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HANDBOOK
OF
THE OLD-NORTHERN
RUNIC MONUMENTS
OF
HANDBOOK
OF
THE OLD-NORTHERN
RUNIC MONUMENTS
OF SCANDINAVIA AND ENGLAND.
NOW
FIRST
Dr.
Knight of
the
GEORGE STEPHENS,
St.
F. S. A.;
the
the
London; of the
of the Roy Hist. ^^ Archceol. Assoc, of Ireland; and of the Ant. Guilds of Cumberland-Westmoreland,
i&=c. /
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Yorkshire, Helsingfors, Christiania, Tronyem, Goienburg, Stockholm, Upsala, West-Gotland, &^c.
Old-English aitd of the English Language and Literature in the University of Cheapinghaven, Denmark.
Prof, of
THE
FOLIO VOLUMES RE-ARRANGED WITH SHORT TEXTS, BUT KEEPING ALL THE OLD-NORTHERN
Henrietta
St.,
London, 20
S.
Frederick
St.,
Edinburgh.
H. H.
Valkendorfs
Str.,
J.
LYNGE;
printed by thiele.
1884.
a
rtXT-^T^
T^55
f\iitixi
TO
FOREWOED.
in
my
many cannot
I
to read.
And
all
this I
waited
for
more
I
finds
can lay
handbook
This
before
sametimely with
Old -Northern
my
which
holds
more
than
70
new
pieces
bearing
staves*.
additional
gathering and the on-flow of runic studies have, of course, thrown fresh light on the
think, here
and there
amend
and
to
accordingly.
Some more
of the Bracteates
all I
now seem
do
is
me
therefore meaningless.
also
But, as before,
only tentative.
fault has
been discovered.
far
On many new
of
the whole,
my
as I can see,
finds.
We
so probable on the
mere ground
Comparative Philology
to
which
very early period to which these Scando-Anglic remains chiefly belong (say the
700 years
same
after Christ),
much
the
footing
in
essentials
the
other
olden
Scando-Gothic
folk-talks.
Those
peculiar features, (especially the Passive or Middle Verb and Post-article), which
now
tree,
Scandian growth.
first
The whole
is
now about
250,
is
Chiefly
Prof.
Magnus Petersen
the
woodcuts by Hr.
J.
F. Rosenstand
whom
thank
YIIX
FOREWORD.
when
the
sent
the 9th
and 10th
centuries.
never been
found
in
Britain.
Consequently
no reason
to alter
any one of
my
it
fundamental opinions,
best to reprint here,
in
which
without change,
my
general conclusions
1868.
See
my
Vol.
1,
"1.
the
later
That
I have
laid
really so,
and
still
particularly that
less
Old-Northern stave
was always A,
certainly no
consonant,
as
in
the
Runic Staverow.
All the oldest
to
in
substitute
for the
older Y,
Y
^
is
also
(the
lound
power
of a)
the sound-value A,
and
to
common Old-Northern
o)
Scandian
and English
M, afterwards the
provincial -Scandinavian
the sound-value M.
and up
letters,
to the
appearance of
my
who
first
Old-Northern
of m,
in giving to
concequently
(really a) the
power
which
it
had no a
in their
new-made
alphabet.
Therefore,
fact that
A sometimes
futhorcs,
tends to
an
^-sound
districts,
in certain districts,
and that
as
is
accordingly shown
[^
by
a couple of the
they followed
Thus
^'^s
the
was A.
But as
it
is
now
a should now be
To perpetuate error
of language
foolish,
alike
highly perplexing
and of
grammar.
have
in
On one
Norway),
we
all
is
close juxtaposition,
|^
first
it
28
clear
and undeniable
letters,
4 times and
Y = A
6 times.
sense
How
is
possible to smear
them
A?
What common
What
gained by
it?
I he
ceases.
An A
now
identified,
the
M
Y
this
is
have already referred to and protested against the guess -R. There are five objections to this theory:
It
is
(p.
326) that
a.
plainly contrary to
all
the
monuments.
This
is
surely decisive.
But
also
b.
It
is
plainly contrary to
all
FOREWORD.
IX
c.
It
with regard to a couple of the inscribed pieces, one in twenty of the whole number,
in
some
of
which
it is
so plainly
It
Thus
(?
if
we read nffuwOLfFii:
of the
at
p.
170
(Stentoften)
If
what
shall
we do
H|fU)W0L|F|
Gommor
326):
stone (207)?
we read on
we do with
(p.
the
HYRIWUL^F^
we read on
the Golden
Horn
and on the
he-was)
proposed to
me
Ny
is
June 29,
what do we get?
These
pieces
are
admitted on
times,
as
sides.
And
still
yet
we
are
called
upon
side
to believe
that in "Gothic"
WiCh.. archaisms
(for
when
(for
the s was
a characteristic,
extra- archaisms
and
by side with
(for
VAS
VAR)
and such
as
HORNA
HORN)
and TAVIDO
sing.,
TAVIDA, tavide),
a weak
n.
s.
noun
in N,
with the N
still
left"
for
m.
with the
as
AR
left"
for haitin),
we
HAITINAR
the'
for
for
holtingas!
close
So on
to
Tune stone
past,
with
still
left)!
our
(p. (p.
326) 258)
and VIVA5
and VARUi?
(p.
(p.
256) and
halas
(p.
is,
that in spite of
all
this self-contradiction
and violence
and caprice
of all the
monuments out
upon
to
60 can
way be even
plausibly translated.
We
are called
believe that all our oldest written remains are "unreadable", "unintelligible", "nearly
inexplicable",
"only
"gibberish",
"some
who had
"miscut",
Since
then Prof.
S.
the
same
version.
to be in the
wis
to
mean
became.
FOREWORD.
and the
like.
And
the
all
"Icelandic",
2.
Old-Northern) or
in one
its
modi-
fication
Scandinavian)
to
WRITING
tribes,
was apparently
altogether
to
unknown
the
the first
the
Germans'; equally so
first
the second,
and was
brought
to
facts
and monuments
Let us
traditions.
new
conclusions,
we must hold
a.
and curious
in
result:
German
or
Germany (High-Germany)
or in
Saxony
(the real
Old Saxony,
were never heard of till in modern times, in the lucubrations of modern German
"annexers" and system -makers.
b.
No
hint
of or reference
to
been found
other writers,
The
German
Saxon
lands, they
would have
left
some
trace behind
them
in
In English and Scandian Boundaries and Charters runic burial-stones In the very oldest similar
documents,
some
of
Thus
we
Saxon The few codices found abroad containing Runic staverows were either brought from England by English or Irish missionaries, or copied by German or
or
d.
No Runic
German
manuscript.
originals
for
missionary and
himself,
epistolary
purposes.
This
better sort.
e.
No
Runic Stone or
is
other 'fiasf
ever turned
up on German
or
Saxon
soil.
This also
other
Germans
first
to
what
here stated.
FOBEWORD.
XI
out of so
many
by
daily turning
up
in the
Anglo-Scandic
risted
wanderers,
This
is
or the
also
wandered
in
may
yet
hope
'pieces.
No
shire,
tho
HUNDREDS
till
these
all
and twoes
all
show
could
pieces
Northmen
They
these
WHO had no
runes.
The half-dozen of
are
hitherto
outside the
North have
wanderers.
As old buildings are repaired or taken down and various diggings made
runic stones are
continually turning up.
Under the
territory.
like cir-
cumstances,
NOT ONE
In German lands,
in
woods and
in
fields
hills
and
at
crossroads
mills
cellars
and
and
exactly as
is
own
runic
monuments
have been found thousands of inscribed remains from the first century downwards,
Is
No!
And
ever
Germany had
runes,
500 winters
i.
after Christ!
of
every size,
have been known in the Anglo-Scandic lands from the early Christian
times to our
own
day, those
still
been heard of in
same
j.
The language on
hitherto or
discovered Runic
other of
its
laves
is
one
and
the
old northern
or SAXON.
in
some one
many
dialects,
certainly
not
GERMAN
Each
one
of these facts
is
a shock to the
"German"
theory.
Taken
all
together they are a wall of bayonets, and no shadow of doubt can remain.
dare say
we
^JJ
as other such archaeological fictions
FOREWORD.
hounding
so also on to the Germanization and annexation of North and South Jutland this new humbug may become a welcome weapon and holy argument for trying to
all
The
free
High-German ban.
All Northern folksayings agree in this, that the iron- wielding clans of cavalry
who swarmed
and gave
their impress
and culture
the
Runes
it
them.
is
known.
was
at least as
before Christ.
their
them
all
after their
arrival in the
Scandian lands?
We
Perhaps
difficulty.
itself,
our appliances on this side the Caucasus will never avail to clear up the
in
India
test
the
graves northward
and westward.
of
beginning
the
is
In
many
numbers
grave-mounds from
Iron
with weapons and horse-harness and ornaments similar to those in the barrows
of the North,
and many
of
them opened.
Several Archseological
may push
districts
enquiries
may
be met with.
But there
is
here a
difficulty.
is
Immense
no
stone,
on
this
enormous
no
inscribed stones.
Eunes on iron and wood soon wear away, runes on hard metals
Still
fortune
some point
olden staves
east
in future years
containing our
Then a
One thing
is
certain,
Roman
letters.
Their order
is
different.
The Roman
being far
Their number
difi'erent,
the Runic
is
Their shape in
many
cases
so
unHke, as
common)
origin.
Many
staves are
more
or less the
same
in
both.
Some
(if
subsisted
mere Roman)
Roman
But on the
FOKEWORD.
XIII
particular staves
contraiy,
as Scandinavia
dkd
if
out,
and assumed
other
Properly speaking,
they had a
Roman
source, the
as
Roman
violent or
religious
revolution
led to the gradual simplification of the Old-Northern futhorc, and to the sound-power
of
into
m,
the older
{^)
"new
hghts".
Some
of these "lights"
all
least expected.
our work be
us with yet
The Father
That
these
Runes and
the
this
Northern
(all
in
they
are
written
found outside
North
and
all
characteristic
within
all these
to
MOTHER-
most decided
of all
of
nationality
known
there
is
no longer a doubt as
to that great
and
historical
and
as well as
the
an endless flow
of ancient tradition
old population of
Danish South and North Jutland the old outflowing Anglic and
mixt with Norse
Jutish
and
Frisic settlers,
in
the
emigrants,
chiefly
who
Scan-
flockt to
England
were
less
Germans.
Of course
the fact that England had an independent mixt population, native Kelts and incoming
various-blooded
strangeis
among
less a
its
Roman
cohorts
and
its
mercantile
settlers.
Wise men
That
this is so
much
broad arrow,
outstanding
mark of a
peculiar Culture
and
Nationality,
is
"The extent
of the
discoyery exposes
is
its 1,
own
revelation"
Vol.
Edinburgh 1867,
p. 117.
was
were an independent
and the
Black Sea and the Crimea and Dnieper up towards the Vistula).
in daily warlike
nearest marches.
2 vols.
See
8vo.
London
Vol.. 3,
1879,
the
chapter
268,
on the
Runes
in
his
"The Alphabet"
folio,
p. 183,
and page 10 of
my
X"[y
spot
in
FOKEWORD.
It
of
one
single
The Eunes
to
meet us
in
to
the South,
to
in
the South,
to
the South,
oldest
the South.
the
Northern days
and
at
one
common
period.
its
There
therefore neither
letters
had
these
staves
everywhere,
and
at
the
same
And
so with
the gradual
modification of the
for
and
at the
same
time,
common
internal causes
and
passing over from the more copious and complex to the simpler and fewer-lettered.
had not the whole Runic culture there been early stopt by Christianity
which
time
all
Scandinavia
also.
But
many
on
both
sides.
The
classical
"Germania" (which
"Barbaria",
to
"Non Romania",
and what
all
not) caiine to
be misunderstood and
mislead.
agree
the English
one tung.
could add
many very
"Ver
greinzt
old
two:
erum einnar
mjok
onnur
at
eS.a
We
two,
hafi
tveggia
same language),
one
of
the
nakkvat baSar".
now
much changed.
Spoken of
Conquest.
the
the the
Old- English
talks
before
1,
the
Norman
Prose
''Um
Stafroft",
about
year
1140
(see
note
p.
10),
Edda,
Vol
2,
One was
tho
the
(then)
the tung
on
(in)
Noregi ok
i
Danmorku; en
f)a
skiptust
England
an.
[in
ttingur
979
1016]
time
of king
(as)
Ethelred, eke
sum
in
(but)
Norway
tho
vann Eingland".
(and)
in
Denmark;
an
shifted
England as (when)
William the-Bastard
wan England.
.
Vol
.
2
,
FOREWORD.
XV
that
The above
writers
do
not
notice
the
Scandian talks
themselves on the one hand, as well as those of Anglia on the other, had
within and from local causes
branching
point out,
off in its
own
way before
(the
greatly altered
the
but we can, that the Anglo-Norman was only a passing fashion among
speech of the
Commons
and
thrive,
broken
tho
their
is
far
more Latinized
became
largely
any
of
the
Scandinavian
languages.
in the shape
Which
of that
.
on
side
[Old Scandinavian)
colonies.
the
now
the
birth-tung
of
That
many
lettered
is
the forner,
the
and always on
pieces,
the
latter
it
Hence
is
Greenland,
Fseroes,
the
He
of
Man,
it
abound
Hence
also is
that
as
distinctively
and
heathen
while,
so rapidly
(with
Thames Sword)
as distinctively and
decidedly
That, the Northern settlements in England being so very old, the oldest
key
to
what
the
oldest
Scandian
the
and
will
and must be the best help to our understanding the very oldest laves
homeland.
pieces.
I
in our Scandinavian
redd)
Hence
it
is
that
(if
I have
some
I
of these
am an
Englishman.
have no
other merit.
7.
s.re futile,
That
into ''Icelandic"
07ie
failed;
Northern
dialect out of
many
tho
in
it
afterwards
largely
became a Mandarin
classes",
lingua franca
in Scandinavia to bookwriting
and partly
especially as
and
this
till
the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century,
by which time the Old-Northern Runes as a system had died out on the Scandian
XVI
main and were
followed
FOREWORD.
by the
later
Runic
alphabet.
to us.
But
even
this
it.
is
modern
If it
down
FAR from
which
had,
would be very
so-called
best,
different
from what
is
now
vulgarly so called,
'^Icelandic"
the greatly
century.
altered
"polisht"
is
and
"classical"
of
the
13th 14th
common
is
At the
"Icelandic"
largely
on the face of
it
artificial local
School-tung,
even of old
Several of
little
understonden of the
folk in
its
specific characteristics
own
local sphere.
In one word,
to translate
the
or
200
to
700
800 years
age,
is
after Christ,
into a
it
modern "uniformized"
as reasonable as
Dante
8.
That
the whole
more or less
to
''ICELANDIC"
language
Thames,
all over
the
Eider and
the
in
the first
1000
is
an impossible
absurdity,
there being then and there, as everywhere else, no unity in government or in race,
but scores of independent "states" and "kingdoms", and equally so "tungs" manifold
and running
national characteristics.
influence
isolation
of
and
Slavery and a thousand Accidents, not race, explain among cognate peoples
the presence or absence of particular forms and words and phrases and idioms and
technical terms, here
more
or less olden
less
worn and
"advanced".
9.
That
the
oldest
art
show
the
Art of Writing,
but, generally
a great
as
proof of
all
(in
like
manner
the
and
technical skill,
for peace,
in
some things
NOT GREEK OR ROMAN) higher than our own even now and
out-of-doors,
these
this for
war as
for the
home
it
as for
for
the family
as
for
the commonweal.
This explains
how
was
possible for
and overturn
the rich but rotten the mighty but marrowless the disciplined but diseased Empire', that gigantic and heartless and merciless usurpation, that strange
"Roman
conglo-
FOREWORD.
XVII
despotism,
and
Barrows,
Cairns,
Gravemounds
from
the
Iron Age,
many mo
of
have been destroyed), and the Inscribed and Uninscribed Standing Stones so often
speaking
peace
and REST
for the
departed
are
the best
commentary
to
national written
descriptions
of the sanctity
I
extracts.
confine myself to 2 or 3.
to the
"Pat
at
t>u
raea
ek
l^er
it
niunda,
thee:
nam
t>u
bjargir
hvars
a foldu finnr;
a-field wherever
vapudau9ir verar.
was hewn by
hungry weapon.
"Haug
skal gora
liainn er,
hveim er
hendr
a Barrow
raise
thou,
Wa
ok hofu9;
kemba ok
a9r
i
t^erra,
fari,
comVd and
in
sofa".
his
kist
dried eke
he,
kistu
fare
ok bi5ja
scelan
and
bid him
softly slumber.
Munch.
And
as fire-drake
last
again,
that fine
folklord,
awsome kamp
(battle)
with the
which he
ic
slays,
words are:
Ne mseg
My
to
life-day's
Hata9 heaao-msere
hlsew gewyrcean,
me A low
beorhtne
set
aefter
bsele,
*
brimes nosan;
Headland.
stand there
se seel to
ge-myndum
A
to
minne shall
it
minum leddum
heah
hlifian
my
high looming
on Hrones nsesse;
on Hronesness,
III
XVIII
baet hit sa?-li9encl
FOREWORD.
so that seafarers
syasan hatan
Bidwulfes biorh,
aa
it
BIOWULF'S BARROW,
"
9e brentingas
ofer fldda
genipu
feorran drifaa.
Beowulf.
Near
the
end of
Fitte
38.
Accordingly,
farther on,
after
some fragmentary
lines
describing Beowulf
Ge-worhton aa
Gun
those
then to
make them
Wedra
ledde
Gothic heroes
HL^W
se wa38
on
liSe,
LOW
on the
lithe,
lofty
and
broad,
[wi=e]g-liaendum
wide
g(e)-syne,
far and
wide,
and be-timbredon
on tyn da gum
beadu-rdfes been;
bronda
lafe
The brand-scorcht
a
floor
wealle be-worhton
mound
covered
men
found most
fitting
iindan mihton:
hi
their
famousest sages.
on beorg dydon
siglu,
Within
THE BARROW,
and ornaments,
beg and
eall
swylce hyrsta
er
swylce on horde
nis-hedige
men
ge-numen ha^fdon;
forleton eorla gestredn
a-fore
had
taken.
eoraan healdan,
gold on gredte,
\>ser
hit
nu gen
lifaa
ivhere a-gain
to
shall
lie
all as
useless
it
swa
hit
[ffirojr
waes.
as ereivhile
luas.
Da ymbe
hlaew riodan
rode then
FOREWORD.
XIX
those
hildededre,
8et>elinga
Hilde-cham,pions,
troop
beam
cwiaan,
all the
eaira twelfa,
woldon
[ceare]
Keen
raising,
kyning msenan,
King mourning,
wordgyd wrecan
and ymb
[Wgelliealle]
word-lays chaunting
sprecan.
and of [Walhall]
Beowulf.
speaking.
the
Near
end.
And
as to the Stone.
What
"Sonr er betri
\>6ii
a Son
is
sd si9 of
aUnn
epth' genginn
guma;
sjaldan bautarsteinar
seldom Bauta-stones
standa brautu
nger,
bound
the folk-path,
to
nema
reisi
ni9r at ni5."
kindred!
Hdvamdl,
verse
71.
Ed. P. A. Munch.
in
memory
of
one who
for
in battle)
for a
was mostly
runeless.
The word
is
sometimes employed
Runic Block, or
ei
seen,
Rush
to
tread,
mig en Runesteen!
reist bestaaer,
Runesteen, som
Rune-stone
rist,
as Ettin strong,
time's ivaves
Risen
lig,
tusind Aar.'
Ringing
my fame
along!
11.
proofs
that
many
the
of
the Inscribed
Runic
This
is
Stones were,
Iron Age,
deposited inside
in
cairn,
not
outside.
finely
and
of our
own
inscribed rich
down
into
worms
to
read.
We
and that
to
therein,
visiting
it
at pleasure
That the heathen runic inscriptions, the formula of rest, and even
all
the
XX
fast the
FOREWORD.
belief of
a future state,
all
name
of the Great
Unknown whom
own Kings.
before
of Scandinavia
was
"converted by
force",
As much
"force"
was used
as far as
we can
see,
the
monuments
us yield no single
or of
of a
Month
or
Week
or
Day
or Hour),
as they
figures.
Consequently
North.
But
all
these things
Eunic
when
Numeral
mentioned on them.
chronology are
Among
using Christian
is
found in the
of Gotland.
Golden Bracteates
N. runes) begun in
Place-names are occasionally found both on Old-Northern and on Scandinavianrunic pieces, those on the oldest lapse of time
are
often
monuments being
of course
frOm
the enormous
famihar;
our
own ENGLAND
is
On the later monuments the place-names common enough; nay, on one block we
travel
from
home with
strangers
or
Northmen
Hence
often
earliest times at
Rome and
and
Constantinople
down
ivrite
to the
kneiv
their
them.
foreign
settlements
colonies
"kingdoms" they
more
or less freely
and rapidly adopted the language and (Eoman! letters of which they had come. This would particularly be the case
and near
We
Old English being merely a dialect of their mothertung. have striking examples of this in Normandy, where the wikings nearly all married
to England,
French women, so that in one generation the home -speech there became largely French, and in Ireland, where it would soon become largely English. Hence no
FOREWORD.
XXI
Runic Stones or Runic Coins have ever been found in Normandy and Ireland, altho
this
itself.
latter
out of the
North (Scandinavia
That, as the Northmen (the Scandinavians and English) more nearly, and
all
Scando-Goths (the Northmen, the Saxons and the Germans) more generally, are
so
they
should
all
hold
together,
love and
each other, avoid every beggarly temptation to hate or plunder or ruin or "annect" each other, nobly taking their stand as brothers and
great folkship with
its
fulfilling
their mission as
one
own
local limits
and national
counterpoise
but
in all friendly
harmony with
the great
the
Runes being
in
oldest
times
"mysterious",
"secret marks', "used only in magic", "the private staves of the priests and kings",
is
utterly
unfounded.
On
the
contrary,
we
find
that the
common
was only
that,
in
Roman
letters)
like
to
the
wizard
and the
when
less
left
"magical"
they have
centuries
their
no trace
the oldest
monuments,
invention or adaptation
and
earliest
we
KNOW
THEM.
16.
we
do,
we must
monuments by
altering
and monstrous,
and
is
so evidently mixt
of
modern know-everyit.
thing-ism,
real
that
is
of
modern
we must
at once discard
Should a
to
uncorrected
be
proved,
we must
In any case
it
will
be very -exceptional.
But we
inability,
our
own
necessary groping
institutions of
which we know so
useless granite
by treating
metal,
much
or
old
mere
field
for
We
approach
these objects,
many
of
them
colossal
or costly
and
tyrants.
All our
monumental
history.
Oriental
and
and Runic,
is
full
childish blunders,
XXTI
changes of
letters or
FOREWORD.
of halfwords, which have resulted from this unhappy school
us,
taught "criticism".
Let
now
markt by so many
able and willing to
a disastrous shipwreck.
Why
remarks
should
say
"this
cannot understand"?
will
Some
been careless
easily
of these
But
it
have
of
little
repetition',
summing up
could not
too often.
Such are
my
But some
the
may be
surprised
Old-Northern
Runic
pieces
all
so very few.
we be
As
to
"loose" articles.
for
course
it
is
Arms and Jewels and Tools &c., of an owner to "whittle" his name upon
them'.
down
after 2
And
or is
few thus inscribed, the majority has been long since melted Usually everything is smasht or used up lying undiscovered.
or 3 generations, or
remade
new
fashion'.
All our
of the Tools
and Utensils
of William
Cffisar
the Bastard to
to
WiUiam
of
things
from
are
all
the
days
of Julius
those
of the
Norman
&c.,
adventurer
how many
they?
As
to "fast"
pieces.
Memorial Stones
we must remember
that in
times and countries there have been endless and everof the
more
if
But
written grave-stones
are an exception.
many
whole
districts,
certain
folklands the
inscribed
and hence
"In
the
course
of this
work
not
have never
:
shunned repetitions
is it
of
any
sort
or kind
when
have found
repetitions needful.
Repetitions
are
superfluities
nor
surplussage to reiterate
of
diverse combinations."
^
The History
not
at
of
Normandy and
be
observed.
London
are
so
1851,
p. 353.
And
even
then,
writing
may
first
Many
articles
corroded
or
encrusted and obscured by rust and dirt that any inscription has been long since
altogether
in
eaten
away
or can only be
Several
of
the
in
stave-bearing jeivels
this
museums, some
of
them even
elegantly engraved
after
Other pieces
in
in
may
even
in
the
last
have been
silver
plate preserved at
is
(as
we
are informed
little
by The Guardian
is
Oct. 2.
But very
])rince
of
it
tasteless
of profligates
George IV.
FOREWORD,
XXIII
hundreds are
still
was
rule,
preferred, tradition doing the rest; for in olden times the living
Add
greed, for building, for flooring or hearth-stones or gate-posts, for re-use as palimpsest-
"tooled over",
from revenge,
from
accident
modern macad-
is
that
we have
left!'
How many
how many
altho they
grave-stones have
Nay,
All
our beautiful
Not a
tithe
of
them
is
left
to us,
were
fine
works of
special
eye as
it
love
of filthy
lucre?
They
have been broken away and sold as old metal, many scores of them in
19th century.
this "enlightened"
And
consider: the
'
in
one g^ieralion:
"Un
sept ans, on
me
conduisit, par je ne
sais
Le
monument
qu'il
eut encore,
etait
une pyramide
avec un soubassement cubique, portant une epitaphe latine sur une table de martre noir.
"11
Voyons,
latiniste,
un mot
et
camarade, expliqne-nous
cela.
aux environs du
degrade,
il
Cette
fois,
Tepitaphe
allait
monument
etait deja
un peu
avait bien
"Dans
encore.
ce recent
s'etait
voyage,
! !
Plantes
voisin
,
du
meme
cimitiere,
j'y
suis
entre
Comme
il
peuple
Quant a
ma
pyramide
je
I'ai
cherchee en vain
elle
les
n'existe plus.
Celtes,
qu'un monument.''
6.
Je suis sorti
A. Carro,
Voyage chez
ou
de Paris an
Mont
par Carnao.
Some
way
wend
(translate)
from "Post-
och Inrikes-Tidningar" (the Swedish Official Gazette) for Dec. 13, 1867
"A
cut
grave-monument
in
a strange place.
letter
Among
the trees
over,
,
down
After
the stem
the root
was taken up
its
within
it.
couple of
In this
long and 2 broad, and yet showed an inscription, but no more could be made out than the words:
GYNELA JONSDOTTER
Where
the
tree
1612.
in
was cut down (which was only a few inches above the place
which the
stone
As an
illustration
I will only
refer
is
to
one
single race-group
America.
Institution
tribes
,
With
thus pithily
summed up
of
in
392):
,
"Various methods
,
disposing
,
in
different
as burning
burial
deposit in caves
in
in lodges
and
In
in
canoes,
and attaching
many
common
cemeteries
[=
ossuaries, bone-pits]."
XXIV
grave-Stones.
FOREWORD.
But
if
we have
ages
of
which we have spoken, how many were raised in the early thinly-peopled
No competent
judge of these things will deem otherwise than that the Oldis
in
far greater
than any of
After this
my
first
tome
that the
reader
who wishes
and arguments,
the
communications
of distinguisht
and to see
crowd
of
additional
explanatory Chemitypes and other illustrations, besides nearly 100 Runic Alphabets in
facsimile, all helping us to
must
of course
in
To
made
under each
while
still
had no choice
here
but to
make
possible,
everything
all
at once,
is
highly to be
Future finds and the progress of Runish studies will doubtless modify
given.
We
shall
years
hence,
than we
Cheapinqhaven, Denmark.
Feb.
15,
1884.
GEORGE STEPHENS.
SWEDEN.
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
PROF. M.
B.
RICHERT,
UPSALA, SWEDEN.
DATE ABOUT
A, D.
100200.
XXVIl.
THE^WJNG'S HIGH-TINE
(pillar -stone)
AYE WJES
(he)!
memory
of Throeiving !
It is
still
at
Tanum.
quite perfect.
first
Runes
reverst.
Was
KINNEVED.
SKA-ANG.
DATE ABOUT
01d.-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
200300.
3, p.
Vol.
21.
^ J
SWEDEN.
HIRING
^.GI
LEDG^
AI
Mm-UJERWG OWN
(have,
death- bed,
resting-place)
aye (alway)!
(alltid)I
SKA-ANG.
SKARKIND.
The
later
FAtUR
SIN.
SKANMALS (.SKAM-BALS) EKE (and) Ms-mter- OLAUF THEY LET o ARE (make,
marks) THESE AFTER SUAIN, FATHER SIN
(their).
MARKS
HIS!
SIN.
(grave-
SKANMALS OCH hanS-Syster-OLAUF DE LATO GORA MARKEN DESSA EFTER SUAIN, FADER
SJAL HANS!
GUD HJELPE
About 5
over
1
little
foot.
As runish
may
We
gileugj<;.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
200 300.
3,
p.
26.
SWEDEN.
Found
a drawing
in the
summer
Is
of
and paper
cast.
Was
the base
SKITH'S
LOW
(grave-moimd).
skid's
geaf-hog.
DATE ABOUT
which
A. D.
27.
200300.
Re-engraved here from
the stone
itsetf,
Old-N. R. Mon.
f.
3, p.
visited in
Juhi 1873.
VANGA.
BEEGA.
May
But
HiEUC OtUA.
HJiUC
(?
= E^UNC)
raised-this-stooie-to-OTHU.
BM,VG reste-till-OTHU.
feet.
Turned runes.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
300400.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. B. Man.
176, 886,
XXVII.
me which
p. 29.
to
in
different
directions.
would
therefore
now suggest
first,
the
one name
is
same
remembered
So
now propose:
FINO.
The-lord-FJNO.
S^LIG^STIA.
The-lady-s^LiG^s tia.
Seven
feet .2
inches
high,
feet
First
engraved in 1830.
named
LTKA
BAM
lAUM HAUKI.
(grave-moiind).
10
SWEDEN.
mOjebro.
11
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
300400.
Vol
3, p.
XXVIIl.
30.
As drawn
and
publisht in
For several reasons (among others, the common one of there being here no
and the consequent doubt how we are to divide the words)
this
stops,
risting
is
first
line,
am now
inclined
to
look upon
it
as
perhaps those of the dead Chief and of his 2 Sons and Daughter,
I
M^MBM,
H^ISLiE, GINIA,
FR^WjER^D^A.
12
Nearly 8 feet 3 inches high.
SWEDEN.
Reverst staves.
here,
once for
all,
make
a remark,
which
will
often
Out of 14 vowels, no
5 brothers
is
less
than 9 are M,
an evident
proof of local
dialect.
As
to
the
2nd name,
named
hoisli are
mentioned on the
Rok
stone,
The stone
As drawn
btj
ETELHEM.
13
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
400500.
182.
Old-N. R. Mon.
ME MIEIL^ WROUGHT (^
Meriloe
made me).
Engraved
full
size.
Silver-gilt
Brooch,
found in 1846.
On
the
front,
the
raised
The
The
rest richly
remains,
tho broken.
The two
As we
for them.
triangular
the centre,
and the
see,
to save space,
14
SWEDEN.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400 500.
Vol.
3,
OU-N. R. Mon.
184, 967,
XXVII,
p.
3L
As drawn in middle of 17
cent,
Baron J. Nordsnfalk
in 1858.
Runes
as they were in
l6th
of the
size.
KROGSTAD.
KONGHELL.
15
the u should lean a
at
But, the
left top,
little
left.
MWSyOUINGI syOjKINiEA.
(in
msmory
of Swain).
till-syOiEiN (Sven).
upwards of 6
for
the
belt.
feet high.
The dots
I
As
full
curiosity,
add
drawing of this
by
a.
sure,
size:
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
500
600.
p.
208, 835.
Runes
)^\i^\/\\
HFUKtJUtFUAH
Runes
(of course reverst) engraved from a photograph;
HAUFBUUKtFH
16
SWEDEN.
for hart,
and read:
Chief,
Leader,
Commander) FOR
(of)
the-H^R (army,
( This
is
the General's
Baton of Command).
Staff or
Baton,
of
33 Va
Danish inches
Found
at Kastcllgarden in
1864.
that
my
folio
text I have
engravings
to
show
it.
was a General's
Staff,
and
here
add a drawing of william of normandt encouraging his troops before the battle
of Hastings,
bjOrketorp.
17
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
600
Vol.
700.
3, p.
32.
My
plates,
August 1864.
18
SWEDEN.
S^At MT B^RUTA UT
BME.RM
JiAWELiE DiEUDE.
MMhM
USA GINiE-RUNiEA
MRM
GEC.
FJiLJi;
HiELH^DA OMG.
NU.
BMIDAR^RVSO^O RO
UtiER,
MBM
SBM.
SJ^ATB AT
Campaign) out in
^awel
died.
HERE MELL
BADORUTB^.R
(tell)
of-us the- GIN-RUNES (our power-staves) his- are (fame) yea (truly).
(heroes)
he-woOG
(slew).
run A
(friend)
OWES
(hath,
now.
and-^D^
the- SPA E
(Wise) (raised
these stones
and carved
these runes).
SMATB
KAMP UT
^AWEL DODDE
(flog).
jo.
HAR MlLA
(fortalja)
the two
other blocks
Nearbyin
First copy
Worm's,
1636.
maybe
From
Worsaae's lithographs,
drawn
in 1844.
BJORKETORP.
19
-5 a-
20
SWEDEN.
DATE ABOUT
p. 206,
A. D,
600 700.
Vol. 3, p. 32.
Old-N. R. Mon.
835,
XXVIIJ.
Sent to Cheapinghaven,
fire
Denmark,
in
in
the great
of 1728.
round, undrest, of a
the 4 sides.
As we
see.
Worm's woodcut
is
only approximative.
s,
now
the 4th an N,
the 8th an
L,
the 10th
an
F,
SET to-BJSTHUWOLF.
( Carved).
F'S-son
FA WED
F's-son SKREF-runorna.
BORLiEF
son or foster-brother.
ISTABY.
21
ISTABY, BLEKING,
?
SWEDEN
3,
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
600 700.
Vol.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
113.
33.
Mv
plate,
September 1864.
22
SWEDEN.
My
plate,
September 1864.
ISTABY.
23
AFTER
(in
memory
of)
HYRIWOLF and-HYTHUWOLF
(let-write)
the-lady-HYKRuwoLFiA wrote
EFTER
(till
runes these.
minue
af)
hyrulf ocIi-hythclf
now
take HYERUwuLiEFiA to be a
womansname.
the sister
of the
two warriors.
tofte,
see.
which
About 4
in
above ground,
First
made
public
1748.
From, Worsaaes
lithographs,
drawn
in 1844.
24
SWEDEN.
DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,
A. D.
600700.
Vol.
3,
OU-N. R. Man.
p.
219.
p.
33.
Nov. 1876.
I
Prof. S.
I.
{m) not
in
h (n).
Of bone.
therefore redd from
Full size.
right
to
Found deep
left.
Lindholm Moss
as
1840.
Runes
reverst,
and
Very
difficult
and also
because we do not know whether the piece was made for an Amulet, or as Witch-gear, or a
in
1761
in
The
fill
up,
line as
we
get ^anb,
may
(or
be
iEANP
= iEAMP,
nearly the N.
in
jape
(?
janpr,
the
or a
same way,
Whether ^la
(summer
Witch
tell.
or
Wizard
(the user),
or a Serpent-chief or
The
late
discovery
of 1877)
me
another reading:
EC,
/,
ERILjEA
S^
IILjE,
G^A H^TEC
iE,
'GO',
hight-i (I command,
I
JAG, ERILiEA,
'AYE,
HIN ILLE,
'GA',
In
this
the
name
of
the
the
owner,
just
(i)
as to
an ERiLiEA owned
his
the
Kragehul Lance.
while
On
these pieces,
therefore,
owner speaks
(i)
amulet or weapon,
to
his
master.
Further finds
may perhaps
amend
the above.
The
ECERILiEAS^IIL^G^AH^TECjE
^yE^^J!;^^^aannnbmuttt:^lu
STENTOFTE.
25
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
600700.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
167.
j).
34.
My
plate,
September 1864.
26
SWEDEN.
My
plate,
September 1864.
The
is
first
made
early
in
this century.
is
The
first
publtsht drawing
o,
As on
(E.
this
stone t
the
usual
M
I
now
take
to
When
PI many
and
varieties)
became
stave
It
now
that the
after
g^f
more
like
g^fing.
STENTOFTE.
27
From Worsaaes
lithographs,
drawn
in,
1844.
My
is:
HjEBUWOLJiFA GiEFlNG,
H^RIWOL^FA
MiE,
HIDEAR-RUNGNO.
HER^ MiEL^
SiEA
^RiE GEUW.
^B^
RIUTI
ER^ GINO-RONOA.
(lustre, praise),
(space,
chamber,
or,
on
HJSTHUWOLF GJEFiNG
and-B^RiwoLF MJi
HADOR-
Gasfs-son),
(called the
Mae),
(those-honor's)
regen
(lords,
those
honor-crowned
chiefs).
HERE MELL
a-MUCKLE
yea
(truly).
^EB^ wrote
(catted)
letters).
28
SWEDEN.
HEDERNS-HOFDINGAR.
JO.
About 4V2
feet
This
seems the
official
See also
Gommor
and Bjorketorp.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
600 700.
Vol.
3, p.
36.
Mn
OWES
Engraved
OLJA
tJKISI,
(owns, possesses)
oltea
this- axe.
in the
olka
is
VARNUM.
29
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
600700.
Vol
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
216.
36.
Found
in
1862 by Herr
J.
W.
Alsterlund in
the
is
ruins
of
a grave-low
at Jarsberg,
Varnum
shall therefore
I
different interpretations.
adhere to
30
the one
originally
at
SWEDEN.
gave.
take
it
to
read oxgang-wise,
first
from the
top
on the right
and turning up
the ET,
after
the
3 dots,
epigraph (as so often), beginning with the smaller staves (runoa) and bending round; the last
artist,
We
have
many
other
examples of reverst and not reverst runes intermixt, as here, partly depending on their position.
I
now
restore to
as
it
here,
as an 0. N. letter,
its
usual power of
to
A.
Supposing the
the
lost top
bit
line
longer or shorter
have borne,
as
and
the
sinse
my
is
i
runoa wm^vtm
UANiEBiEE^H.
[Stone (this) raisjED
MHECER IN L^A AT
^heker
(to)
These
l^
At
(till
minne
af)
ihai
(=
inge),
Bo[nde (man)
sin (god)j.
wannberg
is
still
Swedish family-name.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
700
Vol.
800.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
222.
36.
IIT
HIUK DNBOJilU.
this) for-
iiT
IIT
HEWED (made
HOGG
unboa.
Of
in a
Found
in
moss
at
West-Thorp
in
Vemmenhogs Harad.
Several
Combs
inscribed with
and
been found
in Scandinavia
and England.
that of a female.
R^FSAL.
31
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. iMon.
A. D.
800900.
3,
Vol
p.
38.
32
SWEDEN.
Down
to the time of
Holmberg (1845),
of
They were
first-
copied in 1746.
HARIWULFS STAINAK.
HARIWULFS STONES
(These stones were raised in
(grave-marhs).
memory
of Hariwulf.)
As
it
is
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
800 900.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Man.
228,
LVIII, Vol
41.
light
on
this
difficult
text.
lines.
Add
a
to this,
that the
copy used by me
was very
far
from
correct.
therefore
feet,
now venture on
new
version.
feet 8 inches.
Bears more
as
a Runish Stone-book.
in
1843.
me by
Academy
The
ROK.
33
I
a.
h.
now
lines.
c.
Foreside.
Edge
or narrow, side.
d.
Back.
Edge
or narrow side.
In
cipher.
34
SWEDEN.
-<:
'i _ t
-il
pi-iilf
\
^v,-^'
IJM*T'.
r-\^
SECOND SIDE OF THE BLOCK.
i
FOURTH SIDE OF
THE. BLOCK.
e.
Back.
Back.
Top_ cross-line.
In
cipher; d.
and
e.
first
/.
g.
h.
i.
Second cross-line,
to the stop.
line.
Back.
In
cipher.
Back.
Back.
to the stop.
Rest of the
I
line,
left,
all
in chiefly
some Prayer
ROK.
35
j.
k.
I.
Back. Back.
The
Top.
9 standing lines.
Tree-runes.
Right to
left.
First redd
bj Bugge.
Back.
Front. Front.
Top; 2 plain
staves. staves.
m.
ft.
Top; 5 plain
Top.
Tree-rimes.
36
SWEDEN.
A.
raised.
these.
B,
By whom
IN
UARIN
FAKiJ,
AFT FAIKION
SDN'U.
raised-this),
the-father,
C.
What
HUAR
Ai?-UAL
UA/JIN
RAUBAE
TUA, bar's
UA^At
TDALF SINUM
UARINUM
NA7?T,
UAL-RAUBR
BAP, Afl SOMO,
NOUMIS^SU-MONOM.
BAT SAKUM ONART:
HUAiJ FUR NIU ALTUM
ON^NURM-FIARU MIR;
HRAIt-KUTUM AUK TUM^
Mli?
ON UBS AKAR.
RAIP^tURMUBI
STILIi?
FLUTNA,
STRONTU HRAIB-MARAR.
SITIfi
NU KARU/e_
iJOK^KUTA SINUM,
SKIALTI UB-FATLABR,
SKATI MARIKA.
RU
SAKUM, UK MINI^:
I
51
NIMR FLUOl!
OKR UOKNAI
AI UN;
IS
UILIN
BAT.
that:
Where in
booty's
yore-fight
(hero,
Warin.
two
- wamuth)
on
ivhere he battled
with-twelve his
Warins bravely
EOK.
37
war-spoils
gained.
Thane of Glory,
sea-men.
from-Nonmis
That saw-we next:
with-me;
UVs
Afire
(=
the Ocean).
Swayed
illustrious,
he the-daring
prince of deck-braves,
the-strand of Hraith-mere.
Sitteth-he
now
ready-equipt
by-war-steed
his,
with-shield tight-belted,
that-lord of-the-Marings
His-rest,
so,
'.
taketh-he in-his-Galley
In whom
Wilin
is
that
(^ (
it
is).
Wilin
is
that
his
name
is
Wilin).
D.
What
HUAR
IT,
"
UIT-trOKI ON,
XUAIiJ;
,
EUNDKA^.
TIKIR
(=
KUNUKA/J
SATIST SIULUNT
FIAKURA DINTUR,
AT FIAKURUM NABNUM,
KUNMUNTAi?
FTIR
FIM,
AIRNAiJ SUNIiJ.
;
(=
iftir)
I
AiNHUAiJ
B(Aiin uik)i
now
translate marika as a Clan-name, of the Marings, not of the Illustrious, and in this I adopt the suggestion
1659.
38
SWEDEN.
Where
ate,
the-horse of-Sigim
on,
{=
the
Wolf)
Uit-wong
kings two;
tikes
so they lie
like
dead dogs
lie
they)-
Which two
tens
( 20)
kings
were-sitting Sealand in
four
winters,
at (with)
four names,
Ualks
five,
Rathidf's sons
five,
Hraithulfs
Riikulf's sons;
Hoisles five,
Haruath's sons
Kunmunts
five,
Aim's
sons.
E.
What
RUNI BOtiJ
BIARI
HUHUAN.
These-runes he-biddeth
Biar to-hew.
Let us now take the whole more freely and poetically:
A.
The name of
the dead.
The
The Father
sings his
dead sons
exploits.
WE
WHERE,
IN FIRST
FIELD
WITH
HIS
WARINS TWELVE
HARD-EARn'd TRIUMPHS,
THE STRIPLING GAINED
o'er SEAMEN OF NOUMI.
ROK.
39
II.
WE SAW THEREAFTER:
WHERE, NINE SHIPS NEARING
FAR NORTH-SHORES WITH ME,
FOLK-LORD, SHIP-LORD,
the-STRANDS BY HRAITH-MERE
BATTLE-STEED HOLDING,
SHIELD ON HIS SHOULDER,
WE
WHOM
WILIN
he!
WILIN
IS
he!
D.
The
WHERE
SIGUN'S
US:
CAMP ON SEALAND
GUNMUNDS
FIVE,
AIRN'S SONS.
I.
at last!
40
SWEDKN.
E.
Whom
the
King
chose as Rune-cutter:
The
lines
scald
of
Some
of these
tell
Edda
itself.'
May
this
us
of the gallant
Age!
in
Fragments
which,
been
found at Ekeby
Gotland
The
chiefly 0.
.^
3.
DATE 7VB0UT
p.
A. D..800
900.
3.
Old-N. R. Mon.
192,
Vol.
p.
64.
sOlvesborg.
41
My
42
SWEDEN.
^SMUTS
ElUSir.
(stone-heap,
harrow, stone-mound).
RUTI WROTE
(these runes).
little
more than 18
inches.
First engraved
Whitish
granite.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
900
1000.
65.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3, p.
suflFered so
much,
it
is
first
ii
were
originally
^A T^EN
BONIiE EOAUL.
ll^URl
HEWED
( ROAULF, HROTHWVLF
The
first
that
by
Worm
in 1643.
44
SWEDEN.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
10001100.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
68.
No. 1124
feet above ground.
Has the
G.
More than
The
HALSTUN
STUN BANSI
(in
YUIZJ
SIGI.
memory
FATHER SIN
(his) SIGI
(=SIGGE).
granite,
Drawn by
feet high,
Of
about 6
nearly 2V2
^et
thick.
INGELSTAD.
45
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
12001300.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
837.
^mmm
Lector L.
Wiedes
copy.
SAMSI
KARM
wene
(fair) maria.
over.
D.
building of
some
The runes
first
The
translation
may
46
SWEDEN,
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
1200 1300.
p.
Old-N. K. Mon.
243.
Facsimile of the woodcut in Goransson's Bautil, 1750, but copied nearly a century
earlier.
KEAESTIN UNU.
ENRUK KORtE K
KEABSTlN (=KRisriNA)
UNA'S-daughter-Ues-here.
(grave-mark).
This grave-slab was about 6 feet 11 inches long, by about 4 feet 9 broad.
the interesting variant of the 0. N.
frozen into a
e.
in the genitive,
compound nominative.
EWA Y.
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
A. D.
Vol. 3,
100.
p.
73.
Wi^'i
Sri
.'
*,!
On
some 40 feet from the nearest about from 16 to 20 feet above the highest water-flow, and has gradually risen in But it could only have been carved from ship-deck. The land sea. These death-runes were first remarkt about 1870. this locality to so great an extent.
Moss, Denmark. See a Chief of the same name {^ewm) under Thorsbjerg
50
aV
~\=ir-
inti-rimwir
""^*!
o
H
c3 21
o
Ed
O W
CI
O g
2! >< 1^
o a
N H O o
/
W.v
(1
00
25
J/
i:,
'
W f
a M f O
> 2! O <
CO
o O
tiJ
O H
S) (>
o
a Q
2!
Q
;.
O O W
M
o-<a
'^
<?=:^
bO.
61
BO,
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
200
300.
7*
52
NORWAY.
HNiEBMiES (or HN^CBD^S) HLiEIWJE.
bn^:bm^(W)'S
(?
hn^.bDjE'S)
low
(grave-mound,
hillock).
to 5 inches
thick,
First
discovered in 1865.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
200 300.
254, 839.
Old-N. R. Mon.
translate:
IGINGON
H^L^A.
IGINGA-S
LOW
EINANG.
63
Found
in
in
to
Denmark, where
Is
it
now
is
(at Jsegerspris in
With
it
of grayish
Norse marble.
Bugge and
genitive,
Wimmer
is
a tvoma'ns
name
in
the
and this
is
possible but by no
means
certain.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
200
3,
300.
79.
p.
54
NORWAY.
../h:a,^-n.D^^^^^.
FACSIMILE, COPIED
HALF
SIZE.
u.ih
r.ciihKtiiotw'
/ /
EINANG.
55
D^GM
The
This barrow
is
its
The block
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.
A. D.
200
300.
86.
Vol
3, p.
From 12
out on a
field,
Found, in a stone-heap
other such memorials,
Like
1871.
many
Taken up
in
56
NORWAY.
TUNE,SMALENENE, NORWAY.
?
DATE ABOUT
Old-N.
A. D.
p.
200 300.
Man.
247, 904.
TUNE.
V^BLUNGSN^S.
57
Very
slightly modifying
my
former version,
now propose:
WOR^HTO
.B(une).
WITiEI GiEH^LJLIBJiN,
ECWIW^A AFTER
(in
memory
(wise,
high,
let
mighty, ilhistrious)
loaffellow
(partner, mate,
husband),
wrought
(carved,
The-EEiRS (sons) INGOST and-LiA, and-the-HEiRESS nothuingoa, his-DAUGHTER, DEALED to-SET (shared in setting up) to-woDURW this-STONE.
HiA (they)
(skar,
dessa-R(unor).
feet 7 inches,
and at
its
4 inches broad.
widest part
is
2 feet
First publisht
by
Worm
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
200
Vol.
300.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
274.
90.
MIEIL.fflA
WIWILN,
To-MIRIL^ wiwiL'N-carved-these-runes.
58
NORWAY.
Runes about
7th
Vp
A
rune-carved Rock or Bluff
in
p
publisht
K
The
letters
almost perpendicular.
over
lower,
wiwil'n
is
his
name
what
is
Schoning
(bad)
copy
of this
inscription, in 1778.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
300 400.
3,
p.
95.
ELGESEM.
MUJ.
FROHAUG.
59
Found
9 broad,
in
Is
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
300400.
230.
Old-N. R. Mon.
The 4th
Prof.
left,
is
Rygh thought
(a),
but
or
i.
Perhaps:
s^g(? a).
For-SEGE
(victory!).
For-SEGER!
Full size.
Bronze.
fixt
on a Belt.
The
This
8*
60
NORWAY.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400500.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
587.
p.
97.
J/.
Baudot's
own
facsimile,
as corrected by himself.
foi
mmmm
Wimmers
Chemitype, by Prof.
Magnus
Petersen,
from
fresh facsimile-dratmng
NORWAY (cHAENAY).
ORSTAD.
61
As both these
But the
more
latter is
I
differ,
is
correct.
Probably we
exact.
therefore modify
my
C,
first
attempt accordingly.
First,
line,
U,
I,
M,
R,
G,
W, H, N,
Y,
yO, P, A,
S,
T,
(m).
Thereafter,
left
starting
from the top of the right side and ending with the top of the
(brooch)
this.
Found
KENG
in
1857.
Of
silver,
parcel-gilt.
or,
Engraved
full size.
Norwegian.
historical
No
other than
left
as far as
it
we know,
in
any
and
is
The 7th
on the
not,
I
may be
take
to be g.
I
The
are a contraction, of
do not know.
3,
2.
See Dr.
Wimmer,
Runeskriftens
Oprindelse (Aarb.
f.
fig.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
400 500.
258.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
HILIGiEA S^R^-ELU.
R^W
KM-r(m).
He- OWES
(owns, enjoys)
roo
(rest)
here.
Till-HiLiGjE S^RULtr-skref-dessa-runor.
AGER-han RO hAr.
Light-gray granite.
2 feet 7 broad below,
Found
at
inside
grave-kist in 1855.
thick.
Is
3 feet
9 inches
high,
5 inches
the
top
Whether from
the sour
earth or accidental damage, the runes have suffered, especially the lowest line.
The frequent
is
Now
in the Christiania
Museum.
62
NORWAY.
^^aiffl^^iS^^
Ml
'
f
I
t^r3^
,=^'^s;^
REIDSTAD.
63
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400500.
Vol.
3,
p.
Old.-N. R. Mon.
256.
99.
Found
lection,
in
1857
in Hiteron.
About
Is
now
in the
University Col-
Christiania.
'
64
NORWAY.
SIGDAL,
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400 500.
Vol.
3.
Old-N. R. Mon.
271, 841.
p.
100.
SBi
ir
"'-1
iw"*
.V
i
.*'
^''-
'
BELL AND.
65
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
500600.
261.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
About 5
feet
long by 3 broad,
thick.
First
seen
by
While
farm
at Belland, it
S.
The runes
squeeze of Prof.
Bugge
ACEt^N.
This
chiefly driving,
chief
his
name (ake-thane,
Stone
apparently granite.
66
NORWAY.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
500600.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Man.
267, 841.
p.
100.
The whole
slab,
engraved 1818,
p.
44,
PL
10, fig. C.
The runes
alone,
from
rubbing by
M. F.
Arendt, 1806.
Found
in an
lost or broken.
Was
An
But
of old lived
silver
many
copy
Earliest
Arendt's.
fonnAs.
67
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
500600.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3,
p.
// /
101.
68
This Silver Brooch,
NORWAY.
yet
the
costliest
met with
of this
kind in Strongly
all
gilt,
the North,
was
Here given
size.
Old-North-English work,
Has belonged
to
an English lady
in the
Old-North-English dialect:
IH BIM ULTyO.
1
BE (am)
ULTlA'S-brooch.
The second, 3
WAS HU
lines,
seemingly in Old-Norse
. . .
ing,
ing,
ing,
ing,
WAS HU
(she
was) English (an Englishwoman), laing (Las-daughter), asping (who was Asps-son),
s...ing (the son of S...),
it
Now
in the Christiania
Museum,
to
which
FORDE, SONDFJORD,
?
N.
BERGENHUS, NORWAY.
A. D.
Vol.
DATE ABOUT
500600.
3, p.
Old.-N. R. Mon.
106.
^a
mansname mlvao,
^LUA
or,
0.
as
prefer,
^LUA owNs-me.
Of
thing else.
steatite.
Full size.
May
Found
in
1874.
70
NORWAY.
iEN
(.'
W^EUA.
(?
aceth)^N-skref-dessa-runor till-WiEBU.
Undrest.
Found
in
1852
in a ruined barrow.
Length taken
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
600 700.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
109.
BOSO
WR^ET RUN^,
Dcethe-dan)
other valuables and ornaments, in a Lady's grave parcel-gilt; border decoration filled-in with niello. Engraved full size.
in
Found
1873, with
many
Silver,
SEUDE.
VATN.
71
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
700800.
p.
68:
^PFT1F12FIHIF
B.
fol.,
1651, p. 66:
PFIIFIZFIMIF^
The
real
staves
may
Or perhaps,
W^TT^;^yET S^MiENG
WJETT^ AT
Lost.
(to,
in
memory
of)
s^ming.
first to
by Worm, the
VATN,
VERNES PARISH,
?
S.
TRONYEM, NORWAY.
750 800.
3.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
p.
115.
't'^-.";
-*^i,
I;.
72
Bears only the mansname
NORWAY.
rho^l(t)e.
Of gray
broad.
slate,
off;
2 feet 7 inches
long,
I.
foot 2 inches
Now
Found
in
1871 by Archivary
Undset.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
f.
700 800.
269.
Old-N. R. Mon.
From
Runes full
size,
from Prof
0.
RygKs paper
cast,
1865.
WEST TANEM.
GJEVEDAL.
73
Thus no doubt
of
M^NS
Found
in
(= MAN'S,
MJENi'S)
LOW
(Grave-heap, Tumulus).
1813
inside a
kemp-how.
Length about 3
feet.
Is
now
in the
Christiania
Museum, but
is
deplorably injured.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
10501150.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
276.
116.
^NS^GUI
SliE.
To-JENSJEG u TEESE-memorial-runes.
Till-^NSiEGU DESSA-minne-runor.
From
of wood,
a paper cast
11,
1805.
Original
probably
Heathen
now
lost.
The assumed
date
is
piece
centuries older.
A. D.
11501250.
Vol.
3,
278.
p.
117.
NORWAY.
PRESTR
,
SIKKTALE.
I'ORR-SON(r).
f THIS CLOCK
(hell)
LET STEEP
(yote, cast)
SONDE (yeoman) on
(at)
toue thorr-son.
SIGDAL,
TOVE THORSON.
Unhappily
this
late
overgang piece
is
lost,
that
is,
Engraved
WEST STENVIK,
N.
TRONYEM, NORWAY.
In 1858 an 0. N. rune-stone was found in a how, and cast away by the brutal finder.
AUDA,.J^DEREN, NORWAY.
About 1870 was taken out
ornaments.
It
of a
is
was used
in
a fence and
VOREIM, M^RE,
A
slah with
N.
TRONYEM, NORWAY.
a
4 runes
in
barrow some
years
1871.
DENMARK.
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
JOHANNES
O.
H.
R STEBNSTRUP,
CHEAPINGHAVEN, DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
200250.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
285.
LIV.
121.
^ISG AH.
JEISG
OWES
MlSG iGER-mig.
10*
78
Full
size.
DENMARK.
Found
But
it
in 1858.
thin,
of Barbarian
not
as
Roman make.
we can
see
has on
its
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
200250.
Vol
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
295.
121.
now adopt
the
view
of
that owl:du
is
a lisp
for wolbu,
and propose:
NIW^NG-M^RIA OWLtU-MW^A.
NiWJENG-M^RiA-gives-this-sword to-her-friend-owLpU-pEWJE.
Most
45 Sword-chapes found
in this
silver.
Various in form.
Some
quite round.
England
in 6 different Counties.
1,
p.
470.
Dug up
MW^
is
cliff,
Norway.
THORSBJERG.
BALKEMARK.
79
(I)L(I)A.
End
Bendixen
Possibly Dr.
in
of
mansname.
Found
in
the Kiel
a
Museum, where
in
1858
Sept.
60,
1879.
now
are.
part of
wooden Bow.
Docent
Wimmer
piece
bit.
and
think
the
marks only
accidental impressions.
may
be.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
200300.
122.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol. 3, p.
TDNBA.
about 8
dark
heavy stone.
Found
in
This mansname
is
of excessive antiquity.
80
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
200 300.
Vol.
3,
p.
123.
fern.,
is
L. 0,
L.
OWNS-me.
At
more
o.
lightly cut,
what seems
be a double-rune, =j=p.
Half-size.
If a letter-
apparently L and
Found
in
1840.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
250 300.
297, 837.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
The name
Parcel-gilt fibula.
Full size.
Is
The
some
such material.
fallen aM'ay.
in 1835.
HIMLING0IE.
NYDAM
MOSS.
81
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
250300.
299.
Old-N. R. Mon.
-mis^
One has
and so
a plain a,
a reverst L,
probably, a
on.
mansname.
Engraved
full
size.
The
82
DENMARK.
VI
DATE ABOUT
1.
A. D.
300
350.
Old-N. R. Mon.
f.
301.
Silver
staves,
Those
visible
Full
Dug up
2.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
305.
H^RINGtE.
Bone Comb.
this
Full
size.
Some dozens
of
Combs came
in
to
some
of
Found
1865.
3.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
307,
LV.
Dug up
in 1865.
Of ash-wood.
Full size.
VI MOSS.
83
TOP,
ROSENENSTiVD.:
SECTION AT
A.
SECTION AT
B.
SIDE.
MP. M.
F.ROSEKSTAllDsc.
11
84
DENMARK.
The
1st of these
workshop
scribbles is:
TILING
0.
TILING OWNS-me.
TiELING AGER-mig.
There
this,
are,
uow
faint,
dividing
it is
dots between
a
o.
If,
notwithstanding
we make
mansname.
letters
AH LiE-OEB(^)
[?
locer].
GISLI0N6-WILI
OWNS
I
planej.
The
3rd,
on the
side,
now
take to mean:
:DE
TltAS HLEUNG,
RIIGU.
TiTHAS BLEUNG
(= HLE-SON),
TEEOW
The
inscriptions
are in
diflferent
"hands",
perhaps
this
many
years
between each.
Cutting-irons gone.
The
cutting
section
being concave,
Fork-staff Plane, to
make
Another,
runeless.
Its
cutting-iron
has perisht.
shows that
this
In 1877,
among
the
tools
of a farmer- carpenter
at
Ekeby
in
in
Gotland,
OLE OLS-SON
initials,
1786.
0. 0. S.
(= OLE
OLS-SON).
Museum, and
the other to
my
collection.
4.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3,
p.
123.
As
it
^^D^G^S(LI) L^iiS^UWINGiE.
= EDGISLl LESSING
Brass Buckle,
silver
(= LESSON).
Full size.
Dug up
in
1851.
GALLEHUS.
85
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
300 400.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
321.
p.
128.
% ^\
MMwm
jjjijjjfjnjiiiiHiiriiiiniiiiiiiMffiiiijjh^iiiiii
VU VKVVVy
^AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlV^AA/^A^AAA>v^AAASA,^YVv^AAM^'^AlSr^AAA^^M>|/^A^
!mVVv5vVVVyVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVYVVv<VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
i.
VVVVVWMVVVV^VVVVVVy
\Jb
AAAAAAAAAAAA/^AAAAAAA.VAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAArSA'AA
11*
86
DENMARK.
ECHLEW for-the-AWEST
(= To
ECHLEW
Wood-pnnce,
the ever-to-he-feared
Horn!).
till- den-
With
its
fellow,
wandered to the
thief,
1802.
YNGi or YNGVi was the especial epithet of the Danish froe, the Old-English frea, the
Norse-Icelandic frey,
the
To
his
Temple
name
(as ecglaf)
far
in
the
Old-English Epical
legend
Beowulf.
The famous
forest farris
Photoxylographic transcript,
full
size,
by
made
itself,
with his own hand by Med. Doct. geoege krysing of Flensborg, in 1734, from the
a few weeks after
it
Horn
was found
at Gallehus
mm.
From
of which
is
in
my own
bookhoard;
another
is
in
runes are twice given, in their place at the mouth of the Horn, and separately on a
scale
larger
which
is
here photographt,
full
size,
direct
on to the wood,
mark
The runes in his copy of the Horn itself begin (<) between the words echlew and ^g^stia. But below, he has "corrected" the order, begins with with echlew and end with t^wido.
GALLEHDS.
87
In a unique
a kind of
second
the
same year,
in
my
it
collection,
in
at
end,
as
it
had stood
in his
the Horn, preserving the divisional mark between the echlew and the jeg^stia, which he has in
both places also in his first edition of this large plate.
In
my
facsimile
is
order.
TiEWiDO
first
or last,
the meaning
the same.
Ms.
Essay
of Grunnavik
(Danish
National
Library), the
is
it,
plainly given.
But
paulli.
who
says he was
omits
We
thus
that the
letter-group
88
DENMARK.
was
quite
complete,
it
with
13
broad rings.
in
was found
to
somewhat
the
from the North- Jutland border, an enclave attacht to the diocese of Ilibe.
GALLEHDS.
89
^^<
LAA
Hi
s>o
aQ
90
DENMARK.
KRAGEHUL MOSS,
?
FYN,
A. D.
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
1.
300400.
No.
N^c
(or ^Mv)..
....tJM^
BER^.
Full size.
in
do not pretend to
translate
these fragments.
Of ash-wood.
knife-
Uneartht
lost.
1865.
in
No. No.
2.
BONE-SNAKE, bearing
LID,
O.N. Runes,
Found
Found
1750.
1750.
See Vol.
See Vol.
1,
p.
319.
3.
A WOODEN
bearing 0. N. Runes,
lost.
in
1,
p. 319.
'No. 4.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3,
p.
133.
Spear-
head
end.
IHSiSI:.!
"
br(
a\
Full size.
Ashen Lance-shaft.
Found
in
1877.
As
take
it,
in verse,
the
Ban on
Permission to copy
EARL, JARL.
KRAGEHUL MOSS.
EC,
VALL0BY.
91
ERILiEA,
jES-UGIS
:
MLM
SMUHiE HiEITE
GiEGIN UGiE;
HE NIY^
B.MGMLM,
WIYtJ-BIGI (? se
wapnbautin).'
7,
ERIL, ANS-UGG'S
(= Wodens)
this
IRON-STORM PIERCER (=
BID:
Lance)
'GO, GO,
GAINST the-SAVAGK;
HENCE HURRY
H^G^L
gash
QUICK,
On-GORY WAR-BED
him
thro!'
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
300400.
3,
p. 136.
Roman Bronze
found
in
vessel,
with
many
other
Roman and
size:
barbarian
pieces
and jewels,
1872
in a skeleton
mans-grave.
12
92
DENMARK.
Underneath
that
is
is
all
left is
half bigness:
full
size:
Doubtless the
common mansname
wiis(a),
or wiis(^) or wiis(r).
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
500 600.
858.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
GLOSTRUP.
VEILE.
VOLDTOFTE.
93
TD.
Apparently TU (= Tiu)
TOES-DAY was given.
the
Heathen God,
the
Mars
of the
Old North,
to
whom
1846.
Doubtless an Amulet.
Full size.
Is the spike of
an Echinite
(fossil).
Found
in
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
600 700.
332.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
Stone
lost.
Copy
of
the
inscription
1,
is
in
P. Syv's
2, is
Ms. Collec.
in p.
P. F.
Suhm's
"Samlinger
til
Part
Kjobenhavn 1779,
only a guess.
I
117.
But we
Any
restoration
propose, reversing
^NI ISINGTH^A.
jENi-carved these-runes to-isiNGTE^w.
Ky.
casts'i
Why
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
600
700.
p.
333,
LVIl
Bears only one word, the name of
Is
now
at the
About 5
3 feet broad.
45.
Granite.
12*
94
DENMARK.
VORDINQBORG.
95
96
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
600700.
Vol.
3, p.
OU-N. R. Mon.
JiFT iEWSL,
335, 857,
LVII.
139.
FAtUE, TRtJBU
KMUM
VIMXJ lEUI.
AFTER
(in
memory
of) JETBISL,
his-FATHER,
(stone-Mst).
Lower down
first
is
h,
and
w
is
the
Ui,
letter
of wrait
(or
something such);
thus H
lower,
(bless )-these-runes!
Height about 4 feet 5 inches, breadth (both the runic sides) about 3 feet
inch.
During
broken.
It
its
fell
and was
not
now
so legible as
when
my
Worm's bad
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
700 800.
342.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
HURNBUR^
STJSIN,
SUltiKS.
Ploughed up
in 1828.
KALLERUP.
SEALAND.
97
SEALAND, DENMARK,
?
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 700
800.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3,
p.
140.
98
DENMARK.
OT^ICT.
DISFAVOR
(=-
BAD
The
Bad Throw!)
the
Perhaps the mark on the 2-side means del, vel, (well, favor,
4.
Good Throw).
DlLIGA KASTET,
2.
GODA KASTET,
Full size.
Of soap-stone
(steatite).
Found
in 1865.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
750800.
Vol. 3, p.
Old-N. R. Man.
861.
141.
Amulet;
believe,
TEIEF-FIND.
(For finding a
Thief).
The
1866.
Full
end-E,
This
little
size.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
750800.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
338.
p.
141.
SIN.
TRUKNA5U
(?
Hanum
alir).
RHUVLF SET
Magistrate),
gutui (Temfle-chief and after kuteumvt (=gvdmvnd), broteer-son (nephew) sin (his). drowned (were drowned, perisht at sea) (with-him all, = himself and all his men), ^euair fayed (raised this stone
(or,
this-STONE,
of-the-NUR-men
of the
nur
district)
the
and carved
RHUULF SATTE denne-STEN, af-NUR-manuen
(eller,
these nines).
af
Domare), efter
(till
minne
af)
drdnknade (omkomno
pa hafvet) (med-honom
han
sjelf
och
alia
bans man).
HELN^S.
99
Now
Found
in
in the
greatest thickness
about 2
1860.
Overgang, only
Was much broader before it was so barbarously the H, M and M being Old-Northern letters.
13
100
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
800850.
3,
OU-N.
Mon.
p.
142.
Found
and 2
thick...
in
April 1876.
Softish sandstone,
2 feet broad
Has several
letters understood,
to save labor,
divide
and translate:
FREERSLEY.
JYDERDP.
101
UK
UNITR,
A(Rfik)l,
SKWLFS (= SIKWULFS)
IWKA (= IWIKA)^AFTA
jER-rnr (= runar)
(j&)isi.
^SLAIK RAISED
INGA'S, EIS
this-STONE,
GRANDMOTEER'S;
IN (but) SET
UNID,
SON Of-SIGWULF,
EVER AFTER-her
ORE-RUNES (honor-words) these.
Grandfather: sigwulf
inga,
Gh-andniother.
UNID,
Son.
^stAiK, Grandson.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.:
A,
800900;
Vol.
B,
3,
12001300.
OMrN.R.Mon,p.839.
Side A.
p, 146.
Side B.
TYW
-
AL!
?
TYW
WXYZ;
Doubtless an amulet.
Full size.
Of glimmer sandstone.
Dug up
in
1866.
13*
102
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
800900.
Vol.
3,
Old-N.
Mon.
p.
345, 857.
f.
146.
SALHAUKU(m).
Priest)
is
of-RUE ALT,
THYLE
(Speaker,
ON ihe-SALHOWS.
of Thor.
To
the right
the
mark
of
Woden,
(on)
On
About 4
feet long,
2 feet
3 inches broad,
at the
21
inches deep.
last century.
Now
in the
Found
end of the
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
10001100.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
862.
l>ES(?i).
HW.
Stone smasht and
lost.
Only
bArSE.
MAGLEKILDE.
103
'1i
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
10001100.
p.
OU-N. R. Mon.
864.
104
First side,
DENMARK.
among other
SecondBronze.
----staves, the
belt,
mansname
sidarb.
OLUFR.
Full size.
Seems
to
and
to
Dug up
in
a field in 1866.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
11001200.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
351.
Filing's drawing,
1797:
TK^
R.
hullt).
2 feet long
by 16 inches broad.
About 5
feet
Amt.
Bears no 0. N.
letter
and
therefore goes
out,
if,
as
now
THISTED.
105
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
11001200.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
355.
147.
WHILES
(repOses) HERE.
(Here
rests
Thorce, the
sol,
Sun
of Tand).
THOR^, TAND's
Size of the Slab 4 feet 2
HVILER HAR.
by
foot 8.
106
DENMARK.
DATE ABOUT
A. D, 1227.
3,
Old-N. B. Mon.
Vol.
p.
148.
Found
Is a Priest's
in Jan.
1876
in
Sacramental Cup, of
Engraved
full
size:
On
I
the rim
of the
Chalice
is
an
The
in
common
to both Futhorks.
add the
line
of runes and
marks
beneath them the normal shapes of the unworn and uninjured characters, and beneath
The marks
MCCo27,
or 1227.
---^rgjrT^u-t.. Ui\-s^uiq^j^.r^.
F,
U,l>, 0,
R, K, H,N,I,A,S,
T,
B,
M,
L, E,
D,
VO,NG,^,(E
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
HE REV. WALTER
W. SKEAT, M. A,
CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400500.
Vol
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
374.
p.
137.
Full size.
The
f,rst,
at the
^leuhwini owns
this
Brooch.
14*
110
ENGLAND.
The
second,
the
mansname:
LONjEWORE.
The
WOD^N WINIWON^WyO.
woD^N-gives-this to-the-lady- wiNi WON^ W.
in a lady's grave in
1844.
Inscription
is
in
DATE ABOUT
A. D,
Vol.
400 500.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
158.
WW
>1
'J.
*'
-'
"
>'''
"J-"":'
BIRLNIO ELS
^^^
^*^^-
F"ll
size.
Silver,
Found some
The
inscription
in
OSTHOFEN.
THAMES.
Ill
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400 500.
Vol
3,
Old-N. R. iMon.
585.
p.
159.
The runes
for D
and
now
read:
GONE AT FTOE
MIC.
DAH OH
ME.
MIC.
DAH
MIG.
DAH IGER
MIG.
we take
name
will be
It is
daho.
Brooch
I
of gilt bronze.
Full size.
Doubtless English.
If not,
then Scandinavian.
of no
therefore
have
removed
ruBE for
this piece
We
to the
know
German
in
or
made and oh
Came
Mainz Museum
1864.
00
'^^i
rr
^
'=
dL.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
400 500.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
361.
159.
^
S
==^
S^
Thames
1857.
Characters
cut into
twisted together,
letters:
B,
E,
0,
I-,
R,
C,
G,
W, H, N,
L,
I,
T,
yO, P, A,
tr,
S,
T,
NG,
D,
M,
CE,
A,
M,
CA.
of the
Now
in the British
Museum.
112
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
428 597.
367.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Found
ab.
1830.
Stone; 16
in.
high by 4
4 at top,
6X6
below.
Only
the
name now
legible;
B,MB.MSUL.
SANDWICH.
113
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
458597.
363.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
Runes defaced.
Of hard
stone.
About 17 inches
high,
by 5
X 5 where broadest.
114
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
500600.
3,
p.
160.
'A
If
*'
>*^
W)
\
Engraved
2/g
J
original
size
of the
&
London 1877,
p. 201,
foil.
Ploughed up
in
Of
shell sand-
portable
and the hole-groups are supposed by Mr. Haigh to have rudely represented the Constellations
Woden's
or Ceorl's
Wain and
the Ship.
CLAiEO IWI
GILTON.
ST.
ANDREWS.
115
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
500600.
Vol
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Silver
370.
in
163.
Pommel
SIDE A.
of an Iron
Sword, now
the Liverpool
Museum.
What
is
left is
Akerman
TOP.
siiillfc
;| *ik''j!'^^f^^
@ia<i,-.K^
With Haigh
away;
his
is
suppose the
I
last letter
on a to have been
now worn
(un).
dotted (guest) M- on B
as follows:
bind-rune
[V
My
proposal
TCE IK
SIGI.
EKE
merrily me wiss
o-djegmvnd!
Engraved
full
size.
Found
at the
ST.
ANDREWS,
?
FIFE, SCOTLAND.
A. D.
p.
DATE ABOUT
fi
500 600.
371.
Old-N. R. Mo7i.
Bronze Finger-ring.
a
Full size.
As on
ISAH.
If taken as
either case a
common mansname.
Found
15
116
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
OU-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
500600.
S65.
p. 372,
Pig of Tin,
found
11 inches broad,
in the
and
3 inches high.
The stamp
It
bears,
is
well
known
Old- English
Runic Futhorc.
called
by the name
STAN.
Stamp
full
size;
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
550600.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
169.
Lady,
most
likely
The
of
and the
runes
the
half-Scandian dialect in
the
together with
the
olden
the
how and
cumbel-boo
Several
Most
some
are
They
IKKALACGC
BUCIAEHOM
BECKCTO CUOMBIL-BIO
CIMOKOMS, ALH's COINU,
OC,
TIMID
I
ECBI,
ACLIHCG
AILIC
I
RAIRA WOLC.
BROUGH.
117
HOUH
OSCIL,
OSBIOL,
FAIJ&U.
CCHL. OEKI
WOP
15*
118
ENGLAND.
INGALANG JN BVCKenHOME
BlGGED
(built)
this-the-cuMBLE-BOO (grave-Mst)
OK
(but),
ON ACLEIGH
EOLY INTO
(to)
RYRE
(niin,
destruction)
she-WALKT
(went).
Her-EOW
My. LEGEM
OK EKE
YOUNG-again reaches
(but indeed,
renew) after
brook
(death),
and
truly)
carjng'S
WOOP
(care's tear-flow)
never quetcees
(shall move,
I
shall afflict)
(me more).
INGALANG
BOCKEHEM
MEN, FOOD
ECBY,
HELIG
(till)
DODEN hoil-GICK.
osciL,
Hennes-graf-HOG
OSBIOL,
size,
Found
in
Carboniferous sandstone.
Among
dug up
at
the
Roman
This
is
not surprising,
Brough was a
Roman
military station.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
600650.
Vol. 3, p. 180.
May-GOD ON-SMEE
(look on,
regard,
us!
Bone Comb.
WHITBY.
KORTHUMBRIA.
119
Front
and
Section.
NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND;
BUT
NOW
IN
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
620650.
Old-N. R. Man.
378, 865.
P?{
H'/^*r^<^ l\m M Ml %,
'0^ WH^^tt^f^uum
TJRIT
IN
MDNGP^LyO G^LleA.
WROTE
(carved this)
nethu
MUNGP^LyO
montpellier af-GALLiA.
120
ENGLAND.
tUMi tiiiii/M.j^^.ni,
III! ,|j
<^im!ii^^^;^J!^/y!l^^li:^
luii
NORTHUMBEIA.
COLLINGHAM.
121
Walrus with
pointed
slips of
Chemityped
size.
Runes
first
M. Kemble.
The
front,
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 651.
f.
Old-N. R. Mon.
All
390.
now
^FTAR
ONSWINI, CU(ning)
This base
is
to
the lower.
2 feet
9 inches
high.
Found
in
1841.
122
ENGLAND,
e/'
ij
'rx\'"
KIRKDALE.
BAKEWELL.
123
DATE ABOUT
A. D, 660.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol. 3, p. 184.
A fragment
651
of a grave -slab,
(Yorkshire),
I
(i60.
But the
letters are
now
so gone
that
we
are
sure
of nothing.
So
pass this
piece by.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
600
700.
Old-N. R. Mon.
373.
(m)ingh(o) HELG
The
first
line
part
of a
Place-
or
Mans-name,
the
second -a
of this century.
16
124
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
600700.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
315.
184.
Cross
from
the
the
Danish Museum.
LANCASTER.
NORTHUMBRIA.
125
now
in
the British
Museum,
agree with
the last suggestion of Mr. Haigh, that at the close the letter was an H, half gone, that next
came a
This
T,
of which
there
is
only a
trace,
is
quite
broken away.
an
additional
substantially
coincides
I
with
our
great
Kemble's
idea
in
my
eyes
recommendation.
therefore
now
GI-BIDiE6
3 feet high.
It
was found
in
1807.
NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND.
?
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
GOO 700.
386.
Old-N. R. iMon.
Nothing known of
this
Old-English
(?
Silver)
triMRM
nnr
f^mm
1847.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
650 750.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
Part of a Runic Grave- Cross,
p.
183.
made use
of as a lintel in the
1
in
here show
original position.
Sculpture on runic side: the Hermit-saints Antony and Paul meet in the wilderness.
is
left
of the grave-words:
(Set
after
7 to 8
The stone
First really
is
7 feet long,
18 inches across
J.
at
the widest,
inches
thick.
made known by
the Rev.
T. Fowler in 1868.
16*
126
ENGLAND.
J"-
\i y
'
MS
'
ni
'
Hit
7'
,V:-'
Ti ^
CROWLE.
HARTLEPOOL.
127
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
p.
650700.
392.
Old-N. E. Mon.
128
Besides the
ENGLAND.
common
(O)mega
CHRIST
A
HILDItRtJB.
Pillow-Stone.
From
grave of a Nun.
Found
in
1833.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N.
A. D.
p.
650700.
Mon.
396, S63.
From
grave of a Nun.
by 6V2
Found
in
1833.
DATE ABOUT
OM-N. R. Mon.
A. D. 670.
p.
398.
west
side:
Name
KRJsrus).
j^gQ
ENGLAND.
C.
EAN KtfNING
EAC OSWIUNG.
SOMETIME KING
AND SON OF
f
OSWI.
SIN!
side:
LICE
(?
he
iTl\>es).
LIE (he
= may
AUfrith
lie,
NORTH
A.
side:
KUNNBURUG
B.
C.
= The Queen of Alcfrith. KtNESwroA = Her Sister. MTRCNA KONG) = Wulfhere, King of
WULFHERE
t
)
D.
E.
of Kiinnburug.
GESSUS
= JESUS.
Now,
the Cross-shaft broken
away,
and often
later.
Rev.
J.
Maughan
in
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D. 680.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
405, 865.
p.
189.
EAST side.
A.
Top-stone.
B.
C.
Arm-piece.
Modern.
of Cross.
Lower limb
St.
Two
half-figures.
D.
E.
(a)DORAMVS.
Inscription:
F.
St.
Antony break a
Words
G.
).
H.
Lowest compartment.
'iVk
....
''J
'
,-
.>^'
h
>^
'"!
+ ATiVLITAlVAr :U1W%P^
'-x:
.,1,
'-"MMf
^i
\^y^
\m
L^
AfivirrAiVAf
\.?Mm
HI'
^---^^l;^fife;a^p
^
if
:/
Oh^^'%
1,1
Vxi
y mmi^i3mm'>i'
IhT
"^
I-
I
s^^.
-=-
r'
111
|o>flWR}A-ETl,^Mjf[;f;
5
Mji'/?
RUTHWELL.
131
WEST
A. B.
C.
SIDE.
Top- stone.
Arm-piece.
St.
his Eagle.
Modern.
Bowman
The
St.
taking aim.
St.
D.
E.
Visitation.
Mary and
Risting:
St.
Elizabeth.
Fragmentary Latin
letters.
Mary Magdalene.
t ATTVLIT AL(ab)ASTRVM VNGVENTI &STANS BETROSECVS PEDES EIVS LACRIMIS COEPIT EIGAEE PEDES EIVS
ET CAPILLIS CAPITIS SVI TERGEBAT.
F.
man born
blind.
Legend:
natibitate et s(anavit
glory.
f ET PRETERIENS
G.
hominem coecvm) A
eum
a)B iNFiRMiTA(te).
The Annunciation.
Words:
in mvlieribvs).
f INGRESSVS angelvs (ad eam dixit, Ave gratia plena, Dominvs) TE(cvm) BE(nedicta tv Nearly gone. Crucifixion. H.
NORTH
SIDE.
SOUTH
SIDE.
is:
Here we have
(On)gERED^ HINiE
GOD ALMEyOTTIG,
BA HE WALDE
the
Runes.
All that
WHEN HE WOULD
STEP QN THE GALLOWS,
FORE ALL MANKIND
MINDFAST, FEARLESS.
on galgu gi-stiga,
modig fore
(ale) men.
(B)trG(A ic Ni dars)te;
BOW ME DURST
NOT;
(aHOF)
IC
RIICN^ CUNINGO,
heafun^s hlafard;
HiELDA
IC
(n)i DARSTiE.
LEAN ME
WAS
DURST
NOT.
BISTEMID,
bi(g)ot(e)n o(f)
BE-SPINKLED FROM
BUT
FAST,
FROM
AFAR,
^BKL^
IC
Tl
LANDM;
BI(h)EAL(d).
ATHEL
(noble)
I
I
TO THE SUFFERER.
DMT AL
IC
EVERYTHING
SORELY WAS
SAW
THERE.
S(aRE)
wj;s
132
h(n)ag
(ic)
ENGLAND.
STOOPT
WITH STREALS
(missUes)
ALL WOUNDED.
LIMB- WEARY.
m()
i>e(r)
h(eafun)
TOP-STONE (wrongly placed by Dr. Duncan, should have been turned round) bears ou
its
Latin side:
in prin(cipio erat)
verbvm.
On
is
CADMON
M^
FAUCECO.
CADMON
(=
Was
6 inches high.
illustrious
in Pennant's time
now about 17
feet
The
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. 3Ion.
A. D. 684
Vol.
3,
700.
189.
p.
[!
orate
'
PRO tru]
MBEREHC
T
4-
/+ pray
FOR
trii]
mberehct ^
BiSffOP
-i-
SAC
4-
-J-
ALLA this-siGN
ALLA
SIGN
(beacoH,
memorial) after
}
UMAEFTER
HISBREODERA
i'SETAE
-I-
f.
3/^
i.
thick.
Found
Both
Fragment of
is
large Grave-cross.
here engraved.
Not
in runes,
but equal
dialect
and formula
Minne-stone of trumberht.
his
681
to
Date of
sac
is
YARM.
LINDISFARNE.
133
FRONT.
SIDES.
BACK.
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 698.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
449.
ST.
CUTHBERT.
name and
we have:
ST.
THOMAS.
ST.
PETRUS.
17*
134
ENGLAND.
LINDISFAENE.
135
ST.
ANDREAS.
ST.
MATHEUS.
M
=
ST.
MICHAEL.
a fragment.
ST.
LUCAS.
=
AND THE LATIN INSCRIPTION
IN RUNES:
a bit of EPiscoPUS.
/
v\
Of the word which preceded
clear.
It
(IHESUS)
SANGTV&
this scs,
letters,
to
the above.
the
first
Thus
is
this
was carved
at least thrice
on
This
so
much
in
the more
interesting as
we know
than 698.
Found
1827.
136
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D. 700.
p.
466.
Roman
t
Staves.
t
Runic Staves.
EOM^R
t(E
SCETTCE
AEFTAER HROETHBERHT.*,
^FT^R ROETBERHT^,
BEGUN ^FT.R EOMJi.
GEBIDvED DEE SAULE.
EOM^R
THIS SET
AFTER HROETBERT.
this-BEACON (mark, memorial) after Ms-eme (uncle).
BEDE
(hid,
5*/2
inches broad,
First publisht
in
1822.
Danish Museum.
Similar biliteral (Scandinavian-runish and
Christian
in
Sweden.
BINGLEY.
137
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 768
Vol.
770.
3,
p.
194.
The
elements.
are
almost
illegible.
What
is
left
of
my
Vol. 3) I believe to be
I
beg
with
all
deference
to submit
my own
EADBIERHT CUNtNG
us.
EADBIERBT, KING,
BOTE
(ordered,
bade)
to-EEW this-DiP-STONE
(font) for-us.
Should
it
who was
kingdom
when he became
giving
up
his
He
died as
Canon
of
York
in
768,
and doubtless
soul.
in the usual
way
for the
good of his
Among
138
ENGLAND.
this
BAPTISMAL FONT,
of strong gritstone.
is
It
is
about
it
2V'2
feet
square by
inches deep.
The under-part
quite rough,
as if
has a drain,
SIDE.
BINGLEY.
^THREDS
FINGER-EING.
139
SIDE.
as
long neglected.
For
my
materials
am
T.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
700800.
463.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
lai^Baaasfiia
^DRED MEG
AH,
letters in gold.
Ground a dark
niello,
First publisht,
by Elickes in 1705.
18
140
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
700800.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
464.
200.
Full
size.
Fragment
of a
Not
in
is:
Sis
settae-
this set
aefter EdilsEJEHTAE.
after ecHIbjeJrht.
a-BEACON AFTER
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
700800.
865.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Inscription
as
corrected
p. 465,
Dover.
Given
1 -fifth
name
DOVER,
141
^
GyOSLHeARD.
'
feet 1 inch;
length,
5 feet 11 inches,
Found
18*
142
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
p.
A. D.
700 800.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
469.
200.
Defaced Cross.
FOR
But J.R.
no traces of runes
Allen,
left.
who
visited
NORTHUMBRIA, ENGLAND;
BUT BOUGHT
IN
A. D.
700800.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
470,
LXJX.
200.
LEFT SIDE.
n'Jtffff^n'iHT'i''
NORTHDMBRIA.
143
The
tale
about
OIL^ UNNE6 ROMWALUS AND REDMWALUS, TW(EGP:n GIBROtiERA; F(EDDE WiM WtLIF
Their-OTEL (home-land,
birth-place)
(two)
BROTHERS; FED
(nourisht,
sucMed) EI (them)
a-WYLF
(she-
wolf) JN
ROMECASTER (Rome-city).
upprODDE dem en-ULF-hona
ROMA-BY.
Back.
The
tale
of Titus
and
the Jews.
(= HABIT ATORES).
GISL.
EERE FIGHT TITUS AND TEE JEWS. EERE FLY-from JERUSALEM itS-lNHABITANTS.
DOOM
(Court,
Judgment of Jewish
rebels).
to
the
Romans).
possibly
Partly in Runes,
and partly
artist's
in
Romanesque
hands?
letters.
gisl
may
the
name, domgisl.
his
Or,
Front.
The
tale
HRON^S BAN
A-HOF ON FERGEN-BERIG:
(=
the
Sea) hove
(lifted,
raised)
on Fergen-berq
Durham) ; worth
where) he on the-grit
FISHES' FLOOD
(shingles,
shore,
coast)
swam.
The
tale
of the weapon-smith
(in runes
Weland.
offering to Christ.
The
tale
of the
magi
m^gi)
144
ENGLAND.
o o
o
CO
w w
NORTHUXIBRIA.
145
E-i
02 <i
W M
o
n H
Eli
O
Pi
Right
side.
broken away.
146
ENGLAND.
Some
tale
from
the
Weland-saga.
performs) swili
(deceit).
DREETE
(svffers,
bears; or,
does,
LIDER
(el.
o o w
a
!>
CD
NORTHUMBRIA.
THAMES
FITTING.
147
His
Top.
Another
tale
name
is
He
is
bought
in
S. A.,
1857,
now
Full size.
in
Of whalebone.
The tenons
is
One
existence.
were doubtless once covered with corner pieces of metal, perhaps bronze.
The
lock
torn out.
THAMES
?
FITTING, ENGLAND.
A. D.
Vol.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. IJon.
700800.
3.
p.
204.
erha d^bs
he cast)
Only a fragment,
as
Of
lightish Bronze,
once
gilt.
suppose the Casket to have borne Biblical symbols of the Uprising of Christ,
story
of
Jonah
in
the
1,
Whale's Belly,
so
often
used as a
type
of
the
v. 12,
S.Matthew, Ch.
I
Such applicain
abound on old
(Bosio,
works of
1632,
p.
art.
Rome
Roma
Sott.
Roma
431).
Here Jonah
is
literally
asking to be cast
in
18fi6.
19
148
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
700800.
3, p.
Vol
209.
during alterations
of the
church at the
Of sandstone.
About
1 -fifth.
funeral pillar.
EtELBERHT SETTjE^
ETEELBERHT
SET-up-this
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
700
3,
800.
210.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
Found
Cross.
at
place.
Sandstone.
Scale about 1
5th.
Shaft of a Grave-
THORNHILL.
WYCLIFFE.
149
the-lady-EATEyA.
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 700
Vol.
1,
800.
OU-N. R. Mon.
BAEDA
(?
p. 476, e.
the se)T(t8e)
AEFTER BERCHTVINI,
BECV>r AEFTER f(? a|3or8e.
Not
in runes.
Fragment
found in 1778.
19*
150
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 867.
3,
OU-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
p.
212.
Ud^EW
From
Haigh's Thornhill Inscriptions,
Sandstone'.
p. 4.
Found
at Thornhill with
Not
in runes,
Only a small
5is
.
AEFT
OSBER
.
(ch)TAE
BEG
(un
o)SBER
ge
.
(chtaes
biddaS
er
.
6a
saule.)
Thus 4
ECGBERCHT BIS
SET.fi;
AEFT%B, OSBERCMTAE,
BECVS OSBERCnTXES.
GEBIDDAD DAER SADLE.
of-OSBERCHT.
OSBERCHT
succeeded in his
York against the Danes March 21, 867. Northumbrian kingdom by ecgbercht.
fell
in
the battle
at
He was
COQUET ILAND.
151
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
800900.
1,
OU-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
p.
480.
>-
Ai^
>
i,,i,iil
v^i:m^^,n
r--?Fn? n-r- V^=Tt--?ff
-"
BIS IS
SimLFUR(N).
THIS IS siLVER(N)
of
silver.
Lead
pas^s
for silver.
Full size.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
800900.
3,
OU-N. R. Mon.
p.
213.
lost,
Bears,
in 0.
E. runes,
the
common
mansname
As we know nothing
of the original or its setting, date only approximative.
152
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
800900.
1,
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
p.
483.
now
9
lost.
No copy was
ever
made
of
the runes.
This
inches in greatest
breadth,
6 inches
at the sides.
before 1816.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
800
900.
214.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3. p.
Ruined Cross.
Has
traces of runes.
One
MAESHOVE.
MONK WEARMOUTH.
153
DATE ABOUT
Vol
1,
A. D.
800900.
Vol.
3, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
485,
214.
Two
letter,
scribbles,
probably
by
the
same
hand.
The
latter
has
the
o.
From
Wiking rendezvous.
BORNB S^Et.
THORN
H^LHI
RJCISTO.
Found
in
1861.
DATE ABOUT
A. D. 822.
OM-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
1,
p.
477.
154
ENGLAND.
Bunes
full
size.
TIDFIRt.
small
grave-cross,
the
lost.
It
is
where broadest.
DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,
A. D. 872.
Old-N. R. Mon.
f.
487.
Vol.
3,
p.
215.
LEEDS.
HACKNESS.
CRAMOND.
155
CUN(unc)
I
KING.
ONLAF.
I
who with
his
brothers Sitric and Ivar went to Ireland in 853, invaded Britain in 866
there in 872.
7,
height.
Found
in
1837.
DATE ABOUT
Vol.
1,
A. D.
p.
850950.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
467.
p.
213.
see p. 467.
much
are English-Northern,
pretty clearly be
made
out.
They
are
EMUNDR
ON ^SBOA.
(This
is
EMUND OWNS-me ON
(at)
ASBY.
the grgive of
Emund
at Ashy).
Below
give no clear
we have 3V2 lines of the rare Twig- or Tree-runes, but so injured as to meaning. The 6th line closes with one word, in early Roman uncials, the verb
this
the soul!).
The other
side bears
and above
this,
funeral Cross.
As
Christian,
I
this
is
in
the
and yet
first
is
now
think
half of
the 10th.
Found
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
9001000.
3,
p.
215.
Full size.
Bronze
finger-ring.
The
letters
cannot read
them.
156
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
JR.
A. D. 913.
Old-N.
Mon.
p.
461, 865.
..^y<mi^fiMm
.
ADVLFES D
(JDis
is
SAV
(gebiddad
. .
SAU(le).
MYREDAH MEH WO
HLUDWYG MEH
king ejADULPS TH(ruh,
FEG(de).
- grave-kist).
MYREDAH ME WROUGHT
(made).
HLUDWYG ME FAYED
(inscribed).
Height of what
in
is
now
in
left
about 3
feet.
913.
Found
Woden's Church.
157
AMULET
?
RINGS, ENGLAND.
A. D.
DATE ABOUT
J\Jon. p.
10001100.
Vol
3, f.
Old-N. R.
492,
216.
No.
1.
Of
gold.
Full size.
Found
in
1817.
No.
2.
i
ENGLAND.
Of electrum.
1740
Letters
on a ground of
niello.
Full size.
Was
in
Denmark about
50,
when
it
No.
3.
Found
in
1733 or 1734.
lost or
unknown.
The runes
158
ENGLAND.
No.
4.
WEST OF ENGLAND.
^^(Hn^^PM^^.wfcl^frM^t^'*t^4b^
Of pinkish Agate.
British
Was
lost.
Is
found,
in
the
Museum.
Full size.
No.
5.
NORTH OF ENGLAND.
mkw h kKA
I
i>
ihk \>/yiVMA-/>m
I
Copper.
Carlisle,
Full size.
into the
to the British
Museum.
No.
,,
1.
2.
,,
3.
,,
4.
5.
all
,,
still
regard
a
them
connected with
some
secret
sect
or
society,
and
as
meaningless
a
mere abracadabra; or
Charm
against
ENGLISH
(?
159
ENGLISH
(?
DATE ABOUT
2,
A. D.
p.
1000 1100.
Vol.
3,
866.
p.
219.
Made
17th century.
of the jawbone
of the Porpoise.
Engraved
full
size
provincial English
runes.
Found
early
in
the
160
ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
Vol.
A. D.
1100
1200.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
2, p:
489.
Vol.
p.
221.
-^,
o
Pt^
iSU
10
BRIDEKIRK.
161
A
bind-runes.
The
The words
WEST
SIDE.
EAST
SIDE.
ST.
162
ENGLAND.
EIKARTH HE ME IWROKTE
RICHARD EE ME
I-
WROUGHT
(made),
(heauty)
YERN
(glad)
ME BROUGHT.
Should
my
idea be correct, that this richard was the well-known Architect ricardus
of the
Works
to,
his
date
of
this
about
1150
1170.
The lowermost
panel
shows
RICHARD at work!
The
See
runic inscription
is
size,
Rev. D. H. Haigh.
Otherwise the engravings are copied from those publisht by Mr. H. Howard.
of Ant. of
London
in
1801.
BEACTEATES,
&c.
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
Dr.
OSCAR MONTELIUS,
STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.
LXVIII;
Vol.
3,
p.
223
foil.
Limdreds H.
pieces,
of these
Golden Ornaments
Rank-decorations,
have no letters at
either runish
or otherwise.
Others
bear
plain
staves,
these are
Some,
many
they
may
and
till
their
sources
I
are found
After the
fresh
experience
of the
last
15 years,
I
now
think
all
my
that
attempts at their
But
expressly said of
the Bracteates
my
readings were
of these
only feelers in
the
dark,
inscribed golden roundlets are really and seriously intended to be deciphered in the usual way,
and
my
translations of these
think
likely or certain.
day, and
to be modified or rejected.
olden Coin pieces from the words often not being divided (so that we do not
begin),
know where
most
to
from helpless cuttings, and from mixt and borrowed shapes and up or down turnings
characters
are
as
of
the
the
at
object
fault,
is
supposed
to
be
held,
so
that
the
skilled
numisniatists
often
unreadable.
are
many
of the Bracteates.
Other
letters,
again,
evidently
rune
or
Add
hereto the
additional hindrance of so
mistaken for
letters.
So we
But of those
how
costly
is
the word-hoard!
many
Kent.
The
one,
which turned up
a plain disk of gold with a raised ring, internally enclosing a garnet or bloodstone.
The
othei",
exhumed
in
lines,
in the center.
W.
and
2),
a kind of
Horn
or
Ornament
is
This
Horn-like decoration
affixt
to the head,
166
BRACTEATES, &C.
Whatever some
to
linguists
may
jDai^ally
lay
down,
it
is
absolutely
knoiv whether
or
ahl.
many
of the
dat.
The
Many
nom.
-u,
while by degrees
especially
in Scandinavia,
otherwise
commonly -u
or -o).
apparently the
a
name
of the
Owner
or
Maker
it
or Giver,
for
instance ^ltj,
a
this
mans-name,
or
nominative absolute.
abl.
But
dat. to-jELA,
from-JELA.
And
we have
2 words.
in
suspense,
my own
We
Now
may
may
fix
some
Worsaae
His imis
thinks
(1880) he can now identify the various Holy Symbols on the Bracteates.
now
(Feb. 1881) 95, but often several duplicate copies of the same type (and struck from the same
die)
And where
one such
No.
1.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
519.
Found
suggested
in
1832.
Roman
epigraph.
In 1867 I
KITEUNG HEWED
(cut-tMs) TO
EVER-dunng
HOW
(memory).
BEACTEATES, &C.
24.
167
No.
2.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
520.
Found
in
1827.
Certainly meaningless.
No.
3.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
320.
Uneials.
found.
No.
4.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2. p.
521.
Found
in 1817.
now read
168
BRACTEATES, &C.
7.
No.
5.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
321.
Found
in last half of
17th cent.
Runes and
Uncials.
No.
6.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
522.
SEHS-CUN^ ^OAH^E.
victorious)
eorsemam.
Till-den-SEGERSALLE EYTTAREN.
Most
race,
perhaps at Constantinople.
mansname.
others of
same
No.
7.
N. R. M.
Vol. 2, f.
523.
Vol.
3, p.
227.
BRACTEATES, &C.
79.
169
GAL GLyo^:u-GiAtryou.
OAL
GLEE-GIFT Or GLEE-GIVERESS
very
fine
womans-name.
Found
in
1859, together
9.
No.
8.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
524.
Found
this a careless
in
9.
Doubtful or barbarized.
Possibly,
considering
copy of a better
we may guess:
(good).
No.
9.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
524.
Found
in
1859,
with Nos. 7
and
8.
would
now read
the
staves
from below
170
BRACTEATES, &C.
1013.
No. 10.
M.
Vol. 2, p.
523.
found.
Meaningless.
TO GLWK.
My
yOLW
TO LUCK!
YOLW HEWED
No. 11.
N. R. M. Vol
2, p.
525.
Meaningless.
My
TU LUCGWN
TO LUCK! (Luck
to
you!)
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
526.
My
TO EELE!
(To Luck!
Hail
to
thee!)
BRACTEATES, &C.
1417.
171
No. 14.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
527.
Found
in 1827.
now take
this
as the
mansname:
FOSL^U.
15
SLANGERUP, SEALAND.
O.
16.
2,
SLESVIG
p.
or
HOLSTEIN.
N. R. M.
Vol.
328.
same mansname:
No. 17.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
529.
22
172
Find-tide unknown.
BBACTEATES, &C.
1719.
Dou-btless barbarous.
My
yOLSURU HEWED
(striick) this-
No, 18.
SNYDSTRUP, HADERSLEV.
0.
S.
JUTLAND, DENMARK.
Vol.
3,
N. R.
Vol.
2, p.
529.
p.
228.
the
in
^RU was
him
1841.
As remarkt by
Prof.
Accordingly
here
c
rectified,
also
agree
with
(p.
taking
dat.
and
je.
therefore
masc):
^LU L^UC^A.
^LU
tO-LJEUC^.
No. 19.
SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.
N. R. M. Vol
2, p.
530.
Bugge,
Om
a bind, c and m.
(dat.
The 2nd
value.
So
now read
BRACTEATES, &C.
2022.
173
No. 20.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
531.
SiELU
S^LU.
seel! seel!
('=
LYCKA
LYCKA
Found
in
1845.
No. 21.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
532.
Found
2 (or 3) letters.
in
1822.
Whether
name,
a word, a contraction,
we cannot
say.
Only
L^
(or GL^).
No. 22.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
533.
Vol.
3, p.
229.
22*
174
BRACTEATES, &C.
2224.
LUPiE TUWjE.
(Of-the-men the-Jetter-row.
= The
Followed by the
first
FUB^RCGW;
TBEMLNGO.
Found
in
1774.
No. 23.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
537.
Found
and 30.
Apparently barbarous.
My
ATEEL
(noble).
No. 24.
FYN,
0. N. R.
DENMARK.
2, p.
M.
Vol.
538.
Vol.
3,
p.
230.
Found
3rd rune
I
early in the
like
17th century.
Bugge,
Om
Run. pa Guldbr.
p.
199,
says the
is
more
than w,
and
now propose:
NJCIUYiENG UYiEYLIIL JLNN HOUiEA.
(gwes-this) tO-BOU^.
BRACTEATES, &C.
25.
175
No. 25.
KORKO
O.
(or
N. R. M.
p. 338.
Vol.
3, p.
230.
5UR TE RUNOa!
TSUR TEE
(bless)
these-RUNES!
^JNWLL
(the Elect of
the Heroes,
the Chosen
Leader of
Army), gives-this-to-the-lady-cuNiMunDiA.
Found
The name
ANWtJLF
is
in
The
is
unknown
in
But
this rare
the
name borne by
the
in
430,
at
the head
of his
troops
fought
against
Roman
a,
was
by
prisoner.
in
Later,
the
England
early
the
9th century,
and have
their
seat
and power in
Somersetshire.
In
in
I
my Vol.
3,
my
opinion,
connect this family with the anwulf (iENiwuLu) on the Golden Triens No. 75.
there conclude:
"Apparently,
in
430
is
a Swedish-Gothic
defeated and
made
prisoner.
Doubtless ransomed or
long or short
his life
service,
he returns to
his country.
How
or his sons,
But
in
his son or
and sword
strikes
hand
among
England.
Here he
commerce
of his people.
in the English
chiefs
and barons
this
monarchy.
the first
New
new men.
But
if
so
be,
we have here
connecting the
history,
and for
may
be so
I
much
as
which
176
BRACTEATES, &C.
2628.
No. 26.
SKANE, SWEDEN.
0. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
539.
FUWU
(or FUBU).
No. 27.
TROLLHATTA, SWEDEN.
O.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2.
p.
340.
Found
in
1844.
May
be taken in
I
many
now
ways,
Had we
prefer:
TiEWON ^tODU.
T^ WON-made-this
for-the-lady-JSTEODA.
No. 28.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
540.
BRACTEATES, &C.
2830.
177
late
Found
in date.
in
In 1867
my
guess was:
SIHUIN iEND B^yOUI DUO B^1>E EUWiEiDIT.
No. 29.
CORLIN
(or
COSLIN), POMERANIA.
M. Vol
2,
0. N. R.
p.
541.
Found
in
No. 30.
N. R. M. Vd.
2, p.
542.
Found
in
1848,
28.
&
28.
proposed:
SYGTRYH.
SYGTRYH (made
this).
178
BRACTEATES, &C.
31
34.
No. 31.
FYN, DENMARK.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
343.
Blind-runes or contractions.
Found
in
No. 32.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
543.
Found
year-hundred.
TW^D
TIWIT^.
TWJED to-TIWIT.
KORKO
(orTJORKO),
34.
O.
N. R. M.
544.
BRACTEATES, &C.
34-
179
in this century;
Each bears
mansname:
ot:m.
Nos. 3541,
b.
N. R. M. Vol
or
2, p.
54446.
or
bear
the
same
name
word
(?
dat.
nom),
to-iNGE
(mansname),
inga
IC^A.
No. 36.
Found
in
YC^A.
No. 37.
Denmark; found
in
1845.
YIA.
No. 38.
ICHIAY.
23
180
BRACTEATES. &C.
3941,
b.
No. 39.
Found
in
1852,
in conjunction
YCiEA.
No. 40.
UGKHA.
No. 41.
YKCjEA.
No. 41,
b.
Barbarized.
YGQEA.
BRACTEATES, &C.
4246.
181
No. 42.
SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.
N.
M. Vol
2, p.
347.
If
mansname
ITO.
Nos.
4346.
CHIEFLY SWEDEN.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
547.
Vol.
3, p.
231.
23*
182
BRACTEATES, &C.
4648.
The
large Blink
right,
I
to
the
in
top
left,
No. 43,
found
Gotland
in
agree in what
now
read as the
mansname
ELTIL.
in
It
reads, a
mansname,
No. 47.
SKANE, SWEDEN.
O.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
548.
found.
No. 48.
NORWAY.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
549.
As
begm from
below.
The mansname
BEACTEATES, &C.
4950.
183
Nos. 49, 49
49.
49, b.
b.
0.
N. R. M.
231.
Both these pieces have the small errors common with careless die-cutters, but the
two texts agree in nearly every
particular.
is
The
in
riHJiDU
is
hidden
by
the
triangular
text,
ornament
under
the
is
loop.
No. 49
more
correct
than
49, b.
The
common
by
comparison of both,
HHL^^DU-UIG^ ALTE-UILJiA
FIHiEDU.
this).
The design
in
the
center
is
own name.
No
other
are
But, as
On some
the
Helm
or Cap,
We
which
may
is
Rebus
is
"not proven".
But
it
remains unshaken.
No. 49,
b,
was dug up
in 1867.
No. 50.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
550.
give no meaning,
In
1867
guest
184
BRACTEATES, &C.
51
54.
Vol.
52.
M.
2, p.
in
in 1860.
now propose
to read:
OW^-ALDT EiEtL^DA.
ow^-ALVT made
e^.tel^u.
No. 53.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
551.
Found
in
1841.
My
the
No. 54.
FYN,
0.
DENMARK.
Vol.
2, p.
N. R. M.
552.
BRACTEATES, &C.
5456.
185
Found
in
1848.
No. 55.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
552.
Found
I
in
See
my
now
M and
SIHMYWNT
( SJGMUJSD)
ANN
(gives-this)
tO-HOU^.
No. 56.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
553.
Found
in
Probably barbarous.
My
KOWT HUC
for-the-most-ilhistrious
helt
(hero) vffti(N)G.
186
BRACTEATES, &C.
57
58.
No. 57.
SEALAND, DENMARK.
0. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2. f.
554.
Vol.
3.
p.
233.
in
now
is
not
L,
and read:
FiEUiE,
UISiE!
Wage
thy-hattle,
publish thy-war-han,
(O God Tiu)!
BATTLE STOUTLY,
BAN THY
FOE,
Begynn
din kamp,
Should
verse.
this
be
so,
this
is
the
only Bracteate
on which
in
We
Bugge's ed.,
p. 82.
Sec. 92,
and
in
Eyrbyggja Saga,
ed.
G. Vigfusson,
Leipzig 1864,
Ch. 44,
See the unique example of the Spear-shaft inscribed with the War-ban, to be cast
No. 58.
HARLINGEN, FRISLAND.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2.
p.
554.
Found
before 1846.
BRACTEATES, &C.
5961.
187
No. 59.
555.
Vol.
3,
p.
234.
Not
fore re-copy
my
there-
F. Sehested,
Broholm, Fyn.
divided:
TEE
(give)
NOW EAD
Found
(fortune,
But
all
this is doubtful.
The
in
solitary
may
be
contractions,
1856.
No. 60.
N. R.
31.
Vol.
2, p.
556.
Found
in
1856.
May
be nikui or nukdi.
No. 61.
FINLAND.
O. N. R. 3J.
Vol.
2, p.
557.
24
188
Silver bracteate
BRACTEATES, &C.
6164.
age.
Found
HCUG MMlLm,
(struck this) for-the-lady-JEMiLlA.
JULiENl (JULIAN)
HEWED
No. 62.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
557.
Copper
blink.
Also very
late.
JOHN HO.
JOHN HEWED
(struck this).
No. 63.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
558.
Found
if
in
1864.
This
fine
- e^
-,
which,
may mean
No. 64.
SWEDEN.
O.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
558.
BRACTEATES, &C.
6466.
189
Silver.
In
Roman
letters.
If
only the
mansname: sunedromdh.
No. 65.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
559.
Found
Greek.
I
Golden
blink.
Also
Roman
staves-,
and one
in
now
read:
TUTO
for-the-lady. AIVOMI
wrought (made
this).
No. 66.
N. R.
31.
Vol
2. p.
559.
24*
190
BRACTEATES, &C.
6668.
Found
in 1837. Middle-age.
Silver.
-|-
Book
&c.
OTl
me
made.
No. 67.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
560.
Found
workmanship.
in
1865.
Beautiful
Brooch of
delicate
left.
SEEL
to-THE youno
the-YOUNG JEL^WJNJEl
No. 68.
0LST,
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
561.
BRACTEATES, &C.
68
71.
191
"in
1863.
Reverst staves.
BMG
MLV.
stnick this piece).
No. 69.
DENMARK.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2,
p.
562.
When
found
is
not known.
No. 70.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
563.
Vol.
3,
p. 235.
Silver
Runic Coin,
dug up
it
in 1836,
is
c.
The
last
about 840.
now
stave to be an inverted
l.
not a
LUL ON
(of)
AUASA
in
or
AUSA
my
opinion gives
us
all
the
king's
name
ecgberht.
No. 71.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
876.
192
BRACTEATES, &C.
7173.
Found
in
1855.
now
(Om Rune-
pa Guldbr.
p.
199)
word
as a:mlm,vcma.
No, 72.
N. B. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
877.
Found
in
1860.
Reverst staves.
No. 73.
GOTLAND, SWEDEN.
O.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2,
p.
878.
Wend-runes.
Found
in
name
NAI>^..
BRACTEATES, &C.
7475.
193
No. 74.
ENGLAND.
O.
N. R. M.
Vol.
2, p.
879,
LXVIII.
to
king George
111,
in
whose
was.
provincial
No. 75.
ENGLAND.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
3, p.
236.
Found
at
the
in
the
British
Museum.
iENlWULU KU(nung).
Has
also,
in
,
Latin
letters,
C lio,
which
the
other
copy
shows
is
contraction
for
COENILIO
doubtless the
name
Head
in
of the
Royal Mint.
On
reverse
:
we have,
in
Latin letters,
the
name
of the
Moneyer
stood)
TENAES.
of this
piece,
also
in
gold.
When
full
but before
1870.
The obverse
omits
the
runes,
but
gives
the
name
CORNILIO.
tenes m.
or
194
BRACTEATES, &C.
7678.
No. 76.
DALUM,
O.
N.
TRONYEM, NORWAY.
Vol.
3,
N. R. M.
p.
245.
Found
in
1868.
No. 77.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3, p.
246.
of about
the
5th century.
Bears
common mansname:
BEA(r)tIGO f'= BEARTING, BRIHTING).
No. 78.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p. 247.
BRACTEATES, &C.
7880.
195
venture on the following,
difficult
to
read.
Retrograde runes.
mark
after g to be divisional:
TISiECG
HU H^RiENGU.
this)
TIS^CG HEWED
(ciit
for-the-lady-HJERJSNGA.
Found
in
1870, together with 2 copies from the same die of No. 79, and 3 exemplars
from the same stamp of No. 80, besides several other runeless golden Bracteates and some
small pieces of golden work,
all
No. 79.
M.
Vol.
3,
p. 248.
Found
in
1870.
Right word as
usual.
Left word,
runes reverst.
D^ITUHJE to-the-lady-LILlA^lWA.
No. 80.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3, p.
248.
25
196
This
(staves reverst)
this
I
BRACTEATES, &C.
8082.
elegant
golden
Blenket
will
is
always
remain
doubtful,
because
the
last
word
for
contracted.
is
The vowels
Usi^ally, in
case,
it
is
which
as
a
stave.
therefore venture
look on
this
memory
of
deceast
NIUWILiE
LM
(-
LIPIN').
is
NIUWJL^ is-LiTHEN
As LiwN properly means gone,
war-expedition.
it
(dead,
no more).
here
is
possible that it
may
A part
No. 81.
?
MECKLENBURG.
Vol.
3,
O.
N. R. M.
p.
249.
the a,
of course
word.
Not known
when
No. 82.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p.
249.
Unhappily a fragment.
The runes
are
UNDA
but this
the
may
may have
Victory.
followed.
The type
of a
is
rare,
classical
motive
of
the
Part
gold-hoard,
It
belongs
Winks which
"Barbaric Gems".
BRACTEATES, &C.
8387.
197
No. 83.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p.
253.
in
1874.
Same type
as Nos. 35
41,
b,
which
see,
No. 84.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p.
255.
Found
name
in
1874.
See Nos. 35
the
41,
b,
and 83.
Also,
as
far as I
can see,
same
womans-name
(inga): ^MCk.
Nos.
8587.
GOTLAND, SWEDEN.
O. N. R.
M.
Vol.
2, p.
874.
Vol.
3,
p.
256.
25*
198
See Nos. 43, 44, 45.
see.
BRACTEATES, &C.
8789.
in
in
1859,
my
3,
45 that
need not be
1872.
engraved;
all
1873.
in
They
as far as
No. 88.
M.
Vol.
3,
p.
256.
87.
Back-runes.
No. 89.
M.
Vol.
3,
p.
237.
Observed early
in
in
Thomsen's Collection
side,
1,31
in
flan
of silver,
struck
only
on one
Museum number
it
12,186; weight
is
grammes.
to
see
that
Some
by the
The no
I
first
word was
mans-
name.
TMMiM.
this piece).
F^GANO FA WED
Apparently a
as yet unique.
trial-piece
(made, strnch,
by a journeyman or beginner
(? 0,
in the
The G
(X), a
(Y) and
K) are special 0. N.
staves,
BRACTEATES, &C.
9092.
199
No. 90.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p.
258.
Two
South Jutland.
Duchy
of Slesvig or
of a merchant in Kolding,
who
Museum.
It is
No. 91.
M.
Vol.
3, p.
258.
sell
This
or have
is
or publish
copied.
very
beautiful,
and the
following runes:
TjELINGWU.
ing,
No. 92.
N. R. M. Vol
3, p.
258.
1878
in
a garden,
Danish folkland.
the
Old-Roman and
common
Apparently reads:
200
lAULIGR
I
BEACTEATES, &C.
9295.
BIRKOIINDM.
this)
for-iAVpiN
Type
of
KNUD
siM is
apparently the
now
No. 93.
N. R. 31
is,
Vol
that
3, p.
it
259.
know about
in
this
Bracteate
letter
is
spoken of
in
by Dr. Wimmer,
his
by
Kohn and
which
will
Mehlis,
8vo,
Jena
W.
^^^1^,
No. 94.
SKIEN,
S.
NORWAY.
N. R. M.
Vol.
3,
p. 260.
In the
summer
of
this
die,
were found
in
a Lady's grava
Would seem to be, as often, the formula of a nominative (= tah^) to be the common mansname taa, in England toe, and
Thus:
the elWjEO to be a
womansname.
TA^ ELWiEO.
TAJE (made-this-for,
or,
gave-this-to) the-lady-ELWJE.
No. 95.
M.
Vol.
3,
p.
261.
Found
the funeral pyre.
in
1879 Date
containing
many
rich
remains which
had escaped
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
THE
LL. D.
SETTRINGTON, ENGLAND.
DATE ABOUT
Vol.
2,
A. D.
200
250.
Vol
3, p. ,263.
OU-N. R. Mon.
f.
561.
26
204
1838
in
old
Engraved
full
size.
now
= Dedicated
to
the new-built
fane of
the Goths.
DATE ABOUT
A. D. '300400.
Vol.
3,
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
266.
l^T-,^
*:
-.'s
KOVEL.
MttNCHEBERG.
205
Full size.
Iron Lance-head, the figures and letters filled-in with silver inlay.
Ploughed
up
in
1858 near Suszyizno, some miles north-east of the hamlet Kovel; now the property of
Ssyszkowski, of Warsaw.
Prof. A.
for
the
first
time.
wanderings of the Northmen into the Slavic lands, out of which they eventually carved Russia,
name
given by the
IN
GERMANY.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
300400.
2, p.
OU-N. R. Mon.
880.
/111!
^-^ -'..''
\
I
->'
^
-T
I
26*
206
Found
district
tribes.
weapons &c.
in a grave
it
The
was Scando-Gothic
about A. D.
300400, when
R^NINGiE.
(Slavic)
Full size.
CORLIN, POMERANIA,
?
DATE ABOUT
400500.
600.
Old-N. R. Mon.
We
cannot
tell
ML
or i,M or yo, or
some-
to be taken separately,
mansname:
Full
size.
in
1839
at
Corlin
or Coslin
together with a
hoard of other golden pieces, including the Bracteate No. 29 and 5 other such which were runeless.
BOHEMIA.
3.
MECKLENBURG.
WANDEREES.
THANKFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
DR.
SOPHUS
O.
MtJLLER,
CHEAPINGHAVEN, DENMARK.
NORDENDORF BROOCHES.
OSTHOFEN BROOCH.
under England.
210
WANDERERS.
EMS, NASSAU,
?
DATE ABOUT
A, D.
Vol.
500
3,
600.
274.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p.
Fragment of a
Dr. M. Rieger thought
it
Silver Brooch,
had'^still
left
found
some
years
ago.
Never
properly
publisht.
The Pin
THE WOED-HOAED.
may
all
the oldest
we have
it
of our
noble Northern
mother-tung
in its
have
thought
details
For further
see
the
I
end
have
some
errors
may
my work
us
to
is
only tentative.
in _
We
my
Every
piece
I
helps
amend,
But
still,
whatever the
shortcomings,
least
most
an
of the
considerable
number
of
us.
few years
back,
not
even
enthusiast
could
have
on one condition,
a "vowel,
my
being right in
A.
my
Old-Northern rune-stave
and
this
vowel
An opposing
-R,
has long ago decided (of course at once, and without appeal, and in the
name
of
what
it
calls
this
Y
a
is
a consonant
it
and
is
this
consonant
syllable
in
word where
As
The
difference
is
In fact so
so comparatively
fresh inscriptions
last score
continue
come
in,
we
are
Within the
I
years or so the
to
number
neaidy doubled.
So
think
we ought now
be able to decide
this
question,
we
moment
have.
that
But
which
be
is
in so
solid
Philology
is
that
If this
admitted,
we must
left
also
bear
in
dialects
which have
many ways
led
in
up
the
to
local
same landscape;
or metal or
later
in
and the equal right of any and every Runic or Romanlettered piece, stone
wood
or parchment, to represent
fixt
as the
skinbooks in a partly
latter,
as
drawn out
falsified,
scarce older or later forms being usually past over and the
27*
214
THE WORD-HOARD.
while the words are often corrupted and "syste-
what
is
called a
"normal
text",
wastepaper.^
The
must be considered,
earlier
And
in general
100 years
will
largel'i/
alter
grammar and genders and syntax and word-hoard, and which are not driven out by others. How much more
600
or
be the case
in
the
lapse of
re-create a language.
In England, helpt
mothertung
for
nearly
1500 winters.
Hence we
more or
for
less in
many
things 5 speech-systems
locally modified
by scores of shire-talks,
Northern,
the
last
the Southern,
the Midland
in
and the
further influenced
far therefore
10th centuries.
So
Nature
thro.
But
to
return.
in this:
Assuming
to
be_-R;
of
great
linguists
the
with the aid of desperate archaisms or unknown constructions, giving meanings to say the least
strange and paradoxical; or they are contractions; or else they are written in an
unknown tung
of
or
else
Thunor
and doom
say the
after Christ
the
Some
This nom.
-S,
(also
common
holds on
away altogether
the
in
the
Scandian
tungs.
But
it
(and
not -r)
in -s in
there
in
oldest Northern
it
runics,
in the
plural,
and
also
Scandinavian or
still
later runes,
down
often -s,
How
ac.
characteristic?
As nom. and
oldest
away
in
most of the
revives,
afterwards
when
this
plural
consonant
the later -R for the older -s in plurals becomes organic in Scandinavia, where, Danish
the
common
plural
mark becomes
usually -R.
the
in
Scandinavia in the
oldest
runics
(our
s.
pr.
and our
AS,
who
iR,
or which),
p.).
But they
this ancient
also
er,
But
Y must
not a.
What
"On
See
my
remarks hereon
3,
in
the paper
2,
Book
printed in Swedish", in
Nova Acta
Vol.
10, part
4to.
Upsala 1879.
THE WORD-HOARD.
actually containing it?
215
stands alone,
Nothing
first
is
easier.
Where
it
it
and
is
therefore an indeit
letter of a word,
is
simply ignored.
Where
letters
occurs in the'
tii>as),
word
its
existence
is
denied,
however
all
may
stand;
or
else
is
all
the
are
pronounced
contractions;
should
this be impossible, a
fonmda".
and
ac.
pi.,
At the end of
it
word,
for
this
as
for instance in
substantives
and
ac.
sing and
nom.
cannot be,
Yet we naturally
oldest
antique
expect
in
by. sound
like
in
the
Scandian
the
places,
more
or
less
survived
there
in
the
most
Scando-
Gothic moles.
But
was
from
this
whole -R system was based on the strange theory, that one language only
the Iron
all
the
Scandian lands;
and that
this
"Old-Northern"
tung
(the
comparatively
little
modern book-dialect
whose
oldest
before);
and the
Infinitive
in -a or
-M
or -E,
Hence
all
dialects not
were unholy and unworthy, and coidd not belong to the Scandian
usually
it
lost
the
many
the
just as
England.
worn dialect-cluster)
mark and
the Passive.
It
the
same way
as the
later Scandinavians
by
its
as
was done
Scandinavia
But the
in all the
oldest runics
-s
as .their
other Scando-Gothic tungs (and afterward surprisingly in the Early English and the
to
later
understand that
many
in
Scandinavia are
1
now abandoning
as
this
But when
began
my
30 years ago,
was simply
an
ostracised,
to
I,
Nay,
Prof.
finds
necessary
and useful
argument
the modern origio of the Scandinavian-English Mythology, now says (Studier over de nordiske
1,
Christiania 1881,
p.
3):
"Rundt omkring
vi
af
et
maa
slutte,
den
seldste
altsaa vistnok
i
Sprog, som
seldste
the
We
in
the
in
Northern lands, thro the Oldest Iron-age and the Middle Iron-Age,
there
other
about
the
year 800,
prevailed
a language luhich
to
in
material
was
^
in
and thus
very different
from
poems
in
With regard
speech-forms
:
in
such immense
less
as
all
during the
space
of a 1000 years
of
much
land-group
during a much
is
period a
German dared
to say in 1852:
"The
immense.
In the latter
we
find
simple and transparent relationships in the roots; in the former are crowds of differences.
dialect at all but a general orthodox written language; in the
In the one
we have
21Q
turns,
to -R).
THE WORD-HOARD.
and
taste
also
sets
in
in
for
strong
in
forms
all
(which
by
that
-s
weakened
So
Scandian as
its
sister-dialects,
this
-xX
the Infin.
must
originally have
fell
as in
Old-North-English,
earlier
rapidly
are
away.
as
Infinitives
than A. D. 800
in
deplorably rare;
I
we have
yet
of
perhaps 2,
-A,
-M.
But
have found
several
examples
It stones bearing the later runes. Scandian Infinitives in -AN locally surviving on ancient Scandian as little had the Pos^-Article as the is also now acknowledged that the primitive
all
or
to
verb
and
Post-Article
are
the mighty
Wiking
outflow
for
England
in the
talks at home. very good reason; they were not yet developt in their local these On the other hand, the moment we build on Y being A,
0. N.
runic
inscriptions can be
for
if
not
of the
always with
absolute certainty,
dialects
there
are
of course
and we know
little
manners and
of old.
fully
Even some
mastered
of
the
things
cut
in
We
find
oldest pieces
no
"Icelandic",
any
other
07ie
governmental or
local
chiefs,
at a
Chancery "written language" over such immense countries under manifold period when no "Denmark" or "Norway" or "Sweden" or "England" existed.
here as in every other land
all
We
see instead,
many
in admitting
word,
the
value
style,
of Y,
the
Jewels,
or
bear
words
the
usual natural
scribbles
names
funeral
formulas
exactly as
elsewhere,
and just as we
find
them
the
later runes.
I
indirect proofs
'
that this
mean
a.
The
first
is,
E,
between A and M,
in the
same
line)
with.
Now
also
these
oldest
runic
pieces
dialects,
as
it
would seem
in
perpetual interweavement.
in the oldest
And
in like
inflexion."'
TVhile as
to the
till
Northern local talks, which mostly afterwards swung over to strong forms,
away,
And
of a
technical character.
^
is
(r),
shortened,
I).
By
the rule,
the former r
I
Accordingly this /k or
is
the proper
mark
for the
K.
nom. ending in
But
in fact,
the
is
often,
used
for the
former, sometimes
really
and
A
fc,
Now
how has
it
come
to pass that
whole 0. N. E. period
in all
^ and
or
so that
or
have
thro the
we have
not one
in -R.?
K. A. Hahn.
Althoohd. Gram.
4to.
v.
A.
Jeitteles.
Prag 1866,
p.
V.
j,
Qrimm.
Berlin 1858.
THE WORD-HOARD.
decidedly show a prevailing tendency to prefer the Ji-sound, especially in Scandinavia'.
217
Else
we cannot
expect A,
the A
that in
them we have
often
or E where
[t is
we otherwise
certainly
at all!
that
suffers
is
change.
Remembering
that
the
usual a (Y)
also
stoopt (A),
as
the
usual E (M)
also stoopt (u), let us take examples from each Scandinavian province:
M.
and E together.
5
6 9
Tanum, Sweden
Skarkind,
,
,
5
6 9
2
2
Mojebro,
Bjorketorp,
Valsfjord,
,,
7
2
24
5
4
1
28
6
Norway
,,
Tune,
Torvik,
5
1
,
15
19
,,
4
6
1
4
6
1
Orstad,
Thorsbjerg,
,,
2
1
Denmark
,,
3 Vi
Moss
pieces,
2
2
1
14
5
2
2
16
7
Gallehus,
,,
Kragehul,
,,
14
4
17
18
28
108
E.
125
is
Thus 28 A
dominance of
to
108 M, but
to
125
in
and
There
not the
same
large
preis
(and e) in England,
is
whose
provincial
slightly-modified
futhorc
Ji,
a,
eA,
yA,
A,
and K
1,
A,
(while the
F
exceptional
retains
the
Scandian
\,
remaining m.
Y.
A,\.
Thames Knife
Nethii's Casket
Ruthwell
Dover
3 Thornhill stones
.
Brough
Lancaster
15
Northumbrian Brooch
Bewcastle
Falstone
Hackness
Franks Casket
....
218
THE WORD-HOARD.
here only 80 A to 57
The proportion
is
(149
all
and E together).
Old-English
is;
Roman
letters,
and we
at
all
was not
-E.
And we have
in
also
The Runic
(F) JE is
Roman
ae,
is
Roman by Roman
in letters,
is
less
on the
a;
but
one word,
is
SAULE, which
^9red's Ring
Roman
Nothing
among
which
than
last is
Now
let
us take advantage of
,
this.
doubtful
the
common
the 3
s.
formula of ownership
pr.
N. N.
OWES (OWNS,
in its
possesses,
where
0,
we have
to
OWN,
many
I
local
sounds,
ah, ^h,
OH,
18 runic examples.
Scandinavia.
a,
(The ^H,
OH
as having no a
England.
ah, PR. ah.
Y.
Orstad, Norway.
Sigdal,
,,
Northumbrian Brooch.
ah, YH.
Boman
p.
staves).
ah, YH.
AH, YH.
,,
(Vol. 2,
all in
586)
and the
Thorsbjerg, Denmark.
p.
290)
Roman
letters, jclfgiui
AH,
Yi=l.
Vi Plane,
let
,,
ag.
And
coincide,
how
a,
A.
+,
answers
to
to the 0. N. Y,
in those
a interchanging with m,
as usual.
Let us compare:
dYh, Osthofen,
England;
Mansname, nom.,
now
in
Scandinavia dag,
England day.
Flemlose, 3
s.
p.;
rPucEiio,
Ruthwell;
Fi+to,
Brough, 3
ac. s.
pi. p.
fawed, made,
carved.
Sweden,
father.
s.
s. f.
HOLY.
dat.
s.
Ruthwell, England
LOAF-giver,
Lord,
ac.
m.
hjsriwol^fa,
Stentofte,
s.
Sweden,
p.,
nom.,
h+riwulfs,
Rafsal
1
s.
imperat. be!
s.
stjein^,
m., st+in,
m. stone.
Another argument
bering
is,
in
a wider range,
and remem-
how undoubtedly
let us
A,
M,
E,
u,
i,
always explain,
take two words, which accidentally and happily occur several times, and
The
first little
handful
is
pi.
fem.
We
have
it
5 times ending in Y, A,
= a,
Let
us,
as
commanded,
as respectable
specimens of Middle-Scandinavian.
They
Norse Einang stone (3rd century), and run^ on the Norse Brooch (6th century).
What
are
we
to
do with these?
They
are
both in
the ac.
pi.,
219
If
We
'.
we may
may
also say
runa
is
Once indeed we
really have
to
save space);
late,
but
this
which
period.
ac. pi.
all
admit to be
not older than the 9th century, thus Middle-Danish in the Wiking
-m, -0,
let
And
us honestly
bow
in
ac.
the Scandian
pi.
runes,
is
I
grave-formulas
in
having gotten
the
now incoming
barrow,
It
mark
-R.
The second
sing.
tiny cluster
n.),
grave-mound,
2,
in
the
nom.
(?
m. or
of which
p.
849
foil.
occurs as
nom.
thrice,
and
the
perfect,
no one
broken away.
with
the
The Norse
or vowel-
Stenstad
stone
(3rd century)
reads:
igingon h^l^ea,
so
iging'S low,
drawl
in
we have
many examples on
here
also
these
monuments both
Scandinavia
Now
the
meaning
cannot say.
(Prof.
,
having no
A,
he makes
into a
and that
hallar, nom,
s.
m.,
a slab, flattish
and tho
been found
in
grave-block).
Well,
us do so.
But then we
low,
have on the Norse Bo stone (3rd century): HX^BMiES (or HN^BDiEs) blmiwm,,
for
hn^bmews
also
clearly
there surely
can
the
formula
is
the
Swedish Skarkind stone (3rd century) we read: SCUiE LEUWiE, SKlTH'S LOW,
Now
here again
if
-m and -M
Sigdal
are correct,
surely
the
ending in
equally to
be
expected.
On
ac.
s.
the Norse
for
to
in
stone
(5th century)
we have again
and
LOW.
overgang- forms,
dialectic
And
in the
generally,
with
regard
vowel-fluctuations,
the
same manuscript,
let
ending, now,
Denmark -Norway,
in
only 13 lines
oldest
Scandian laws,
The dates
p.
1
about:
3;
Younger, 1350,
agrees),
p. 81;
Upland, 1300,
Bjorko,
Sodermanland,
Gotland
1325, p. 3;
1345, p. 113;
Westmanland,
is
4;
Smaland, 1350
editions,
1400,
p.
103.
referred
to
that in
the
and best
by
Prof. Schlyter.
I
(all
Y^
-R school
a.c.
now
sing. fem.
pi.
f.
rdn^ by
runic inscription.
only answer,
formula,
RnNA-RA[>,
word
as
later
stones
bearing this
it
was wisht
when both
^
staves
which see
rare.
shortenings of words
it
by omission
of vowels
for
reasons of space.
contracted,
if
Where
plenty of room,
is
220
THE WORD-HOARD.
^.
A.
E.
0.
West-Gotland, A
13
1
B
Upland
Sodermanland
Skane
Bjorko
21
1
13
10
6
1
2
9
Gotland
Hclsingland
10
(Thus 76
is
East- Gotland
18
Westmanland
Smaland
10 13
a,
62 m, 2 e and
0.)
But there
particular
formula in some of
Icelandic (Gragas),
West-Gotl., A.
namn
n.
s.,
f^jDur,
ac.
s.)
B.
nampn
Sodermanland.
Smaland.
Norse.
namn
oc sons oc
Jjes
helghi andA.
namn
nafuE (namfnE,
sunAR oc andA
hseilags (andANs
hfelghA).
Gragas.
Jutland.
I
i
We
ab.
will
about 1000, S. E.
B,
1170; North-Engl.
ab.
950, N. E.
d,
ab.
1000.
|)8es
South-Engl.,
>>
A. B.
halgAN gastes.
|)as
halgEN gastes.
North-Engl.,
'<
C.
noma
noman
namen
these
"
D.
and
suntr
and
|)8es
halgAN gastes.
Now we
intermingled.
falling
see
here that
differences
do
not
mark
"nationality",
They
and a word or two assuming a particular meaning in a particular province at a particular epoch which is always happening everywhere. Thus
away of the
in
yet
this
sense,
and
in
is
little
known and
only provincial.
But
and
ac.
s.
the
most
striking
Let us look
at
them
in
gen.
Sanscrit
g.
s.
pitur,
ac.
pitarAM;
g.
s.
sunos,
ac.
sunuM.
sunc.
son.
M. Goth.
Icelandic
(?fAdrs,
foQur,
?fAdar);
foQur;
sunAUS,
souar,
THE WORD-HOARD.
221
but the
fadEres,
s.
in
his
s.
fAdur,
oldest
s.
g. s. f'adores, fasdores,
f^der,
ac.
s.
teder,
fAder;
g.
sunAS,
sunu,
sunA,
sunE,
feders,
and
in
ac.
sunA,
ac.
The 0.
Fris.
has
g.
ffider,
federES,
feiders,
faders,
And
in the
Thus Graff
suno;
gives g.
fAter,
fAtir,
faterES,
ac.
g.
fAter,
s.
fAtir,
faterAN;
g.
s.
sunES,
sums,
ac.
sunu,
while Schiller
and Liibben
in their
we have simply
faj&urs;
As
gen.
s.
famr,
and 2 examples of
35
different
shapes,
among them
the
valuable
pitai-AM.
4 independent
local
dialects
one land,
are
a linguistic
treasure
no
It awaits
more
in
will
only give,
as
a couple
of the nuggets,
I
for
they
my
in
0. N. Runic
may remark
that
the
infin.
ends in -an, in
-N,
C commonly
or -E.
in
-A,
otherwise -E,
now
-M
22-2
THE WORD-HOARD.
THE WORD-HOARD.
or by artists using the 0. English futhorc.
22o
a few'very short
will
now hazard
and cursory
NOONS to 400.
(-AS,
Nom.
fem. in
s.
masc. ending in
ex.;
-s,
-MS,
-INGS); in -A
and -ma, 4
in -o
-ia,
and
5; in -e
and
-i,
3,
-ONG, -UNG.
in
in
Nom.
-M,
2.
s.
-ma and
s.
f.
U
n.
Nom.
s.
neut.
-^A,
1;
1.
Gen.
s. s.
m,
in
in -iES
-u,
-I,
and
-IS,
s.
2,
-M,
Gen.
Dat.
1.
-m,
Dat.
s.
m.
-ma and
4.
-ia,
s.
examples; in
in -m,
1.
1;
in
pi.
-^N,
1.
n.
in
pi.
1.
Ac.
1.
m.
-o,
all
Ac.
1.
And
Nom.
m.
in
-^s,
Gen.
n.
in
Ac.
in
Now
They cannot be
show
"misredd" by myself or
features.
And
the
same general
same as those
in the
ADJECTIVES,
to 800.
of the
-N
with
the
0. North-English,
as
Southern English.
PEONOONS,
1
800.
I
800.
s.
pr. indie.
the 3
s.
pres.,
as
we
all
weet,
-5 (-th,
it
-t,
-d,
&c.),
known Aryan
-s
times.
In modern English
in the
is still
conversationally and
commonly and
had then
book-language
this
-th
lispt into
s.
-s.
More than
it
this
it
pr.,
which
still
is,
now
(in
In Shakespear's
pi.
day
this
North-
country -S in
s.
and
In olden and
pr.
ends in
-R,
not -th.
How
is
this?
-S,
We
see
that
as
in
lispt
into
into -R.
In
modern Danish
this
-R
this
common form
Such things
and
revolution
silently
In fact
we have examples
of it
as old as the
begin
much
earlier
than we
sometimes suspect.
I
s.
pr.
none
I
in the
Old-Northern
it
runes.
But there
than
the
cannot give
it
a higher
date
9th
But
as
bearing
one
of
in
the
0. N.
runes
is
overgang and
conservative.
The famous
them
house at Maeshowe,
its
the Orkneys,
was
are
for
some 3 yearname, or N. N.
this,
slab-built walls
style,
many
of
John Bull
merely
N. N. carved
these runes,
others a
little
&c.
One
224
THE WORD-HOARD.
tORtsR SMR^.
H^LUI
RiEISTO.
risted
for 0,
and
in
the
latter
the older
all
1(
both.
But whether
inscribed by one person or no, the words are so simple that probably
few
will
(cut this).
in
words
be:
figuratively,
as
was common
or
the
or
warlike
wlking age,
of
meaning
will
a-war-THORN (= JAVELIN
is
DART
spear) WOUNDETH.
But
however
may
be,
the whole
We
nom. R-mark of that time, and the everyday Scandian mansname helge, and the olden 3
-0,
p.
common
s.
pr. S^R5,
nor even
in -S,
but in the
is it
Now
in
what
is
this
-i>?
s.
Is
it
fi^st
example of
far
the oldest
Scandinavian 3
pr,,
brought
over from
some
in the
"slow"
backwood
dialect
away
the
Scandian home?
generally
Northumbrian, however,
the
sibilant
-s;
adopted
while
the
-R
tORNR
and
the
name h^lhi
smr^
is
are
is
not
Northumbrianisms.
Scandinavian.
I
The
it
likelihood is
that the B in
oldest
If so,
is
excessively costly.
s.
done.
p.
in
-o,
But
p.
as
to
the
in
3 plural past.
We
of
have
the
one
most ancient
instance
of
this
ending
-UN,
the d^elidun
The other
(date 680), and are in -UN, -on and -u, the -n early tending to
it
away
in
N. England, which
a whole mountain
all
Now
has been
is
made out
to
Tho
in
this final
-N
in
common
all
the
South-England
fixt
at
this
moment the
slice
form
in
an immense
Gothic Europe
of Scandothis
we
are
called
believe
by
my
learned
opponents that
end-
up
locally in
on the
fine
critics
agree cannot be
much
later
But
3
pi. p.
let
In
in this
writings
the Swedish
mostly keeping
its
older -0,
By
the
16th
century the -e in
in .English.
This
all
final
was reacht
in
Scandinavia a couple of
and at
this
moment
-u),
the
living
local
fast its
as well as the
still
insists
but
numbers
Scandinavians
the Scandians
uneducated Swedes have given it up. Thus the and English have practically come to the same result in the same way, only
and
made
great haste
as
to
the -N,
then,
while
What,
should we say,
THE WORD-HOARD.
225
to help us,
p. in
if,
on some person modestly and quietly showing that he was met by the
pi.
"infallible" protest
(i
1800.
both in
Call
for
no remark.
usually
later
nasalized
for in,
Scandia,
much
Scandian
remains
and on,
while
in
Midland
and
Book-English
As
staring us
in
there
is
With
the facts
the face,
we must admit
in
continual
growth and
time
all
But
developments and fluctuations of population and settlement went on unceasingly (as they do still) both on the Scandian main and in the English colony; disparities multiplied, and in time the great Scandian and Anglic branches show differences wide indeed. The Scandian
creation of its Post-article
and
its
Passi-ve
was
itself a revolution,
so
with
But
in Scandinavia itself,
how
and "dialects"
cannot
diflFer!
At
redd
this
moment
the
however near,
to
be
generally
out of
and
translations
from
Danish-Norwegian
in
dail-i/.
The
spoken dialects
are very
many
each Scandian
and folk
in
is
the
in
just
Londoner
helpless
face
books
the
common Englishman.
talks in
and a
farm-laborer (from Jutland for instance) can after a couple of days be hob and nob with the
the
Now
which
in the
all
in
speech and blood with the Frisic and Saxon clans (some of
of
the
settlement
all
England),
Old-High-German
has
real
showing
greater
of
differences ^
Only one of
these
Scando-Gothic offshoots
organic
variations
its
the Mseso-Gothic.
This talk
stands considerably
its
from
excessive
in
sibilation,
peculiar
or
archaic
and
Middle Verb,
and
it
probably
difi^ered
some
other
of which
we consequently know
But even
we have
has
it
a regulated schooled
Chancery book-dialect
Mseso-Gothic,
its
'
This
is
now acknowledged by
Prof. S.
Bugge
at
(in
his new work on the Northern Mythology, I, man med Grund kan betegne Sproget som kun
in
this
p. 28):
"Dets
en germansk
8th century] so
Its
[the
stage [cloion
dialect.
to
the
end of
the
developt,
that
we may
Teutonic
[=
Scando-Gothic]
226
itself,
and
is
in these lists
we
shall
that
the same
ending
may
be borne by words of
different
genders,
We
^
that the date of these runic pieces has only been fixt approximately,
little
and so
on.
We
know very
of
all
How
of our
if
should we?
forefathers
Few and
far
between are
after
may
learn
little
more
time,
But
this
Old-Northern language,
at
all
hazards,
whatever systems
may
have to
much
of our boasted
"Modern Philology"
with
its
is
only
a House
upon
the
Sand!
To A. D. 400.
MasG. Norn,
^neeha?; Fino;
gileugce);
Hseislee;
Hsei-tinse;
if
we
divide Hcerinqce
Hseuc;
OfDua.
Siaseluh.
Gen.
Scil3a3;
Prfewingsen.
Dat.
Frse-
wsereedsea;
Fern. Nom,.
Ginia.
Sseligsestia.
^
Neut.
Nom.
Leuwse.
Ace. Leugse.
NORWAY.
3Iasc.
Nom.
Mln;
Dsegse;
Godsegses;
Hao;
Ingost;
Lsemse
(?
L^dte);
Af^Eea;
Lia;
Fem. Nom.
Neut.
Wiwiln.
Gen.
Hn^bmses;
Mirileea;
Igingon
S3eg(a);
(? fem.).
Dat.
gfeHselseib^n
Hsegustseldia;
Stseinse.
Dewsea;
Weering^a;
Woduride^
Runo.
Ace.
Nom.
Dohtr;
pi.
^rbingses.
JErbingse;
Hgelasa;
Ecwiwsea;
No^uingoa.
Ac.
pi.
Nom.
Hlseiwse.
DENMARK.
Masc. Nom.
^8eda3g*s(li);
^isg;
Echlew;
LeJDro
(?
Erileea;
Gisliong;
HEering^;
Tit)as;
H^riso;
Hleung;
De;
Lse^seeuwingse;
LuJ^ro);
Lu^;
Tabling;
Will;
Wiis(a).
Gen.
^s-ugis.
Tunba;
Ow1]du-
iDcwsea;
Wiyu-bigi(? ^).
_
s.
Dat.
Holting^a;
Ace. R^g^\s,;
Hornse;
Smuhse.
Fem. Nom.
Neut.
Niwseng-mseria.
Gen. Riigu.
m.).
Gen.
pi.
m^;
;
L^-orb(e).
Chr-st
'
"
^'
"^-
---*'
"^
after
Frederiksberg,
trom the last half of the fror;hettTlf T.. 8th century, somewhere about 800.
., consonantal
or that consonant
^, ^
^
.
.Hn...K, Heln.s
is
-s.
THE WORD-HOARD.
227
^lu;
Dat,
Reeniugse;
Tileerings.
Gen. pi Gutse.
Wi.
NOMINAL ENDINGS.
SWEDEN.
Masc.
Fern.
Nom. Nom,
Nom,
-se^ -ing(?ge);
-ia^
-se.
-o;
-^
Gen.
-ge;
-ingsen.
Neut.
-se^
-ia.
Ace.
-se.
NORWAY.
Masc.
Nom.
-a;
-e^;
-ees;
-o;
-u;
-'.
Ac.
Dat. -a
(?);
-aja^ -sen;
Ace.
-se.
-.
iVbm.
-ses.
i^mi. iVbm.
-sea;
-se;
-ingse;
-sea.
-ingoa;
-o.
Neut.
Nom.
DENMARK.
Masc.
Nom.
-a
(?=*);
-se*
{V);
-sea;
-as;
-e;
-i
(?==);
-ing;
-ingse'';
Gen.
Fern.
iVewf.
-is.
Dat. -8ea^
pi.
Ace.
-8e^
Nom.
-ia.
pi.
Gen. -u.
-se
(?)
Ac.
Gen.
-se.
Nom.
-se;
-ings;
-i.
-u.
-sea;
(ren.
pZ.
-se.
Dat.
OLD-NORTHERN.
ilfasc.
Nom.
-a (?^);
-se^
-ses;
-se;
-as; -e;
-i
(?^);
-ing^
-is.
-ingse^
-ings;
-o*;
-ong; -u;
-sen;
-ung;
-e;
Fern.
-.
-ia.
Gen. Ace.
-ingse;
-ses;
-ingsen;
pi.
-ingon;
-o.
Dat. -a(?^);
-sea'';
-se*.
Nom.
-ses.
Gen.
Gen.
pi.
pi.
-se.
Nom.
Nom.
-sea;
-se^;
-ia^;
-ingoa.
-i.
Gen. -u.
-se.
Ac.
Neut.
-sea.
Dat.
Ace.
pi.
-se.
To
A. D. 400.
m.
wiTMi
(defin.).
DENMARK.
Dat.
s.
m.
^G^STIA (sup.
def.).
vgm
(defin.).
Nom.
s.
f.
H^IL^G.
s.
Dat.
s.
n.
Nio (defin.).
OLD-NORTHERN.
Nom.
s.
/.
-,
Dat.
m.
def.
-se;
-sei.
Dat.
s.
m.
sup.
def.
-sestia.
Dat.
s.
n. def.
29
-o.
228
THE WORD-HOARD.
PRONOUNS.
Nom.
pi.
To
A. D. 400.
NORWAY.
neut.
la.
DP^NMARK.
Norn.
s.
Ec.
VERBS.
2
imperat.
To
A. D. 400.
SWEDEN.
s.
Wees!
s.
pr.
sitbj.
^gi.
NORWAY.
s.
p.
Fseihido; Worsehto.
3 pi
p.
Dselidun.
Inf.
(Set)a.
DENMARK.
Is.pr. Hseite.
Ss.pr.kh^; 0.
p.
s.
p.
T^wido.
-un.
s.
imperat.
Gee^ He.
Inf.
Niyse.
OLD -NORTHERN.
t
s.
pr.
-e.
s.
pr.
-.
s.
-o\
3 pi.
p.
s.
imperat. -\
Inf.
-a;
ee
(?).
PREPOSITIONS.
NORWAY.
iEfter.
To
A. D, 400.
DENMARK.
Gsegin.
ADVERBS.
A; Ai;
Hser.
To A. D. 400.
SWEDEN.
From 401
to
800.
Nom.
^bse^;
^lu;
lit;
Erilsea;
Gsefing;
Heeidar-runo;
Sseaj);
Hseriwolsefa;
Porlsef;
(?
Hse^uwolsefa;
Uansebserseh.
Hauf^uiikii;
Mmlse;
Mwsyouingi;
Dat.
,?
U|)ser;
Gen.
Gen.
Hoeges.
Lsea;
^awelee;
Bseruta
Fselse;
fem.);
Hy|)uwul8efa;
Stsense.
Hyriwulsefse;
pi.
Svoseneea.
Nom.
Ace.
Ihaee;
Ruma;
Hselhseda;
Helsehedduse.
;
Fem. Nom.
JEheker;
Miicnu;
Hyeruwulsefia
OlJDa,
Dat. JElu;
Unboaeu.
Ace. ^.rse^
Ro;
Ukisi.
Nom.pl. Ginse-runsea;
Runoa.
Ac.pl. Gino-ronoa;
Runoa;
Neut.
Runya.
Nom.
^anb.
Dot. Tuma.
pi.
Hidear-rungno.
THE WORD-HOARD.
229
NORWAY.
Masc.
Nom.
Acela^n;
Sserselii;
iElwa
Asping;
Boso;
U]d;
1
Laing;
Weettset.
Mirilse;
Rhoseltr;
Seemseng;
turmuja;
Icweesuna;
Unnbo;
Iddsen;
Gen. Msenis.
Dat.
Hiligsea;
lulDingsea;
Weerua.
Rsew,
Gen.
pi.
DseJDyonse;
Hseldseo.
Fern.
Nom, Nom,
Dselia.
Lau.
Gen. Goi]Du;
(O)t)c(u).
Ace.
Cisego;
Roate,
Roae.
Ace.
pi.
Runse.
Neut.
lod;
Ace.
Lseewe.
DENMARK.
MasG.
Nom.
^ni; ^uair;
funl^r.
Nura-ku|)i;
Rhuulfr;
Sui|3zks.
Ruulfasts;
Stsein;
?
Triibu;
Tu;
Ace.
PiwbyoJE]Disl;
Gen. Hurnburse;
FaJ^ur;
Dat.
Isinglasea.
BrujDur-sunu;
Fern.
Kujaumut;
Stain.
Nom..
Ujaseict.
Ace. Prui.
ENGLAND.
Masc.
Nom.
^Egili;
JElcfrith;
^leubwini;
Cuhl;
Alia;
Alwin;
JEbred;
Baeda;
Beagnojj;
;
Cadmon;
Eadbierht;
flodu;
Krist^
Cunung;
Els;
q2
Kung;
Eomser;
Dsegmund;
Dah
Dom;
Fisc-
Eadred;
Eaured;
Eomaer;
EJDelberht;
Gisl;
Gyoslheard;
Oeki;
God^
Gonrat;
Osbiol;
Gudrid;
Oscil;
Hwsetred;
Reehsebul;
Ikkalacgc;
Isah;
Lonsewore;
01wfwol|Du;
Reumwalus;
Kuninges;
Romwalus;
Ecgfri]3u;
Wodsen;
Heafanses;
Ecbi;
Wop;
Eomse;
WoJDgar;
Wulfhere.
Dat.
JEli;
Gen.
Alhs;
Hronses.
Raira;
Breodera;
Buciaehom;
Roetberhtse;
Dering(sB);
.
Erha;
EJjelwini;
Hroethberhtse;
(tru)mberehct.
...rhtae;
Mungpselyo;
Berchtvini;
Olplss;
Sighyor;
Cilningc;
Ace.
AlcfriJ)u;
CilniballD;
Kilning;
Cu|3boere(hting)
DoepOnswini;
stan;
Fergenberig;
Sigi.
Galga;
Great;
pi.
Hlafard;
Houh;
Laiciam;
Gen.
pi.
Oswiung;
Dat.
Fern.
pi.
Strelum.
Nom.
Ac.
gibro|)8era;
Men.
Myrcna.
pi.
Men.
Hilddi(g)u|)
; ;
Nom.
Claseo;
KiineswijDa;
Kunnburug;
Hildi]3ru|3;
Igilsuilo;
Wiilif.
Gen. Cearungia;
Birh'nio;
Cimokoms;
Rodi;
Coinii
Geeliea;
Ultyo,
Dat. Berhtsui{)e;
Eateyonne;
Romsecsestri;
Sowhula;
Saule^;
Winiwonseyo.
pi.
Ace.
Aclihck.
Dat. pi Sorgum.
Rices.
Neut.
Nom.
Gen. Dsebs;
Ace.
Licses;
Dat. Beornse;
Lic-bsecun;
Bergi;
Blodoe;
Gear.
Becun*;
Brok;
Cuombil-bio;
Sig-becn,
Dat.
Heafdum.
Nom.
M\n.
BRACTEATES,
Masc.
&c.
A. D.
401800.
Beartigo;
Cornilio;
Nom.
AW;
^niwulu;
^nwll;
^nosense;
Auto;
Cun(ung)
Ku(nung);
Geegecallu;
Dasituhse;
Ecmu;
Hama;
EltiF;
Elwu;
Feewse;
Foslseu;
Ichiay;
Fuwu
Ito
Gal;
Glse;
Hhlseaedu-uigee^;
Huthu;
Inki;
29*
230
Laoku;
Lul;
NajDse;
THE WORD-HOARD.
Nae})uyseng;
Tase;
Niuwilse;
Otae^
Tsenulu;
Oti;
Owee-alut;
Til;
Ssebser;
Sihmywnt;
Tvto;
Sunedromdh;
Tallwe;
Tsewori;
Uyseyliil;
Tissecg;
Tweed;
Tenes.
Pur;
Wseigae;
Uodn.
Gen.
Tenaes;
Dat. ^.aBlseucsea;
Esejalseua;
^Isewinse^;
^lewin;
Lseuceea;
Alte-uilsea^
^ohaeese;
Tiwitse.
A\>;
Aulilyose;
Housea;
Heldsea.
Lsewuloucsea;
Ace. Uelyse.
Yseca,
Ac.
Gen.
pi.
Fern.
Nom.
Voc.
Icsea,
Yc8ea^
Ykceea,
Yia,
Ygcea,
Ugha;
Elwseo;
Sselsew,
Sselu.
Dat. Aivomia;
Hsersengu;
Neut.
^|)odu;
Auasa;
pi.
Cunimudiu;
Haeiticse;
Glyoseu-giauyou
Liliaeeiwu.
Runoa.
Nom.
Ace. Uia.
NOMINAL ENDINGS.
SWEDEN.
Masc.
-a^;
-ee^;
-sea;
-se^;
-ing;
-ase.
-ingi;
-o;
pi.
-u;
-a;
-ii;
-*.
-i;
Gen. -es.
Dat.
-a?;
-se^;
-eea.
Ace.
Fern.
-a;
-a;
-ia.
Gen.
-u.
-use.
Dat. -seu;
-o.
Ace.
-se^
-o;
-u.
Nom.
pi.
-sea;
-oa.
Ac.
Neiit.
-.
pi.
-ya; -oa^
Dat.
-a.
Nom.
pi.
NORWAY.
Masc.
-a;
-se;
-.
-seng;
-ing;
pi.
-o;
-seo;
-r;
-u;
-^
-.
Gen.
-is.
Dat. -a^
-sea;
-sen;
-ingsea;
-e.
Gen.
-yonse.
-ae; -o;
Fem.
Neut.
-ia.
-^.
Gen. -ul
AcG.
Ace.
-ase;
Ac. pi.
-se.
DENMARK.
Masc.
-i'; -.
-r';
-s;
-^
-i.
Gen.
-se;
-inks.
Fem.
Dat. -eea?
Ace.
-u;
-\
Ace.
BRACTEATES.
Masc.
-a;
ee-";
-e;
-i;
-o*;
-on;
-u'^
-^l
pi.
-sea^ -yoee; -^
Ace. -yee.
Dat. -a;
-ee^;
-ee;
Gen.
Fem.
Iceea,
-you. Neut.
Ace.
-u.
-ia;
-iu;
-u';
Ac.
pi.
-incee;
-oa.
SCANDINAVIAN OLD-NORTHERN.
Alasc.
-a*;
-se;
-se'^
-ingi,
-is.
-ing^ -seng;
-o^ -on;
-sese; pi.
-r^
-sea
-s;
(?
-u";
-ti;
-^
Gen,
-aes,
-inks;
9);
-sen;
-ing^a; -yoee;
_
Yia,
Gen
-a;
-sea;
-ia^
-ia;
Icsea,
Yseca,
Ycsea^ Ykcsea,
-you.
Ygosa,
-ae;
Ugha;
-^;
-i;
-u;
-iu;
-u
Ac.
(?
5);
-se;
Ace.
-a^^
-oa.
-o^ -u;
Nom.
pi.
pi.
Neut.
-I
Dat.
-a.
Ace.
-e;
Nom.
pi.
-o.
THE WORD-HOARD.
231
ENGLISH OLD-NORTHERN.
Masc.
-a^; -a';
-e^;
-i*; -i*;
-^'.
-a;
-i
Dat.
-.
-se^
pi.
pi.
Ace.
-uin.
Nom. pi
-io;
Gen.
Fern.
-a;
-na.
-*.
-o;
Dat.
Ac. pi
-s;
-.
Gen. -ia;
-.
-iea;
-u;
-yo.
-.-
Dat. -a;
-seyo;
-e^;
-yonne.
Neut.
Ace.
Dat. pi -um.
Dat.
-se^;
-.
-s.
Ace.
-*.
Dat. pi -um.
Ac. pi
-.
A. D.
401800.
Nom.
s.
masc.
lilse
(defin.);
Mse
(defin.);
Sbse (defin.).
Dat.
s.
neut.
Niu
(defin.).
NORWAY.
Nom.
s.
masc.
Nom.
s.
fern.
Inglsk,
ENGLAND.
Nom.
s.
masc.
Almeyottig;
Ailic;
Aluwaldo
(def.);
Gasric;
Grorn;
Modig.
Nom.
Nom.
s.
fern.
gioroefed;
biGoten;
s.
bistemid;
Tim^;
Dat.
s.
giwundad.
neut.
s.
s.
neut.
Dun.
s.
Ba.
Dat.
m.asc.
Lanum.
Fruman
Al.
(defin.).
Ace.
m. lukc;
Lim-woerigne;
Fusse;
Riicnse.
Ace.
neut.
Nom. pi
masc.
iEJ)J)il8e;
Giu^easu;
Twcegen.
Ace.
pi masc.
Ale.
Ace. pi.
neut.
BRACTEATES.
Nom.
s.
masc.
Hse-curne
(defin.);
(defin.);
Lif)m.
Dat.
s.
masc.
Sehs-cunse
(defin.);
Tille
Ungse^ (defin.).
PRONOUNS.
Nom.
sing.
From
SWEDEN.
A. D.
401-800.
Ec.
Nom.
pi.
s.
masc.
See.
Ace.
Nom. pi fem.
Ssea;
Usa.
Gen.
masc. terse.
fem. Pyiya.
NORWAY.
Nom.
s.
fem. Hu.
Ace,
s.
fem. Yoise.
Ace.
s.
neut.
Dsetsea.
Nom. pi
neut.
Ia.
DENMARK.
Ace.
s.
masc. Sin.
Ace.
s.
fem. Piseu.
ENGLAND.
Nom.
sing.
Dat.
Mec*,
s.
Dual
ace.
Gen. neut. Psees. Mic^ Mik, fem. Der^ Daer, Dser. Ace. masc. Him. Dat. neut. Pis; Dset. masc. Hinse^ Doe, The. Ace. Meh, Mas. Ace. Ungcet. Nom. pi masc. Hisel Dat. pi Us. Ace. pi Us.
Nom..
s.
masc.
Hel
s.
Gen.
s.
m. Hisl
s.
sing.
s.
s.
BRACTEATES, &C.
Dat.
s.
masc. Imse;
Pam.
232
THE WORD-HOARD.
VERBS.
1
s.
From
A. D.
401
to
800.
SWEDEN.
pr.
Hsete'c.
s.
pr.
Mh,
0.
~
2
s.
3 pi
pr. Hsebo;
Meeleel
s.
p.
pi.
Dseude; Hiuk:
p.
(I)ugo (or
(W)ugo).
Imperat.
Gsea.:
NORWAY.
s.
pr.
A, Ah', 0, Oh.
s.
p.
Fj\)se\;
Was;
Wrseitse,
Wrseet.
Imperat.
s.
Ah^
DENMARK.
s.
p.
Kserjji;
Fajai;
Sati.
s.
pi.
p.
Truknajau.
ENGLAND.
1
s.
pr.
Bim;
Yce.
Fegta}3.
pr.
s.
Ah^ Oh;
Darstse,
Coecas;
Darste;
Drygy}?;
bineald;
Recs;
Sbsersedh.
p.
Hnag;
anof;
3 Wses. 3
pi.
s.
pr.
p.
onGeredse;
aarof;
Het;
anof;
aRserde; Ysetae,
Settae,
pi.
Soettoe;
giswom;
Faijju;
gefiid
!
p.
Kwomu;
imperat.
aLegdun;
!
Setton;
pi.
bismseredii;
giBidseJ),
gistoddun.
s.
gisid
Wisse
3
s.
imperat.
geBiddaja,
geBiddsejD!
pr. subj.
Hehpee; Iwi;
Lice; usmse
Inf.
gistiga.
s.
pr.
^nn^.
s.
p.
s.
imperat.
PREPOSITIONS.
Yfeeta;
From
SWEDEN.
A. D. 401 to 800.
^t, Et;
(or Uti); I;
I).
NORWAY.
?
yEt; Ute.
DENMARK.
Aft,
^ft.
ENGLAND.
Aft,
After,
^fte, ^ftar,
In^ P; MilD^
Mher\
Of-,
^ft^er^ Aeftaer^
Ti,
beAft^r;
Ift;
^t.
Fiir;
On^ 0;
Tyo.
BRACTEATES.
To.
ADVERBS.
j^,
From
A.
D. 401 to 800.
SWEDEN.
NORWAY.
Ao;
H8er(cB).
THE WORD-HOARD.
233
ENGLAND.
Aici;
And, End; Ean; Fearran; ^tGadre; Her; Hwejjrse; Ni^ Eac; Sare; Per^,
BRACTEATES.
Peer.
Nu.
From 801
to
Masc.
Enruk; Halstun;
Dot. Roaul.
liseuri;
Inofasti;
Ruti; Samsi.
Nom.
pi.
Stainar.
Fern.
Kearstin.
Riusii.
Gen. Unu.
Dat. Mariu.
Neut.
NORWAY.
3Iasc.
Nom.
Dormu^; Porrsonr;
Port.
Dat. ^nsadgm.
Fem. Nom.
Ossk.
Dat. Sikktale.
Ace.
Auik; Kloko.
DENMARK.
Masc Nom.
Fem. Nom.
Gen. Kunuselts;
pi.
pi.
Ace. Stain.
Dat.
Sal-haukum.
Ac.
JEr-ruaar.
ENGLAND.
Masc.
Nom.
Emundr;
Hselhi;
(Hl)vdwyg;
Myredah;
Onlaf;
Rikarth;
Tidfirf);
Pornr.
Gen. Eadvlfes.
Dat. Osberchtae.
Fem. Nom.
Neut.
Nom.
Masc.
Nom.
lauligr; lohn;
lulieni.
pi.
Fem. Nom.
Dat. ^miliu.
Dat.
From 801
to
Dat.
s.
Masc.
s.
PRONOUNS.
Dat.
s.
From 801
to
SWEDEN.
Dik.,
Ace.
s.
NORWAY.
Aec.
s.
f.
Pissa.
Nom.
pi. f.
Sise.
234
THE WORD-HOARD.
DENMARK.
Gen.
s.
f.
Sinser.
Ac.
pi. f.
Pisi.
ENGLAND.
Nom.
s.
Pis.
Norn.
s.
m. He.
Dat.
s.
f.
This.
Ace.
s.
Meh^ Me.
VERBS.
3
s.
From 800
SWEDEN.
to
NORWAY.
s.
pr.
Oh.
s.
p.
G
p.
(?
GarJ)e);
Styopte.
pi.
p.
Leto.
Inf.
Styopa
DENMARK.
s.
pr.
Huiler.
s.
Raisti;
Uk.
s.
imper.
Al!
ENGLAND.
s.
s.
p.
s.
p.
PREPOSITIONS.
SWEDEN.
Yuir.
From 801
to
BRACTEATES.
I;
NORWAY.
I;
DENMARK.
0.
ENGLAND.
0,
Aa.
On^
To.
On.
ADVERBS.
NORWAY.
Ok, Uk.
From 801
DENMARK.
to
ENGLAND.
Pser.
FKE8H FINDS,
TOO LATE FOR ROOM
IN
DATE ABOUT
this
A. D.
400500.
Vol. 3, p.
See page 14 in
volume.
Old-N. R. Mon.
452.
Here repeated, from drawings kihdly forwarded by the Swedish Rune-smith Adjunct
K. A. Hagson of Linkoping, showing the stone as
dots on the figure,
the bild that of a
that
it
now
stands.
falls
and
therefore
the idea
of chain-mail
away.
man
praying to
Christian,
Helpt by
of
this
ingenious
now suggest
figures
the
deceast was a
in in
prayer
oldest
reminding
us
of
similar
(ORANTES)
the
the
West.
were found
before
the
historical Missions
30*
238
FRESH FINDS.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.
A. D.
Vol.
1250 1300.
3,
p.
404.
in
1880.
Is
now
in the
Here given
all
full
size.
More than
a dozen such,
more
or
of the
same
type, and
all
or nearly
met with
in
Stockholm.
spell the
name
of the owner:
INOFASTI.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
200 300.
p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3.
453.
Found
been
lifted
in
the
autumn
of 1882.
Had
risting,
has
to
From
of the staves
and
can
I
doubtful,
as
the
top
is
gone.
In
left
general,
the
made out
line,
All
wend-runes,
redd
from right to
(from below
upward).
propose (right
middle, left):
(coasts,
BOWED
him
mo
his
barrow,
to
rest
FRi:SH
FINDS.
239
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
200-300.
3,
Old-N. R. iMon.
Vol.
p. 403.
Now
of the
in the
Bergen Museum.
Engraved
V15
of the size.
Granite.
Found
in
the
One
long
side- stones
(the
only
it
far
older barrow,
and
had
be^n
slightly cut
that
might
fit
in.
But
it
bore rune-words
in
minne of the
240
FRESH FINDS.
it
arm of one
its
contents
and a long time must have elapst before the olden tomb
to very ancient times,
would be thus desecrated, and as the runes and word-forms point back
we cannot
well fix
it
later
This
is
the
first
Old-Northern
later
heathen
tumulus.
(m),
we
are
it
not sure
lmmm
or
or L^D.*;.
these-
was most
the
usual
WROTE
WROTE
What
is:
L^M^.
(or
l^dje)
to-
wiring.
FRESH FINDS.
241
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
200 300.
3. f.
Old-N. R. Moil.
457.
A
heathen
second stone,
clay-slate,
8
feet
tumulus.
Measures
10 inches
in
length
by
feet
in
breadth,
with
242
FRESH FINDS.
thickness of from 2V3 inches to SVg'l^be runes rubbed-in, they were first seen in June 1883 by the Norse Oldlorist A.
lilie
Museum, where
this
slab
now
is.
as on the Forsa
is
Ring and
the
letter (b).
The
inscription
quite complete,
name
This
PIEtROnWENC.
is
is
first
time.
have ornamental
S.EBO,
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
750
3.
800.
Old-N. R. Mon.
p 407.
,,
rJ " ^;8;.-'-W
r,^es
full
Lorange,
nscnpfons on
.n
of these blades are dan,asceed, and not a few ha the one s.de and trade-arks or ornatnents on the other, the letters or nrks
s,.e.
Many
18S6
':il r
''"
'
"'"^
or n,i.t
Ro.
^
letters.
ad Rie
FRESH FINDS.
243
it,
with
its
phonetic
or
sotmded value
of the
left.
THDR,
is
like
as -f or
is
used with
lettering,
its
The form
costly variant.
are,
The whole
in reverst
from right to
The
words
quite clearly:
OH CURMTO.
OWNS
(possesses-me)
thurmute.
ROMES-FELL,
?
S.
TRONYEM, NORWAY.
A. D.
DATE ABOUT
800-900.
5, p.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol
411.
In
1880 two
fine
in
a deep
rock-cleft.
They
are
now
in
the
Tronyem Museum.
The one
K^TIL A
K^TIL OWNS-me.
has the Old-Northern
of
the
size,
and
is
The
name
of the lady
OSSK
whose property
wife,
it
was.
therefore
have
belonged to husband
and
told
how he
31
244
FBESH FINDS.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Man.
A. D.
Vol.
11001200.
3.
p. 412.
In the
summer
here
of 1880,
the
later
runes
but
also
having
one
Old-Northern
of
given ^/igth
of the
original.
slab.s
brick
in
also
turned
days,
is
up,
The name,
used
in
Denmark
olden
time in Norway.
OKNKAR
OTBiNKAR
G(ared,
G(arlDi).
made,
built this).
SEALAND, DENMARK.
?
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
Vol.
1200 1300.
3,
p.
458.
FRESH FINDS.
245
Copper.
to
Engraved
full
size.
it
Found
for
in
a dealer,
from
whom
bought
trifle
August 1883.
Is
now
in
the
Husaby
Has
modern
look,
give
it
as
find it,
punch,
or
with a
hammer on
all
soft
wax
or
terra- sigillata
flans
blanks.
immensely used
give
thro the
middle ages.
Only
reverst
letters,
DATE ABOUT A
D.
500
600.
459.
Old-K R. Mon.
Vol.
3, p.
31*
246
FRESH FINDS.
Iron Sword,
is
now
in
the British
Museum.
first
of this century
W.
of the
pommel 6V2
inches.
The runes
are on
Hence
for
give
size:
^:co scERi!
AWE
(terror,
death
and
spell,
singing therewith
some chaunt
of super-
natural
power,
to
overcome
unsuspecting
enemy.
All
Whatever
the staves
mean,
CHESTER-LE-STREET,
?
N.
DURHAM, ENGLAND.
700800.
3,
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
p.
461.
Found
in
June
1883,
2 feet
in
repairing
the
Chancel
of
the
once
Collegiate
Church.
Closish-grained sandstone,
11 high
7 above.
The lowest
is
all
left.
EADMUND.
Only the M and N are 0. Northern runes, the other staves being Roman.
FRESH FINDS.
247
Kif
FRONT.
LEFT
SIDE.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
Vol.
700
3,
800.
463.
Old-N. R. Mov.
p.
Two
a
bits
of a golden finger-ring,
now
in
the British
Museum.
They were
pickt up
to
down
the
middle age.
from long
friction,
will
But
my
the British
h
Museum. The u
in
The
brotr
is
first
fragment seems to
(on el).
the
The
from
raised and
past
will
over.
The n
is
the
beginning
of a
lost
mansnanie
...
let
us
say niclas.
The whole
then be:
BRTOR Niclas ON EL
BROTHER
Niclas
ON
(of)
EL
248
FRESH FINDS.
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
700
800.
414.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol.
3, p.
FKONT.
SIDE.
BACK.
Found
chamber.
at
the
close
of
1881
in
the
Tower
of Thornhill
Church,
Is
up
in
the
bell-
Now
by a Lady to a Lady.
The
relationship or friendship
of
all
not mentioned.
found
in
in the
The womans-
name
see,
turned
up
in
England.
As we
FRESH FINOS.
249
(raised)
IGlLSUIlt
AR.IiRDK
IGILSUITH A-REARED
jEFTER BERHTSUI^E
AFTER
(in
minne
of)
BERHTSUJTE
BEGUN AT BERGI.
geBlDDAI> l>iER SAULE.
this- BEACON
(pillar - stone)
at
(on,
close
to)
DATE ABOUT
A. D.
850 950.
420. 447.
Old-N. R. Mon.
Vol. 3, p.
250
FRESH FINDS.
its
restoration
in
1882,
by the Rev.
S.
Calverley,
whom I have to thank for all details and materials. This sarcophagus, convinced me of their entire correctness.
where the further side and ends would
least width
of yellowish
sandstone,
not be seen.
13 inches, greatest
15,
depth
(p.
6.
Is
second
sarcophagus slab
first.
bearing runes
known
to
me
in
England.
Dover
The
principal
I
scene,
Man
It
fallen
and
Man redeemed,
is
clear.
is,
It
is
shown
in
What
in
strikes us
it
that
Adam
Paradise;
is
the
Race, for
whom
Christ died.
And
his form,
olden
art,
We
in
must
wait for fresh finds, before we can speak with certainty on the other symbols.
At
the
bottom
is
the
name
of
the
deceast,
probably
an
ecclesiastic,
early
Roman
letters
ADAM.
is
broken away.
(save,
bless)!
this
common
the
been
found in runes
in gi~NijERA,
a
s.
prayer for
pr.
subj.,
is
dead.
We
see,
is
&c.
The -A
an antique ending.
The +
in
^R
BRACTEATES,
Nos. 90, 91.
3,
is
p.
463,
4.
The
Both
seller said,
in Kiel, these
immaterial.
Danish
No
91
and
its
learned Keeper,
Prof Handelmann,
Prof,
me
magnus Petersen.
FRESH FINDS.
251
DATE ABOUT
Old-N.
A. D.
700800.
p.
Mon.
Vol. 3,
32
252
FKESH FINDS.
From
in height
in
materials
W-
Gotland.
The
and 2 feet
in breadth.
lies
flat
on
its
The runes by
nearly 2 feet!
They
but
centuries
of his
"BUR
uiHi",
= may-THUR
I
wm
(hless-these-runes-and-this-tomh)!
.
As
tO-UG, MIRIK'S-SON,
(war-mate, hrother-in-arms).
The
later
memorial
is
simply:
KISLI KARBI IFTIjR
KDNAR, BRUIi(r).
this)
The name
nominative- ending in
jsggiuls
-s,
is
another
Old-Northern
example
away.
of
the
ancient
FRESH FINDS.
253
ITALY.
DATE ABOUT
Old-N. R. Mon.
A. D.
300 400.
Vol. 3, p.
32*
254
FRESH FINDS.
Old-lorist,
Oct.
Museum
February
at Torcello,
this
an iland
forn-hall,
in the
The Founder
across
it
and Keeper of
in a
came
last
fitted
farmer's
house, \^here
it
of Bronze,
I6V2 inches
its
long,
it
the
To judge from
patina,
full
has
soil.
side 1
3rd,
runes apart
similar
size)
we
T.
Hansen.
is
See the
Spear-heads
only
204,
206,
of which
this
one
almost a counterpart,
much
is
another
may have been war-plunder hands and may accidentally turn up.
piece.
The small
a beginning-mark, as on the
Muncheberg
Should
my
transliteration
TENING^
the
name
of the owner,
or of the officer
by or before
will
whom
it
was carried
in
battle,
and
The reader
please to
F.
The
peculiar
not,
believe,
me
moment.
Just therefore
stands where
it
does.
FRESH FINDS.
255
BRACTEATE.
No. 96.
iMon.
Vol.
3,
p.
464.
Found by
mangploughing,
Nov. 27,
1882.
Here given
is
full
size.
Is the largest
Weighs
100,3 grammes.
The loop
I,
broken away.
Bears 13 wend-
Reversing the
SNEic
letters,
read:
^C^A
or
FiEHi(do Or fsehide).
(:=.
SNEJC (= SNEING
SNOWSON)
tO-
for-MC^
WED (made
this).
The
therefore
is
much
shorter
than usual,
was)
therefore understood.
This exceptionally
6th
is
now
in the
Stockholm Forn-hall.
BETTERINGS.
Page
8.
1.
9.
P. 27,
P.
Read hel^heddu^.
156.
ALNMOUTH.
folio,
2,
Plate
117 of the
late Dr.
John
Stuart's
noble "Sculptured
Stones of Scotland",
all the
Vol.
which reacht
me
my
Vol. 2,
gives
sides
of these Cross-fragments,
We
is
the
This
of the
carved in the
Moon
above,
Centurion and the reacher up of the sponge with vinegar, with costly interlaced work as the
base of the Cross.
Add
Roman
letters.
therefore
now think
The
EADULF here
commemorated
is
thus
the
king
p.
462.
a
159.
learned
favored
me
it
on
this curious
Calendar.
to say,
We
hope that he
will
make
public.
Meantime he
ce calendrier,
me
"En resume,
le
portion que
Worm
le
Cycle Solaire et
qu'il
Worm nomme
du
1^'
Calendriers parfaits.
3. II
L'annee y commence
avec
le
14 Octobre
nombre
un
d'or
Janvier est
offre,
en outre,
comme
renet
seignements
quelques
complementaires,
Cycle
Solaire
complet,
un
Cycle
Lunaire
defectueux
monogrammes on
c'est
Ce
oflfert
par ce calendrier,
qu'il
probable que
la Serie
de
comme
S.
toujours, a
inedite."
In
this
the
festivals,
of
Edmund
P.
had assigned
it.
Bracteate
No.
6.
now
I
prefer
right in
to
take SEHS-CUN^
in
the meaning
So, if
am
to
my
we have
SAKSE-TtfNiR
P. 234.
The reader
in
please
They
are
of the
same general
character,
my
argument.
HAND-LIST
OP ALL THE
IN
OLD-NORTHERN WORDS
A,
A, Bracteate 81;
first
letter of a
Name
beginning with
a.
^ANB, Lindholm.
Voc'.
Neut.
s.
Snake.
^B^, Bjorketorp;
-(^csea,
Stentofte.
Mansname, nom.
under
OEKI.
ACEBiEN,
Belland.
Mansname, nom.
of the
Down.
Nom.
s. f.
^gsi, Strand.
Dat.
s.
m.
The-AWE,
awful,
fear,
fright.
u.
iEGiESTiA,
Gallehus.
m.
def.
superl.
To-the-AWEST, most
most dread
or venerable.
?
ACLIHCK, Brough.
TEsedsegsesli,
Place-name.
dat.
s.
f.
See
ecbi.
AJ)8e.
ADAM, Dearham,
AFAi,
Mansname, nom.
Gen.
s.
f.
(In
Roman
letters).
Freerslev.
Grandmother.
Vordingborg;
Thornhill;
afta, Freerslev;
^eftar,
AFT,
CoUingham; jEFT^r,
aefter,
Falstone;
Wycliffe;
of.
aeftaer,
^fte,
ift,
^FTER,
Thornhill;
Tune;
Dewshury;
in
Yarm;
tf^eta,
Istaby;
after,
be-after,
memory
s.
enjoy.
s.
a,
Bjorke?
Forde;
Hackness;
Scebo.
3
pr.
pres. owns.
ah,
Sigdal.
s.
imper. (perhaps 3
pr. ind.),
^geestia,
^GiLi,
u.
Mco.
JEgi,
Skd-ang.
u,
s.
subj.
Let-him-keep, may-he-enjoy.
Agan.
Franks
Casket.
Mansname, nom.
iGiLSUit,
Thornhill.
Womans-name, nom.
258
Agrof, under Grof.
HAND-LIST.
^gsi,
u.
u.
^co.
Ah,
u.
^h,
u.
Agan.
^heker,
u. Inge.
aHof, u. Hof.
^ISG,
Ai,
^i,
Aici,
vEiu.
Ailic,-
Hseilseg.
Thorsbjerg.
Mansname,
noin.
ai,
^lU, Stentofte; a,
Tanum;
M, Lindholm;
.
Skd-dng;
AO, Sicfdal;
ecai.
Strand,
iwka (= iwika),
Nordendorf.
Freerslev.
For
ever,
for aye.
Aici,
Brough.
Falstone.
Aye-not, never.
Mansname, nom.
name,
dat.
iELEUBWim,
Mansname, nom.
eomjer,
eomaer,
emundr. Haclcness.
Mansname, nom.
aivomia,
Bracteate 65.
Womans-
J-yderuf.
ELE-thou, help-thou.
AL, Ruthwell.
n.
s.
2
n.
s.
imper.
ale, Ruthwell.
KL
ALL.
Ac.
s.
Ac.
pi.
m.
ALMEyOTTiG,
almighty.
EuthweU.
ALMIGHTY.
Adj.
m.
aluwaldo,
Whitby,
all-wald,
all,
all-wielding,
Nom.
s.
m.
def.
alwin, Brough.
all-loving.
Nom.
s.
m.
MLM, Kragehul.
^Isewinse,
u.
Of storms.
Gen.
pi.
n.
^lu.
ALHS,
ac.
^LC, ALH.
Brough.
Mansname,
gen.
^lcfrith,
Northumbrian Brooch,
Mansname.
.^ii, Alia,
b.
^Ic.
u.
^lu.
Bracteates 49,
u.
49
Mansname, nom.
^Itr, Alts,
Wald.
Alu, u. AI.
^LU, Bracteates 13, 16, 18, 68, 88; Corlin; Elgesem; alla, Yarm.
iELi,
Mansname, nom.
dat.
Northumbrian
Casket.
Mansname,
dat.
^LU, Lindholm.
Perhaps
of
womansname
in dat.
^la.
^LUA, Forde.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
Probably womansname
85, 86, 87.
Mansname,
Mansname,
dat. dat.
^^LUC^A,
Bracteate 71.
Mansname,
alder, Hohnen.
ALtTT,
Mansname, nom.
see ow^alut.
u.
Aluwaldo, Alwin,
AI.
Womansname,
dat.
EAN, Bewcastle.
^Ni,
Veile.
Mansname, nom.
^NiEH^, Mojebro.
u^thred's Ring.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
eanred,
Mans-
name, nom.
.... ^N, see under Acejasen.
AND, Bridekirk; Franks Casket; end,
Franks
Casket,
u.
and,
also.
^ng,
ANS.
dat.
u.
Inge.
JEniwulu,
u.
An.
s.
Ann,
dat.
Unna.
^nosense,
u.
An.
^NS^GUi, Gjevedal.
Mansname,
dat.
osberchtae, Thornhill.
Mansname,
^SBOA, Hackness.
Placename,
Brough.
osbiol, Brough.
Mansname, nom.
^SMUTS,
ONSWiNi,
~
u.
osciL,
Mansname, nom.
gen.
ac.
^slaikir, Freerslev.
Mansname, nom.
(w)oden's.
Solvesborg.
Mansname,
Mansname,
An.
^sugis,
Kragehul.
ans-dgg's
Gen.
Collingham.
oswiung, Bewcastle.
Mansname,
ac.
oswi-soN.
^nwU,
Ao,
u.
^iu.
HAND-LIST.
259
the horseman.
JEOKEMM, Bracteate
.... (AP)iE, Crowle.
6.
Dat.
s.
m.
dat.
To
Mansname,
Ac.
or ac.
are, ore, lustre, fame, honor.
^R^,
holm.
BjSrketorp, Stentofte.
s.
s. f.
eriLjEas,
Liinlpi.
f.
Adj.
nom.
areless,
oreless,
unfamed, honorless.
j^r-rnr,
Freerslev.
Ac.
Raisa.
^rbingjES, Time.
arfiki,
Nom.
pi.
Nom.
s. f.
Freerslev,
Heir,
u.
son.
Nom.
Arth,
Heard.
^RtiRiUFLT,
JEiS,,
Amulet Rings.
See
text.
u.
Ans.
asping, Founds.
Mansname, nom. =
Ruthwell;
asp-son.
at,
^T, Bjorketorp,
Prep. gov. dat. and
AtiE,
ac.
(? Seude);
Thornhill;
et,
Varnum.
at,
in,
on,
near.
See set-GADRE.
Ac.
s.
Bracteate 59.
m. ead, fortune,
bliss,
treasure.
Bracteates 33,
34;
oti,
Bracteate 66.
Mansname, nom.
in
At^A, Einang.
Mansname,
dat.
05UA,
Vdnga.
Apparently mansname
dat.
See S^At.
eadbierht, Bingley.
iEBiSL,
Mansname,
nom.
^^D^GiES(Ll),
Vi Moss Buckle.
Freilaubersheim.
Mansname, nom.
Vordingborg.
Same mansRing;
name
in ac.
dat.
(o)i>c(u),
Mansname,
^bodu, Bracteate
dat.
^dred,
^Ethred's
eadred, Thornhill.
Thornhill.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname,
gen.
pi.
emlberht,
Mansname, nom.
epelwini,
Mansname,
Dat.
s.
See
MvmLM,
Ruthwell.
Nom.
m. adel-
ones, oobles.
. .
.
^^u
(or
N^u
8.
.),
Kragehul.
text.
^UAIR, Helnces.
AULiLyo^, Bracteate
Placename, dat. or
m.
^aweLjE,
AUIK,
ba,
Bjorketorp.
Probably placename
in d.
in
d.
or ac.
Holmen.
Steadname
Ac. both.
or ac.
BA,
BAEDA,
balb,
Mansname, nom.
see ctiNiBALt.
Ac.
pi.
n.
bones.
BiERUTA, Bjorketorp.
(If
Dat.
s.
m.
Mansname, nom.
beckcto, Brough.
s.
p.
bigged,
built up,
raised.
33
260
BECON,
HAND-LIST.
Wycliffe.
Ac.
s.
n.
beacon,
pillar,
gravestone.
n.
BER^, Kragehul.
Berg,
u.
See
Berig.
BERHT^.
BEARTiGO,
Bracteate
See
77.
EADBIERHT,
ECGBERHT,
(barting,
(?
HROETHBERHTiE
brighting),
RHTAE,
ROETBERHTiE.
Mansname,
nom.
See
cmB(ERE(Hting).
Dat.
BERHTsnitE, ThornUll.
Womans-name.
hill).
Dat.).
berchtvini,
Wyclife.
Mansname,
ac.
BERIG (=berg,
s.
See fergen-berig
tumulus.
uan^-b^r^h.
bergi,
Thornhill.
pi.
n.
birkoiinum,
Bracteate 92.
Dat.
bergen, in
West Norway.
BI,
be.
Bi,
under Bua.
Bewcastle;
giBiD,
geBiD,
Bingley.
s.
imperat. BiD-thou,
pray- thou.
geBlDAED,
giBlDiEP,
Dewshury.
Bierht, u. Berhtse.
BIGI,
see WIHUBIGl(8e).
BIM,
Founds.
sing.
pres.
u.
be,
am.
Biol,
Bui.
BiRLNio
(=
BiRLiNio),
Nordendorf.
s.
Womansname,
n.
dat.
BLOD^, Ruthwell.
Bo, Boa, Boseu,
BLOOD, dat.
u.
Bua.
BcEre(hting), u. Berhtse.
s.
Bonte,
u.
Bua.
BOSO, Freilauhersheim.
Mansname, nom.
s.
BRU5R, Selsey.
Nom.
Ac.
brother,
breodera,
Yarm.
Ac.
Dat.
s.
brother.
'
giBROB^RA,
Franks
Casket.
N.
pi.
brothers.
s.
n.
brd5DR-sunu, Helnces.
sorrow, death.
brother-son, nephew.
BROK, Brough.
broke,
p.
brokte, Bridekirk.
bua,
s.
brought.
boo, bo, bide, dwell,
Thames
fitting.
s.;
Inf.
To
bonte, Holmen.
Nom.
B(uset8e),
Varnum.
?
Ac.
s.
s.
bonde, husband.
See cuombilbio,
ecbi.
BUCIAEHOM, Brough.
(b)ug(a), Ruthwell.
BUL,
Placename,
Inf.
dat.
m.
To bow, bend.
BUR^, see HURNBUR^.
U.
CUMBEL.
CADMON, Ruthwell.
GALLU,
Kserjai,
Mansname, nom.
-^ KAR, see GAR.
see G^iECALLU.
KarJDi,
u.
G.
C^STRI,
see ROMiEC^STRI.
CEARUNGIA, Brough.
Kearstin,
KER,
u.
Gen.
s.
f.
caring's,
sorrow's.
Krist.
ci^GO, Charnay.
OIL,
Ac.
s.
f.
see osciL.
HAND-LIST.
261
ciMOKOMS, Brough.
CLA^o, Cleobury.'
KLOKo, Holmen.
COECAS,
coiNU,
(pointer,
sundial-gnomon).
Ac. 3
s.
clock, bell.
Brough.
Brough.
pr.
afflict.
Bracteate 75.
Mansname, nom.
Kor|)e, under G.
KRiST,
Nom.
Christ.
kearstin, Morhylanga.
Womansname
nom.
Ku, under
Cilnting.
CUHL, Brough.
Mansname, nom.
,
CUMBEL.
Morhylanga.
Ac.
s.
Ac.
n.
s.
or
pi.
cuombil-bio,
Brough.
cumbel-boo, grave-kist.
CUN,
see SEHS-CUN^.
COT.
CDN,
cunibal^,
Lancaster.
Mansname,
Bewcastle.
ac.
COTBCERE(Hting)
Lancaster.
Mansname,
ac.
Bracteate 25.
kUnnburug,
Womansname, nom.
Mansname,
ac.
cunimudiu,
kotumut, Helnois.
gudmund.
gonrat,
Mansname, nom.
gen.
kuneswiba, Bewcastle.
Womans-
name, nom.
KUNUJiLTS, Snoldelev.
Mansname,
cCNtJNG,
Bingley;
KtNG,
Bewcastle; cdn,
Bracteate
7<5;
nom.
kUninges, Bewcastle,
gen.
Collingham,
Accus. king.
Whitby.
u.
Gen.
s.
n.
kin,
family.
Cuombil,
Cumbel.
KuJ)i,
u.
God.
Kujjumut,
u.
Cun.
KWOMU, Ruthwell.
D^BS, Thames
3 pi. p. came.
fitting.
Gen.
s.
n.
The
deep,
sea,
ocean.
Osthofen.
Mansname, nom.
See GODiEG^S.
d^gmund, Gilton
Mansname,
voc.
Mansname, nom.
in.
d^liddn, Tune.
DjgERlNG(e),
p. dealed,
Thornhill.
Mansname,
1
s.
p.
pi.
DURST, dared.
Gen.
p.
Of the d^the
clan or family.
D^UDE, Bjorketorp.
Der, under De.
DIK,
s.
died,
fell.
Ingelstad.
Dat.
s. s.
To-thee.
daughter.
s.
dohtr, Tune.
DOM,
artist's
Nom.
Casket.
Franks
Nom.
Ac.
domgisl
may
possibly be the
name.
'
dcep-STAn,
Bingley.
s.
m. dip-stone, Font.
s.
pr.
dreeth, suffers;
or,
does,
performs.
33*
262
geDR(EFED, Ruthwell.
HAND-LIST.
^iu.
Brough; ok, Holmen; UK, Hobnen.
add
to.
eke, and.
tce,
Gilton Sword.
pr.
EAN, U. AN.
EATEyONNE, ThornhUl.
Ese^lseua,
u.
Womansnarae
(?
eateja), dat.
A^se.
Ic.
Ec,
ecbi,
u.
Eac and
Ecai,
?
u.
^iu.
s.
Brough.
ECH,
EC.
Placename,
dat.
m.
See aclihck.
EGG,
EGGBERHT,
Gallehus.
Bracteote 10.
Mansname, nom.
ecgfrku. Bewcastle.
Mansname,
nom.
gen.
echlew,
Mansname, nom.
egmd,
Bracteote 5.
Mansname,
egwiWjEA, Tune.
Womansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
el
.,
Selsey.
els,
Eltil,
Nordendoyf.
Elwu.
u.
^lu.
End,
u.
And.
ENRUK, Morhyldnga.
m. eme, uncle.
Thames
fitting.
Dat.
s.
sea.
ERiLiEA,
Kragehul; Lindholm.
Mansname, nom.
Et,
F,
under Mt.
Konghell.
over.
See roR^.
Bracteote 89; faaeo,
FJiHi (no
room
Flemlose; faii, Helnces; fauce:bo, Ruthwell; FEG(de), Alnmouth; riHiEDU, Bracteates 49,
Bracteote 92; yy'^mi, Charnay ; fube, Osthofen.
49
h; fyidi,
s.
p.
FAitu,
Brough.
pi. p.
fawed, fayed,
Ac.
s.
see RUULFASTS.
u.
see INOFASTI.
Fseihido.
FAiUR,
Ac.
voc.
s.
father.
Mansname,
Adv. far-from.
Franks
Casket.
Ac.
s.
m.
Steadname
in
Northumbria.
Konghell.
Probably
= fur
Berga.
Mansname, nom.
FISG-FLODU,
FyjDsei,
u.
Franks
Feeihido.
Casket.
Nom.
s.
m. fish-flood,
sea,
ocean.
HAND-LIST.
263
FCEDDE,
Franks
Casket.
s.
p.
fed,
nourisht.
See
f.
Bracteate 14.
FRiEWiEEiEDiEA, Mdjebro.
FRIl),
FRUMAN, Bewcastle.
fun:de,
Fiir,
n.
def.
In the frum,
first.
see mwejo-fun^r.
under Forse.
N.
pi.
FUS^, Ruthivell
Mansname, nom.
;.
Ingelstad;
korpe, Morbyldnga.
s.
p.
p.
gared, made, set up, built up, raised (the grave, grave-stone).
ougered^, Ruthwell.
s.
A-GAKED, prepared.
GM, Kragehxd; gjda, Lindholm.
AGAIN,
s.
imperat. go!
gjdgin, Kragehul.
Prep, gain,
against.
GiE^ffiCALLU,
Bracteate 19.
Ruthwell.
Mansname,
nora.
EetGADRE,
AT(-to)GETHER.
G^FING, Stentofte.
Gsegin, u. Gee.
GAL,
Nom. =
g^ef's-SON;
or
7.
Gsehselseibsen, u.
Hselseibsen.
Bracteate
Mansname, nom.
Ac.
s.
galgu, Ruthivell.
Gen.
s.
f.
Of
GAUL, in gallia.
Gsesli,
under
Gisli.
GASRIC,
Franks
Casket.
Nom.
s.
m. gas-rich, gambol-rich,
playful,
tossing.
Abl.
s.
n.
tear.
Gebid, &c.
5ERNR,
GESSUS,
geBlD.
On-geredse, u. G.
s.
Bridekirk.
Bewcastle.
Nom.
Nom.
m. yern, girn,
willing,
glad.
jesus.
Bracteate 57.
u.
s.
Gibid,
Bid.
GibroJ)8era,
BruJ)r.
Gileu,
Hlseiwse.
f.
Gileugse,
u.
GiN^-RUNJiiA,
origin,
Bjorketorp.
Nom.
pi. f.;
gino-ronoa,
Stentofte.
Ac.
pi.
gin-
(=
begin,
Mighty Letters.
Mdjebro.
u.
Womansname, nom.
Ginieera,
Nisera.
Gino,
u,
Ginse.
GyoSLHcARD, Dover.
GISL,
Mansname, nom.
Franks
Casket.
Nom.
s.
m. Hostage.
gisliong-
wiLi,
Vi Plane.
Mansname, nom.
264
GITOEASU,
HAND-LIST.
Franks
Casket.
Nom.
pi.
The
jews.
7.
Mansname, nom.
GLyOJ<:u-GiAUyOU, Bracteate
GOD.
Womansname,
Nom.
dat.
see
KUH, Helnm.
s.
f.
s.
m. guthi,
(hereditary) Priest-and-Judge.
GOffiU,
Frdlaubershdm.
(goodday), nom.
Gen.
Priestess.
See HiLDDlGtt.
GOD^GiES,
Goi]3u,
u.
Valsfjord.
Mansname
Gonrat,
u.
s. s. s.
f.
God.
Kuni.
be-yoten, besprinkled, bathed.
grit,
biGOTEN, Ruthwell.
Pp.
n.
Ac.
3
m.
p.
gravel,
sand,
shingles,
coast.
GUT^, Buzeu.
GtJt,
Gen.
pi.
Of the goths.
Konghell
s.
See HJIRISO.
3 pi. pr.
They have,
s.
shall have.
HiEDULiEiCiEA
Strand.
Dat.
Mansname.
Istaby,
To-h^dul^ic^.
dat.
B.Mt>vyfOhMK, Stentofte,
Mansname.
Hseg, u. Hieawan.
HiEG^L^, Kragehul.
h^gust^ldia,
Hsei-tinse,
Probably
Dat.
ac.
s.
Mansname.
m.
Valsfjord,
To
under Hao.
h^idar-runo, Bjorketorp.
Nom.
s.
s.
hidear-rungno,
Stentofte.
Nom.
pi.
neut.
(hador- REGEN),
h^il^g, Buzeu.
sacred; dedicated.
Nom.
f.
ailic,
Brough.
Nom.
s.
f.
helg
.,
Bakewell.
holy,
Mansname
u. Hlseiwse.
(helgi, helge).
H^iSLiE, Mojebro.
Mansname, nom.
s.
Heei-tinse, u.
Hao.
Hselsea,
Heeseiwido,
Hoeges.
gsen^L^iBiEN, Tune.
Ruthwell.
Dat,
hlafard,
Ac.
s.
m. lord.
Hselhseda, u. Heldsea.
Hseldsea. Hseldseo,
Hselhi,
u.
Hseilseg.
halstun, Oshy.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom,
;
B.M,
Bracteate 57
let.
he,
Kragehul.
s.
imperat. high,
lift
make,
hao, Einang.
Mansname, nom.
Bewcastle.
Dat.
Nom.
Vdnga.
s.
m.
def.
The high-chosen.
H^i-TiNJi,
heo-sinna,
s.
The
high-sin,
or
high-sinful.
Tanum.
Nom.
H^uc,
Mansname. nom.
Hser,
See hceges.
HAND-LIST.
265
(But h^ring^e,
if
H^RING^,
Mansname, nom.
we
divide
H^RING^
GiLEUGiE).
HiERiso,
Womansname,
dat.
Stentofte,
Himlingoie.
Mans)-name, nom.
dat.
h^riwol^fa,
nom.; hariwulfs,
H.
Rdfsal, gen.;
htriwul^f^,
Istaby,
Mansname.
H^TEC (= H^TE
HET, Bingley.
tions,
eg),
pr.
hight, bid,
pi.
f.
command.
s.
p.
hote, ordered,
Ac.
hetings, impreca-
To
pi.
Hseuc,
u.
Hao.
HauflDuukii, u.
Heafdum.
H^DRi, Hoga.
HE,
Bridekirk;
HIS.
pi.
Mansname, nom.
Franks Casket; Ruthwell.
him, Ruthwell.
Nom.
him.
s.
m. he.
his,
Yarm.
Gen.
Of him,
N.
Dat.
Ac.
hin^, Ruthwell.
niM,
Ruthwell.
m.
They; them.
See
heafdum,
Ruthwell.
if
Dat.
pi.
n.
head(s),
temples,
head.
Chief.
HAUFiDtlKiJ
Konghell.
Nom.
s.
m.
(As
heading).
HEAFUNiES, Ruthwell.
s.
m. heaven's.
biHEALDUN, Ruthwell.
biHEALD, Ruthwell.
s.
p.;
pi.
p. beheld.
held^a,
Gen.
pi.
Bracteate 25;
h^^lh^da,
Bjorketorp;
H^LDiEO,
Sigdal;
hel^hddu^,
Stentofte.
m.
Of
.
.
Helg
under Hseilseg.
Whitby.
3
s.
HELIP^,
pr.
subj.
May-HELP.
ylmr,
Skd-ang;
HiER(^),
Orstad;
Thisted;
HER,
Franks
Casket;
HiEER^, Bjorketorp.
Here,
u.
Het,
u.
Hsetec.
Hiee,
u.
He.
Hidear,
u.
Hseidar.
hyeruwul^fia.
Istaby.
Inf.
hiewan,
Bingley.
stamp,
strike.
^A, Hoga;
b.mg,
Bracteate 78;
s.
p.
HiLDDiGto, Hartlepool.
Hiligsea,
u.
Womansname, nom.
Hseilseg.
Him, Hine,
u.
Womansname, nom.
Hseriso.
His, u.
He.
HyJ)uwul8efa, u. Hsedulseicsea.
Hiuk,
b.
u.
Hiewan.
HHL^^DU-uiG^, Bracteates
Hlafard, under Hselseibsen.
49,
49
Mansname, nom.
West Tanem;
Stenstad;
lau,
s.
LEUWiE,
Skdrkind.
Nom^.
s.
m.
L^EWE
(or L.^iwJi:i),
of the
Al,
Sigdal.
Ac.
low (lowe,
Fresh
loe, law),
grave-mound, barrow,
tumulus.
The leug^
Ska-ang stone
is
orH^RlNGJS giLEU
gseAi.
may
help us.
See Vol.
2, p.
890.
hleung,
Vi Plane.
Mansname, nom.,
Mansname,
notn.
= hleson,
gen.
(leeson, leason).
HLVDWYG, Alnmouth.
Mansname,
u.
Ho,
Hiewan.
266
aHOF, Ruthwell,
HCEGES, Stentofte.
1
HAND-LIST.
s.
p.;
Franks
s.
Casket,
s.
p.
Gen,
HiEiEiwiDO,
Strand.
3 pi. p. HOWED,
set
the grave-how,
buried.
HOLTiNG^A, Gallehus.
HOM, see BtJCIAEHOM.
HORNiE, Gallehus.
Dat.
s.
m. holt-inge.
Wood-god (=
(Perhaps
Ac.
pi.
neut.
These-HORNS.
ac.
s.
masc. This-HORN),
HURNBDR^, Kallerup.
Mansname,
geu.
Mansname,
dat.
Houh,
u.
Hoeges.
gen.
Hroetberhtse, u. Hro|)or.
HRON^s, Franks
HR050R.
Casket.
Gen.
s.
m.
Of the hrone
(whale).
dat.
Mansname,
eho^l(t)r,
Helnces,
Vatn,
nom.
ruhalts,
Snoldelev,
rhdulfr,
nom.;
ROAUL,
Hoga,
dat.
Mansname, = hrobwulf,
rudlfasts,
Voldtofte,
nom. Mansname,
= HROI>WULF-FASTS.
HU, Fonnds.
(ho), she.
Sealand.
u.
Hurnburse,
Hilug, u. Hiewan.
Mansname, nom.
Probablj H
.
hw, Bdrse,
Vordinghorg.
(a
wrait, wrote.
HW^TRED, Bewcastle.
HWEtRiE, Ruthwell.
HUILER,
[,
Mansname, nom.
Adv. whether- or-no, yet,
s.
lo!
Thisted.
In.
3
la,
pr.
Is.
under
u.
Yia.
u.
Inge.
lAM,
see LAICIAM.
iauligr,
Iau})ini,
ic,
Bracteate 92.
Mansname, nom.
under
A]d.
Ruthwell;
Osthofen;
ik,
Gilton; m,
Fonnds;
EC,
Kragehul, Lindholm.
The pronoun
i.
mik,
Gilton; MIC,
MC, Etelhem;
ME,
meh, Alnmouth;
us,
ungcet,
Ruthwell.
Binqley,
dat. pi.;
Whitby,
Ica3a,
ac.
pi.
us.
USA, Bjorketorp.
Nom.
u.
fem. OUR.
Ichiay,
Ikr,
dat.
Yce,
Eac.
Ikkalacgc,
Icw^suna,
u.
Inge.
IDD^N, Charnay.
Yfeeta,
Ift,
Mansname,
u.
aft.
Ygoea, Ihcese,
(?
u.
Inge.
gen.
IgilsuiJD,
under ^gili.
IGINGON, Stenstad.
igleugj?.
(if
Man's
Woman's) name,
iging's.
we
Nom.
sing,
def.,
the gleg,
bright,
prudent, wise.
Ih,
u. Ic.
Ihae,
u.
Inge.
ii^URl,
iiL^,
Hoga.
Mansname, nom.
Lindholm.
Nom.
m.
defin.
The
ill,
fierce,
Imse,
IN,
under
Is.
Franks
Casket,
NoHhumhrian
in.
Casket;
i,
Holmer\,
Thames
Fitting,
Varnum.
HAND-LIST.
267
IN,
Freerslev.
Adv.
(in,
en,
an),
but.
In,
under
Is.
INGE, INGWE,
UNGiE,
Bracteate 67.
Dat.
s.
m.
def.
The young.
37;
lUKC,
iCMA.,
Brough.
Ac.
s.-
m. or
39;
n.
young,
renewed.
y^ca,
Bracteate 84;
iCiEA,
Bracteate 35;
Bracteate
Bracteates 36,
ykc^ea,
Bracteate
41;
ygcea,
Bracteate
41,
gen.
I;
yia,
inki,
Womansnarae, nom.
ichiay, Bracteate 38,
IKR (= inkur).
Freerslev.
Womansname,
Bracteate 83;
H^UC,
HLEUNG,
IGINGON,
HOLTINGJiA,
?
ISINGSiEA,
lUWNGJCA,
LAING,
L^iES^UWINGiE
L^UC^A,
INGOA, fem.
T^LiNGWU.
INO,
lOD,
^HECER (= ingeker),
Varnum.
Womansname, nom.
IKKALACGC,
Mansname, nom.
ingost.
Tune.
s.
Mansname, nom.
fem.
icw^esuNa, Reidstad.
Mansname,
INGLSK, Founds.
Nom.
English, an Englishwoman.
inofasti,
Visby,
Strand, n.
Mansname.
s.
nom. Mansname.
Freilaubersheim,.
Nom.
neut.
Mansname, nom.
Dat.
s.
masc.
To
the.
in,
Strand.
pi.
Ac.
s.
m.
Him.
yOLffi,
Charnay.
Is,
The,
this.
lA,
See HE.
under Wees.
St.
ISAH,
Andrews.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname,
Ysetae, u. (Set)a.
?
isiNGi^A,
Veile.
dat.
Isl,
IIT,
under
Gisl.
ITO,
West Thorp;
u.
lit.
Bracteate 42.
Mansname, nom,
u.
Ito,
lukc, u. Inge.
of.
(I)ugo,
Oseg.
lULiENi,
Bracteate 61.
OVER, in
Mansname, nom.
TUIR, Osby.
memory
lUKNG^A, Reidstad.
iwi,
Mansname,
dat.
Cleobury.
eye,
s.
pr.
subj.
Iwka, u.
^iu.
iWrokte,
u.
Worsehto.
K, under C.
L,
Nydam
Arrow.
-LA,
Lse,
under Lsewu.
L^A,
Varnum.
Dat. or
ac.
s.
Placename.
or gen. pi. LEA-staff, sithe-shaft.
l^-orb(^), Vi Plane.
LACGC, see IKKALACGC.
L^:DiE (perhaps
Ace.
s.
l^m^), Torvik
Mansname, nom.
LAIC,
268
Laiciam, under Licses.
LAING, Fonnds.
HAND-LIST.
Nom. i,mt)M,),
LA-ING,
Torvik.
s.
:=
LA's-child.
L^M^
(perhaps
Mansname, nom.
LANUM, Ruthwell.
Dat.
L^^s^uwiNG^, Vi Moss
Lau,
u.
Buckle.
Mansname, nom.
Hleeiwee.
18.
Lseu, u. Lsewu.
l^uc^a, Bracteate
L^WULOUCiEA.
L^wu.
name,
dat.
Mansname, nom.
Mans-
Holmen.
ordered.
(?
Woman's
Leugse,
LIA,
u.
Lice.
Leuwse,
u.
Hlseiwse.
Lew,
u.
Lsewu.
Tune.
Mansname, nom.
Gen.
s.
Lic^s, Ac.
s.
Ruthwell.
neut.
Of
lich,
lik,
corpse.
Ac.
lic-b^cun,
s.
Crowle.
n.
LiK-BEACON,
corpse-piUar
grave-stone.
laiciam,
Brough.
m.
lich-home,
fleshy-cover,
LICE,
body, soul-robe.
Bewcastle.
s.
pr. subj.
aLEGDUN, Ruthwell.
pi. p.
leug^, Skd-ang.
Ac.
s.
n. let,
See
u. HLiEiWiE.
But
LIHCK,
see ACLIHCK.
Bracteate 79.
Ruthwell.
LiLiA^iwu,
Womansname,
Ac.
s.
dat.
LiM-wcERiGNE,
LIN,
m. limb-weary.
see BiRLimo.
LONiEWORE, Nordendorf.
Loucsea, under Lseuceea.
LtN,
Mansname, nom.
Bracteate 80.
Perhaps a contraction of
liiin, p. part.
nom.
s.
LU^, Nydam.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
Gen.
pi.
M
N.
s.
f.
(?
= markam),
MOT,
Sigdal.
s.
p.
m (= mot),
Bracteate 75.
(or neut.).
MiE,
stamp,
die,
[magan].
Ac.
M^,
s.
f.
Stentofte.
Nom.
N.
s.
m. mo,
great,
mighty.
alMEyOTTiG, u. al.
MUCNU, Stentofte.
MiEGi,
A
Dat.
Franks
Casket.
m.
magi,
Wise Men.
M^GUM, Strand.
With
his maugs,
kinsfolk.
HAND-LIST.
269
UMLM,
MiENis,
BjOrketorp, Stentofte.
3 pi. pr.
gen.
tell.
West Tanem.
Mansname,
mj;ria,
u.
see niw^ng-MjERIa.
(maria, mary), dat.
u.
Womansname
Ic.
Men,
Mon.
Bridekirk.
Adv. merrily.
MERTHE,
Ic.
Dat.
s.
f.
mirth, beauty.
see aivomia.
Mic, Mik, u.
(m)ingh(o)
.,
Bakewell.
See
text.
myrcna, Bewcastle.
Gen.
pi.
Of-the-MERCiANS, of Mercia.
MYREDAH, Alnmouth.
Mansname, nom.
mIrIl^, Etelhrni, nom.
miriltEA,
Vceblungsnces,
dat.
Mansname.
Mit,
Ruthwell.
MODiG, Ruthwell.
Nom.
s.
m. moody, bold.
MEN, Ruthwell.
mu, see ecmu.
Ac.
pi.
men.
u.
Mucnu,
Magan.
Now
montpellier.
Mansname, nom.
Prep. Against.
Muts,
N
'SkVM,
. .
.
u,
Mund.
Selsey,
rest of the
word gone.
Bracteate 73.
.
Mansname, nom.
JEMV
. .
Mansname, nom.
NjEU
(or
.),
Kragehul.
See
text.
Mansname, nom.
(ne),
Lindholm, Ruthwell.
Adv.
giNi^RA, Dearham.
nit,
NitJ,
pr.
subj.
nip,
see dnitr.
nio,
Stentofte;
Buzeu.
Dat.
s.
n.
defin.
The-NEw,
fresh.
nicwil^,
Brac-
teate 80.
Mansname, nom,
NlY^, Kragehul Prob.
inf.
To
fall.
hxag,
Ruthwell.
s.
p.
inclined.
Womansname, nom.
see BEAGNOt.
NOBUINGOA, Tune.
Womansname, nom.
Nu, Bjorketorp,
Bracteate 59.
Adv. now.
clan or land.
NURA,
Helnces.
Of the NUR
o^G,
Bjorketorp.
s.
p.;
(i)UGO.
or
perhaps
(w)ugo,
Stentofte.
3 pi
p.
(woog),
Brough.
u.
Adv.
(ac,
u.
oc),
but,
but indeed.
ODU, see
Ok,
Eac.
Od,
Wod.
Mmm.
34*
270
OEKi,
OF,
HAND-LIST.
Brough.
Mansname, nom.
Prep,
or,
fem.,
Mansname,
dat.,
To-mgm.
Ruthwell.
u.
out
of,
from.
Oh,
0L5A,
Agan.
oiinum,
Upsala.
Name, probably
nom.
Olufr,
ON,
Olwf, u. Onlaf.
aa,
Rolmen;
o,
Brough;
Snoldelev.
Prep. gov.
ONLAF,
Leeds,
and
ac.
ac.
ON,
upon,
in,
at.
s.;
olufr, Maglekilde, n.
Mansname.
olwfwoli>u, Bewcastle.
Mansname, nom.
(On)gerede,
u.
KEer|)i.
Oti,
0ns,
u.
Ans.
Ans.
Otse,
(O)J)c(u),
0J)l8e,
Ojjua, u.
Aj)8e.
owi, England.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
PRESTR, Holmen.
PRO,
R,
Nom.
s.
m. priest.
Yarm.
. .
Latin.
For.
.,
under Runee.
Roase.
RAH^BUL, Sandwich.
RAiRA, Brough.
RAiSA.
?
Mansname, nom.
s.
Dat.
m. (hrtee),
raistI,
ruin,
death.
u.
Ti,
s.
Varnum;
p.
s.
p. raised,
placed.
A-R^RDE, Thornhill.
Rseisto,
Rista.
RANiNGJi, Miincheherg.
recs,
Mansname, nom.
pr.
Brough.
s.
REUMWALUS, Franks
Rhoseltr, Rhuulfr,
rices,
Casket.
u.
Nom.
Hrojaor.
s. n.
Bewcastle.
Gen.
rike, reek,
kingdom.
mighty, strong.
ride,
RiiGU,
riicn^, Ruthwell.
Ac.
s.
m.
rich,
rikarth, Bridekirk.
Nom.
Richard, mansname.
Vi Plane.
Womansname,
gen.
rings,
rista.
Risti,
Riusii,
see til^rings.
u.
r^isto, Maeshowe; 3
s.
p.
risted,
Raisa.
Solvesborg.
u.
Nom.
s.
n. u.
Riuti,
Writaii,
stone-heapt grave.
Rur,
Runse.
Ac.
s.
f.
Hro{)or.
rood, cross.
Roetberhtse,
u.
Hro|3or.
Casket.
ROM^c^STRi, Franks
Dat.
s. f.
Rome.
HAND -LIST.
ROMWALDS, Franks
Casket.
271
Nom.
Istaby; rung,
Varnum;
.,
Tune;
RUTi,
R,
Sigdal.
Ac.
pi.
f.
Sdlvesborg.
Mansname, nom.
u.
s.
Ruhalts, Ruulfasts,
Hrojjor.
RUMA,
Stentofte.
Ac.
m. (rome, reme),
lustre,
praise,
glory.
RUNG,
HiEroAR-RUNG.
Bjorketorp.
Nom.
s.
friend.
See
s^,
these, yon.
Lindholm.
Nom.
s.
m.
SiEA,
Stentofte;
siM,
Gjevedal.
Nom.
pi.
f.
(sa),
the,
SjEAS,
Bjorketorp.
Mansname, nom.
Yarm.
Latin.
Sac
SACERDOTi,
Bishop.
S8eg(a),
under
Sigi.
smw,
Dat.
Bracteate 20.
pi.
Nom.
s.
f.
success.
SALHAUKUM, SnoldeUv.
Sealand, Denmark.
SiELiG^STiA,
Sselu,
?
m.
Snoldelev parish,
See hceges.
Berga.
Womansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
or ac.
under Sseleew.
s^MJiNG, Seude.
Ingelstad.
SAMSi,
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
3
s.
S^RjELD, Orstad.
SMUV, Maeshoive.
SARE, Ruthwell.
Ssete,
pr. soreth,
wounds.
sgrgum, Ruthivell.
Dat.
pi.
f.
sorrgws.
Adv. sore,
Sati,
soi-ely.
under (Set)a.
saule, Binqlev;
.,
Dat.
s.
f.
soul,
ond,
spirit.
SB^, Bjorketorp.
(^bm
fitting.
sbm).
Nom.
pr.
s.
m.
defin.
The
spae, wise,
counselor.
SBER^DH, Thames
s.
Mansname, nom.
SCUM, Skarkind.
Of-SKITH.
Dat.
s.
m. def
To
Tune,
infin.
tsetae,
Helnces;
sete,
Thornhill;
scETTOi;,
p.
To
set,
place.
under
See.
SIA^LUH, Kinneved.
SKKTAle, Holmen.
SIGI,
Place-name,
Gilton.
Ac.
s.
m.
sige,
victory.
Osby.
Mansname,
Ac.
ace.
s. n.
S^g(a), Frohaug.
Mansname,
sigbecn,
Bewcastle.
sige-beacgn, victory-
272
pillar,
HAND-LIST.
funeral
cross.
Casket.
See begun.
Dat.
s.
sihmywnt,
Bracteate 55.
Mansname,
dat.
siGHyOR,
Northumbrian
m.
To
sikktale, Holmen.
Dat.
s. f.
siGDAL, in Aggershus,
Freerslev.
Norway.
gen.
Dat.
Ac.
WiKm,
Mansname, nom.
skwlfs (= sikwulfs),
Mansname,
signum,
siMi,
sin,
Yarm.
Latin.
Ac.
s. s.
s.
n.
This sign,
pillar,
grave-cross.
Bracteate 92.
Helnces,
Oshy.
m.
dat.
sin^r, Freerslev.
Gen.
s.
f.
(sinre),
his.
siNNA,
see heo-sinna.
syOiEiNiEA,
(si)iic(u),
Krogstad.
swain,
mansname,
Freilauhersheim.
Sigi.
see.
Siuar|),
under
sidilf0r(n).
Coquet Hand.
Nom.
s.
silvern, of silver.
uSM^,
Whithy.
s.
pr.
subj.
May- he-
bisM^R^DU, Ruthwell.
SMUHiE, Kragehul.
SNEic,
3 pi. p. (be-smeared),
s.
mockt
insulted.
Ac.
m. (smooger),
thro-flier,
Bracteate 96.
Thisted.
u.
Mansname, nom., =
s.
f.
sneinc,
SNOW-SON.
SOL,
Nom.
(sol),
u.
s.
sun,
Sserjj.
n.
?
darling.
Son(r),
SCERi,
Sun.
Sorgum,
1
Chessell
Down.
Gen.
Dat.
To the
sere,
ST^D^A, Strand.
stain,
pi.
stone, masc.
si AX'S,
Kallerup, Snoldelev.
Nom.
pi.
s,;
stain,
Helnces;
STiEiN.^,
Tune;
STiE(N)jE,
Gommer.
Ac.
s,
stainar, Reefsal.
ace.
Nom.
(stan),
Truro.
Absolute, as mansname.
STiELDIA,
p.
stun, Osly.
Mansname,
see H^GUSTiELDIA.
Ruthwell.
P.
Inf.
(be-steamed), bedabbled.
(steeg),
step,
Ruthwell.
To
mount.
3
s.
sttopa,
Holmen.
Inf.;
pi.
sttOpte, Holmen.
p.
To
(steep),
yote,
cast,
found.
gisTODDUN, Ruthwell.
3 pi. p. stood.
STRELUM, Ruthwell.
Stun, under Stain.
SUL,
Ingelstad.
Dat.
m.
With
n.).
streles, missiles,
darts.
Ac.
s.
m. (or
Gen.
s.
pi.
sill,
ground-frame, timber-frame.
Dat.
s.
SUN.
SUNAR, Snoldelev.
Franks
Casket.
SUNce, Sparlosa.
SON.
iiorrson(r).
Mansname, nom.
s.
Ac.
n.
(swike),
treachery.
IGILSUIP.
SWIHA,
See BERHTSUKE,
KUNESWttA,
suiDKS,
KalUrup.
Mansname,
gen. (SWIP-INGS).
SWITHE-SON.
3
s.
p.
swam.
Bracteate 94.
Thisted
Mansname, nom.
gen.
TADIS,
Mansname,
HAND -LIST.
Tseen, under Tinse.
TAL,
273
see SIKKTALE.
9.
TALLWE, Bracteate
son.
Mansname, nom.
TiELiNG,
Vi Plane.
Mansname, nom. =
See
til.
tell's-
T^ELINGWU, Gettorf.
TAN.
Womansname,
dat.
TELL's-daughter.
gen.
Mansname,
tjiinulu,
Bracteate 71.
Mans-
name, nom.
t^wido, Gallehus.
3
s.
p.
Mansname, nom.
3
s.
pr.
subj.
May
fitting;
to,
Bracteate 8; Bridekirk.
Prep. to.
ti,
under Raisa.
u.
TidfirJ),
TIL,
TiJ^as.
Bracteate 46.
Mansname, nom.
tiljerings,
Kovel.
Mansname, nom.
eltil.
tille,
Bracteate 8.
TIMS,
Dat.
s.
m.
defin.
To
s.
See
See tallwe.
Brough.
P. p. n.
tin^.
t^en, Hoga.
Ac.
m.
tine,
See H^i-TiNiE.
Tissecg,
Tu.
Franks
Casket.
Nom.
Vi Plane.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname,
dat.
tidfirb,
Monk Wearmouth.
Mansname, nom.
Bracteate 32.
toue,
TBtiTBU,
Holmen.
Vordingborg.
Helnces.
TRUKNA5U,
(tru)MBEEEHCT,
T0,
Yarm.
Mansname,
dat.
TiSiECG,
Bracteate 78.
Mansname, nom.
TDHJC,
see D^ITUHiE.
Stentofte.
TUMA,
Dat.
s.
n.
(tume,
tome,
toom),
chamber, free
TUNBA, Balkemark.
tvto, Bracteate 65.
Mansname, nom.
Mansname, nom.
TOW^,
an
alphabet.
Bracteate 22.
Nom.
s.
? f.
(tog),
row,
line,
here
series
of letters,
Mansname, nom.
Nom.
P),
pi,
m. twain, two.
P
PA,
(?
Sigdal.
Ruthwell.
Psea, u. Pewee.
BiEiCT,
Psees, u. Pe.
see UB^iCT.
t^LiA, Bratsberg.
Womansname, nom.
:DiEN,
Pam,
u.
Pe.
see aceb^n.
Peer,
u.
Pe.
274
BASCO (or tusco), Bracteate 3.
Dset,
BE.
HAND-LIST.
Mansname, nom.
Pseteea,
under
I>e.
s.
Nom.
the.
bansi,
s.
m.
this.
'
t^ES, Bewcastle.
Gen.
s.
n.
Of
this.
PAM,
Bracteate 9.
dat.
f.
Dat.
s.
m.
To
s.
f.
daee,
bce,
Dewsbury;
der,
Bridekirk,
Falstone;
l^R,
ThornhiU;
For the.
Oshy;
Hoga.
Ac.
s.
m.
wsi,
Ac.
the, this.
Stentofte.
i>^R,
s.
Ac.
s.
n.
f.
that,
this.
MRiE,
Gen.
their.
byiya,
Istaby;
Ac.
.
pi.
Franks Casket;
ac.
ber, Ruthwell.
Adv. there.
5Es(?
i),
Bdrse.
i>E,
or pi. of be.
thrall,
bew^.
Valsfjord.
Vi Plane.
Nom.
s.
m.
theow,
slave,
servant.
MWiEA,
Mansname,
I>iseu,
dat.
As
fern,
see ULTyO.
biebrodwenc, Torvik.
N.
s.
mansname, equal
to beodrading or beodradson.
thief.
wwByo-FUNiR, Frederiksherg.
Ponise,
u.
Nom.
s.
Pe.
lORNR, Maeshowe.
Nom.
s.
m. thorn; (or
javelin,
dart).
ER^wiNGiEN, Tanum.
Prlsef,
u.
Mansname, gen.
Pur.
BRUi,
coffin,
Vordinghorg; d
Alnmouth.
Ac.
s.
f.
thruch,
throh,
stone-kist,
stone-
grave.
I'Ul(r),
a (thyle).
bur.
WRM,
Thisted.
Womansname, nom.
bular, brl^f,
Snoldelev.
Gen.
sing.
Gommor.
burmub, Sceho.
Mansname, nom.
f.
Mansname, nom.
tORRSON(R), Holmen.
Mansname, nom.
tORT,
Holmen.
Mansname, nom.
Uk, under Eak, Hiewan.
tKisi,
Upsala.
u.
Ac.
s.
axe.
Ugee,
UGis,
Ugis.
Kragehul.
Gen.
s.
ugg's
(= woden's,
s.
odin's).
See ^s-ugis.
(oug), fierce.
Ac.
s.
Mansname.
ugu,
Sparlosa.
UGiE,
Kragehul.
Ac.
m.
defin.
The
ULTyo, Fonnds.
Womansname,
See
text.
gen.
Mansname, nom.
As
this
is
unbo^u.
broken,
West Thorp.
Womansname,
dat.
piece
letters
Ung, Ungse,
u.
Inge.
Ungcet,
u.
Ik.
UNITR, Freerslev.
Mansname, nom.
give,
unna(n).
To
(UN),
grant.
text.
j^nn,
s.
pr.
(uNS), gives.
Womansname,
See
u.
gen.
una's (daughter).
Amidet Rings.
u.
Us, Usa,
Ik
U-Smse,
Smse.
out,
UT (or
UTi),
out
in.
HA^'u-LIST.
275
ui>,
Charnay,
Mansname, nom.
ui>^,R,
Bjorketorp.
Mansname,
noni,
utiEiCT,
UlDser,
Sealand.
uiulcr Ujj.
Nom.
s.
f.
UA,
see ^elua.
WuEiGiE,
Bracteate 29.
Mansname, nom.
WALD.
WALDE, RnthweU.
UiELY^E,
p.
wodld.
s.
Bracteate 37.
Ac.
See ^awel^e.
Uselts,
UAN^BiERiEH,
Mansname,
ace.
s.
p.
ward, see
siuari>.
Mansname,
3
See alder.
is.
w^ring^ea, Torvik.
Mansname,
1
dat.
s. p.
W^S.
WAS.
u.
IS,
Coquet Hand.
2
s.
s.
pr.
and 3
w^s, Tanum.
?
imperat.
Be-thou!
w^TT^T
(?
WMTTM
Ml), Seude.
Mansname, nom.
Wele,
UENA,
Uajlyse.
Ingelstad.
IN'GE.
Dat.
s.
f.
(wene),
VYserua.
fair.
WENC, see
wi,
s.
Uer,
n.
u.
See Aluer.
fane.
Buzeu.
Dat.
(wm), temple,
UT^YLIIL,
UIGJE,
Bracteate 24.
Mansname, nom.
uiK,
see auik.
u.
uiu, Bracteate
57
Ac.
s. n.
(wigg),
battle, war.
wiY0-BiGi(a3), Kragehid.
wiLi,
Dat.
s.
m.
see gisliongwili.
friend.
Win,
Wini.
Wings,
u.
Inge.
wiNi,
See
MhMwrsM.
alwin,
dat.
^.leubwini,
berchtvini,
ejelwini,
iaujwni.
wiNiwONiEWyo, Nordendorf.
wini, pleasant
Womansname,
mead.
See biekoiinum.
wiis(a),
captain.
Vallohy.
Gilton.
Mansname, nom.
2
s.
Nom.
s.
(wisa),
leader,
wiSiE,
Tune.
u.
Dat.
s.
m.
defin.
The
Uiu,
Wiyu,
Uigse.
wiwiLN,
VceUungsnces.
Mansname. nom.
OD,
WOD.
WOD^N, Nordendorf;
Bracteate 59.
of the
God
Mansname, nom.
WODURIDE, Time.
Mansname,
3
s.
dat.
p.
WOLK, Brotigh,
Wol|3u,
u.
walkt, went.
Wald.
wo
woN^wyo,
see wmiwoNjEwyo.
WOP, Brough.
Nom.
m. whoop,
cry,
weeping, tears.
woRiEHTO,
Time;
worh(t)e,
Northumbrian
Alnmouth.
3
Brooch;
s.
vrwito,
Bracteate
65;
iwROKTE.
p.
WCERIG.
See limwcerigne.
Jstahy; w^RiTiE,
RiUTi,
Stento/te; WiERYiT,
WRMUM,
Reidstad;
urit,
Northumbrian Casket;
p.
wrote, cut,
35
276
iWrokte, Wrtse, Vrwito,
WULF, nom.
S.
HAND-LIST.
u.
Worsehto.
Wti,
u.
Writan.
f.
(W)ugo,
u.
Oa3g.
m.
See HYERDWULiiFIA.
Franks
Casket.
Nom.
s.
f.
(wylf), she-wolf.
wulfheee, Bewcastle.
dat.
Mansname, nom.
WUL5U.
I.
Mansname,
giwDNDAD, Ruthwell.
Y,
wounded.
see
MARKER.
A,
foil.
Bayeux Tapestry,
Beauvois, E. 60.
of,
16.
Y
jE,
&c. interchange
217, 219
foil.
A or AH MIK, 218.
Adjectives, 0. North.
73.
stone,
9.
Berga
136.
Roman
General,
175.
I be, 222.
Agedal
^gil,
bracteate, 200.
tale about,
147.
Bo
?
stone,
51, 219.
bracteate,
Bohemian
167.
5.
142.
Alnmonth
Cross,
Boringe
bractealie,
191.
W.
29.
Bowls, 91.
222.
Bows, 79.
Bracteate No.
Bracteates,
6,
p.
168, 256.
221.
115.
Bramham-moor Ring,
Bratsberg stone, 66.
130.
Antony
&
Paul
(Sts),
125,
AKWDLF, king,
175, 193.
Broholm
bracteate, 166.
Brooches, 13, 61, 67, 70, 80, 109, 110, 111, 125, 210.
Arrows, 81.
Asum
Auda
bracteate, 255.
Bugge,
S.
15, 24,
26, 66,
Axes, 28.
219, 225.
Bure,
J.
T. A. 15.
Balkemark
stone,
79.
BARROW, 248.
W.
S.
250.
254.
278
MARKER.
Chalice,
106.
147.
W. A.
165.
Fjellerad stone, 9.
stone,
218.
49, 57.
137, 160.
Coffins,
133.
T. 125, 139.
Franks, A.
W.
246,
7.
Combs,
Casket,
1427,
217.
Ring, 206.
Cram on d Ring,
Cup-holes, 102.
155.
Fyn
bracteates,
184.
Diadems, 80.
Dialects,
Dials,
213
G&rdsby
bracteate,
188.
199.
114.
Gettorf bracteate,
Dice, 97.
Djupbrunns
198.
Gommor
stone,
20.
8.
given by
or
IaI,
217.
Grimm,
J.
216.
244.
55, 218.
Einang
stones, 53,
Hagson, K. A. 237.
Hahn, K. A. 216.
Haigh, D. H. 114, 115, 123, 125, 137, 140, 142, 150,
155,
156,
Ems
Fibula, 210.
162, 256.
foil.
Bfandelmann, H. 250.
Handle, runic, 90.
we
thou
are,
222.
Hansen,
J.
T. 254.
222.
13.
Etelhem Brooch,
Hesselagergdrd bracteate,
87.
Hexham, bishops
Hibbert, Dr. 124.
of,
132, 154.
220.
165.
Faversham
Faxi'i
bracteate,
Hickes, G.
139.
5,
bracteate,
171.
Hildebrand, H. 0. H.
15.
MARKER.
279
Lindisfarne Coffin,
Lflgstor braeteate,
133. 184.
Lorange, A. 242.
LOW, grave-mound, 219.
Lund
braeteate,
199.
Holmen
Bell, 73.
M-aeshowe
Magi
stone,
153, 223.
143.
offer to Christ,
Horns, 85
9.
Maglomose
bracteates,
168,
180,
185.
Manuscripts, 222.
Martyr-stone, 116.
MfBSO-Gothic
Icelandic not Old-Northern, 215, 216.
Infinitive endings,
sibilation,
214, 225.
Maughan,
J.
130.
215, 216.
Monk-Wearmouth
Montelius, 0. 164.
Cross,
153.
Jonah's
story,
147.
Mtillcr,
S.
0. 208.
Jones, M. 124.
9.
119, 217.
Kemble,
J.
Kielland, H. C. 65.
Killerup braeteate,
Kinneved
stone,
5.
Normal
texts
8,
wastepaper, 214.
handle, 90.
Kock, A. 217.
Konghell Baton, 15.
And
see
Franks Casket.
Korko
bracteates,
175, 178.
Nydam
Arrows, 81.
Bone snake,
Handle, 90.
90.
~U,
s.
p.
eijding,
224.
Lance-shaft, 90.
or OH MIC,
wooden
Lid, 90.
Ohthere, 243.
Olafson, J. 87, 157.
OND, AND,
220,
ONLAF
OLAF, king,
155.
OEANTES, 237.
Lekende
braeteate, 188.
Lellinge braeteate,
Lid, runic, 90.
173.
Osby
stone, 44,
218.
7.
Linder, N. 14.
Lindholm snake or
fish,
280
MARKER.
alirapsest stone,
155.
Schoning,
G-.
58.
PauUi, J. R. 87.
Stamp, 244.
187.
Sehested, F.
Seude
Sigdal
stone,
Shield-bosses,
.stone,
225.
siNI
anj,
222.
5.
Ska-ang
.stone,
217, 219.
Pudsey, bishop,
62.
Skeat,
W. W.
108.
Skodborg
190.
Qv ille
bracteate, 167.
Slangerup
Slesvig
,171. ,171.
Snakes, 90.
-Ji
1^
as
and
for -r,
216.
Rsefsal stone,
31, 218.
Sogndal
180.
Randlev
bracteate,
170.
Read, C. H. 247.
Reidstad stone, 63.
Ricardus, architect,
Richert,
1
62.
M. B.
2.
90.
Rings, 115, 139, 151. 155, 157, 158, 203, 206, 238, 247.
Stamps, 244.
Steatite,
5,
Ring-mai], 15.
98.
Steenstrup, J. C. H. R. 76.
Stenstad
.stone,
Stentofte stone,
Roraulns
&
Remus, 143.
in later runes,
256.
s.
RUNA-RAP,
219.
snN in gen.
220.
RITAR,
219.
Sundial, 114.
Swedish bracteates, 179, 180, 181, 188. Sword, 115, 242, 245.
chapes, 78.
pommels, 115.
sheath clasps, 82.
0-rune, 135.
as old nomin.-mark;
to the
3 examples
on
p.
223
Syv, P. 93.
add the
.iEGGIUls
softened to r, 214.
bishop,
132.
Xanem Tanum
Taylor,
113.
-t,
-s,
stone, 72.
stone,
I.
3,
217, 218.
202.
verbal ending, 223.
Sandwich
s^Rp, 224.
SAULK,
stones,
112,
-R,
Thames
fitting,
218.
knife.
MARKER.
281
Wapno
Varnum
Vatn
bracteate, 200.
stone, 29.
Vilsby bracteate,
183.
Thorsbjei'g
Bow,
79.
stone, 71.
noun.s,
Weak
Vedby
215.
184.
Swoi-dchape, 78.
bracteate,
Hammer-mark, 252.
Mark, 243.
154.
Weland
saga,
s.
147.
Verbs, 3
pr. ending,
223.
Tidfirth, bishop,
Time, as
Titus
to langviage,
West-Thorp Comb,
30.
&
the Jews,
143.
TjOi'ko, see
K6rk5.
in the shallows,
143.
116.
Comb,
82, 217.
Torin, K. 252.
Sword Clasp,
69.
82.
Tomstad
stone,
Wiede, L. 45.
Vigfusson, G. 186.
Wimmer,
L. P\ A.
60, 61.
Tune
Twig-runes, 155.
Wooden
Ulderup
-ON,
-u,
grave-pillars, 73.
Word-hoard, 213.
bracteate, 187.
1
s.
Vordingborg
ending, 222.
stone,
96, 218.
pr.
Voreim
stone, 74.
Worm,
Undset,
Worsaae,
Vowel-fluctuations, 219.
Wright, T. 222.
Wycliffe stone, 149.
Wyk
bracteate,
191.
Walrus
ivory,
Cliff,
121, 243.
50, 217, 242.
jL
arm
stone,
32.
Valsfjord
York, battle
at,
150.
V&nga
stone, 8,
256.
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