;

Brough; B(eAFT.Er), Crowle.

after,

be-after,

memory

Prep. gov. dat. and ac, and adverb.


[agan].

s.

To OWE, OWN, possess, have,


Vi Plane;
oh, Osthofen;
iEGl,

enjoy.

s.

a,

Orstad; ah, ^thred's Ring;


o,

Northumbrian Brooch; Sigdal, (perhaps imperat.), Thorsbjerg; Vi Plane; mm, Upsala;


torp;

Bjorke?

Forde;

Hackness;

Scebo.

3
pr.

pres. owns.

ah,

Sigdal.

s.

imper. (perhaps 3

pr. ind.),

^geestia,
^GiLi,

u.

Mco.

JEgi,

Skd-ang.
u,

s.

subj.

Let-him-keep, may-he-enjoy.

Agan.

Franks

Casket.

Mansname, nom.

iGiLSUit,

Thornhill.

Womans-name, nom.

258
Agrof, under Grof.

HAND-LIST.

^gsi,
u.

u.

^co.

Ah,
u.

^h,

u.

Agan.

^heker,

u. Inge.

aHof, u. Hof.
^ISG,

Ai,

^i,

Aici,

vEiu.

Ailic,-

Hseilseg.

Thorsbjerg.

Mansname,

noin.
ai,

^lU, Stentofte; a,

Tanum;

M, Lindholm;
.

Skd-dng;

AO, Sicfdal;

E^, Bracteate 63;

ecai.

Strand,

ever, aye, always.

iwka (= iwika),
Nordendorf.

Freerslev.

For

ever,

for aye.

Aici,

Brough.
Falstone.

Aye-not, never.

Mansname, nom.
name,
dat.

iELEUBWim,

Mansname, nom.

eomjer,

eomaer,

emundr. Haclcness.

Mansname, nom.

aivomia,

Bracteate 65.

Womans-

^iwu, see LiLiA^iwu.


AL,

J-yderuf.

ELE-thou, help-thou.
AL, Ruthwell.
n.
s.

2
n.

s.

imper.
ale, Ruthwell.

KL

ALL.

Ac.

s.

Ac.

pi.

m.

ALMEyOTTiG,
almighty.

EuthweU.

ALMIGHTY.

Adj.

m.

aluwaldo,

Whitby,

all-wald,
all,

all-wielding,

Nom.

s.

m.

def.

alwin, Brough.

all-wine, the friend of

all-loving.

Nom.

s.

m.

MLM, Kragehul.
^Isewinse,
u.

Of storms.

Gen.

pi.

n.

^lu.
ALHS,
ac.

^LC, ALH.

Brough.

Mansname,

gen.

^lcfrith,

Northumbrian Brooch,

nom.; alcfeiiu, Bewcastle,


Alhs, under
ALTEtJiL^A,

Mansname.
.^ii, Alia,
b.

^Ic.

u.

^lu.

Bracteates 49,
u.

49

Mansname, nom.

^Itr, Alts,

Wald.

Alu, u. AI.

^LU, Bracteates 13, 16, 18, 68, 88; Corlin; Elgesem; alla, Yarm.
iELi,

Mansname, nom.
dat.

Northumbrian

Casket.

Mansname,

dat.

^LU, Lindholm.

Perhaps

of

womansname
in dat.

^la.

^LUA, Forde.

Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.

elw^o, Bracteate 94.


eltil,

Probably womansname
85, 86, 87.

ELWU, Bracteate 47.


dat.

Bracteates 43, 44, 45,

Mansname,

JiL^wiN^, Bracteate 67.

Mansname,

dat. dat.

^^LUC^A,

Bracteate 71.

Mansname,

alder, Hohnen.
ALtTT,

Mansname, nom.

see ow^alut.
u.

Aluwaldo, Alwin,

AI.

^MiLiu, Bracteate 61.


AN.

Womansname,

dat.

EAN, Bewcastle.

an, once, formerly, late,

^Ni,

Veile.

Mansname, nom.

^NiEH^, Mojebro.
u^thred's Ring.

Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.

^NOiEN^, Bracteate 48.

Mansname, nom.

eanred,

^nwll, Bracteate 25;

^niwulu, Bracteate 75.

Mans-

name, nom.
.... ^N, see under Acejasen.
AND, Bridekirk; Franks Casket; end,

Franks

Casket,
u.

and,

also.

^ng,
ANS.
dat.

u.

Inge.

JEniwulu,

u.

An.

s.

Ann,
dat.

Unna.

^nosense,

u.

An.

^NS^GUi, Gjevedal.

Mansname,
dat.

osberchtae, Thornhill.

Mansname,

^SBOA, Hackness.

Placename,
Brough.

m., asbo or asbit or asby.

osbiol, Brough.

Mansname, nom.
^SMUTS,
ONSWiNi,

~
u.

osciL,

Mansname, nom.
gen.
ac.

^slaikir, Freerslev.

Mansname, nom.
(w)oden's.

Solvesborg.

Mansname,
Mansname,
An.

^sugis,

Kragehul.

ans-dgg's

Gen.

Collingham.

oswiung, Bewcastle.

Mansname,

ac.

oswi-soN.

^nwU,

Ao,

u.

^iu.

HAND-LIST.

259
the horseman.

JEOKEMM, Bracteate
.... (AP)iE, Crowle.

6.

Dat.

s.

m.
dat.

To

Mansname,
Ac.

or ac.
are, ore, lustre, fame, honor.

^R^,
holm.

BjSrketorp, Stentofte.
s.

s. f.

eriLjEas,

Liinlpi.
f.

Adj.

nom.

areless,

oreless,

unfamed, honorless.

j^r-rnr,

Freerslev.

Ac.

ARE-RUNES, hoDor-staves, respectful epitaph.


A-rserde,
u.

Raisa.

^rbingjES, Time.
arfiki,

Nom.

pi.

m.; jERBing^, lune.


s.

Nom.

s. f.

(arving), heir; heiress.

Freerslev,

Heir,
u.

son.

Nom.

Arth,

Heard.

^RtiRiUFLT,
JEiS,,

Amulet Rings.

See

text.

u.

Ans.

asping, Founds.

Mansname, nom. =
Ruthwell;

asp-son.
at,

^T, Bjorketorp,
Prep. gov. dat. and
AtiE,
ac.

(? Seude);

Thornhill;

et,

Varnum.

at,

in,

on,

near.

See set-GADRE.
Ac.
s.

Bracteate 59.

m. ead, fortune,

bliss,

treasure.

auto, Bracteate 72; otm,

Bracteates 33,

34;

oti,

Bracteate 66.

Mansname, nom.
in

At^A, Einang.

Mansname,

dat.

05UA,

Vdnga.

Apparently mansname

dat.

See S^At.

eadbierht, Bingley.
iEBiSL,

Mansname,

nom.

^^D^GiES(Ll),

Vi Moss Buckle.
Freilaubersheim.

Mansname, nom.

Vordingborg.

Same mansRing;

name

in ac.

dat.

(o)i>c(u),

Mansname,

^bodu, Bracteate

Womansname, dat. Womansname, dat. 27.


cadvlfes, Alnmouth.
Thornhill.

em^lmva, Bracteates 51, 52.

dat.

^dred,

^Ethred's

eadred, Thornhill.
Thornhill.

Mansname, nom.

Mansname,

gen.

pi.

emlberht,

Mansname, nom.

epelwini,

Mansname,

o^lm, Franks Casket.

Dat.

s.

m. othal, adal, home, country, patrimony,

See

MvmLM,

Ruthwell.

Nom.

m. adel-

ones, oobles.
. .
.

^^u

(or

N^u
8.

.),

Kragehul.

text.

^UAIR, Helnces.

Mansname, nom. Mansname,


dat.
ac.
?

AULiLyo^, Bracteate

luASA (or Ausa), Bracteate 70.


Auto, under
A\>ae.

Placename, dat. or

m.

^aweLjE,
AUIK,
ba,

Bjorketorp.

Probably placename
in d.

in

d.

or ac.

Holmen.

Steadname
Ac. both.

or ac.

Ruthwell. see tunba.


Wycliffe.

BA,

BAEDA,
balb,

Mansname, nom.

see ctiNiBALt.

BAN, Franks Casket.


Bserseh, under Berig.

Ac.

pi.

n.

bones.

BiERUTA, Bjorketorp.

(If

not steadname, then) barrat, barratry, battle.

Dat.

s.

m.

Be, under Bi.


BeAGNOt, Thames Blade.
Beartigo, u. Berhtse.

Mansname, nom.

beckcto, Brough.

s.

p.

bigged,

built up,

raised.
33

260
BECON,

HAND-LIST.

Dewshury; FaUtone; ThornUll;

Wycliffe.

Ac.

s.

n.

beacon,

pillar,

gravestone.

See LIC-BJECUN, SIG-BECN.


BEOKNAE. Dewshury.
Dat.
text.
s.

n.

barn, bairn, child, son.

BER^, Kragehul.
Berg,
u.

See

Berig.

BERHT^.
BEARTiGO,
Bracteate

See
77.

EADBIERHT,

ECGBERHT,
(barting,
(?

HROETHBERHTiE
brighting),

RHTAE,

ROETBERHTiE.

Mansname,

nom.

See

cmB(ERE(Hting).

Dat.

BERHTsnitE, ThornUll.

Womans-name.
hill).

Dat.).

berchtvini,

Wyclife.

Mansname,

ac.

BERIG (=berg,
s.

See fergen-berig
tumulus.

uan^-b^r^h.

bergi,

Thornhill.
pi.

n.

The barrow, grave-mound,

birkoiinum,

Bracteate 92.

Dat.

bergen, in

West Norway.
BI,

be.

See beArTjE(r), biGOTEN, biHEALD, biHEALDUN, biSM^R^DU, biSTEMID.

Bi,

under Bua.
Bewcastle;
giBiD,

geBiD,

Bingley.

s.

imperat. BiD-thou,

pray- thou.

geBlDAED,

Fahtone; geBiD^D, Falstone;

giBlDiEP,

Lancaster; gesiDDAB, Thornhill; geBiDD^Ei, Irton; giBlDDAD,

Dewshury.

2 pi. imperat. BiD-ye, BEDE-ye, pray-ye.

Bierht, u. Berhtse.
BIGI,

see WIHUBIGl(8e).

BIM,

Founds.

sing.

pres.
u.

be,

am.

Bio, under Bua.

Biol,

Bui.

BiRLNio

(=

BiRLiNio),

Nordendorf.
s.

Womansname,
n.

dat.

BLOD^, Ruthwell.
Bo, Boa, Boseu,

BLOOD, dat.
u.

Bua.

BcEre(hting), u. Berhtse.

s.

Bonte,

u.

Bua.

BOSO, Freilauhersheim.

Mansname, nom.
s.

BRU5R, Selsey.

Nom.
Ac.

brother,

breodera,

Yarm.
Ac.

Dat.

s.

brother.

'

giBROB^RA,

Franks

Casket.

N.

pi.

brothers.
s.

n.

brd5DR-sunu, Helnces.
sorrow, death.

brother-son, nephew.

BROK, Brough.

broke,
p.

brokte, Bridekirk.
bua,

s.

brought.
boo, bo, bide, dwell,

Thames

fitting.
s.;

Inf.

To

See ^sboa, unnbo, unbo^U.

bonte, Holmen.

Nom.

B(uset8e),

Varnum.
?

Ac.
s.

s.

bonde, husband.

See cuombilbio,

ecbi.

BUCIAEHOM, Brough.
(b)ug(a), Ruthwell.
BUL,

Placename,
Inf.

dat.

m.

To bow, bend.
BUR^, see HURNBUR^.

see OSBIOL, RiEHiEBUL.


,

BURG, SSe KtJNNBURUG.

U.

CUMBEL.

CADMON, Ruthwell.
GALLU,
Kserjai,

Mansname, nom.
-^ KAR, see GAR.

see G^iECALLU.
KarJDi,
u.

G.

C^STRI,

see ROMiEC^STRI.

CEARUNGIA, Brough.
Kearstin,
KER,
u.

Gen.

s.

f.

caring's,

sorrow's.

Krist.

see iEHEKER, and gar.

ci^GO, Charnay.
OIL,

Ac.

s.

f.

(keeng), brooch, fibula.

see osciL.

HAND-LIST.

261

ciMOKOMS, Brough.

CLA^o, Cleobury.'
KLOKo, Holmen.
COECAS,
coiNU,

Womansname, gen. Nom. s. A claw f.


s.
f.

(pointer,

sundial-gnomon).

Ac. 3
s.

clock, bell.

Brough.
Brough.

pr.

quetches, shall move, shall


s.

afflict.

quene, wife, gen.

KOMS, see CIMOKOMS.


CORNILIO,

Bracteate 75.

Mansname, nom.

Kor|)e, under G.
KRiST,

Brough; Ruthwell; KRISTTDS, Bewcastle.


(Christina),

Nom.

Christ.

kearstin, Morhylanga.

Womansname

nom.

Ku, under

Cilnting.

CUHL, Brough.

Mansname, nom.
,

CUMBEL.

Morhylanga.
Ac.
s.

Ac.
n.

s.

or

pi.

neut. cumbel, gravemark.

cuombil-bio,

Brough.

cumbel-boo, grave-kist.
CUN,

see SEHS-CUN^.
COT.

CDN,

cunibal^,

Lancaster.

Mansname,
Bewcastle.

ac.

COTBCERE(Hting)

Lancaster.

Mansname,

ac.

Bracteate 25.

cuthbertson. Womansname, dat.

kUnnburug,

Womansname, nom.
Mansname,
ac.

cunimudiu,

kotumut, Helnois.

gudmund.

gonrat,

Osthofen; GUDRiD, Northumbrian Brooch.

Mansname, nom.
gen.

kuneswiba, Bewcastle.

Womans-

name, nom.

KUNUJiLTS, Snoldelev.

Mansname,

cCNtJNG,

Bingley;

KtNG,

Bewcastle; cdn,

Bracteate

7<5;

nom.

kUninges, Bewcastle,

gen.

kCning, Bewcastle; cOningc, Ruthwell; cuN(unc), Leeds; cu


CON(niaes),

Collingham,

Accus. king.

Whitby.
u.

Gen.

s.

n.

kin,

family.

Cuombil,

Cumbel.

CURNE, see h^curne.


CuJ)boere(hting), u. Cun.

KuJ)i,

u.

God.

Kujjumut,

u.

Cun.

KWOMU, Ruthwell.
D^BS, Thames

3 pi. p. came.

fitting.

Gen.

s.

n.

The

deep,

sea,

ocean.

Daer, under Pe.

D^G^, Einang; dah,


Sword.

Osthofen.

Mansname, nom.

See GODiEG^S.

d^gmund, Gilton

Mansname,

voc.

d^ituh^, Bracteate 79.


pi.

Mansname, nom.
in.

d^liddn, Tune.
DjgERlNG(e),

p. dealed,

shared, took part


dat.

Thornhill.

Mansname,
1
s.

DARST^, DARSTE, Ruthwell.


D^tyONiE, Freilaubersheim.

p.
pi.

DURST, dared.

Gen.
p.

Of the d^the

clan or family.

D^UDE, Bjorketorp.
Der, under De.
DIK,

s.

died,

fell.

Ingelstad.

Dat.

s. s.

To-thee.
daughter.
s.

dohtr, Tune.
DOM,
artist's

Nom.
Casket.

Franks

Nom.
Ac.

m. doom, Court, Judgment,

domgisl

may

possibly be the

name.
'

dcep-STAn,

Bingley.

s.

m. dip-stone, Font.
s.

drygyb, Franks Casket.

pr.

dreeth, suffers;

or,

does,

performs.
33*

262
geDR(EFED, Ruthwell.

HAND-LIST.

Pp. DROVED, harrowed, grieved.

DROMDH, see SUNEDROMDH.


E, Ese, under

^iu.
Brough; ok, Holmen; UK, Hobnen.
add
to.

EAC, Bewcastle; eg,


1
s.

eke, and.

tce,

Gilton Sword.

pr.

EKE, EIK, increase,

EAN, U. AN.

EATEyONNE, ThornhUl.
Ese^lseua,
u.

Womansnarae

(?

eateja), dat.

A^se.
Ic.

Ec,
ecbi,

u.

Eac and

Ecai,
?

u.

^iu.
s.

Brough.
ECH,
EC.

Placename,

dat.

m.

See aclihck.

EGG,

EGGBERHT,
Gallehus.

Bracteote 10.

Mansname, nom.

ecgfrku. Bewcastle.

Mansname,
nom.

gen.

echlew,

Mansname, nom.

egmd,

Bracteote 5.

Mansname,

egwiWjEA, Tune.

Womansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.

el

.,

Selsey.

els,
Eltil,

Nordendoyf.

Elwu.

u.

^lu.

End,

u.

And.

ENRUK, Morhyldnga.

Mansname, henrik, henry, nom.


Dat.
s.

EOMiE, eomae, Falstone.

m. eme, uncle.

Eomser, under ^iu,


ERHA,

Thames

fitting.

Dat.

s.

m. arg, wave-rush, trough of the

sea.

ERiLiEA,

Kragehul; Lindholm.

Mansname, nom.

Et,
F,

under Mt.

Konghell.

Probably for fur or FORiE, FOR,


for more),

over.

See roR^.
Bracteote 89; faaeo,

FJiHi (no

room

Bracteote 96; f^ihido, Einang; FiE^i>^,

Flemlose; faii, Helnces; fauce:bo, Ruthwell; FEG(de), Alnmouth; riHiEDU, Bracteates 49,
Bracteote 92; yy'^mi, Charnay ; fube, Osthofen.

49

h; fyidi,

s.

p.

FAitu,

Brough.

pi. p.

fawed, fayed,

made, carved, stampt, wrote, built up, raised.


F^LiE, Bjorhetorp.
FASTS,
Fa|)i,

Ac.

s.

m. fele, multitude, much, many.


FASTI,

see RUULFASTS.
u.

see INOFASTI.

Fseihido.

FAiUR,

Vordinghorg ; fair, Oshy.

Ac.
voc.

s.

father.

F^u^, Bracteate 57.


fearran, Ruthwell.

Mansname,

Adv. far-from.

Feg(de), under Fsei'hido.


fegtab,

Franks

Casket.

3 pi. pr. fight.

fergen-berig, Franks Casket.


fh,

Ac.

s.

m.

Steadname

in

Northumbria.

Konghell.

Probably

= fur

hari, for the army.

Fihsedu, Fyidi, u. Fseihido.


FINO,

Berga.

Mansname, nom.

Firth, under Frith,

FISG-FLODU,
FyjDsei,
u.

Franks
Feeihido.

Casket.

Nom.

s.

m. fish-flood,

sea,

ocean.

FLODU, see FISC-FLODU.

HAND-LIST.

263

FCEDDE,

Franks

Casket.

s.

p.

fed,

nourisht.

FOE^, Irton, Lancaster; fore, Ruthwell; FtR, Bingley.


FOSLiEU,

for (dat.); fore, before (ac).

See

f.

Bracteate 14.

Mansname, nom. Mansname,


dat.

FRiEWiEEiEDiEA, Mdjebro.
FRIl),

see iELCFRITH, ALCFRIIiU, ECGFRI5U, TIDFIRB. Abl.


s.

FRUMAN, Bewcastle.
fun:de,
Fiir,

n.

def.

In the frum,

first.

see mwejo-fun^r.

under Forse.
N.
pi.

FUS^, Ruthivell

m. fussy, eager, hurrying.

Fu^e, under Feeihido.


Fuwu, Bracteate 26.
G (= GARW), Eidsberg

Mansname, nom.
;.

KMRN, Vordingborg; karw,

Ingelstad;

korpe, Morbyldnga.

s.

p.
p.

gared, made, set up, built up, raised (the grave, grave-stone).

ougered^, Ruthwell.

s.

A-GAKED, prepared.
GM, Kragehxd; gjda, Lindholm.
AGAIN,

s.

imperat. go!

gjdgin, Kragehul.

Prep, gain,

against.
GiE^ffiCALLU,

Bracteate 19.
Ruthwell.

Mansname,

nora.

EetGADRE,

AT(-to)GETHER.

G^FING, Stentofte.
Gsegin, u. Gee.
GAL,

Nom. =

g^ef's-SON;

or

of the Gsef family.

7.

Gsehselseibsen, u.

Hselseibsen.

Bracteate

Mansname, nom.
Ac.
s.

galgu, Ruthivell.

m. gallow(s), rood, cross.


?

GMLiek, Northumbrian, Casket.


GAR,

Gen.

s.

f.

Of

GAUL, in gallia.

see ^HEKER, lAULIGR, OMNKAR, WOtGAR.

Gsesli,

under

Gisli.

GASRIC,

Franks

Casket.

Nom.

s.

m. gas-rich, gambol-rich,

playful,

tossing.

G^STIA, see SvELIG^STIA.


gear,
Beivcastle.
u.

Abl.

s.

n.

tear.

Gebid, &c.
5ERNR,
GESSUS,

geBlD.

On-geredse, u. G.
s.

Bridekirk.
Bewcastle.

Nom.
Nom.

m. yern, girn,

willing,

glad.

jesus.

GEU, Bjorketorp; gevw, Stentofte.

Adv. YO, tat, yea, truly, indeed.

Giauyou, under Gib.


GIB,

Bracteate 57.
u.

s.

imperat. give, lend, send!


u.

GiAUyou, see GLyo^u-GiAUyou.


u.

Gibid,

Bid.

GibroJ)8era,

BruJ)r.

Gileu,

Hlseiwse.

f.

Gileugse,

u.

Hlseiwse and Licgan.

GiN^-RUNJiiA,
origin,

Bjorketorp.

Nom.

pi. f.;

gino-ronoa,

Stentofte.

Ac.

pi.

gin-

(=

begin,

essence, power) runes.


GINIA,

Mighty Letters.

Mdjebro.
u.

Womansname, nom.

Ginieera,

Nisera.

Gino,

u,

Ginse.

GyoSLHcARD, Dover.
GISL,

Mansname, nom.

Franks

Casket.

Nom.

s.

m. Hostage.

See iE^D^G^SLi, iEMSL, dom.

gisliong-

wiLi,

Vi Plane.

Mansname, nom.

264
GITOEASU,

HAND-LIST.

Franks

Casket.

Nom.

pi.

The

jews.
7.

GL^, Bracteate 21.


GLiESTjEPONTOL,
GOD, Ruthwell;

Mansname, nom.

GLyOJ<:u-GiAUyOU, Bracteate
GOD.

Womansname,
Nom.

dat.

see

AmuUt Rings. Nom. The Lord Whithy.

KUH, Helnm.
s.
f.

s.

m. guthi,

(hereditary) Priest-and-Judge.

GOffiU,

Frdlaubershdm.
(goodday), nom.

Gen.

Priestess.

See HiLDDlGtt.

GOD^GiES,
Goi]3u,
u.

Valsfjord.

Mansname
Gonrat,
u.
s. s. s.
f.

God.

Kuni.
be-yoten, besprinkled, bathed.
grit,

biGOTEN, Ruthwell.

Pp.

n.

greut, Franks Casket.


aGROF, JEthred's Ring.

Ac.
3

m.
p.

gravel,

sand,

shingles,

coast.

a-groof, a-GRAved, engraved, cut, made.

GRORN, Franks Casket.

Pp. GRUSEN, crusht, dasht in pieces, killed.

GUT^, Buzeu.
GtJt,

Gen.

pi.

Of the goths.

see HiLDDiGto and god.

Gudrd, under Kun.


H,

Konghell

Probably for HARi, dat.

s.

m.. the HiER, here, army, fleet.

See HJIRISO.

Hae, under Hao.


HiEBO, Stentofte.

3 pi. pr.

They have,
s.

shall have.

HiEDULiEiCiEA

Strand.

Dat.

Mansname.
Istaby,

To-h^dul^ic^.
dat.

B.Mt>vyfOhMK, Stentofte,

nom.; HiEFUWOL^F^, Gommor, hybuwul^fa,


Hseere, u. Herse.

Mansname.

Hseg, u. Hieawan.

HiEG^L^, Kragehul.
h^gust^ldia,
Hsei-tinse,

Probably
Dat.

ac.
s.

Mansname.
m.

Valsfjord,

To

the hagustald, chief, lord, captain.

under Hao.

h^idar, masc. (hador), brightness, honor, fame.

h^idar-runo, Bjorketorp.

Nom.

s.

(hador-RUNa), that honor's friend.


those honor's lords,

s.

hidear-rungno,

Stentofte.

Nom.

pi.

neut.

(hador- REGEN),

h^il^g, Buzeu.
sacred; dedicated.

Nom.

f.

ailic,

Brough.

Nom.

s.

f.

helg

.,

Bakewell.

holy,

h^lhi, Maeshowe, nom.; hiliGjEA, Orstad, dat.

Mansname
u. Hlseiwse.

(helgi, helge).

H^iSLiE, Mojebro.

Mansname, nom.

Hseite, Heeiticse, u. Hsetec.


u,

s.

Heei-tinse, u.

Hao.

Hselsea,

Heeseiwido,

Hoeges.

gsen^L^iBiEN, Tune.
Ruthwell.

Dat,

m. LOAF-fellow, com-panion, mate, husband.

hlafard,

Ac.

s.

m. lord.
Hselhseda, u. Heldsea.

Hseldsea. Hseldseo,

Hselhi,

u.

Hseilseg.

halstun, Oshy.

Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom,
;

HAMA, Bracteate 38.


hao.

B.M,

Bracteate 57
let.

he,

Kragehul.

s.

imperat. high,

lift

up, raise, carry

on, wage, cause,

make,

hao, Einang.

Mansname, nom.
Bewcastle.

Dat.

h^-curne, Bracteate 25.


s.
f.

Nom.
Vdnga.

s.

m.

def.

The high-chosen.
H^i-TiNJi,

heo-sinna,
s.

The

high-sin,

or

high-sinful.

Tanum.

Nom.

m. high-tine, high token, grave-pillar.

H^uc,

Mansname. nom.
Hser,

See hceges.

Hseerse, Hserse, under Herse.

HAND-LIST.

265
(But h^ring^e,
if

H^RING^,

Vi Moss; HIEING, Shd-dng,

Mansname, nom.

we

divide

H^RING^

GiLEUGiE).
HiERiso,

H^ERiENGU, Bracteote 78.


(?

Womansname,

dat.
Stentofte,

Himlingoie.

Mans)-name, nom.
dat.

h^riwol^fa,

nom.; hariwulfs,
H.

Rdfsal, gen.;

htriwul^f^,

Istaby,

Mansname.

See wdlfhere and


1
s.

H^TEC (= H^TE
HET, Bingley.
tions,

eg),

lAndholm; h^ite, Kragehul;


let.

pr.

hight, bid,
pi.
f.

command.

s.

p.

hote, ordered,

h^itic^, Bracteate 57.

Ac.

hetings, impreca-

threats, the war-ban.

Hse{)uwol8efa, &c., under Hseduleeicsea.

To
pi.

Hseuc,

u.

Hao.

HauflDuukii, u.

Heafdum.

H^DRi, Hoga.
HE,
Bridekirk;
HIS.
pi.

Mansname, nom.
Franks Casket; Ruthwell.
him, Ruthwell.

Nom.
him.

s.

m. he.

his,

Ruthwell; Ac. him.


is.

Yarm.

Gen.

Of him,
N.

Dat.
Ac.

hin^, Ruthwell.

niM,

Ruthwell.

m.; hi^, Franks Casket.

m.

They; them.

See

He, under Hao.

heafdum,

Ruthwell.
if

Dat.

pi.

n.

head(s),

temples,

head.
Chief.

HAUFiDtlKiJ

Konghell.

Nom.

s.

m.

(As

heading).

Headman, Leader, Commander,


Gen.
1

HEAFUNiES, Ruthwell.

s.

m. heaven's.
biHEALDUN, Ruthwell.

biHEALD, Ruthwell.

s.

p.;

pi.

p. beheld.

HeARD, see GyOSLHeARD, RIKARTH.

held^a,
Gen.
pi.

Bracteate 25;

h^^lh^da,

Bjorketorp;

H^LDiEO,

Sigdal;

hel^hddu^,

Stentofte.

m.

Of
.
.

helts, kemps, heroes.


.,

Helg

under Hseilseg.
Whitby.
3
s.

HELIP^,

pr.

subj.

May-HELP.

Heo-sinna, under Hao.


HERiE,
Stentofte;

ylmr,

Skd-ang;

HiER(^),

Orstad;

Thisted;

HER,

Franks

Casket;

HiEER^, Bjorketorp.

here, in this place.


Hseriso.

Here,

u.

Het,

u.

Hsetec.

Hiee,

u.

He.

Hidear,

u.

Hseidar.

hyeruwul^fia.

Istaby.
Inf.

hiewan,

Bingley.

Womansname, nom. To hew, carve, cut;

stamp,

strike.

^A, Hoga;

b.mg,

Bracteate 68; hiuk,


Freerslev.

West Thorp; ho, Bracteate 62; hu,

Bracteate 78;

hUdg, Bracteate 61; uk,

s.

p.

hewed, made, inscribed.

HiLDDiGto, Hartlepool.
Hiligsea,
u.

Womansname, nom.

Hseilseg.

Him, Hine,

u.

HiLDitRTO, Hartlepool. He. Hyriwulsefse,


u.

Womansname, nom.
Hseriso.

His, u.

He.

HyJ)uwul8efa, u. Hsedulseicsea.

Hiuk,
b.

u.

Hiewan.

HHL^^DU-uiG^, Bracteates
Hlafard, under Hselseibsen.

49,

49

Mansname, nom.
West Tanem;

HLMlw^, Bo; H^L^A,


or n.

Stenstad;

lau,
s.

LEUWiE,

Skdrkind.

Nom^.

s.

m.

L^EWE

(or L.^iwJi:i),
of the
Al,

Sigdal.

Ac.

low (lowe,
Fresh

loe, law),

grave-mound, barrow,

tumulus.

The leug^

Ska-ang stone

is

probably the same word; and we might, possibly


finds

divide: HiERiNG^ giLEUGiE

orH^RlNGJS giLEU

gseAi.

may

help us.

See Vol.

2, p.

890.

hleung,

Vi Plane.

Mansname, nom.,
Mansname,
notn.

= hleson,
gen.

(leeson, leason).

HLVDWYG, Alnmouth.

hn^bmjes (or hn^bd^s). Bo.


Hnag, under Niyse.

Mansname,
u.

Ho,

Hiewan.

266
aHOF, Ruthwell,
HCEGES, Stentofte.
1

HAND-LIST.

s.

p.;

Franks
s.

Casket,

s.

p.

a-hove, lifted up, raised.


Ac.
s.

Gen,

m.; hodh, Brough.

m. how, grave-mound, tumulus.


in

See SAL-HAUKDM. See HAO.

HiEiEiwiDO,

Strand.

3 pi. p. HOWED,

set

the grave-how,

buried.

HOLTiNG^A, Gallehus.
HOM, see BtJCIAEHOM.
HORNiE, Gallehus.

Dat.

s.

m. holt-inge.

Wood-god (=
(Perhaps

frea, froe, frey).

Ac.

pi.

neut.

These-HORNS.

ac.

s.

masc. This-HORN),

HURNBDR^, Kallerup.

Mansname,

geu.

HOU^A, Bracteate 24 (? and 55).

Mansname,

dat.

Houh,

u.

Hoeges.

gen.

Hroetberhtse, u. Hro|)or.

HRON^s, Franks
HR050R.

Casket.

Gen.

s.

m.

Of the hrone

(whale).
dat.

hkoetberhTjE, ROETBERHTiS, Falstone.

Mansname,

eho^l(t)r,
Helnces,

Vatn,

nom.

ruhalts,

Snoldelev,

Mansname, hrobwald, roald.


rolf.

rhdulfr,

nom.;

ROAUL,

Hoga,

dat.

Mansname, = hrobwulf,

rudlfasts,

Voldtofte,

nom. Mansname,

= HROI>WULF-FASTS.
HU, Fonnds.
(ho), she.

Sealand.
u.

Probably the beginning of a Mansname.


Hornse.

Hu, under Hiewan.


huthu, Bracteate
4.

Hurnburse,

Hilug, u. Hiewan.

Mansname, nom.
Probablj H
.

hw, Bdrse,

Vordinghorg.

(a

name beginning with h) and

wrait, wrote.

HW^TRED, Bewcastle.
HWEtRiE, Ruthwell.
HUILER,
[,

Mansname, nom.
Adv. whether- or-no, yet,
s.

lo!

Thisted.
In.

3
la,

pr.
Is.

whiles, rests, reposes.

under

u.

Yia.

u.

Inge.

lAM,

see LAICIAM.

iauligr,
Iau})ini,
ic,

Bracteate 92.

Mansname, nom.

under

A]d.

Ruthwell;
Osthofen;

ik,

Gilton; m,

Fonnds;

EC,

Kragehul, Lindholm.

The pronoun

i.

mik,

Gilton; MIC,

MC, Etelhem;

mec, ^thred's Ring, Northumbrian Brooch;

ME,

Bridekirk; mm, Ruthwell, me.

meh, Alnmouth;
us,

ungcet,

Ruthwell.

Ace. dual, us-two.


pi.

Binqley,

dat. pi.;

Whitby,
Ica3a,

ac.

pi.

us.

USA, Bjorketorp.

Nom.
u.

fem. OUR.
Ichiay,
Ikr,

Ycsea, Ykcsea, u. Inge.

dat.

Yce,

Eac.

Ikkalacgc,

Icw^suna,

u.

Inge.

IDD^N, Charnay.
Yfeeta,
Ift,

Mansname,

u.

aft.

Ygoea, Ihcese,
(?

u.

Inge.

gen.

IgilsuiJD,

under ^gili.

IGINGON, Stenstad.
igleugj?.
(if

Man's

Woman's) name,

iging's.

we

divide H^RiNGiE igleug^), Skd-dng.

Nom.

sing,

def.,

the gleg,

bright,

prudent, wise.
Ih,
u. Ic.

Ihae,

u.

Inge.

ii^URl,
iiL^,

Hoga.

Mansname, nom.

Lindholm.

Nom.

m.

defin.

The

ill,

fierce,

destructive to his foes.

Imse,
IN,

under

Is.

Franks

Casket,

NoHhumhrian
in.

Casket;

i,

Bjorketorp, Bracteate 92, Brough,

Holmer\,

Thames

Fitting,

Varnum.

HAND-LIST.

267

IN,

Freerslev.

Adv.

(in,

en,

an),

but.

In,

under

Is.

INGE, INGWE,

(and WINGS, &c.).

UNGiE,

Bracteate 67.

Dat.

s.

m.

def.

The young.

37;

lUKC,
iCMA.,

Brough.

Ac.

s.-

m. or
39;

n.

young,

renewed.

y^ca,

Bracteate 84;

iCiEA,

Bracteate 35;
Bracteate

Bracteates 36,

ykc^ea,

Bracteate

41;

ygcea,

Bracteate

41,
gen.

I;

yia,
inki,

Womansnarae, nom.
ichiay, Bracteate 38,

IKR (= inkur).

Freerslev.

Womansname,

Bracteate 83;

nom.; iha^, Varnum, dat. Mansname.

See ^^l^euc^a, ^ebing^, ^rbing^s,


H^ITIC^, HIRING, H^RING^,

ASPING, BEAETIGO, DJi;RING(e), ELiEUINGS, GiEFlNG, GISLIONG, HAUFtUUKt,

H^UC,

HLEUNG,

IGINGON,

HOLTINGJiA,
?

ISINGSiEA,

lUWNGJCA,

LAING,

L^iES^UWINGiE

L^UC^A,

L^WULOUCiEA, MWSyOUINGI, N^tUY^NG,


SNEIC, SUttiKS, TILING, TIS^CG,

NIW^NG, NOTOINGOA, OSWIUNG, (o)ic(u), RANINGiE, SiEM^NG,

MEtRODWENG, tR^WINGiEN, WJiRING^A.

INGOA, fem.

See N05UING0A, Brough.


dat.

T^LiNGWU.

INO,
lOD,

^HECER (= ingeker),

Varnum.

Womansname, nom.

IKKALACGC,

Mansname, nom.

ingost.

Tune.
s.

Mansname, nom.
fem.

icw^esuNa, Reidstad.

Mansname,

INGLSK, Founds.

Nom.

English, an Englishwoman.
inofasti,
Visby,

Strand, n.

Mansname.

s.

nom. Mansname.

Freilaubersheim,.

Nom.

neut.

youth, child, son, daughter.

lOHN, Bracteate 62. Yoise, u. Is.


IS.

Mansname, nom.

IMM, Bracteate 67.


Ac.
s.
f.

Dat.

s.

masc.

To

the.

in,

Strand.
pi.

Ac.

s.

m.

Him.

yOLffi,

Charnay.
Is,

The,

this.

lA,

Tune, (hia), they, nom.

See HE.

under Wees.
St.

ISAH,

Andrews.

Mansname, nom.
Mansname,

Ysetae, u. (Set)a.
?

isiNGi^A,

Veile.

dat.

Isl,
IIT,

under

Gisl.
ITO,

West Thorp;
u.
lit.

Bracteate 42.

Mansname, nom,
u.

Ito,

lukc, u. Inge.

of.

(I)ugo,

Oseg.

lULiENi,

Bracteate 61.
OVER, in

Mansname, nom.

TUIR, Osby.

memory

Prep. gov. ace.

lUKNG^A, Reidstad.
iwi,

Mansname,

dat.

Cleobury.

eye,

give eye to, show, point out;

s.

pr.

subj.

Iwka, u.

^iu.

iWrokte,

u.

Worsehto.

K, under C.
L,

Nydam

Arrow.

contraction, (beginning of a name).

-LA,
Lse,

-L^, see MIRIL^, NIUWIL^.

under Lsewu.

L^A,

Varnum.

Dat. or

ac.

s.

Placename.
or gen. pi. LEA-staff, sithe-shaft.

l^-orb(^), Vi Plane.
LACGC, see IKKALACGC.
L^:DiE (perhaps

Ace.

s.

l^m^), Torvik

Mansname, nom.

Lseewe, under Hlseiwse.


l>ef,

see olufr, onlaf, irl^f.

LAIC,

see iESLAIKIR, H^DUL^IC^A.


34

268
Laiciam, under Licses.
LAING, Fonnds.

HAND-LIST.

Nom. i,mt)M,),

LA-ING,
Torvik.
s.

:=

LA's-child.

L^M^

(perhaps

Mansname, nom.

LANUM, Ruthwell.

Dat.

m. (lean), worn, death-weary.

Laoku, under Lseucsea.

L^^s^uwiNG^, Vi Moss
Lau,
u.

Buckle.

Mansname, nom.

Hleeiwee.

18.

Lseu, u. Lsewu.

l^uc^a, Bracteate
L^WULOUCiEA.

Dat.; laoku, Bracteate 54.

Nom. Mansname. See ^iEL^uc^A,

Leeuwse, under Hlseiwse.

L^wu.
name,
dat.

L^, Bracteate 21.

Mansname, nom.

L^woLouciEA, Bracteate 19.

Mans-

See 'emulmva., echlew, fosl^u.

aLegdun, under Lice.


LETO,

Holmen.

3 pi. p. let, caused,


?

ordered.
(?

LE5R0 (perhaps LUtKO), Daily.


LEUBWINI, see ^LEUBWINL

Woman's

Man's) name, nom.

Leugse,
LIA,

u.

Lice.

Leuwse,

u.

Hlseiwse.

Lew,

u.

Lsewu.

Tune.

Mansname, nom.
Gen.
s.

Lic^s, Ac.
s.

Ruthwell.

neut.

Of

lich,

lik,

corpse.

Ac.

lic-b^cun,
s.

Crowle.

n.

LiK-BEACON,

corpse-piUar

grave-stone.

laiciam,

Brough.

m.

lich-home,

fleshy-cover,
LICE,

body, soul-robe.
Bewcastle.

s.

pr. subj.

Let-him-LiE, sleep, rest.


?

aLEGDUN, Ruthwell.

pi. p.

A-LAID, laid down.


also see iGLEUGiE.

leug^, Skd-ang.

Ac.

s.

n. let,

couch, bed, grave.

See

u. HLiEiWiE.

But

LIHCK,

see ACLIHCK.
Bracteate 79.
Ruthwell.

LiLiA^iwu,

Womansname,
Ac.
s.

dat.

LiM-wcERiGNE,
LIN,

m. limb-weary.

see BiRLimo.

LONiEWORE, Nordendorf.
Loucsea, under Lseuceea.
LtN,

Mansname, nom.

Bracteate 80.

Perhaps a contraction of

liiin, p. part.

nom.

s.

lithen, gone; deceast.

LU^, Nydam.

Mansname, nom.

Lufr, under Lsef.


lul,
isu^M,

Bracteate 70. Bracteate 22.

Mansname, nom.
Gen.
pi.

m. ledes, men, people.

Lujjro, under Le|)ro,

M
N.
s.
f.

(?

= markam),
MOT,

Sigdal.

s.

p.

maekt, carved, inscribed.

m (= mot),

Bracteate 75.

(or neut.).
MiE,

stamp,

die,

mint, coin, minthouse.

see hNjEBM^S, and under Ik, Magan.

[magan].

Ac.

M^,
s.
f.

Stentofte.

Nom.
N.

s.

m. mo,

great,

mighty.

alMEyOTTiG, u. al.

MUCNU, Stentofte.
MiEGi,

A
Dat.

muckle, mickle, multitude.


Latin.
pi. pi.

Franks

Casket.

m.

magi,

Wise Men.

M^GUM, Strand.

With

his maugs,

kinsfolk.

HAND-LIST.

269

UMLM,
MiENis,

BjOrketorp, Stentofte.

3 pi. pr.
gen.

mele, mell, say,

tell.

West Tanem.

Mansname,
mj;ria,

M^R, see eoMjER.


MARiu, Ingelstad.

u.

see niw^ng-MjERIa.
(maria, mary), dat.
u.

Womansname
Ic.

Mc, Mec, Meh,


MERGE, Gilton.
MIA,
. . .

Men,

Mon.
Bridekirk.

Adv. merrily.

MERTHE,
Ic.

Dat.

s.

f.

mirth, beauty.

see aivomia.

Mic, Mik, u.

(m)ingh(o)

.,

Bakewell.

See

text.

myrcna, Bewcastle.

Gen.

pi.

Of-the-MERCiANS, of Mercia.

MYREDAH, Alnmouth.

Mansname, nom.
mIrIl^, Etelhrni, nom.

MIRIL^, Sigdal, nom. or voc;

miriltEA,

Vceblungsnces,

dat.

Mansname.
Mit,

Ruthwell.

Prep, (mith), with.

MODiG, Ruthwell.

Nom.

s.

m. moody, bold.

MODU, see MUt.


mon, see CADMON.
Mrlse, u. Mirilse.

MEN, Ruthwell.
mu, see ecmu.

Ac.

pi.

men.
u.

Mucnu,

Magan.

MUND, mtjndr, see jssmuts, ktoumut, d^gmund, emondr, sihmywnt.


MUNGPjELyo, Northumbrian Casket.
MWSyouiNGi, Krogstad.
MUT, Lindholm.

mundia, see cunimudid.


s.

Placename, probably dat.

Now

montpellier.

Mansname, nom.

Prep. Against.

Muts,
N
'SkVM,
. .
.

u,

Mund.

MUt, see scanomodd, purmdI).

Selsey,

rest of the

word gone.

Bracteate 73.
.

Mansname, nom.
JEMV
. .

NjEKTy^ng, Bracteate 24.

Mansname, nom.

NjEU

(or

.),

Kragehul.

See

text.

unNEG, Franks Casket.

Prep. gov. dat. dn-nigh, far from.

NEMi, Northumbrian Casket.


Ni,

Mansname, nom.
(ne),

Lindholm, Ruthwell.

Adv.

nay, no, not.


s.

giNi^RA, Dearham.
nit,
NitJ,

n^re, save, bless, 3

pr.

subj.

nip,

see dnitr.
nio,

Stentofte;

Buzeu.

Dat.

s.

n.

defin.

The-NEw,

fresh.

nicwil^,

Brac-

teate 80.

Mansname, nom,
NlY^, Kragehul Prob.
inf.

To

(neeg), bow, bend,

fall.

hxag,

Ruthwell.

s.

p.

inclined.

niw^ng-m^ria, Thorsbjerg Sword.


NOP,

Womansname, nom.

see BEAGNOt.

NOBUINGOA, Tune.

Womansname, nom.

Nu, Bjorketorp,

Bracteate 59.

Adv. now.
clan or land.

NURA,

Helnces.

Of the NUR

0, under Agan, On.

o^G,

Bjorketorp.

s.

p.;

(i)UGO.

or

perhaps

(w)ugo,

Stentofte.

3 pi

p.

(woog),

slew, hunted, routed.


00.

Brough.
u.

Adv.

(ac,
u.

oc),

but,

but indeed.
ODU, see

Ok,

Eac.

Od,

Wod.

Mmm.
34*

270
OEKi,
OF,

HAND-LIST.

Brough.

Mansname, nom.
Prep,
or,

fem.,

^c^a, Bracteate 96.

Mansname,

dat.,

To-mgm.

Ruthwell.
u.

out

of,

from.

Oh,
0L5A,

Agan.

oiinum,

see birkoiindm, and u. wiNl.

Upsala.

Name, probably

nom.

Olufr,
ON,

Olwf, u. Onlaf.
aa,

Bracteate 70; Franks Casket; Hackness; Ruthwell; Selsey;


d.

Rolmen;

o,

Brough;

Snoldelev.

Prep. gov.
ONLAF,
Leeds,

and
ac.

ac.

ON,

upon,

in,

at.

See aGROF, aHOF, aLEGDDN, uSM^.


s.

s.;

olufr, Maglekilde, n.

Mansname.

olwfwoli>u, Bewcastle.

Mansname, nom.
(On)gerede,
u.

KEer|)i.

Oti,

0ns,

u.

Ans.

ORB(^), see LjE-ORB(iE).


Os,
u.

Ans.

Otse,

(O)J)c(u),

0J)l8e,

Ojjua, u.

Aj)8e.

owi, England.

Mansname, nom.

ow^-alut, Bracteates 51, 52.

Mansname, nom.

OwlJDU, under WulJDu.

PRESTR, Holmen.
PRO,
R,

Nom.

s.

m. priest.

Yarm.
. .

Latin.

For.

.,

under Runee.

R^D, see ^BEED, EADRED, EANRED, FRiEW^R^D^A, HW^TRED, WE5R0DWENC.


Rsew,
u.

Roase.

RAH^BUL, Sandwich.
RAiRA, Brough.
RAiSA.
?

Mansname, nom.
s.

Dat.

m. (hrtee),
raistI,

ruin,

death.

u.

Ti,
s.

Varnum;
p.

Freerslev; risti, Osby.

s.

p. raised,

placed.

A-R^RDE, Thornhill.
Rseisto,

a-reared, araised, lifted up, set up (the stone).

Rista.

RANiNGJi, Miincheherg.
recs,

Mansname, nom.
pr.

Brough.

s.

reaches, brings again.

Red, under Rsed.

REUMWALUS, Franks
Rhoseltr, Rhuulfr,
rices,

Casket.
u.

Nom.

The Roman king remus.

Hrojaor.
s. n.

Bewcastle.

Gen.

rike, reek,

kingdom.

mighty, strong.
ride,
RiiGU,

See ^irikis, gasric.


see woduride.

riicn^, Ruthwell.

Ac.

s.

m.

rich,

rikarth, Bridekirk.

Nom.

Richard, mansname.

Vi Plane.

Womansname,

gen.

rings,
rista.
Risti,
Riusii,

see til^rings.

u.

r^isto, Maeshowe; 3

s.

p.

risted,

carved, cut (runes).

Raisa.

Solvesborg.
u.

Nom.

s.

n. u.

(hruse), rasse, raise, cairn,

Riuti,

Writaii,

stone-heapt grave.

Rur,

Runse.
Ac.
s.
f.

ROA^, roae, Sigdal; RO, Bjorketorp; r^w, Orstad.


Roaul,
u.

rod, rest, repose.

Hro{)or.

Rod, see Rsed.


Dat.
s.
f.

RODi (or ROD^), Ruthwell.

rood, cross.

Roetberhtse,

u.

Hro|3or.
Casket.

ROM^c^STRi, Franks

Dat.

s. f.

(rome-caster, Rome -Chester), Rome-city,

Rome.

HAND -LIST.
ROMWALDS, Franks
Casket.

271

Nom.

The Roman king ROMULns.


Einang; runoa, Bracteate 25,

Ronoa, under Runse.

RUN^, Freilaubersheim; rdnya,

Istaby; rung,

Varnum;

.,

Tune;
RUTi,

R,

Sigdal.

Ac.

pi.

f.

runes, runic letters.

See jer-rnr, GiN^-RUNiEA, gino-ronoa.

Sdlvesborg.

Mansname, nom.
u.
s.

Ruhalts, Ruulfasts,

Hrojjor.

RUMA,

Stentofte.

Ac.

m. (rome, reme),

lustre,

praise,

glory.

rungno, see hidear-rungno.

RUNG,
HiEroAR-RUNG.

Bjorketorp.

Nom.

s.

m. (rdna, rgwner), fellow-talker, comrade,

friend.

See

s^,
these, yon.

Lindholm.

Nom.

s.

m.

SiEA,

Stentofte;

siM,

Gjevedal.

Nom.

pi.

f.

(sa),

the,

SjEAS,

Bjorketorp.

Mansname, nom.
Yarm.
Latin.

Sac

SACERDOTi,

Bishop.

S8eg(a),

under

Sigi.

s^LiEW, Bracteate 67;

smw,
Dat.

Bracteate 20.
pi.

Nom.

s.

f.

seel, joy, luck,


in

success.

SALHAUKUM, SnoldeUv.
Sealand, Denmark.
SiELiG^STiA,
Sselu,
?

m.

The sal-hgws, now sallgw,

Snoldelev parish,

See hceges.
Berga.

Womansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
or ac.

under Sseleew.

s^MJiNG, Seude.
Ingelstad.

SAMSi,

Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
3
s.

S^RjELD, Orstad.

SMUV, Maeshoive.
SARE, Ruthwell.
Ssete,

pr. soreth,

wounds.

sgrgum, Ruthivell.

Dat.

pi.

f.

sorrgws.

Adv. sore,
Sati,

soi-ely.

under (Set)a.

saule, Binqlev;

Dewsbury; Falstone; Thornhill; SAU

.,

Alnmouth; sgwhdla, Bewcastle.

Dat.

s.

f.

soul,

ond,

spirit.

SB^, Bjorketorp.

(^bm
fitting.

sbm).

Nom.
pr.

s.

m.

defin.

The

spae, wise,

counselor.

SBER^DH, Thames

s.

speireth, asks, requests.

SCANGMGDU, Bracteate 74.


SKJiR, Seeding.

Mansname, nom.

Mansname, nom. Mansname,


gen.

SCUM, Skarkind.

Of-SKITH.

Skwlfs, under Sigi.


SEHS-CUNiE, Bracteate
(set)a.
6.

Dat.

s.

m. def

To

the sax-keen, sword-bold.


sati,

Tune,

infin.

tsetae,

Yarm; smie, Gommor;


Falstone; 3
s.

Helnces;

sete,

Thornhill;

SETTAE, Falstone; sette, Thornhill;


set up,
raise,
Sise,

scETTOi;,

p.

setton, Bewcastle; 3 pi. p.

To

set,

place.

under

See.

SIA^LUH, Kinneved.

Apparently mansname, nom.


Dat.
s.
f.

SKKTAle, Holmen.
SIGI,

Place-name,

sigdal in Aggershus, Norway.

Gilton.

Ac.

s.

m.

sige,

victory.

Osby.

Mansname,
Ac.

ace.
s. n.

S^g(a), Frohaug.

Mansname,

or (dat.) for-siGE, for-victory.

sigbecn,

Bewcastle.

sige-beacgn, victory-

272
pillar,

HAND-LIST.

funeral

cross.
Casket.

See begun.
Dat.
s.

sihmywnt,

Bracteate 55.

Mansname,

dat.

siGHyOR,

Northumbrian

m.

To

the sigora, Lord, Captain.


Maglekilde.

sikktale, Holmen.

Dat.

s. f.

siGDAL, in Aggershus,
Freerslev.

Norway.
gen.

Dat.
Ac.

WiKm,

Mansname, nom.

skwlfs (= sikwulfs),

Mansname,
signum,
siMi,
sin,

Yarm.

Latin.

Ac.
s. s.

s.

n.

This sign,

pillar,

grave-cross.

Bracteate 92.
Helnces,

sem in N. Jutland, near Ribe.


(sin), his.

Oshy.

m.

dat.

sin^r, Freerslev.

Gen.

s.

f.

(sinre),

his.

siNNA,

see heo-sinna.

syOiEiNiEA,
(si)iic(u),

Krogstad.

swain,

mansname,

Freilauhersheim.
Sigi.

Perhaps to be redd (o)5c(u). which

see.

Siuar|),

under

sidilf0r(n).

Coquet Hand.

Nom.

s.

silvern, of silver.

Skwlfs, under Sigi.

uSM^,

Whithy.

s.

pr.

subj.

May- he-

(on-smee), look on, watch over, bless!

bisM^R^DU, Ruthwell.
SMUHiE, Kragehul.
SNEic,

3 pi. p. (be-smeared),
s.

mockt

insulted.

Ac.

m. (smooger),

thro-flier,

darter thro, penetrater.


sneing,

Bracteate 96.
Thisted.
u.

Mansname, nom., =
s.
f.

sneinc,

SNOW-SON.

SOL,

Nom.

(sol),
u.
s.

sun,
Sserjj.
n.
?

darling.

Son(r),
SCERi,

Sun.

Sorgum,
1

Chessell

Down.
Gen.

Dat.

To the

sere,

armor, weapons (of the foe).

Sowhula, under Saule.

ST^D^A, Strand.
stain,

pi.

of-the-STEADS, road-STEADS, harbors, coasts.


Freerslev;
st^ein,

stone, masc.

si AX'S,

Kallerup, Snoldelev.

Nom.
pi.

s,;

stain,

Helnces;

STiEiN.^,

Tune;

STiE(N)jE,

Gommer.

Ac.

s,

stainar, Reefsal.
ace.

Nom.

(stan),

Truro.

Absolute, as mansname.
STiELDIA,

p.

stun, Osly.

Mansname,

See dcep-stan, halstun.

see H^GUSTiELDIA.

Stan, Stsenee, u. Stain.


bisTEMiD,
gisTiGA,

Ruthwell.

P.
Inf.

(be-steamed), bedabbled.
(steeg),
step,

Ruthwell.

To

mount.
3
s.

sttopa,

Holmen.

Inf.;

pi.

sttOpte, Holmen.

p.

To

(steep),

yote,

cast,

found.

gisTODDUN, Ruthwell.

3 pi. p. stood.

STRELUM, Ruthwell.
Stun, under Stain.
SUL,
Ingelstad.

Dat.

m.

With
n.).

streles, missiles,

darts.

Ac.

s.

m. (or
Gen.
s.

pi.

sill,

ground-frame, timber-frame.
Dat.
s.

SUN.

SUNAR, Snoldelev.
Franks
Casket.

SUNce, Sparlosa.

SON.

See brupursunu, icwiESUNA,

iiorrson(r).

SUNEDROMDH, Bracteate 64.


swi(k), swit,

Mansname, nom.
s.

Ac.

n.

(swike),

treachery.
IGILSUIP.

SWIHA,

See BERHTSUKE,

KUNESWttA,

suiDKS,

KalUrup.

Mansname,

gen. (SWIP-INGS).

SWITHE-SON.
3
s.

giswOM, Franks Casket.


TAiE,

p.

swam.

Bracteate 94.
Thisted

Mansname, nom.
gen.

TADIS,

Mansname,

HAND -LIST.
Tseen, under Tinse.
TAL,

273

see SIKKTALE.
9.

TALLWE, Bracteate
son.

Mansname, nom.

TiELiNG,

Vi Plane.

Mansname, nom. =
See
til.

tell's-

T^ELINGWU, Gettorf.
TAN.

Womansname,

dat.

TELL's-daughter.
gen.

TENAES, TENES, Bracteate 75.

Mansname,

tjiinulu,

Bracteate 71.

Mans-

name, nom.
t^wido, Gallehus.
3
s.

p.

(tawed), shaped, made.

T^woN, Bracteate 27.


te,

Mansname, nom.
3
s.

Bracteates 25, 59.

pr.

subj.

May

he (tee), give, grant, show, bless, guard.

Tenaes, Tenes, under Tan.


Ti,
. .

Ruthwell; Tyo, Thames


.

fitting;

to,

Bracteate 8; Bridekirk.

Prep. to.

ti,

under Raisa.
u.

TidfirJ),
TIL,

TiJ^as.

Bracteate 46.

Mansname, nom.

tiljerings,

Kovel.

Mansname, nom.
eltil.

tille,

Bracteate 8.
TIMS,

Dat.

s.

m.

defin.

To
s.

the (till), good, excellent.


f.

See

See tallwe.

Brough.

P. p. n.

teemed, brought forth, begotten, born.


s.

tin^.

t^en, Hoga.

Ac.

m.

tine,

grave-pillar, funeral stone.


u.

See H^i-TiNiE.

Tyo, under Ti and Pewse.


TITUS,
TI5AS,

Tissecg,

Tu.

Franks

Casket.

Nom.

The Roman Emperor.

Vi Plane.

Mansname, nom.
Mansname,

dat.

tidfirb,

Monk Wearmouth.

Mansname, nom.

Tyw, under Tu.


TiwiTiE,

Bracteate 32.

toue,
TBtiTBU,

Holmen.

Mansname, nom. Mansname, nom.


3 pi. p- drowned, were drowned.

Vordingborg.
Helnces.

TRUKNA5U,

(tru)MBEEEHCT,
T0,

Yarm.

Mansname,

dat.

Glostrup; TYW, Jyderup.

Apparently the God of TUE'sday.

TiSiECG,

Bracteate 78.

Mansname, nom.
TDHJC,

see D^ITUHiE.
Stentofte.

TUMA,

Dat.

s.

n.

(tume,

tome,

toom),

open space or time,

chamber, free

time, leisure, rest.

TUNBA, Balkemark.
tvto, Bracteate 65.

Mansname, nom.

Mansname, nom.

TOW^,
an
alphabet.

Bracteate 22.

Nom.

s.

? f.

(tog),

row,

line,

here

series

of letters,

TWED, Bracteate 32.

Mansname, nom.

TW(EGEN, Franks Casket.

Nom.
P),

pi,

m. twain, two.

P
PA,

(?

name beginning with

Sigdal.

Ruthwell.

Adv. tho. then, then-when, when.

Psea, u. Pewee.
BiEiCT,

Psees, u. Pe.

see UB^iCT.

t^LiA, Bratsberg.

Womansname, nom.
:DiEN,

Pam,

u.

Pe.

see aceb^n.

Pansi, Pser, u. Pe.

Peer,

u.

Pe.

274
BASCO (or tusco), Bracteate 3.
Dset,
BE.

HAND-LIST.

Mansname, nom.

Pseteea,

under

I>e.

s.

ws, Coquet lland.

Nom.
the.
bansi,

s.

m.

this.

'

t^ES, Bewcastle.

Gen.

s.

n.

Of

this.

PAM,

Bracteate 9.
dat.
f.

Dat.

s.

m.

To

s.
f.

daee,
bce,

Dewsbury;

der,

Bridekirk,

Falstone;

l^R,

ThornhiU;

For the.

Oshy;

the, Falstone; poNiiE,

Hoga.

Ac.

s.

m.

wsi,

w^u, Vordinghorg; mssa, Holmen.


Bewcastle.
Freerslev.
.

Ac.

the, this.
Stentofte.
i>^R,

s.

b^t, Ruthwell; t^T^A, Sigdal; MS,


pi.

Ac.

s.

n.
f.

that,

this.

MRiE,

Gen.

their.

byiya,

Istaby;

Ac.
.

pi.

(they, tho), these.

Franks Casket;
ac.

ber, Ruthwell.

Adv. there.

5Es(?

i),

Bdrse.
i>E,

Probably this or these,

or pi. of be.
thrall,

bew^.
Valsfjord.

Vi Plane.

Nom.

s.

m.

theow,

slave,

servant.

MWiEA,

Mansname,
I>iseu,

dat.

See ising-b^a, owlbu-beWjEA.

As

fern,

see ULTyO.

Pyiya, Pisi, Pissa, under Pe.

biebrodwenc, Torvik.

N.

s.

mansname, equal

to beodrading or beodradson.
thief.

wwByo-FUNiR, Frederiksherg.
Ponise,
u.

Nom.

s.

m. thief-find, finding out the

Pe.

Porse, Porrson(r), u. Pur.

lORNR, Maeshowe.

Nom.

s.

m. thorn; (or

javelin,

dart).

Porr-son(r), Port, under Pur.

ER^wiNGiEN, Tanum.
Prlsef,
u.

Mansname, gen.

Pur.

BRUi,
coffin,

Vordinghorg; d

Alnmouth.

Ac.

s.

f.

thruch,

throh,

stone-kist,

stone-

grave.
I'Ul(r),

a (thyle).

Speaker, Chanter, Priest.

bur.

WRM,

Thisted.

Womansname, nom.

bular, brl^f,

Snoldelev.

Gen.

sing.

Gommor.

burmub, Sceho.

Mansname, nom.

f.

Mansname, nom.

tORRSON(R), Holmen.

Mansname, nom.

tORT,

Holmen.

Mansname, nom.
Uk, under Eak, Hiewan.
tKisi,

Upsala.
u.

Ac.

s.

axe.

Ugee,
UGis,

Ugis.

Kragehul.

Gen.

s.

ugg's

(= woden's,
s.

odin's).

See ^s-ugis.
(oug), fierce.

Ac.

s.

Mansname.

ugu,

Sparlosa.

UGiE,

Kragehul.

Ac.

m.

defin.

The

ULTyo, Fonnds.

Womansname,
See
text.

gen.

.... UMiE, Kragehul.


UNNBO, Reidstad.

Mansname, nom.
As
this

is

unbo^u.
broken,

West Thorp.

Womansname,

dat.

UNDA, ^r-acfeafe 82.

piece

we do not know whether more

letters

belonged to this word.

Ung, Ungse,

u.

Inge.

Ungcet,

u.

Ik.

UNITR, Freerslev.

Mansname, nom.
give,

unna(n).

To

(UN),

grant.

text.

j^nn,

Bracteates 24, 25.

s.

pr.

(uNS), gives.

Un-Neg, under Neg.


UNU, Morhyldnga.
t5RiURiB0N,

Womansname,
See
u.

gen.

una's (daughter).

Amidet Rings.
u.

Us, Usa,

Ik

U-Smse,

Smse.
out,

UT (or

UTi),

Bjorketorp; ute, Sigdal.

out

in.

HA^'u-LIST.

275

ui>,

Charnay,

Mansname, nom.

ui>^,R,

Bjorketorp.

Mansname,

noni,

utiEiCT,
UlDser,

Sealand.
uiulcr Ujj.

Nom.

s.

f.

Unluck, disfavor, a bad throw.

UA,

see ^elua.

WuEiGiE,

Bracteate 29.

Mansname, nom.

WALD.

See ALUWALDO, KUiNU/ELTS, 0LWFW0L5D, RHO^L(t)R.


s.

WALDE, RnthweU.
UiELY^E,

p.

wodld.
s.

Bracteate 37.

Ac.

m, weal, success, victory.

See ^awel^e.

Uselts,

Waludo, under Wald.


Vai-num.

UAN^BiERiEH,

Mansname,

ace.

Wseryit, Wseritse, under Writan.

WARD, Franks Casket.


WiERUA, Tomstad.

s.

p.

warth, worth, became, was.


dat.

ward, see

siuari>.

Mansname,
3

See alder.
is.

w^ring^ea, Torvik.

Mansname,
1

dat.
s. p.

W^S.
WAS.

u.

IS,

Coquet Hand.
2
s.

s.

pr.

w^s, RnthweU; was, Fonnns.


Stand-thou!

and 3

w^s, Tanum.
?

imperat.

Be-thou!

w^TT^T

(?

WMTTM

Ml), Seude.

Mansname, nom.

Wele,
UENA,

Uajlyse.

Ingelstad.
IN'GE.

Dat.

s.

f.

(wene),
VYserua.

fair.

WENC, see
wi,

s.

Uer,
n.

u.

See Aluer.
fane.

Buzeu.

Dat.

(wm), temple,

UT^YLIIL,
UIGJE,

Bracteate 24.

Mansname, nom.

uiK,

see auik.

see HLVDWYG, HHLiEiEDUiG^.

u.

uiu, Bracteate

57

Ac.

s. n.

(wigg),

battle, war.

wiY0-BiGi(a3), Kragehid.
wiLi,

Dat.

s.

m.

In his wig-bing, war-bed, camp.

see gisliongwili.
friend.

Win,

Wini.

Wings,

u.

Inge.

wiNi,

See

MhMwrsM.

alwin,
dat.

^.leubwini,

berchtvini,

ejelwini,

iaujwni.

wiNiwONiEWyo, Nordendorf.
wini, pleasant

Womansname,

mead.

See biekoiinum.

wiis(a),
captain.

Vallohy.
Gilton.

Mansname, nom.
2
s.

msm, Bracteate 57.

Nom.

s.

(wisa),

leader,

wiSiE,

imperat. (wEiSE, wise, wiss), lead out, show, draw, brandish.

wiT^, see TiwiT^.


wiTiEi,

Tune.
u.

Dat.

s.

m.

defin.

The

(witty), wise, mighty, illustrious.

Uiu,

Wiyu,

Uigse.

wiWiEA, see ecwiw^a.

wiwiLN,

VceUungsnces.

Mansname. nom.
OD,

WOD.

WOD^N, Nordendorf;

Bracteate 59.

Mansname, nom., and name

of the

God

of WEDENS-day; woden. odin.

oiunkar, Eidsberg; woiiGAR, Bewcastle.

Mansname, nom.

WODURIDE, Time.

Mansname,
3
s.

dat.
p.

WOLK, Brotigh,
Wol|3u,
u.

walkt, went.

Wald.

wo

VOMIA, see aivomia.


s.

woN^wyo,

see wmiwoNjEwyo.

WOP, Brough.

Nom.

m. whoop,

cry,

weeping, tears.

woRiEHTO,

Time;

worh(t)e,

Northumbrian
Alnmouth.
3

Brooch;
s.

vrwito,

Bracteate

65;

iwROKTE.

Bridekirk; woRTiE, Etelhem;

p.

wrought, workt, made, carved.

WORE, see LONiEWORE.


writan.

WCERIG.

See limwcerigne.
Jstahy; w^RiTiE,

RiUTi,

Stento/te; WiERYiT,

Varnum; wr^et, Freilavbersheim


3
s.

WRMUM,

Reidstad;

urit,

Northumbrian Casket;

wti (=wraiTi), Solvesborg.

p.

wrote, cut,
35

inscribed (the runes).

276
iWrokte, Wrtse, Vrwito,
WULF, nom.
S.

HAND-LIST.

u.

Worsehto.

Wti,

u.

Writan.

f.

(W)ugo,

u.

Oa3g.

m.

See iEGGIULS, ^NIWULU, ^NWLL, eADVLFES, B.MR1W0LMFA, HARIWULFS,


WULFIA, liom.
S.

H^BUWOLiEFA, HYBCWCL^FA, ROAUL, SKWLFS, TiENULU.


wtiLiF,

See HYERDWULiiFIA.

Franks

Casket.

Nom.

s.

f.

(wylf), she-wolf.

wulfheee, Bewcastle.
dat.

Mansname, nom.

WUL5U.

I.

owlju-beWjEa, Thorsbjerg Sword.


P.
p.

Mansname,

giwDNDAD, Ruthwell.
Y,

wounded.

see

MARKER.

A,

stave for, 213

foil.

Bayeux Tapestry,
Beauvois, E. 60.
of,

16.

Y
jE,

and A, 217, 218.


e,

&c. interchange

217, 219

foil.

Belland stone, 65.


Bells,

A or AH MIK, 218.
Adjectives, 0. North.

73.
stone,
9.

223, 227, 231.

Berga

^DuwEN, the war-lady, 66.


Adverbs, O. North. 225, 232.
Aetins,

Bewcastle Cross, 128, 217.


Biliteral stones,
BiM,
BIN,

136.

Roman

General,

175.

I be, 222.

Agedal
^gil,

bracteate, 200.

Bingley font, 137.


Bjorketorp stone, 17, 217.

tale about,

147.

Akerman, Mr. 115.


Alfred, king, 243.
Allen, J. R.

Bo
?

stone,

51, 219.
bracteate,

Bohemian

167.
5.

142.

Bolbro bracteates, 184,


156, 256.

Alnmonth

Cross,

Bone-snake, runish, 90.

Alphabet, runic, 106, 111, 174.


Alsterlund, J.
A-M, AM,

Boringe

bractealie,

191.

W.

29.

Bowls, 91.

222.

Bows, 79.
Bracteate No.
Bracteates,
6,

Amulet- Rings, 157.


Amulets, 24, 59, 90, 92, 98, 101, 103.
AND, OND, 220,

p.

168, 256.

163, 250, 255.


157.

221.
115.

Bramham-moor Ring,
Bratsberg stone, 66.
130.

Andrevsr, St., his Ring,

Antony

&

Paul

(Sts),

125,

Bridekirk Font, 160.

AKWDLF, king,

175, 193.

Broholm

bracteate, 166.

Arendt, M. F. 66, 73.

Brooches, 13, 61, 67, 70, 80, 109, 110, 111, 125, 210.

Arrows, 81.

Asum
Auda

bracteate, 255.

Brough stone, 116, 217, 218. Brunswick Casket, 119.


Buckle, runic, 84.

^thred's Ring, 139, 218.


stone, 74.

Bugge,

S.

15, 24,

26, 66,

172, 174, 186, 192, 215,

Axes, 28.

219, 225.

Bure,

J.

T. A. 15.

Buzeu Ring, 203, 218.


-Dakewell stone, 123.

Balkemark

stone,

79.

BARROW, 248.

(jsedmon, 132, 221.

Bdrse stone, 102.


Batons, 15.
Battaglini, N.

Calendar or Clog, 159, 256.


Calverley,

W.

S.

250.

254.

Caskets, 119, 142.


Ceorl's "Wain, 114.
35*

Baudot, Henri 60.

278

MARKER.

Chalice,

106.

Fibula, see Brooch.

Charnay Brooch, 60.

Finland bracteate, 187.


Fittings,

Chatham Brooch, 218.


Chatto,

147.

W. A.

165.

Fjellerad stone, 9.

Chessel-Down Sword, 245.


Chester-le-Street stone, 246.

Flemlose Snake, 24.

stone,

218.

Cleobury Mortimer Dial, 114.


Cliff inscriptions,

Fonnas Brooch, 67, 218, 222.


Fonts,

49, 57.

137, 160.

Coffins,

133.

Forsa Ring, 242.


Fowler,
J.

Collingham stone, 121.


Combertigues-Varennes, L. L. H. 256.

T. 125, 139.

Franks, A.

W.

246,

7.

Combs,

30, 82, 119.


FRE.\,

Casket,

1427,

217.

Coquet-iland King, 151.


Corlin bracteate, 177.

FROE, FKEY, the god, 59, 86.

Frederiksberg amulet, 98.


Frederikshald bracteate, 180.
Freerslev stone, 100, 218, 219.

Ring, 206.

Cram on d Ring,
Cup-holes, 102.

155.

Crowle Cross, 125.

Frei-Laubersheim Brooch, 70.

Frohaug amulet, 59.


fdPe mik. 111.

Futhorc, see Alphabet.

-Ualby Diadem, 80.

Fyn

bracteates,

174, 178, 179,

184.

Dalum bracteate, 194. Dearham stone, 249.


Dewsbiiry stone, 140.

Fylfoot, see Swastika.

Diadems, 80.
Dialects,
Dials,

(jallehus Horns, 85, 217.


foil.

213

G&rdsby

bracteate,

188.
199.

114.

Gettorf bracteate,

Dice, 97.

Gilton Sword-ponimel, 115.


bracteate,

Djupbrunns

198.

Gjevedal wooden Pillar, 73.


Glosfrup amulet, 92.

Dover slab, 140, 217.


Drinking-horns, 85.

Gommor

stone,

20.

Duncan, Dr. 132.

Goransson's Baufil, 11, 14, 46.


Gospels, O. Engl. 221,
2.

Gotland bracteates, 181, 189, 192, 197,

8.

given by

or

IaI,

217.

Greymoorhill Ring, 157.

Eastleach-Turville bracteate, 194.

Grimm,

J.

216.

Ecgberht, king, 191.


Echinite, 92.

Eckernforde bracteate, 178.


Eidsberg
slab,

-LLackness stone, 155, 217.

244.
55, 218.

Haderslev bracteate, 173.

Einang

stones, 53,

Hagson, K. A. 237.

Ekeby stone, 40. Elgesem .stone, 58.

Hahn, K. A. 216.
Haigh, D. H. 114, 115, 123, 125, 137, 140, 142, 150,
155,
156,

Ems

Fibula, 210.

162, 256.
foil.

English bracteate, 193.


Rings, 151, 157,
ERDM,

Hand-list of the 0. N. words, 257


158.

Bfandelmann, H. 250.
Handle, runic, 90.

we
thou

are,

222.

Eskatorp bracteate, 183.


EST,
art,

Hansen,

J.

T. 254.

222.
13.

Harlingen bracteate, 186.


Hartlepool stones, 127,
Haslef, P. 74.
8.

Etelhem Brooch,

HelnaBs stone, 98, 216.

Tall of Man, 250.


Falstone Cross, 136, 217, 218.
FAtER, in gen.
s.

Hesselagergdrd bracteate,

87.

Hexham, bishops
Hibbert, Dr. 124.

of,

132, 154.

220.
165.

Faversham
Faxi'i

bracteate,

Hickes, G.

139.
5,

bracteate,

171.

Hildebrand, H. 0. H.

15.

MARKER.

279

Hillerup braeteate, 197.

Lindisfarne Coffin,
Lflgstor braeteate,

133. 184.

Himlingoie Brooch, 80.

Hindostanee Playing-cards, 165.

Lorange, A. 242.
LOW, grave-mound, 219.

Hoddam Cross, 152. Hoga stone, 42.


Holmberg, A. E. 32.

Lund

braeteate,

199.

Holmen

Bell, 73.

Holy Symbols, 166.


Horn-ornaraent, 165.

M-aeshowe
Magi

stone,

153, 223.
143.

offer to Christ,

Horns, 85

9.

Maglekilde amulet, 103.

Howard, H. 162. Hnsaby Museum, 238, 245.

Maglomose

bracteates,

168,

180,

185.

Manuscripts, 222.
Martyr-stone, 116.

MfBSO-Gothic
Icelandic not Old-Northern, 215, 216.
Infinitive endings,

sibilation,

214, 225.

Maughan,

J.

130.

215, 216.

Mecklenburg braeteate, 196.


Midt-Mjelde braeteate, 167.

Ingelstad stone, 45.


Irton Cross, 142.

Mojebro stone, 11, 217.

Istaby stone, 21.

Monk-Wearmouth
Montelius, 0. 164.

Cross,

153.

Morbylftnga. stone, 46.

Jonah's

story,

147.

Mtillcr,

S.

0. 208.

Jones, M. 124.

jMiincheberg Spear-head, 205, 254.

Jyderup amulet, 101.


JMassbjerg bracteates, 194, 5.
-ULallerup stone, 96.

Nebenstedt bracteates, 168,


Nethii's Casket,

9.

KEENG, brooch, 61.

119, 217.

Kemble,

J.

M. 78, 125, 132.


196,
7.

NiwiNG clan, 78.

Kielland, H. C. 65.

Nordendorf brooches, 109, 110.


Nordenfalk, J. 14.
Nordenskjold, C. F.
44.

Killerup braeteate,

Kinneved

stone,

5.

Kirkdale stones, 123, 152.

Normal

texts

8,

wastepaper, 214.

Kluwer, L. D. 66, 72.


Knife or Sword, 111.
.,

Norse braeteate, 182.


North-English, 216.

handle, 90.

Northumbrian Brooch, 125, 217, 218.

Kock, A. 217.
Konghell Baton, 15.

Casket, 119, 142.

And

see

Franks Casket.

Nouns, 0. Northern, 223, 226, 228.

Korko

bracteates,

175, 178.

Nydam

Arrows, 81.

Kovel Spear-head, 204.


Krag'ehul

Bone snake,
Handle, 90.

90.

~U,

s.

p.

eijding,

224.

Lance-shaft, 90.

or OH MIC,

owns me. 111, 218.

wooden

Lid, 90.

Ohthere, 243.
Olafson, J. 87, 157.

Krogstad stone, 14, 237.


Krysing, G. 86.

Old-North-English, 110, 116, 216, 221.


Olsson, 0. 84.
01st braeteate, 190.
1.

JUancaster Cross, 124, 217.

OND, AND,

220,

Lance, see Spear.

ONLAF

OLAF, king,

155.

Leeds stone, 154.

OEANTES, 237.

Lekende

braeteate, 188.

Orstad stone, 61, 217, 218.

Lellinge braeteate,
Lid, runic, 90.

173.

Osby

stone, 44,

218.

Osthofen Brooch, 111, 218.

Liljegren, J. Gr. 44, 45.

Overhornbek bracteates, 174, 176,


24.

7.

Linder, N. 14.

Lindholm snake or

fish,

280

MARKER.

Scanian bracteates, 172, 176, 178, 181, 182, 255.


-L

alirapsest stone,

155.

Schoning,

G-.

58.

Passive verb, 216, 225.

Sealand bracteate, 186.


Die, 97.

PauUi, J. R. 87.

Pennant, Mr. 132.


Petrossa treasure, 204.
Philology, 213, 226.
Picts-house, Orkneys, 153.

Stamp, 244.
187.

Sehested, F.

Selsey Ring, 247.

Seude
Sigdal

stone,

71. 66, 77. 64, 218, 219.

Pig of Tin, 116.


Planes, runish, 83, 4.
Post-article, 216,

Shield-bosses,
.stone,

225.

siNI

anj,

222.
5.

Prepositions, O. N. 225, 232.

Ska-ang

.stone,

Pronouns, O. N. 223, 228, 231.


Puckle, J. 140.

Skarkind bracteate, 189.


stone,
7,

217, 219.

Pudsey, bishop,

62.

Skeat,

W. W.

108.

Skien bracteate, 200.

Skodborg

190.

Qv ille

bracteate, 167.

Slangerup
Slesvig

,171. ,171.

Snakes, 90.

-Ji
1^

as

nom. mark, 214, 218, 219, 226.

Snoldelev stone, 102.

and

for -r,

216.

Snydstrup bracteate, 172.

Rsefsal stone,

31, 218.

Sogndal

180.

Randlev

bracteate,

170.

Solvesborg stone, 40.


Sparlosa stone, 251.
Spear-casting and War-ban, 90, 186.

Read, C. H. 247.
Reidstad stone, 63.
Ricardus, architect,
Richert,
1

62.

heads, 204, 205, 253.


shaft,

M. B.

2.

90.

Rings, 115, 139, 151. 155, 157, 158, 203, 206, 238, 247.

Stamps, 244.
Steatite,
5,

Ring-mai], 15.

98.

Rok stone, 32. Roman stone, 118.


Romes-fell Walrus- teeth, 243.

Steenstrup, J. C. H. R. 76.

Stenstad

.stone,

52, 219. 25, 218.

Stentofte stone,

Roraulns

&

Remus, 143.

Stenvik stone, 74.

RONOA, &C. not RONOR, &c. 218.


RCNA, &C. not RDNR, &C. 218. RDNA, runi, runo, aG.
pi.

Strand stone, 238.

Strong nouns, 216.


219.
Stuart, J.

in later runes,

256.
s.

RUNA-RAP,

219.

snN in gen.

220.

RITAR,

219.

Sundial, 114.

Runic Calendar, 159.


Ruthwell Cross, 130, 217, 218.
Rydqvist, J. E. 217.

Sutton Shield, 218.

Swastika or Felefoot, 102.

Rygh, O. 59, 72.

Swedish bracteates, 179, 180, 181, 188. Sword, 115, 242, 245.

chapes, 78.

pommels, 115.
sheath clasps, 82.

0-rune, 135.

as old nomin.-mark;

to the

3 examples

on

p.

223

Syv, P. 93.

add the

.iEGGIUls

of the Sparlosa stone, p. 251.

softened to r, 214.

Ssbo Sword, 242.


SACERDos

bishop,

132.

Xanem Tanum
Taylor,
113.
-t,
-s,

stone, 72.
stone,
I.

3,

217, 218.

Sseding stone, 104.

202.
verbal ending, 223.

Sandwich
s^Rp, 224.
SAULK,

stones,

112,

-R,

Thames

fitting,

147. 111, 217.

218.

knife.

Save, C. 12, 14, 32.

Thisted stone, 105.


THOR, see THUNOR.

Scandinavian bracteate, 168.

MARKER.

281

Thorgftrd stone, 74.

Wapno
Varnum
Vatn

bracteate, 200.
stone, 29.

Thornhill stones, 148, 150, 217, 248.


tORNR, 224.

Vilsby bracteate,

183.

Thorsbjei'g

Bow,

79.

stone, 71.
noun.s,

Shieldboss, 77, 217, 218.

Weak
Vedby

215.
184.

Swoi-dchape, 78.

bracteate,

THDNOR, THCR, THOR, 175.

Veile stone, 93.

Hammer-mark, 252.
Mark, 243.
154.

Weland

saga,
s.

147.

Verbs, 3

pr. ending,

223.

Tidfirth, bishop,

0. N. 223, 228, 232. 214.

Time, as
Titus

to langviage,

West-Thorp Comb,

30.

&

the Jews,

143.

TjOi'ko, see

K6rk5.

Whale caught Whitby Comb,

in the shallows,

143.

116.

Tjurs^ker stone, 256.

Vi-Moss Buckle, 84, 217.

TOniniernp Chalice, 106.


Torcello Spearhead, 253.

Comb,

82, 217.

Plane, 83, 218.

Torin, K. 252.

Sword Clasp,
69.

82.

Tomstad

stone,

Wiede, L. 45.
Vigfusson, G. 186.

Torvik stones, 217, 239, 241.


TroUhatta bracteate, 176.

Wimmer,

L. P\ A.

60, 61.

Trumberht, bishop, 132.

Visby bracteate, 192.


Ring, 238.

Truro Pig of Tin, 116.


TD,

the god, 93.


stone, 56,

Wittenheim, Al. 87.


217, 218.

Tune

Woden's Wain, 114.


Voldtofte stone, 93.

Twig-runes, 155.

Wooden
Ulderup
-ON,
-u,

grave-pillars, 73.

Word-hoard, 213.
bracteate, 187.
1
s.

Vordingborg
ending, 222.

stone,

96, 218.

-DM, -CM, -0, &c.


-o,
I.

pr.

Voreim

stone, 74.

verbal ending, 224.


5,

Worm,

O. 18, 20, 42, 57, 71, 159.


J. J.

Undset,

24, 48, 72, 254.

Worsaae,

A. 18, 23, 27, 40, 166.

Upsala Axe, 28.

Vowel-fluctuations, 219.

Wright, T. 222.
Wycliffe stone, 149.

aeblungsnaes Cliff, 57.

Wyk

bracteate,

191.

Vadstena bracteate, 173.


Valloby Vessel, 91.

Walrus

ivory,
Cliff,

121, 243.
50, 217, 242.

jL

arm

stone,

32.

Valsfjord

York, battle

at,

150.

V&nga

stone, 8,

256.

LATELY PUBLISHT, BY THE SAME AUTHOR, AND MAY BE HAD


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