TM-1101 AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) Rev 2.0

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic)
TM-1101
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TRAINING GUIDE
AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101
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Revision Log
Date 09/05/2008 15/05/2008 27/05/2008 15/01/2009 Revision 0.1 0.2 1.0 2.0 Description of Revision Issued for Review Reviewed Approved for Training 12.0.0.3 Approved for Training 12.0.SP3 Author KB KB KB KB Reviewed NG NG NG Approved
RP RP
Updates
All headings containing updated or new material will be highlighted.
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Copyright
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Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Aim .................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Course Structure.............................................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Using this guide ............................................................................................................................... 9 2 Setting Up the Design Database Hierarchy for Structural Modelling............................................... 11 2.1 How PDMS Stores Structural Modelling Data ............................................................................. 11 2.2 Considerations When Creating the Hierarchy for Structural Models....................................... 11 2.3 Creating Structural Administrative Elements ............................................................................. 12 2.4 Starting the Structural Modelling Applications .......................................................................... 13 Exercise 1 Creating the Design Hierarchy ............................................................................................... 14 3 Beams & Columns ................................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 How PDMS Represents Structural Profiles ................................................................................. 15 3.2 Initial Settings................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2.1 Section Specification................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.2 Storage Areas .......................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.3 Automating Profile and Primary Node Allocations ................................................................... 19 3.2.4 Pline Rules ............................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Creating Sections........................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 The Section form ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Section Connectivity ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.4.1 Checking Connectivity.............................................................................................................. 25 3.5 Creating a Pipe Rack - A Worked Example ................................................................................. 26 3.5.1 Initial Settings ........................................................................................................................... 27 3.5.2 Creating Sections..................................................................................................................... 28 Exercise 2 Creating an Equipment Support Frame................................................................................. 30 4 Modifying Structural Sections.............................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Positioning...................................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Explicitly (AT) ........................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Relatively (BY).......................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.3 Extend Through........................................................................................................................ 33 4.1.4 Extend By ................................................................................................................................. 35 4.1.5 Drag Explicitly........................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.6 Align Secondary Nodes............................................................................................................ 37 4.1.7 Joint Freedom .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Orientation ...................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Axes ......................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Rotate....................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.3 Angle (Beta Angle) ................................................................................................................ 39 4.2.4 Flip............................................................................................................................................ 40 4.3 Copying........................................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Copying with Multiple Attached ................................................................................................ 40 4.4 Modifying the Pipe Rack - A Worked Example ........................................................................... 42 4.4.1 Copy Offset .............................................................................................................................. 42 4.4.2 Position Relative....................................................................................................................... 42 4.4.3 Using a List............................................................................................................................... 42 4.4.4 Extend Through........................................................................................................................ 42 4.4.5 Create Additional Sections....................................................................................................... 42 Exercise 3 Modifying the Equipment Support Structure........................................................................ 44 5 Beam & Column Utilities ....................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 Bracing Configurations ................................................................................................................. 45 5.1.1 Available Bracing Configurations ............................................................................................. 47 5.2 User Defined Pline Rules .............................................................................................................. 48 5.3 Bracing Gaps.................................................................................................................................. 49 5.3.1 Available Gapping Configurations............................................................................................ 51 5.4 Splitting Structural Elements........................................................................................................ 52 www.aveva.com 5.4.1 Connections at Split ................................................................................................................. 53 5
5.5 Splicing Sections ........................................................................................................................... 54 5.6 Merging Sections ........................................................................................................................... 55 5.7 Fillet Sections................................................................................................................................. 56 5.8 Mitring Sections ............................................................................................................................. 57 5.9 Pline Rules and Bracing Configurations - A Worked Example ................................................. 59 5.9.1 Create a Pline Rule .................................................................................................................. 59 5.9.2 Create Bracing ......................................................................................................................... 59 5.9.3 Bracing Gaps............................................................................................................................ 60 Exercise 4 Adding Bracing to the Equipment Support Structure ......................................................... 61 6 Section Fittings and Joints................................................................................................................... 62 6.1 Section Fittings .............................................................................................................................. 62 6.1.1 The Create Fitting form ............................................................................................................ 62 6.1.2 Creating Section Fittings .......................................................................................................... 63 6.2 Joints............................................................................................................................................... 65 6.2.1 Joint Specification form ............................................................................................................ 65 6.2.2 Modify Joint Specification......................................................................................................... 67 6.3 Creating Section Fittings and Joints - A Worked Example ....................................................... 68 6.3.1 Section Fittings......................................................................................................................... 68 6.3.2 Joints ........................................................................................................................................ 69 Exercise 5 Adding Section Fittings and Joints to the Equipment Support Structure......................... 70 7 Panels & Plates ...................................................................................................................................... 72 7.1 How PDMS Represents Panels & Plates ..................................................................................... 72 7.2 Panel Hierarchy and Attributes .................................................................................................... 72 7.2.1 PANE element.......................................................................................................................... 72 7.2.2 PLOO element.......................................................................................................................... 73 7.2.3 PAVE element .......................................................................................................................... 73 7.3 Initial Settings................................................................................................................................. 73 7.3.1 Panel Specification................................................................................................................... 73 7.3.2 Storage Areas .......................................................................................................................... 73 7.4 Creating Panels .............................................................................................................................. 74 7.4.1 The Create Panel form............................................................................................................. 74 7.4.2 Hints on Creating Panels ......................................................................................................... 76 7.5 Modifying Panels............................................................................................................................ 77 7.5.1 The Loop Vertex Editor form .................................................................................................... 77 7.5.2 Moving the Panel Origin........................................................................................................... 80 7.5.3 Modifying Panel Thickness ...................................................................................................... 81 7.5.4 Modifying Panel Justification.................................................................................................... 81 7.6 Connecting Panels......................................................................................................................... 82 7.6.1 Connection Modes ................................................................................................................... 82 7.6.2 The Panel Connection Form .................................................................................................... 83 7.6.3 Panel to Section Connections .................................................................................................. 83 7.6.4 Panel to Panel Connections..................................................................................................... 84 7.7 Creating and Modifying Panels - A Worked Example ................................................................ 85 7.7.1 Creating the Panel ................................................................................................................... 85 7.7.2 Modifying the Panel.................................................................................................................. 87 7.7.3 Using a Vertex Group............................................................................................................... 88 7.8 Connecting Panels A Worked Example.................................................................................... 90 Exercise 6 - Creating and Modifying Panels............................................................................................... 91 8 Negative Extrusions .............................................................................................................................. 92 8.1 Negative Extrusion Hierarchy and Attributes ............................................................................. 92 8.1.1 NXTR element.......................................................................................................................... 92 8.1.2 LOOP element.......................................................................................................................... 92 8.1.3 VERT element .......................................................................................................................... 92 8.2 Creating Negative Extrusions....................................................................................................... 93 8.2.1 The Create Negative Extrusion form........................................................................................ 93 8.2.2 Representation ......................................................................................................................... 93 8.2.3 Settings .................................................................................................................................... 93 8.2.4 Create Methods........................................................................................................................ 93 8.3 Modifying a Negative Extrusion ................................................................................................... 94 8.4 Creating and Modifying Negative Extrusions - A Worked Example ......................................... 94 www.aveva.com Exercise 7 Creating and Modifying Negative Extrusions ....................................................................... 95 6
Panel Fittings ......................................................................................................................................... 96 9.1 Creating a Panel Fitting................................................................................................................. 96 9.1.1 The Create Panel Fitting form .................................................................................................. 96 9.2 Modifying Panel Fittings ............................................................................................................... 98 9.3 Creating and Modifying Panel Fittings - A Worked Example .................................................... 98 10 Standard AVEVA Generic Types .................................................................................................... 100 10.1 Generic Type BOX........................................................................................................................ 100 10.2 Generic Type ANG ....................................................................................................................... 101 10.3 Generic Type TUBE ..................................................................................................................... 102 10.4 Generic Type BEAM..................................................................................................................... 103 10.5 Generic Type DINI ........................................................................................................................ 104 10.6 Generic Type BSC........................................................................................................................ 105 10.7 Generic Type DINU....................................................................................................................... 106 10.8 Generic Type TEE ........................................................................................................................ 107 10.9 Generic Type DINT ....................................................................................................................... 108
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
AVEVA PDMS allows designers to utilise an array of applications contained within the program modules. This training guide provides basic discipline specific training for the Structural Modelling application contained within the Design module.
1.1
Aim
The aim of this training guide is to provide designers with the basic knowledge and skills necessary to create and modify structural models.
1.2

Objectives
Introduce PDMS concepts specific to the Structural Modelling application. Make designers aware of the administration elements required by the application. Explain how to create a variety of structural elements. Explain how to manipulate and modify structural elements. Understand how to apply section fittings, section joints and panel fittings.
1.3
Prerequisites
Trainees must have completed the PDMS Foundations training course.
1.4
Course Structure
Training will consist of oral and visual presentations, demonstrations, worked examples and set exercises. Each workstation will have a training project, populated with model objects. This will be used by the trainees to practice their methods, and complete the set exercises.
1.5
Using this guide
Certain text styles are used to indicate special situations throughout this document, here is a summary; Menu pull downs and button press actions are indicated by bold dark turquoise text. Information the user has to Key-in will be bold red text. Annotation for trainees benefit: Additional information Refer to other documentation System prompts should be bold and italic in inverted commas i.e. 'Choose function' Example files or inputs will be in the courier new font, colours and styles used as before.
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CHAPTER 2
Setting Up the Design Database Hierarchy for Structural Modelling
PDMS data is stored in a hierarchical structure, similar to the directories and sub-directories used to access computer files. The Structural Modelling application requires specific administrative elements to be in place in order to maintain the system hierarchy. These administrative elements are considered in the sections that follow.
2.1
How PDMS Stores Structural Modelling Data

As with all PDMS Design databases that store discipline design data, the topmost element is the WORLD which owns the administrative sub-levels elements SITE and ZONE. For structural modelling, the element types used below a ZONE are: Structure (STRU) Framework (FRMW) Subframework (SBFR)
The SBFR level is optional as structural components may be owned by a FRMW or a SBFR or a combination of both. The elements that represent physical structural components are: Section (SCTN) Panel (PANE) Generic Section (GENSEC) curved section.
GENSECs are covered in the TM-1201 Structural Modelling (Advanced) training guide.
2.2
Considerations When Creating the Hierarchy for Structural Models
The splitting up of the database hierarchy for other disciplines may be more obvious than for the structural model. For example pipes may be grouped in zones by system, piping class or fluid code, and equipment may be grouped in zones by equipment type, systems, or physical location. The structural hierarchy has more administrative elements than other disciplines. This allows the model to be broken down further. The hierarchy breakdown should be well thought out and have a meaningful structure. Some company/project procedures require the structural model to be broken down by project build methodology, weight control purposes, material purposes, etc. If such procedures are not in use, consideration should be given to the drawing deliverables that will be produced from the structural model. Draft, the PDMS Drawing Production module, uses a similar concept of a Draw List to that used in Design to define the contents of a View on the drawing sheet. The construction of these Draft Draw Lists is greatly aided by a good hierarchy breakdown and well named significant elements.
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2.3
Creating Structural Administrative Elements
Before modelling can commence, the required hierarchy elements must be created. From the Design General application only SITE and ZONE elements can be created as these are common to all disciplines. The standard structural hierarchy elements may be created from the Create pull down menu in the Beams & Columns or the Panels & Plates application. The Walls & Floors and Access, Stairs & Ladders applications create their own hierarchy elements. To create the structural administrative elements, select Create>Structure, Create>Framework or Create>Sub-Frame from the main menu to display the relevant form:
Significant elements, e.g. SITE, ZONE, STRU, FRMW and SBFR should normally be named to facilitate navigation around the model and to ease creation of Draw Lists and other model tools. The Create forms enable the elements Purpose attribute to be set to a pre-defined list of values by using the Purpose pull-down.
Note: These standard Purpose attribute settings are used by the Walls & Floors and other applications. The Purpose attribute may be set manually via the command line to any value which may be used by the other applications. Clicking the Attributes button on any of the Create forms displays the Modify Attributes form. The Modify Attributes form shows the editable attributes for the element type being created. Some attributes are common whilst others are specific to the element. Clicking an attribute, e.g. Function, displays a relevant form that enables the attribute value to be set.
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2.4
Starting the Structural Modelling Applications
The PDMS Design module contains four Structural applications to assist designers in creating structural models. These applications are: Beams & Columns creation of structural profile elements Panels & Plates creation of plate type elements Walls & Floors creation of wall, floor and screed elements Access, Stairs & Ladders creation of access ways, stair towers, stair flights, ladders, platforms and hand railing elements. Note: The Walls & Floors and Access, Stairs & Ladders applications are not covered in this Training Guide. These applications may be accessed from the main menu by selecting: Design>Structures>Beams & Columns (or other structural application) from the main menu. Once the desired application has loaded, the Structures toolbar is displayed Beams & Columns Panels & Plates Walls & Floors The other applications may be started by selecting from the main menu again or by selecting one of the application buttons on the Structures toolbar. The current application button is disabled.
The main menu pull-downs change context depending on which structural application is loaded.
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Exercise 1 Creating the Design Hierarchy

The aim of this exercise is to create a simple hierarchy for the storage of structural elements created in worked examples and other exercises of this training guide. Login to the PDMS Design Module using the following details: Project: Sample Username: USERA Password: A MDB: TRAINA Enter the Beams & Columns application by selecting Design>Structures>Beams & Columns from the main menu. Check that you are at World (WORL) level in Design Explorer and select Create>Site from the main menu to display the Create Site form: Enter STABILISER in the Name textbox: and press the Return (Enter) key to confirm the name. Click the OK button on the form to create the SITE element and dismiss the form. Note that the new element appears in the Design Explorer as the current element. Repeat this process using the appropriate options from the Create menu to create a Zone named STRU.ZONE, a Structure named PIPERACK and a Framework named ROW_6. The row IDs referred to in the worked examples and exercises, e.g. ROW 1, reflect a pre-defined user grid that is maintained for training purposes. The Design Explorer should now look like this:
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CHAPTER 3
Beams & Columns
The Beams & Columns application facilitates the creation of structural profiles, e.g. Pre-cast concrete profiles, steel I-beams, T-sections, Channels, Angles, Circular Hollow Sections, etc., in the design model. The application enables the profiles, once created, to be manipulated and modified to create the desired structural configuration. The application also enables the insertion of Catalogue fitting components, e.g. stiffeners, lifting lugs, etc, onto profiles and the application of Catalogue based joints to connected profiles.
3.1
How PDMS Represents Structural Profiles
To ensure design consistency and conformity to national or company standards, the definition of all profile shapes used in structural modelling are held in a Catalogue database. Each individual structural profile (column, beam, brace, etc.) is represented in Design by a Section (SCTN) element. The SCTN has lots of attributes, many of which are set by placing or manipulating the element whilst others may be set via the Appware or manually. The definition of cross-sectional shape geometry of the profile is defined in a catalogue database. The shape is usually defined parametrically, such that the same definition may be used for many different profiles with the same generic shape but differing values e.g. depth, width, web thickness, flange thickness, etc. The SCTN has a Specification Reference (Spref) attribute which points to a Specification Component (SPCO) element in the catalogue database. The specification acts as a selection mechanism and filters the available profiles to the user depending on choices made. The SPCO points at a Structural Profile (SPRF) element (also held in the catalogue database) via its Catalogue Reference (Catref) attribute. The Catref in turn references the geometry definition and other elements.
Note: The SCTN may directly reference the SPRF via its Spref attribute. However, this must be done manually via the command line or programmatically via a user macro or application.
When a profile is added to the design model, the position, orientation, and other attributes are set for the item in the Design database. However, the physical properties of the profile are specified by setting a crossreference, called a Specification Reference (the Spref attribute of a SCTN), that points to an appropriate specification component in the Catalogue database. This specification component (SPCO) points, via its Catref attribute, to the catalogue profile component (SPRF). The 2D cross-sectional geometry of a particular SCTN (I-beam, T-section, Channels, Angles, etc.) is defined in the Catalogue and the SCTNs SpecRef attribute is set to that profile. All other aspects of the SCTN geometry are defined by setting specific design attributes. Most of these attributes are set automatically by PDMS as the element is specified or manipulated graphically. Two of the most important attributes are the Position Start (POSS) and Position End (POSE) which effectively determine the length and orientation of the element. These positions are determined from graphical picks, explicit co-ordinates, direction and distance or a combination of these methods. The 2D cross-section is extruded from the POSS to the POSE.
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To provide a method of referring to individual edges and faces of the SCTN, each is identified by a named line running along the length of the profile. These lines, which are specified within the 2D geometry in the Catalogue, are called Plines. A section has a number of Plines that have a two, three or four letter abbreviation set to its PKEY attribute. As an example, some of the most commonly used Plines for an I-shaped profile might be positioned and named as shown:
See Appendix A for Plines and Parameters of Standard AVEVA Generic Types.
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3.2
Initial Settings
Before starting to create sections in the model some initial default settings must be made to suit the planned method of working.
3.2.1
Section Specification
The Default Section Specification, together with its Justification, Member line and Joint line settings (these terms are explained later), is displayed on the Beams & Columns toolbar.
The Default Section Specification is shown initially displayed as Unset, i.e. no section is specified. displays Clicking the Set Default Profile Specification button the Section Specification (Default) form. This form is divided into two main areas, Specification Data and Pline Settings.
3.2.1.1 Specification Data

The default profile is selected by clicking the Specification button and selecting the required standard from the Catalogue entries displayed. Following selection of the standard, the required profile is selected from the Generic Type list (which shows the range of profile types available in the Catalogue). Having selected the profile type, a list of available serial sizes is displayed in the window below. Use the cursor to select the desired size from the scrollable list. PDMS provides several standard specifications, for example British, American, Japanese, DIN, etc., which may be augmented or replaced by specific company standards.
3.2.1.2 Pline Settings

The Pline Settings lists allow the following attributes for the chosen section to be set: Justification Member line Joint line.
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Justification - sets the justification of the section, i.e.
Member line - sets the position of the line to be displayed in Draft, e.g. the section centreline.
Joint line - sets the Pline for joint geometry (normally NA). Note: The Joint line is not within the scope of this module. Clicking the Apply button on the Section Specification (Default) form sets the section profile that will be used. The section specification and Pline settings are displayed on the Beams & Columns toolbar.
Note: The Pline settings are displayed in the order Justification/Member line/Joint line.
3.2.2
Storage Areas
The Design database Storage Areas specify which Framework (or Subframe), SCTNs and PNODs (see Structural Connections) will be stored in when created. The storage areas should be specified prior to commencement of creating components for that particular area of the model. The current storage areas are displayed on the Beams & Columns toolbar. 18
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Making the Framework (or Subframe) where the components will be stored the CE and clicking the button to the left of the appropriate storage area sets the CE as the storage area and displays it on the toolbar.
The settings may also be made by selecting Settings>Storage Areas from the main menu to display the Storage Areas form.
Making the FRMW or SBFR that will store the components the CE and clicking on the storage area required in the form sets it to the CE.
3.2.3
Automating Profile and Primary Node Allocations
By default, each time a new section is created it will automatically be associated with a profile from the catalogue that is the Default Profile Specification. Also by default, Primary nodes will not be created automatically at unconnected section ends. These defaults are controlled by the following buttons on the Beams & Columns toolbar.
For an explanation of Primary Nodes (PNOD) see the Structural Connections section.
3.2.4
Pline Rules
The final setting to be made before commencing creation of profiles is the Pline Rule. When a section is created and connected to an existing section, the end points of the new section are usually positioned automatically by reference to the current Pline Rule. If this rule has not been set-up properly, the geometry at the point of connection may not be appropriate. Pline Rules determine which Pline of the existing section will be used to trim the new section to. With no Pline rule set, which is the default setting, the new section is trimmed to the extremities of the existing section.
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In this example, the new section has terminated at the extremity of the existing section instead of the web, i.e. the NARO Pline.
With an appropriate Pline rule set, the new section will trim to the required Pline (i.e. the NAR Pline) and give the desired result.
PDMS provides one predefined Pline rule named Normal that cannot be modified. The Normal Pline rule is: PKEY EQ NA OR CCON EQ ANY This means that a new section will connect to the NA Pline unless it first encounters a Pline whose CCONNECTION (abbreviated to CCON) is set to ANY. Pline rules are also used to determine the availability of Plines for graphical picks when creating or positioning panels, fittings, etc. The Pline is available if it meets the criteria set out in the Pline Rule. Pline rules are set by selecting Settings>Pick Filters>Plines from the main menu to display the Pline Filter form. Available Pline Filters are displayed. Selecting the required rule with the cursor sets the rule and the form is dismissed. Defining Pline rules is covered later in this training guide.
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3.3
Creating Sections
Sections are created by selecting Create>Sections>Straight from the main menu to display the Section form and activate Positioning Control toolbar.
3.3.1
The Section form
The Section form is divided into three areas which are explained in the following sections:
3.3.1.1 String Method

On the Section form, the method by which sections will be created can be specified by clicking one of the three option buttons. Single Start and End Points are individually defined for each section.
Continuous Start point of subsequent sections is the end point of previous.
Radial Start position for subsequent sections is the same as first.
3.3.1.2 Create Option

Initially, when the Section form is displayed, there is only one active button under Create Option to define the start of the section explicitly, which is the only practical option at this stage.
This button is used to define the start of the section explicitly, i.e. by entering explicit X, Y and Z coordinates. It should be noted that the start position of the section may also be defined by other options under the Create Option or by using the Positioning Control toolbar if the context is right, for example there is a least one existing section. These options are explained later in this training guide. 21
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Clicking the Explicit button displays the Define section start form. The required East (X), North (Y) and Up (Z) co-ordinates may be entered and the Start position will be shown by an aid in the 3D View. The default wrt World, defines the co-ordinate system by which the position is specified. Clicking the OK button on the Define section start form confirms the entered co-ordinates and changes the Creation Option display by activating a second button. The end position may now be defined by using either of the two buttons. Clicking the Explicit button again will display the Define section end form which is used in exactly the same way as the Define section start form. Clicking the Direction & Distance button will display a different Define section end form. A direction, with respect to the World or other co-ordinate system, is entered together with the required distance from the section start position. As the distance is entered and return pressed, the end position will be shown in the graphical view and an aid line drawn from the start to the end position.
It should again be noted that the end position of the section may also be defined by other options under Create Option or by the Positioning Control toolbar if the context is right. The other Creation Option buttons are: Perpendicular From - creates a section perpendicular to the section specified for the new section start Perpendicular To creates a section perpendicular to a selected section.
By default, Secondary Nodes are automatically created. This facility may be switched off by un-checking the Secondary Nodes check box under Creation Option. For an explanation of Secondary Nodes see Structural Connections.
3.3.1.3 Verification
The Verification section of the Section form contains a Confirm check box that allows the user to check the position of each new section before it is added to the database. If the Confirm box is checked the Accept and Reject buttons are enabled, to accept or reject the section creation in the displayed location. The Redefine Start button may be clicked at any time during section creation to start the definition of the section again.
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3.4
Section Connectivity
A connection between two SCTN elements is facilitated by a Secondary Joint (SJOI) element. The SJOI is owned by a Secondary Node (SNOD), which is positioned on the justification line of the Owning section at the intersection between the Attached and Owning sections. Sections are connected automatically when they are created, providing the Secondary Nodes check box on the Section form is checked. When SCTN elements are connected the SJOI element is created, owned by the SNOD element of the Owning section.
The SJOI has a Cref (connection reference) attribute that points to the name of the Attached section. The Attached section has two attributes, Joistart (Joint start) and Joiend (Joint end) that point to the name of the SJOI element by which they are attached to their respective Owning members, thus creating a circular reference.
SCTN elements may also be connected explicitly by using the Connect menu. Selecting Connect>Connect from the main menu prompts the user to choose the section to attach to and the section end(s) to be attached. The selection process is terminated by pressing the Esc key. SNODs and SJOIs will be created at each Owning/Attached intersection. Where two or more sections connect to the Owning section at the same point, a single SNOD is Attached created which owns two or more SJOI elements. The Cref attribute of each SJOI points to the name of the relevant Attached section. Connections may be updated following position changes to the owning or attached sections by using one of the following selections from the Connect menu: Connect>Trim to Pline - Trims the section to a Pline selected by the system in accordance with current Pline rule, i.e. the POSL attribute of the SJOI element is modified.
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Connect>Trim to Section - Trims the section according to the current POSL setting of the PJOI element. This may result in the attached member not being correctly connected, e.g. if the Beta Angle of the Owning SCTN has changed. The Joint Dominant and Joint Subordinate options are detailed later in this training guide.
Secondary Node (SNOD) elements are positioned along the justification line of the owning section at the POSS or POSE position of the attached member(s). An SNOD elements primary function is to own an SJOI element and allow one section to connect part way along another. SNOD elements are owned by the Owning section. Secondary Joint (SJOI) elements are used to connect two sections where they intersect at an SNOD and their primary functions are: providing connectivity to the structural model trimming attached members holding the Specification Reference for a joint.
SJOI elements are owned by an SNOD. Primary Node (PNOD) elements have two main functions: as analytical points when using PDMS data for structural analysis to own a Primary Joint for referencing a catalogue joint element on an un-connected section end.
A PNOD element may be created automatically, see Initial Settings, or explicitly at section ends by selecting Create>PNode at SCTN end from the main menu. PNOD elements are owned by FRMW or SBFR elements, and sit at the same level in the hierarchy as SCTN elements. PNOD elements may own more than one Primary Joint element (PJOI). PJOI elements are used for referencing a catalogue joint element on an unconnected section end, for example a baseplate for a stanchion. PJOI elements are owned by a PNOD.
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3.4.1
Checking Connectivity
The connectivity of sections in the model can be checked by navigating to a suitable element in the hierarchy, e.g. a FRMW or SBFR, selecting Query>End Connections from the main menu to display the Highlight Connections form. The form will show all SCTN elements in the CE that have Both ends connected, Neither end connected and One end connected. Checking the appropriate check box will graphically highlight the SCTN elements of the CE in each category in the colour shown on the form. The default colours can be changed by clicking on the colour button to display a colour form for that selection. Clicking a colour button will set that colour for the selected category.
For the One end unconnected category the SCTN will display a tag at the unconnected end as well as being displayed in the highlight colour.
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3.5
Creating a Pipe Rack - A Worked Example
This worked example demonstrates how to construct some initial frames for a simple pipe rack using different section sizes. The text and accompanying drawings provide step-by-step guidance to create the Pipe Rack. The General Arrangement of the Pipe Rack is shown on the following drawings:
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3.5.1

Initial Settings
Ensure the Beams & Columns application is current or select Design>Structures>Beams & Columns from the main menu to enter the application Make initial settings for the storage areas. Ensure that SBFR ROW_6 is the CE and click the Set Section Storage Area and Set Node Storage Area buttons on the Beams & Columns toolbar. For the Default Profile Specification, click the Set Default Profile Specification button on the Beams & Columns toolbar, set the specification to British Standard and the Generic Type to Universal Columns. Select 203x203x46kg/m from the displayed list, set the Justification to NA, leaving the Member line and Joint line at NA. Click on the Apply button and then the Dismiss button on the form. The Beams & Columns toolbar should now look like this:
Set the Pline rule to Normal by selecting Settings>Pick Filters>Plines from the main menu and selecting Normal from the displayed Pline Filter form. www.aveva.com 27
Select Utilities>User Grid Systems from the main menu to display the User Grid Systems form. Select Stabiliser_Grid from the Grid Systems list and click the Gridline IDs radio button. Click the Display button and the Set View Limits to Grid button.
3.5.2
Creating Sections
Create the first section by selecting Create>Sections>Straight from the main menu to display the Section form. Make sure that the String Method is set to Single and that the Create Secondary Nodes check box is checked. Click the Explicit button to display the Define section start form. Enter the co-ordinates West 305360, North 309680, and Up 100400. Click the OK button. Click the Direction and Distance button on the Section form to display the Define section end form. Enter the Direction as U and a Distance of 6000. Click the OK button.
With the Section form still displayed click the Explicit button again, noting on the Define section start form that the displayed co-ordinates are those defining the end position of the previously created SCTN. Enter the section start co-ordinates as: West 305360 North 304800 Up 100400
After clicking the OK button on the Define section start form, click the Direction and Distance button to display the Define section end form and enter the Direction as U and a Distance of 6000. Click the OK button. Click the Walk to Draw List button on the 3D View and set the view direction to Iso 3. There should now be two parallel 203x203x46kg/m sections in the 3D View.
The next task is to create two horizontal beams for the pipe rack frame using the cursor to select the start and end positions of the sections rather than enter explicit co-ordinates. Change the Default Section Specification to Universal Beams 203x133x25kg/m, the Justification line to TOS and create the horizontal sections using the Positioning Control toolbar. Set the Pick Type to Element and Pick Method to Snap. Click the first column created near to its upper end to define the Start position of the new section, noting that the Start label is displayed adjacent to the section. Click the upper end of the second column created to define the End position of the new section. A new UB 203x133x25kg/m section is created spanning between the two columns. 28
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Set the Positioning Control toolbar Pick Method to Distance and enter a distance of 1520. Click near the upper end of the first column, then near the upper end of the second column, to create a new horizontal beam. Note that the beams have been trimmed to the TOS or BOS Pline of the columns. Toggle wire frame display mode on by pressing F8 on the keyboard and zoom in to one of the connections and note the SNOD that has been created. Next the 1000mm long stub on the southern column will be created. Set the Pick Method on the Positioning Control toolbar back to Snap and click near the top of the southern column. Use the Direction & Distance button with a direction of S WRT /* and a distance of 1000 to create the beam. Save Work. The frame should now look like this:
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Exercise 2 Creating an Equipment Support Frame

The exercises contained in this training guide allow the user to create an equipment support frame using a range of standard sections, bracing members, panels, and fittings. The drawings below, coupled with instructions in each exercise, provide the information necessary to model the structure correctly. Equipment Support Structure Frame
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In the Zone STRUC.ZONE create a new STRU named EQUIP_SUPPORT and a FRMW named ROW_C. Model Row C (only) of the structure using the drawings above to ascertain co-ordinates, dimensions and profile sizes. The other parts of the structure will be modelled in later exercises. Remember to reset storage areas and check the Pline rule. Check all the sections are correctly connected. Note: the columns of Frame C will not be orientated correctly when modelled; however, they will be modified in the next exercise.
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CHAPTER 4
4 4.1
Modifying Structural Sections Positioning
Elements that have position attributes (for example SCTNs) can be re-positioned in a variety of ways. The two main methods are position Explicitly and position Relatively.
4.1.1
Explicitly (AT)
Positioning explicitly allows the user to position elements at specific co-ordinates with respect to the WORLD or other design elements. Selecting Position>Explicitly (AT) from the main menu will display the Positioning Control toolbar and the Explicit Position form. By default the Start position of the current element is displayed showing East/West, North/South and Up/Down co-ordinates with respect to the world.
The Datum options list allows the user to specify the point on the element to which the position co-ordinates will apply. The user may specify Start, End, Centre or Designate Position. Depending on the option specified applying modified co-ordinates will have the following effect on the element: Start - Relocates the start position of the element to the specified co-ordinates, leaving its end position unchanged. End Relocates the end position of the element to the specified co-ordinates, leaving its start position unchanged. Centre Relocates the entire element, locating its centre at specified co-ordinates and modifying the start and end positions.
Designate Position used in conjunction with the Positioning Control toolbar, the user can specify a point on the element for re-positioning. The entire element is relocated, or re-orientated, with the Designated Position at the specified co-ordinates and the start and end positions modified.
On opening the Explicit Position form a bounding box is displayed around the element together with an axes aid, showing the cardinal directions, and a label showing the Start position. Changing the Datum re-displays the axes aid and label to the specified position.
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To define a position explicitly, enter the required co-ordinates in the appropriate direction textbox. If necessary, use the wrt textbox to identify the element whose co-ordinate system is to be used for the position data. The bounding box will adjust to show the new position and clicking the Apply button on the form will re-position the element. To define a position by reference to existing design items, use the Positioning Control toolbar and the cursor to identify the required positions by picking them in the graphical view. If required, use the Lock check boxes to fix the current co-ordinate along any axis. To position another section, use the Select menu options on the form to change the focus of the form. Use the CE or Owner option if the required item is selected in the design explorer, or use the Pick or Pick Owner option and then select the required item with the cursor when prompted. The form will display the current position and the user can then change any part of this by entering new values.
4.1.2
Relatively (BY)
Positioning relatively allows the user to position elements by a specified distance, along one or more axes, from its current position. The directions can be with respect to the world or other design elements. Selecting Position>Relatively (BY) from the main menu displays the Positioning Control toolbar and the Position By form. The form allows the user to specify a distance along a single axis or varying distances along any combination of the three axes. By default the axes directions are with respect to the world although any valid design element may be used. An axes aid is displayed at the start position of the current element.
Entering distances against any of the axes will display a New Position label at the entered distance(s) from the current position, thus enabling the user to see if the new location for the element is correct. Clicking the Apply button on the form moves the entire element to its new location. The Positioning Control toolbar and the cursor can also be used to define distances graphically. Having picked two points the distances will be entered against the relevant axes on the form. If required, use the Lock check boxes to fix the current co-ordinate along any axis.
An alternative method of re-positioning the start or end of a SCTN element is to use Extend Through or Extend By functions.
4.1.3
Extend Through
Extend Through allows the user to specify a plane, position and orientation to extend either end of the section to. The section will only extend along its Z axis, i.e. its extrusion direction, as the plane is infinite in its planar dimensions. In PDMS a planes direction is defined by the direction of a vector normal (i.e.
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perpendicular in all directions) to the plane. The position of the plane is defined by the start position of that vector. Selecting Position>Extend>Through displays the Extend Section Relative form.
The End of Section list allows the user to specify which end of the section will be extended (or trimmed) to the plane. Four choices are available to the user. Nearest end This is the default setting. The end of the section nearest to the plane will be repositioned. Start The start position of the section will be moved. End The end position of the section will be moved. Pick On clicking Apply the user will be prompted to pick which end of the beam is to be re-positioned.
When the Extend Section - Relative form is displayed, a label is placed at each end of the section to identify which end is the Start and which is the End. The user can define the plane position explicitly by entering co-ordinates in the Plane Direction East/West, North/South and Up/Down textboxes, or by using the Cursor and Intersection options from the forms menu and graphically selecting the position. The Plane Direction is set by default to Up, however any direction can be entered to orientate the plane.
In the picture above the plane has been initially positioned using the Cursor>Element option and then moved be entering a new North co-ordinate. The Plane Direction has been set to S, note the plane aid and direction vector displayed to help the user visualise the position and direction of the plane. Clicking Apply button extends the end of the current element to the plane. The position of any Secondary Nodes owned by the section is measured from its start position. If the user requires the Secondary Nodes to stay in their original position when the start position of the section is moved, then the Maintain Sections Node Positions check box needs to be selected. Otherwise, the Secondary Nodes will move with the start position, i.e. their Z distance attribute will be maintained. Checking the Cut end(s) to plane check box on the form will orientate the end of the section to the plane direction after it has been extended or trimmed.
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4.1.4
Extend By
Extend By allows the user to lengthen or shorten the section by moving its Start or End position through a specified amount. Selecting Position>Extend>By from the main menu displays the Extend Section Explicit form. When the form is displayed a label is placed at either end of the section to identify the Start and End locations. The Extend pull-down allows the user to select which end of the section will be extended, the choices being Start, End or Pick. If the Pick option is selected the user will be prompted to select the end of the section that will be re-positioned when the Apply button is pressed.
The user can move the end of a section either by Distance or by a Proportion of the sections current length; by selecting the appropriate option button and entering the desired amount. Entering a positive value will lengthen the section and entering a negative value will shorten it. To maintain the position of any Secondary Node owned by the section, click the Maintain Sections Node Positions checkbox.
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4.1.5
Drag Explicitly
The Drag Explicitly function allows the user to re-position a section and have any attached sections lengths adjust and the Secondary Nodes realign automatically. It is, therefore, equivalent to using three operations, that is Position>Explicitly (AT), Connect>Trim to Pline>all attached and Position>Align Secondary Nodes, in one. Selecting Position>Drag Explicitly from the main menu displays the Drag Explicitly form and Positioning Control toolbar. The Datum options list enables the user to select the element Origin or an ID Design point as the point for the dragging operation; however, the Origin co-ordinates with respect to the World are displayed by default. Any valid design element may be used to define the axis system for the direction boxes by entering the appropriate element in the wrt box. The Positioning Control toolbar may be used to determine the new position by graphical pick, as described earlier. A bounding box and axes aid at the start position are also displayed. Entering new co-ordinates in the axes boxes will move the bounding box to the new location. After clicking Apply the section is re-positioned and all attached sections trimmed to the new joint positions.
All connected sections will trim to the new position of the owning section, adjusting their length as necessary. The behaviour of the attached sections depends on whether the joint is dominant or subordinate, as described in Joint Freedom later in this session.
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4.1.6
Align Secondary Nodes
When a section that owns Secondary Nodes is repositioned or extended, it is possible that the secondary nodes may become misaligned. This can be corrected by selecting Position>Align Secondary Nodes from the main menu. This function realigns the node(s) with their attached member(s) and may be executed from SCTN, STRU, ZONE or SITE level.
4.1.7
Joint Freedom
Where two sections are connected via a joint, the joint may be defined as either dominant or subordinate. This setting, which is determined by the Jfree attribute of the SJOI, controls how the attached section behaves when the section owning the joint is moved. If the joint is subordinate, i.e. the attached section is dominant and Jfree is set to false, the attached sections will extend or trim, maintaining their original orientation, to the Pline that they were trimmed to on creation. If the joint is dominant, i.e. the attached section is subordinate and Jfree is set to true, the attached sections will realign to the new joint position.
The column is the owning section with two beam sections attached.
Joint is Subordinate. Column moved, beams extended to original Plines but maintain original orientation.
Joint is Dominant. Column moved, beams extended and realigned to new joint position and cut planes are automatically re-aligned.
The standard default is for joints to be subordinate. This default can be changed by selecting Settings>Tolerances from the main menu to display the Section Tolerances form.
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Joint freedom can be changed after the joint is created by selecting Connect>Joint Subordinate or Connect>Joint Dominant from the main menu. The user will be prompted to select the section ends to apply the chosen setting to.
4.2
Orientation
Like positioning, orientating elements in PDMS can be performed in a number of ways. SCTN elements do not have a direct Orientation attribute, however, a pseudo-attribute for orientation can be queried, e.g. Q ORI, which returns the normal orientation format information but is derived from the SCTNs frame of reference, the Start and End positions and the Angle (Beta Angle) of the SCTN.
Profiles in PDMS catalogues are defined with the NA Pline always pointing in a positive Y direction, i.e. Up, and the extrusion direction as positive Z, in accordance with the Right Hand Rule: The Beta Angle default is 0 which places the profile in the model in the orientation they are defined in the catalogue.
4.2.1
Axes
Selecting Orientate>Axes from the main menu will display the Orientate form. This form enables the user to change which axis is East, North and Up with respect to the World, or other design element, by using the option lists or entering the appropriate direction in the textboxes. This form only works with elements that have a direct Orientation attribute. If the user attempts to use this function on an element that does not have a direct orientation attribute, e.g. a SCTN, SBFR or FRMW, a warning message is displayed. For this reason, this command is not frequently used in the structural discipline.
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4.2.2
Rotate
Selecting Orientate>Rotate from the main menu display the Rotate form. By default, the Rotation Axis direction is U and positioned at the Start position of the element. The Rotation Axis Direction may be changed by entering another direction or its reference altered by modifying the wrt data. The centre of rotation, that is, the origin of the Rotation Axis vector, may be positioned by entering a distance against one or more directions. The Angle in degrees by which the element is to be rotated, must be entered in the Angle () textbox prior to clicking the Apply button.
An axis direction aid is displayed, positioned at the centre of rotation, together with an axes aid showing the rotation angles at 90 degree intervals. In this picture the default Rotation Axis of U is shown, that is the extrusion direction of the section, and the centre of rotation is positioned at the default position of Start Position, that is at the justification Pline TOS. The centre of rotation can also be set graphically by using the Cursor and Intersection options from the form menu. The results of the rotate command may be simply reversed by giving a negative value to the Angle used and clicking the Apply button again.
4.2.3
Angle (Beta Angle)
The Angle of a SCTN defines the rotation around its Z axis. The effect of changing the Angle is shown in the diagram below.
In this diagram the Justification Line is set to TOAX. Modifying the Angle rotates the section around its Z axis defined by the Justification Line. Selecting Orientate> Angle from the main menu allows the user to modify the Angle in positive or negative increments of 90 degrees from the sub-menu.
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The Command Line must be used to set any other values. Entering BANG <value> on the data entry line and pressing the Return key will set the Angle to the entered value.
4.2.4
Flip
Flip enables the user to change the orientation of sections by exchanging the Start and End positions, that is, the Z direction of the section is orientated through 180. This only really affects asymmetrical sections such as angles and channels although it may be applied to all section profiles. After selecting Orientate>Flip from the main menu the user will be prompted to select, using the cursor, the elements to Flip. Having made the selection, pressing the Esc key will flip the chosen sections.
4.3
Copying
PDMS provides three general methods to create copies of elements; Copy Offset, Copy Rotate and Copy Mirror. This functionality is covered in the AVEVA PDMS Foundations training guide.
4.3.1
Copying with Multiple Attached
If a connected section is copied using any of the copy methods, the newly created section will not be connected. There are often times when a multiple copy of a section needs to be made at regular centres, e.g. stringers in a deck or floor panel. This could be achieved by using a multiple Copy Offset; however, each end would need to be connected after copying. PDMS provides a utility that copies a selected member and produces multiple copies with connection details the same as the original. Selecting Create>Sections>Multiple Attached prompts the user to select the section to be copied if a SCTN element is not already the CE. Upon making an appropriate selection the Section Copy form is displayed. The user can change the section to be copied by making another section the CE and clicking the CE button on the form The Number of copies textbox shows the maximum amount of members that can be fitted to the shortest owning section at the current spacing, as shown in the Spacing textbox.
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If the spacing is changed from the default (1000) to the required distance and then the Max button clicked, the maximum number of copies that can be fitted will be recalculated. A graphical aid shows the user the direction for +ve or ve spacing with aid lines representing the positions of the new sections to help visualise the results.
In the picture above, the maximum number of sections has been calculated based on the length of the shortest owning section. When the arrangement shown is correct, clicking the Apply button copies the sections and connects them to the owning member(s). Any end preparations (see Structural Detailing) will also be applied. However, if a value greater than the maximum is specified in the Number of copies textbox such that the copied elements will go beyond the length of the shortest owning section, the copies will be made but the free ends will not be connected or end preparations applied.
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4.4
Modifying the Pipe Rack - A Worked Example
In this worked example additional frames and horizontal beams required for the Pipe Rack structure will be created using some of the techniques described in this chapter.
4.4.1
Copy Offset
Make the Pipe Rack ROW_6 the CE and select Create>Copy>Offset from the main menu to display the Copy with Offset form. Select Rel. from the to options list, enter 3 in the Number of copies textbox and enter a 5180 in the X Offset textbox. Click the Apply button and click the Yes button on the subsequent confirmation message. Note that the STRU PIPERACK now owns three additional FRMWs. Make the FRMW adjacent to ROW_6 the CE (it should be FRMW2), select Modify>Name from the main menu to display the Name form, enter ROW_4 in the Name textbox and click the Apply button. Leave the form open, make the FRMW adjacent to ROW_4 the CE (it should be FRMW3), click the CE button on the Name form, enter ROW_2 in the Name box and click the Apply button. Repeat the procedure to name ROW_1. Dismiss the Name form.
4.4.2

Position Relative
Make ROW_1 the CE and select Position>Relatively (BY) from the main menu to display the Position By form. Select West from the East/West options list and enter 10 in the textbox. Make the column at the intersection of gridlines A and 1 the CE. Right click the SCTN in Design Explorer and select the Rename option from the pop-up menu to display the Name form. Enter A1 in the Name textbox and click the Apply button. Rename the other seven column SCTNs with the appropriate grid references.
4.4.3
Using a List
Click the Create/Modify Lists button on the Default toolbar to display the Lists/Collections form. Select Add>List from the form menu to display the Create List form. Enter B2+B4 in the Description textbox and click the OK button. Select Add>Identified from the form menu and graphically select columns B2 and B4, pressing the Esc key to end the selection. The two SCTNs are now in the list. Select Control>Close from the form menu to dismiss the form.
4.4.4
Extend Through
Select Position>Extend>Through from the main menu to display the Extend Section Relative form. Select List from the options list at the top left of the form and select Nearest End from the End of Section options list. Ensure that the Maintain Sections Node Positions checkbox is checked and the Cut end(s) to plane checkbox is unchecked. Select Cursor>Element from the form menu and graphically select a point near the top of column B2 to place a plane aid at the top of the column and populate the co-ordinates on the form. Modify the Up co-ordinate to 107160 and click the Apply button to extend the columns. Dismiss the form. Create two new FRMW elements, owned by the PIPERACK ZONE, named ROW_A and ROW_B. Make ROW_A the CE and set the storage areas to this FRMW. Set the Default Profile Specification to Universal Beam 203x133x25kg/m justified TOS and with the Member line and Joint line set to NA.
4.4.5
Create Additional Sections
Select Create>Section>Straight from the main menu to display the Section form. Set the Positioning Control toolbar options to Element and Distance and enter a distance of 3710. Select near the bottom of column A1 to specify the start of the section and then at the bottom of column A2 to specify the end of the section. The section has been created at EL.(+) 104110 T.O.S. Create the beams on ROW_A between columns A2 and A4 and between columns A4 and A6.
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Make ROW_B the CE and change the storage areas. Create the beams between the columns as shown on the drawings. For the beam between columns B2 and B4 the Positioning Control toolbar should be set to Element/Snap and the columns picked very near the top. Save Work. The Pipe Rack should now look like this:
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Exercise 3 Modifying the Equipment Support Structure

Re-orientate the two columns in ROW_C by 90 degrees. Update the beam connections to these columns and trim the attached sections. Create FRMW elements for Rows D, E, and F and the additional column at E5 for the stair landing. Name all of the columns in accordance with the gridline intersections on which they are positioned, e.g. C3, C4, D3, D4, etc. Create FRMW elements EL(+)104880_TOS and EL(+)107820_TOS. Create the beams between the Rows at EL(+)104880_TOS. Create the stair half landing east of Row 4. Remember to check the Default Profile Specification before creating the landing. Create a list of all beams, except the stair landing, at EL(+)104880_TOS. Use the List option on the Copy Offset form to create the beams at EL(+)107820_TOS. Ensure all copied sections are correctly connected. Create the top stair landing at EL.(+) 107820 T.O.S. adjacent to column C4. Check the end connections for the whole STRU. The Equipment Support Structure should now look like this:
Save Work.
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CHAPTER 5
5 5.1
Beam & Column Utilities Bracing Configurations
PDMS provides functionality that enables the user to create bracing from pre-defined configurations which may be adapted to suit most situations. The advantages of using the pre-defined configurations to create bracing, rather than create sections piecemeal are: All sections in the configuration are created simultaneously Initial gaps can be set so that geometry is realistic Created sections are automatically connected.
Selecting Create>Sections>Bracing configurations from the main menu displays the Bracing form.
The Storage area and Section Data parts of the form allows the user to specify a storage area and profile for bracing in a similar manner to setting the default section specification and storage areas, however, the settings made via this form override the default settings. If the bracing configuration selected has more than one element, all sections will be modelled using the section specified. However, any of the elements that make up the configuration may subsequently have their specification or other attributes modified in the usual way.
The Available Bracing Configurations list displays the available configurations. Clicking on a configuration text in the list displays a picture of the configuration. There is more than one choice for some of the configuration styles, for example A/K Bracing, which cover the majority of possible scenarios. The configurations may be used where the members are in different orientations to those shown providing the configuration is the same. The Bracing Plane options list enables the user to specify the plane in which the bracing will be created. The choices are: Derived by Section This is the default and the most commonly used option. The bracing plane direction is orthogonal to both the first section picked and the incoming section nearest to the first pick point. Derived by Points This option is useful for adding bracing between two sections that do not have a third section connected directly between them. The bracing plane is constructed by projecting the second picked point onto the first picked section. Defined - This option allows the user to define the bracing plane explicitly and projects the picked points onto the defined plane. Selecting this option displays the Bracing Plane form and Positioning Control toolbar. www.aveva.com 45
The plane origin may be entered explicitly or by use of the Positioning Control toolbar. Having made the appropriate settings on the Bracing form, clicking Apply will display a bracing dimensioning form which will differ depending on the bracing configuration chosen.
A distance may be entered in A and B to make the initial gap, as shown on the corresponding diagram of the Bracing form. Having entered the distances, the sections used to define the bracing configuration are picked in the sequence indicated in the diagram on the Bracing form. If the Confirm check box is selected, aids representing the bracing plane and bracing elements will be displayed. Clicking the Accept or Reject button will create or discard the bracing. If Confirm is unchecked, the bracing is created without further input.
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5.1.1
Available Bracing Configurations
The diagrams below show the currently available bracing configurations. The dimensions marked A and B correspond to the A and B on bracing dimensioning forms. The ballooned numbers indicate the sequence of picks. The sections must be picked in the order shown to ensure the bracing is configured correctly.
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5.2
User Defined Pline Rules
PDMS supplies a single Pline Rule, named Normal, which will satisfy many of the connection requirements for AVEVA supplied standard section profiles. However, there are many times when a User Defined Pline Rule may be used for filtering the displayed Plines to restrict or clarify Pline selection or for ensuring desired connectivity. For example, Pline rules may be required to select only the Cardinal Plines for a tubular or RHS profile. A Pline Rule, other than Normal, may also be required to ensure correct connectivity of tubulars that use a standard Gtype TUBE Pline set. To create a User Defined Pline Rule, select Settings>Pick Filters>Plines from the main menu to display the Pline Filter form. Click the Define Rule button on the form to display the Define Rules form. The following steps are required to create a rule for the Cardinal Points of a tubular.
Enter a Name in the textbox, e.g. Tube

Cardinals.
Enter the Rule syntax in the textbox, e.g. PKEY

INSET (AA, GG, MM, SS).
Enter a Description for the rule in the textbox,

e.g. Rule for Cardinal Points of a Tubular.
Click the Include button to display the rule in the

Defined list under User Defined Rules.
The keyword INSET used in the rule definition is a PML operator function that takes a comma separated list of text strings (or numeric values) and applies it to the preceding attribute, i.e. the Pkey attribute of the PLIN element. Pline rules may be simple or complex and use any valid operator or expression. For example, a simple rule for selecting only the NA Pline would be PKEY EQ NA or a more complex rule for selecting only the radial Plines on a Gtype TUBE for connectivity would be MATCHWILD(PKEY, NA*). Having clicked the OK button on the Define Rules form, the Name of the User Defined Rule is displayed on the Pline Filter form. Clicking on the rule Name in the Pline Filter form sets it to be the active Pline Rule and dismisses the form.
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5.3
Bracing Gaps
Having created bracing sections either as individual sections or using the standard configurations, gaps between the bracing members may be adjusted to suit the design. Selecting Modify>Bracing Gap from the main menu displays the Brace Gaps form. The Available Gapping list displays a description of the gap types that may be adjusted. Clicking on a text option displays a picture of the gap configuration. These gap configurations may be used in different orientations to suit a specific situation, provided that the basic configuration is the same. The Bracing Plane option is not used in this release. A Default Gap may be specified to save entering a distance each time. Having selected the appropriate configuration, clicking Apply displays the Brace Gaps(s) form.
The Gap A textbox displays the default gap.
The appropriate input, that is Plines or section selection, is made in the order shown on the corresponding diagram of the Brace Gap(s) form. If the Confirm check box is selected a dimension aid is displayed showing the current gap dimension which will be repeated in the Gap A textbox on the Brace Gap(s) form. The gap may be changed to the correct distance before clicking the Accept or Reject button to modify or discard the gap change. If Confirm is unchecked, the gap will be modified to that shown in the Gap A textbox.
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This picture shows the apex of A Bracing configuration with a large gap between the two bracing sections
A bracing gap configuration No.6 has been selected and the appropriate Plines selected. The aids show the current gap and the selected Plines. The gap is also displayed in the Brace Gap(s) form.
The required gap is entered on the Brace Gap(s) form and the aids reflect the change.
Clicking the Accept button will modify the gap.
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5.3.1
Available Gapping Configurations
The diagrams below show the currently available bracing gap configurations. The ballooned numbers indicate the sequence of picks for sections or Plines.
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5.4
Splitting Structural Elements
It is often easier to model an overall structure and then split it into smaller components for fabrication or assembly purposes. The split utility allows Sections, Generic Sections, and Panels to be split from the Beams & Columns or Panels & Plates applications. Selecting Modify > Sections > Split from the main menu to display the Split Steel form. The user must first select the elements that will be split. The Add to list options list provides four element selection methods: CE this option adds the Current Element to the list Current list this option adds the current active list (if one exists) Graphical pick this option allows the user to select elements from the graphical display Graphical window selection this option allows the user to select a range of items by dragging a selection box over them in the graphical display. If using the graphical window selection the selection box must be specified before the option is selected. Once the required elements have been added to the Elements to split list, the user must define where the elements will be split. This is achieved using the Define split-on options list that provides three options: Pick Section(s) to split on this option enables the user to graphically select one or more sections to be split on from the 3D View. The element selected to split on does not have to touch the elements that will be split. However its Neutral Axis must intersect the elements to be split in at least one plane. Define Graphical Aid Line(s) to split on this option enables the user to create one or more aid lines to split on by selecting points in the graphical display. Define Graphical Plane(s) to split on this option enables the user to create a plane to split the selected elements on. The positioning toolbar options can be used to select the location of aid lines and planes required to define the split point. Aid Lines and Planes can be modified or deleted by using the Modify Graphical aid line/plane and Delete Graphical aid line/planes buttons. The user is prompted to select the Aid or Plane they wish to modify or delete. When all options have been selected or set, clicking the Split button splits the elements. One part of the split element retains the original db reference number and the remaining part(s) are allocated new reference numbers.
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5.4.1
Connections at Split
The Connections at split area of the form enables the user to define what will happen to the sections at the split. This functionality is applicable to SCTN elements only. If the Pick Section(s) to split on option is selected the Connections at split options section of the Split Steel form becomes active. The user can define how the ends of the split section(s) will relate to one another after the split from three options:
None The section is split at the Justification line of the section it is split on. However, there is no connectivity created between the sections.
Nodes The section is split at the Justification line of the section it is split on. SNOD and SJOI elements are created connecting the split sections to the section(s) they were split on.
Trimmed The section is split at the Justification line of the section it is split on. SNOD and SJOI elements are created connecting the split sections to the section(s) they were split on. The split sections are trimmed to the Pline at the extremity of the section(s) they were split on.
Note that soft types of panel elements, e.g. STWALL, GWALL, FLOOR & SCREED are not covered by this manual.
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5.5
Splicing Sections
Splicing allows the user to divide sections into smaller lengths at any point along their length and, optionally, connect the abutting ends created by the splice. Selecting Modify>Sections>Splice displays the Splice Section on Plane form which enables the user set a plane to create the splice. The splice may be applied to the CE, the current list or elements picked from the graphical view by selecting CE, list or Pick from the options list on the top left of the form. If the List or Pick option is selected, all of the elements selected will be spliced at their intersection with the plane. The size of the plane may be specified by entering a value in the Plane size textbox. The plane may be positioned using the Cursor or Intersection options from the form menu or by entering co-ordinates in the appropriate textboxes. If the Confirm before splicing check box is selected the user will be prompted to confirm the splice. This can be useful if the splice utility is applied to a list or pick selection. Where the abutting sections are required to be connected, ensure that the PNOD creation check box on the Beams & Columns toolbar is checked. A PNOD will be created at the splice position with a Primary Compound Joint (PCOJ) and two Sub Joints (SUBJ), one having a connection reference to the existing SCTN and the other having a connection reference to the newly created SCTN. To illustrate, consider the example below where a splice will be applied to a column that has two connected beams. A plane is initially defined using the Cursor>Element option from the Splice Section on Plane form. The plane is then adjusted to a set distance above the TOS of the beams. PNOD creation is turned on. The column is spliced at the plane and a PNOD is created.
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5.6
Merging Sections
Structural elements of the same type, i.e. SCTN, PANE or GENSEC, may be merged together to form a single element. Elements may be merged regardless of their specification, beta angle, or position provided they are co-linear. Any number of sections may be merged but the first element selected will be the dominant section, i.e. the section that all other selected sections will be merged into and whose attributes the merged sections will inherit. The user must identify the sections to be merged by selecting elements in the graphical display. Selecting Modify > Sections > Merge from the main menu displays the prompt Pick Panel/Section or End of first gensec to merge. The merging of panels is described later in this training guide. On selection of the first (dominant) section the prompt changes to Pick Section to merge or <esc> to finish. The remaining sections may then be graphically selected form the 3D View. Pressing the Esc key ends the selection process.
If one or more of the selected sections are not co-linear, an error message is displayed and the merge abandoned.
If the Esc key is pressed before at least one section to merge has been selected an error message is displayed.
If all selected sections are co-linear a merge confirmation message is displayed and the selected sections merged with the first (dominant) section. The merged section will have the database reference of the dominant section.
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5.7
Fillet Sections
Filleting enables two, non-parallel sections to be merged to form a single generic section (GENSEC). Generic Sections (GENSECs) are curved profiles and are covered in the Structural Modelling (Advanced) training guide. Selecting Modify>Section>Fillet from the main menu displays the prompt Pick end of first gensec/section to fillet. On selecting the end of the first section the prompt changes to Pick the end of the second section to fillet.
If parallel sections are selected an error message is displayed.
If the selected sections are valid, the user is warned that filleting the sections will remove all fittings and asked to confirm if they wish to proceed. This is because GENSECs cannot own fittings. Section fittings are explained later in this training guide. Clicking the Yes button on the confirmation message displays an input form for the fillet curve radius. The default value of 1000 may be accepted by clicking the OK button or a value may be entered in the textbox before clicking the OK button. Clicking the No button on the confirmation message or entering a fillet radius of 0 will abandon the filleting operation.
Once the fillet radius has been entered, the Fillet Point and Start and End of the gensec are displayed on the two sections together with a further confirmation message. Clicking the No button abandons the filleting operation.
Clicking the Yes button on the confirmation message creates the gensec.
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5.8
Mitring Sections
Mitring enables the cut planes at the start and end of sections to be modified such that they are parallel to the angle bisector. Selecting Modify>Sections>Mitre Ends from the main menu displays the prompt Pick Section/Gensec/Panel Elements to be mitred in the Status area of the 3D view. Sections can only be mitred if they are co-planar. If sections that are non co-planar are selected an error message is displayed.
If the sections selected are valid, graphical aids will display the angle bisector and additional information together with a confirmation message:
Clicking the Yes button mitres the ends of the selected sections. Clicking the No button abandons the mitre operation.
The 3D view will now show the mitred section. Note that the connectivity of the mitred ends has not changed.
When selecting the sections to mitre, care must be taken over the positioning of the pick points. Subject to the pick point selected, PDMS will return a variety of results. The order of selection of the picks is not important but the pick positions are. To illustrate, consider the example of two co-planar members intersecting as shown.
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Pick Position
Result
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5.9
Pline Rules and Bracing Configurations - A Worked Example
This worked example demonstrates how to create a Pline rule and how to utilise bracing configurations to further modify the Pipe Rack and the modification of bracing gaps. The splitting of diagonal bracing sections around a horizontal beam is also demonstrated.
5.9.1
Create a Pline Rule
A Pline Rule is required to use only the Plines required to create the bracing members, given the sections involved, and subsequently modify the bracing gaps. Select Settings>Pick Filters>Plines from the main menu to display the Pline Filter form and then click the Define Rule button to display the Define Rules form. Enter the following in the appropriate textboxes: Name: RHS Bracing Rule: PKEY INSET (TOS, BOS, LEFT, RIGH, NAL, NAR) Description: Rule for RHS Bracing Click the Include button to create the User Defined Pline Rule and click the OK button on the Define Rules form. The new rule is displayed on the Pline Filter form. Click the entry RHS Bracing to set it as the current Pline rule.
5.9.2

Create Bracing
Create a Subframe below FRMW ROW_A named ROW_A-BRACING and make it the CE. Select Create>Sections>Bracing Configurations from the main menu to display the Bracing form. Enter CE in the Storage area textbox and click the Profile button in the Section Data area of the form to display the Section Specification form. Select British Standard from the Specification options list and Rect Hollow Sections from the Generic Type options list. Select a 150.0x100.0x5.0 profile, leave the three Pline Settings as NA. Click the Apply button to set the bracing specification and dismiss the Section Specification form. Leave the Bracing Plane at the default of Derived by Section and select option 4. A/K Bracing(3), 3 picks from the Available Bracing Configurations list and click the Apply button to display the A/K Bracing(3), 3picks form. Click the / \ Bracing (K) radio button and enter 200 in the Gap A text box and 150 in the Gap B textbox. Click the Confirm checkbox to set confirmation on. Create the K bracing on Row A between Rows 1 and 2 by graphically picking column A1 at the bottom, the beam at EL. (+) 104110 T.O.S. between Rows 1 and 2 and column A2 at the bottom, in that order. If the bracing looks to be in the correct configuration, click the Accept button to create the bracing. Create the K bracing on Row A between Rows 4 and 6 using the same gap values. Dismiss the A/K Bracing(3), 3picks form and select option 1. Cross Bracing from the Available Bracing Configurations list and click the Apply button to display the Cross Bracing form. Enter 200 in both the Gap A and Gap B textboxes and click the Confirm checkbox to set confirmation on. Create the cross bracing between Rows 2 and 4 by graphically picking very near the bottom of column A2 and column A4 just below the horizontal beam at EL. (+) 104110 T.O.S. Dismiss the Cross Bracing form. Create a SBFR below FRMW ROW_B named ROW_B-BRACING and make it the CE. Create a list of the K bracing members on Row A and mirror copy the K bracing on Row A to this SBFR. Connect the K bracing on Row B to the appropriate beams and columns using the Connect>Connect option from the main menu.
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Create the knee bracing on Rows 1, 2, 4 and 6 using option 8, Knee Bracing(2) on the Bracing form. Remember to change the storage area for each Row.
5.9.3
Bracing Gaps
Zoom in to the bottom of column A4 and manipulate the view so that the bracing to column connection can be clearly seen. Select Modify>Bracing Gaps from the main menu to display the Brace Gaps form. Select option 4. Distance from start/end to Pline intersections from the Available Gapping list and click the Apply button to display the Brace Gap(s) form. Click the Confirm checkbox to turn confirmation on. Click and hold down the left mouse button on the RHS bracing member to display the Plines. Move the pointer to select the Pline running along the bottom of the RHS. When the cursor changes shape, release the mouse button. Click and hold down the left mouse button on the UB column to display the Plines. Select the nearest Pline at the centre of the web of the UB, this will either be the NAL or NAR Pline. The Gap A textbox on the Brace Gap(s) form will display the current measured gap value. Enter 75 in the Gap A textbox and click the Accept button to adjust the gap. Repeat this procedure with the other cross brace at the bottom of column A2. Adjust the bracing gap at the top of the two cross braces using option 2. Distance on picked Pline from a fixed point. Adjust the bracing gaps for the K bracing on Rows A and B to comply with the drawings using similar methods. Make column A1 the CE. Select Position>Align Secondary Nodes from the main menu to re-align the SNOD elements after adjusting the bracing gaps. Repeat this for each section that has bracing attached. Select Modify>Sections>Split from the main menu to display the Split Steel form. Select Graphical pick from the Add to list options list and pick the cross brace on Row A that is to be split. Select Pick Section(s) to split on form the options list in the Define split-on area of the form and graphically pick the other cross brace member on Row A. Click the Trimmed radio button to select the option and click the Split button to split the RHS bracing. Save Work. The Pipe Rack bracing should look like this:
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Exercise 4 Adding Bracing to the Equipment Support Structure

Create the Row 3 cross bracing in a new FRMW. Justify the bracing Angles at TOAX. Adjust the bracing gaps in accordance with the drawings. This will require a new Pline rule using the Plines TOAX, LBOA, NAL, NAR, BOS and TOS. Copy the Row 3 bracing FRMW to create a new Row 4 bracing FRMW and connect all the members. Create the knee bracing on Row C, Row D, Row E and Row F. The Equipment Support Structure bracing should now look like this:
Save Work.
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CHAPTER 6
Section Fittings and Joints
This chapter describes how the 3D structural model may be detailed by adding section fittings and joints. This may be for clash checking purposes only or for passing on information to the fabricators.
6.1
Section Fittings
Section fittings are catalogue items defined in Paragon. They are referenced in Design by FITT elements which are owned by SCTN elements. Each fitting is designed to be associated with one or more appropriate Plines for the particular section profile it is attached to. Due to catalogue parameterisation, one fitting type may be applied to all section sizes of a particular profile category it was designed for. A section fitting is positioned relative the start position of a SCTN element along its extrusion direction, i.e. its Z direction.
6.1.1
The Create Fitting form
In the Beams & Columns application with an SCTN element as the CE, selecting Create>Fitting>Single from the main menu displays the Create Fitting form.
6.1.1.1 Specification Data area

The Specification Data area of the form enables the user to specify the exact fitting required. The Specification button and options list enables the user to select the type of fitting required, e.g. web stiffeners, lifting lugs, fire insulation, etc.
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The Section Type option list shows the Generic Type (GTYPE) of the SCTN that will own the fitting, i.e. the current element. The Sub-Type options list enables the user to select the sub-type of fitting e.g. a particular type or shape of stiffener. The scrollable list displays all available fittings for the Specification, Section Type and Sub-Type selected.
6.1.1.2 Settings area

The Settings area of the form enables the user to select the position and orientation of the fitting. The Justification options list enables the user to select the Pline to which the fitting will be attached. The Pick Justification button from the options list. can be used to select the required Pline graphically rather than selecting
The Zdistance textbox enables the user to enter the distance from the section start to the fitting along the selected Pline. The Position Element button button may be used, in conjunction with the Positioning Control toolbar, to determine the position of the fitting and, therefore, the Zdistance graphically. The Beta Angle box is used to specify the rotation of the fitting around the owing sections Z axis. The Properties button is used to specify any Design Parameters that may have been used in the catalogue definition of the fitting. If Design Parameters have been used the Modify Properties form is displayed.
If no Design Parameters have been used an error message is displayed
The Plotfile button is used to display a sketch of the fitting if one has been supplied in the catalogue data set. If no Plotfile has been supplied for the fitting an error message is displayed.
6.1.2
Creating Section Fittings
When a section fitting is designed in Paragon, it is usually intended for use on one or more specific Plines which may be shown on the Plotfile. For the fitting to work as intended, the Justification Pline should be carefully selected. When a Justification Pline has been selected from the options list or graphically identified, an aid arrow is displayed at the Pline location on the section, pointing in the Z direction of the Pline. The aid arrow is identified by a text aid showing the Pkey of the fitting, i.e. the Pline name. The aid arrow is positioned along the Z direction of the section at the distance specified in the Z Distance textbox. The default Z Distance is 0.
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Fittings are usually designed in Paragon to a specific orientation such that the Beta Angle does not need to be modified from the default of 0. However, some fittings may work at different Beta Angles and entering a value in the Beta Angle textbox orientates the fitting around the fittings Z axis, i.e. the Z axis of the Justification Pline; the direction of the aid arrow.
The standard AVEVA catalogue provides simple examples of section fittings that are used for demonstrations and training. It is important for companies to develop their own catalogues for all section fitting requirements.
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6.2
Joints
Like section fittings, joints are catalogue items that may be referenced by SJOI or PJOI elements. Joints may have positive geometry, to represent stiffeners, haunch plates, flange inserts, end plates, etc., or negative geometry to represent section end cutbacks, rat holes, bolt holes, etc., or a combination of positive and negative geometry. The positive and negative geometry definitions are held by the catalogue component and are, generally, parameterised so that the joint may be applied to any combination of similar shaped owning and attached sections. The joint is referenced by the Spref attribute of the SJOI or PJOI element.
6.2.1
Joint Specification form
Selecting Modify>Joints>Specification prompts the user to Identify end of section joint is connected to. Although the SJOI is owned by an SNOD element, which is a member of the owning section, the user must select the attached section end. PDMS determines the attached and owning section generic types via the attached section attributes and present, via the specification, relevant joints based on these types.

The Specification Data area of the form enables the user to select the exact joint required. The Specification button and options list enables the user to select the general type of joint required, e.g. column connections, tubular connections, end preparations, etc. The Sub-Type options list enables the user to select the sub-type of joint e.g. a joint with a certain number of bolt holes or specific stiffener thickness. The scrollable list displays all available joints for the Specification and Sub-Type selected. www.aveva.com 65

The Settings area of the form allows the user to orientate the joint around the attached section. The Justification options list shows the Plines defined in the joint. This is commonly only one Pline, the NA. This Pline exists as a default alignment for the joint as it is aligned with the NA Pline of the attached section. The Beta Angle textbox is used to specify the rotation of the joint around the attached sections Z axis. Normally this is 0 for one end of a section and 180 for the opposite end. Which end is which depends in how the joint was created in the catalogue and how the section was defined.
The Properties button is used to specify any Design Parameters that may have been used in the catalogue definition of the joint. If Design Parameters have been used the Modify Properties form is displayed.
If no Design Parameters have been used an error message is displayed.
The Plotfile button is used to display a sketch of the joint if one has been supplied in the catalogue data set. If no Plotfile has been supplied for the fitting an error message is displayed.
If Design Parameters have been used and a Plotfile has been specified in the joint data set, a combined sketch and Design Parameter input form is displayed.
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6.2.2
Modify Joint Specification
Having selected the required joint from the list and set any Design Parameter requirements, clicking the Apply button on the Joint Specification form creates the joint using the parameters of the owning and attached sections together with any design parameters used. Joints may be applied to ends of section individually. However, if a number of sections have the same Owning and Attached generic types and require the same end connections, a previously applied joint may be copied and applied to these section ends. Selecting Modify>Joints>Joint Like>Maintain Pline from the main menu prompts the user to Identify end of section to be copied like. Selecting an appropriate section end will then prompt the user to Identify end of section to be modified. Any number of ends may be selected and pressing the Esc key will end the selection process. The Spref attribute for each valid SJOI element in the selected section ends will be set to the same value as the copied section end and the geometry displayed in the graphical view. It should be noted that the joint geometry is adjusted to suit the section sizes of each joint. In cases where a joint is copied from one end of a section to the other, the Beta Angle of the new joint(s) may be orientated incorrectly by 180 degrees. Adjusting the Beta Angle value will rectify this.
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6.3
Creating Section Fittings and Joints - A Worked Example
This worked example demonstrates the creation of some simple section fittings and joints based on the supplied catalogues.
6.3.1
Section Fittings
On the Pipe Rack make the horizontal beam on Row B, between columns B1 and B2 the CE. Zoom into the centre of the beam where the two RHS bracing members connect. Select Create>Fitting>Single from the main menu to display the Create Fitting form. Select Stiffeners from the Specification options list, Double Full Depth from the Sub-Type options list and 8m_Double_Stiffener from the list of available stiffeners. Select NAL from the Justification options list and click the Position Element button adjacent to the Zdistance textbox. Set the Positioning Control toolbar to Pline and Snap. Graphically select a Pline on the inner sloping face of one of the RHS braces. Note that the arrow aid, labelled NAL, moves to the selected position. Click the Apply button to create a double stiffener aligned with the edge of the RHS brace. Repeat the process to place double stiffeners aligning with the other three faces of the two RHS braces.
Repeat the process for the Row B beam between columns B4 and B6 and the equivalent beams on Row A. Make column B2 the CE. Display the Create Fitting form and select Single Full Depth from the SubType options list and 8mm_Flange_Stiffener from the list of available stiffeners. The Justification should still be set at NAL from the previous task. Create two single full depth stiffeners to align with the horizontal beam between column B2 and B4 at EL (+) 107160 T.O.S. Note that the stiffener opposite the top flange is not flush with the TOS. This is because the stiffener is centre justified and, therefore, must be moved down by half the stiffener thickness. Click the Navigate to Element button on the Utilities toolbar and pick the top stiffener to make it the CE. Select Modify>Attributes from the main menu to display the Modify Attributes from. Select Zdistance from the attribute list to display the Zdistance form. Note the current value and enter a new value that is 4mm less than the current value. Click the OK button on the Zdistance form and the Apply button on the Modify Attributes form. Dismiss the Modify Attributes form. Note that the top of the stiffener is now flush with the top of the column. Repeat the procedure to create two single full depth stiffeners on column B4.
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Make the beam between columns B2 and B4 the CE. Display the Create Fitting form and select Lifting Lugs from the Specification options list, Welded from the Sub-Type options list and 10mm_welded_lifting_lug (the only option) from the list. Select TOS from the Justification options list and enter 300 in the Zdistance textbox. Click the Apply button to create the lifting lug 300mm from the end of the beam. Set the Positioning Control toolbar to Pline and Distance and enter 300 in the distance textbox. Select the TOS Pline at the other end of the beam. The arrow aid is positioned 300mm from the selected end of the beam and the Zdistance textbox updated with the new distance. Click the Apply button to create the new lifting lug and then click the Dismiss button.
6.3.2
Joints
Select Modify>Joints>Specification from the main menu to display the prompt Identify end of section joint is connected to in the secondary prompt area. Pick the end of the beam between the tops of column B2 and B4 nearest the column B2 to display the Joint Specification form. Select Column Connections from the Specification options list, Column Web from the Sub-Type options list and 4M20_web from the list of available joints. Click the Properties button to display the Modify Properties form. Enter the following values in the appropriate textboxes: Dist from TOS Dist from BOS Thickness of Plt Notch Depth 0 12 12 0
Click the OK button on the Modify Properties form and the Apply button on the Joint Specification form to create the joint. Dismiss the Joint Specification form. Select Modify>Joints>Joint Like>Maintain Pline from the main menu to display the prompt Identify end of section to be copied like in the secondary prompt area. Graphically pick the end of the beam to which the joint has just be applied to display the prompt Identify end of section to be modified in the secondary prompt area. Graphically pick the other end of the beam near column B4. Press the Esc key twice to end the selection process and create the joint.
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Exercise 5 Adding Section Fittings and Joints to the Equipment Support Structure.
At the connection of the stair landing beam with the Row 4 beam at EL(+) 107820 TOS, place an 8mm Single Partial Depth stiffener to align with the centreline of the stair landing beam. The partial depth stiffeners should be positioned in the upper part of the UB. Use a value of 150 for the Long length and 90 for the Short length.
Create a similar stiffener for the stair half landing beam at EL.(+) 104880 TOS Where the Row 3 horizontal beams connect with the columns at EL(+) 107820 TOS create a 4M20_web joint (Specification Column Connections, Sub-Type Column Web) with the following properties:
Apply this joint to other beam/column web connections at EL(+) 107820 TOS. On the horizontal beams on Rows C to F, inclusive, at EL(+) 107820 TOS apply a 4M20_flange column connection.
On the Equipment Support Structure create a PNOD at the bottom of all the columns. Apply a 20mm_thick_attached_base plate joint to the bottom of the columns.
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Remember to Save Work.
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CHAPTER 7
7 7.1
Panels & Plates How PDMS Represents Panels & Plates
A panel (PANE element) can be used to represent any sheet material in a structural model. Using a similar principal to that for representing a section (which is an extruded 2D catalogue profile), a panel is represented by extruding a user defined 2D shape through a specified thickness. Two types of data define the panel geometry: 1. The panels planar area is defined by a Panel Loop (PLOO) element. A PLOO is defined by a set of Panel Vertex (PAVE) elements. Each PAVE has a specific position in the panels 2D geometry system. A line joining adjacent vertices defines each panel edge. 2. The panel thickness is defined by the Height attribute of the PLOO element. This represents the distance through which the 2D PLOO is extruded to form the 3D panel.
7.2
Panel Hierarchy and Attributes
Each element in the panel hierarchy has specific attributes that combine to define the panel geometry:
7.2.1

PANE element
The Position attribute of the PANE holds the position of the panel origin with respect to the WORLD. The Orientation attribute of the PANE holds the orientation of the panel with respect to the cardinal axes. The Y (North) direction of a panel is defined as the direction from the first panel vertex to the second panel vertex.
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7.2.2

PLOO element
The Height attribute of the PLOO element holds the thickness of the panel. The Sjustification attribute of the PLOO element holds the justification, i.e. top, centre or bottom, of the panel.
7.2.3
PAVE element
The Position attribute of each PAVE element gives the vertex position with respect to the panel origin.
7.3
Initial Settings
As with Beams & Columns, before a panel is created some initial default settings must be made to suit the planned method of working.
7.3.1
Panel Specification
A panel specification can be set so that a range of thicknesses or an explicit panel thickness can be used. As panels are not catalogue items the Specification Reference (SPREF) does not have a Catalogue Reference (CATREF) and the selected thickness may be overwritten when creating the panel. The specification may be left unset and the panel thickness specified during panel creation. The Default Panel Specification is shown on the Panels & Plates toolbar.
The Default Panel Specification is shown unset.
Clicking the Set Panel Default Specification button displays the Plate Specification (Default) form. The default panel specification is selected by clicking the Specification button. Following specification selection, the default panel thickness may be selected from the range of values displayed. Selecting unset will not set the specification. Having selected the thickness clicking the Apply button sets the specification and default thickness.
7.3.2
Storage Areas
The Design database storage areas for panels are similar to the Section and Node storage areas for Beams & Columns. The storage areas specify the Framework or Subframe where Panels and Primary Linear Joints (see Connecting Panels later in this training guide) will be placed when created.
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The storage area can be set by navigating to an appropriate Framework, or Subframe, and clicking the button to the left of the appropriate textbox. If storage areas are not set the elements will be created under the current element.
The storage areas may also be set by selecting Settings>Storage Areas from the main menu to display the Storages Areas form, in the same way as described in Beams & Columns.
7.4
Creating Panels
Panels are created by selecting Create>Panel from the main menu to display the Create Panel form.
7.4.1
The Create Panel form
The Create Panel form is divided into three areas which are described in the following sections.
7.4.1.1 Settings
Individual panels may be named or a given a description for additional information processing or model data extraction by entering the required text in the Name or Description textboxes. Where a panel specification has been selected the default thickness will appear in the Thickness textbox. The default thickness may be overridden by entering a new value; however, the following message will be displayed. Clicking the Yes button overrides the thickness value and sets the PANEs Spref attribute to Unset. Clicking the No button disregards the entered thickness value and leave the PANEs Spref set to the default value. If no panel specification has been set, a thickness must be entered in the Thickness textbox. This value is the distance the panel loop will be extruded through. A panel may be justified Top, Centre or Bottom. The justification determines which direction the panel loop will be extruded. www.aveva.com 74
Top Centre Bottom
The panel loop will be extruded downwards by the panel thickness. The panel loop will be extruded downwards by half the panel thickness and upwards by half the panel thickness. The panel loop will be extruded upwards by the panel thickness.
7.4.1.2 Representation
As panels are not catalogue items, where Drawing Levels and Obstruction values are normally set, they may be set via the Create Panel form. The explanation of these settings is outside the scope of this training guide.
7.4.1.3 Create Methods

Various methods of defining panel vertex positions or fillet arcs, which determine the vertex positions, are provided via the buttons in the Create Methods area of the form. The buttons are: Derive points from graphic picks allows the user to pick a point graphically using the Positioning Control toolbar. Derive points from centres & plines allows the user to construct a point using the intersection of two Plines with an existing panel. Trace boundary of another extrusion/panel allows the user to create vertices which follow the shape of an existing panel. Explicitly defined position allows the user to specify a position by entering explicit co-ordinates. Point offset from previous allows the user to specify a distance and direction which define a point relative to the position of the preceding vertex. Define arc fillet allows the user to construct a fillet arc with a specified radius between two picked tangent lines. Derived arc passing through three points allows the user to construct a fillet arc passing through three picked points. Fixed radius arc, passing through 2 points allows the user to construct a fillet arc with a specified radius, passing through two picked points, which curves towards a picked direction. Below the Create Methods buttons a message displays the number of vertices that have been created for the panel loop. A panel loop requires a minimum of three vertices to be valid. After the definition of the first vertex, the message changes to display whether the panel has been created. The Remove Previous Point button becomes active, which allows the user to delete previous vertex definition. In the graphics view an aid will show the location of the first vertex, i.e. the default panel origin.
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The panel will not be displayed in the graphics view until the third vertex is defined, at which time the message will change to show that the panel has been created. As each vertex is defined an aid showing the position of the last vertex will be displayed in the graphics view. Once the third vertex has been defined and the panel created, an axis aid is displayed at the default panel origin. The aid shows the panels axis system, the Y (North) direction being defined by the direction from vertex 1 to vertex 2.
7.4.2

Hints on Creating Panels
A minimum of three vertices are required to create a panel. Panel vertices should always be created in a clockwise direction, as viewed from above. Anti-clockwise creation will give the wrong justification and direction. Vertices should maintain a clockwise numbering sequence, i.e. the loop should not self intersect. If several smaller panels are required, it is often quicker to create a large panel and split it as required. If edge cut-outs are required, it is often quicker to create the main panel and modify it for the cut-outs.
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7.5
Modifying Panels
Having created a panel, the PLOO geometry may be modified by moving, adding and deleting vertices, edges and arcs. The vertices may also be expanded or contracted by a specified amount. A group of vertices may be selected to be copied and inserted in a different part of the loop. Tools are provided to modify the group, e.g. move the origin or mirroring, before the group is inserted. With the panel to be modified as the CE, selecting Modify>Extrusion/Panel from the main menu displays the Loop Vertex Editor form.
7.5.1
The Loop Vertex Editor form
As with many of the forms used in PDMS, the Loop Vertex Editor form fulfils several functions. The form is divided into several areas which are described in the following sections.
7.5.1.1 The Form Menu

The form menu contains the following options: Control>CE - When the form is displayed, the CE name is displayed beneath the form menu. Navigating to another panel and selecting this option makes the new CE the panel being edited by the form. The new CE name is displayed on the form. Control>Close - This option dismisses the form. Settings>Confirm - This is a toggle option. When set On the user must click the Create or Modify button at the bottom of the form to implement each creation or modification, depending which mode is current. When set Off, each creation or modification is implemented immediately. Settings>Confirm on delete This is a toggle option. When set On, the user must confirm each deletion in order to complete the command. When set Off, deletions are implemented immediately. Settings>Tag edges - This is a toggle option. When set On, each edge is tagged with the number of the vertex at its start. Edges are tagged automatically, regardless of this setting, if the panel has incorrect geometry for any reason (e.g. zero thickness). Settings>Free rotate - This is a toggle option. When set On this option allows groups of vertices to be oriented automatically when they are positioned relative, to say one edge, and are then moved to a different edge. www.aveva.com 77
Utilities>Remove Redundant - This option deletes redundant vertices in situations where two or more vertices have the same position.
7.5.1.2 Mode Selection

The options in the Mode Selection area of the form enable the user to select a single vertex, an edge or a group of vertices to be modified or create a new vertex. Select all allows the user to select all vertices in the loop allowing them to be modified as a group. Select group to modify allows the user to select any number of individual vertices so they can be modified as a group. Select edge to modify allows the user to pick an edge to be modified. The adjacent Edge gadget shows the current edge number (i.e. the number of the vertex at its start). Select point to modify allows the user to pick a vertex to be modified. The adjacent Vertex gadget shows the current vertex number Create points allows the user to create a new vertex, which will be allocated the next number in the sequence after the current vertex.
7.5.1.3 Vertex/Edge
The Vertex/Edge area of the form contains a Select button and a counter that shows the current vertex or edge, depending on the current mode. If the Select edge to modify button is clicked, the counter label will change to Edge and the counter will show the current edge. The Select vertex/edge button allows the user pick a vertex in the 3D View. The adjacent Vertex/Edge counter shows the current vertex/edge number, which is also tagged in the 3D View. The user can navigate to a specific vertex/edge by typing its number in the textbox or by using the up/down arrows to step through the list.
7.5.1.4 Group Definition

When a group of vertices are modified, the buttons in the Group area of the form become active. These options let the user modify the current group in the following ways. These buttons affect only the Groups behaviour; they do not affect the vertex numbering for the panel loop. A Group may be the entire loop if the Select all button has been used. Reverse group definition - reverses the group definition by implicitly renumbering all of the group vertices in the opposite sense (i.e., clockwise or anticlockwise). The origin moves to the other side of the gap. The sense of the current vertex sequence is shown by the aid arrow in the 3D View. Move start forwards - moves the open-side of the group, and the origin, one position forwards; that is, in the sense of the vertex numbering. Move start backwards - moves the open-side of the group, and the origin, one position backwards; that is, in the opposite sense to the vertex numbering.
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7.5.1.5 Group Expand/Contract

A Group may be expanded or contracted by the value specified in the textbox adjacent to the buttons. Expand group - expands the group area by moving each edge outwards, by the distance specified in the adjacent Expand/Contract textbox, normal to its own direction. Contract group - contracts the group area by moving each edge inwards, by the distance specified in the adjacent Expand/Contract textbox, normal to its own direction. Expand/Contract applies to all edges in the Group, including those on panel protrusions, etc., therefore, excessive expansion or contraction may lead to invalid loop geometry.
7.5.1.6 Line
If an edge is modified, the buttons in the Line area of the form become active. These options enable the user to modify the current edge in the following ways.
Extend start of line - moves the Start vertex along the edge direction to align it through a picked position. Use the Positioning Control options to pick the required position. Alternatively, if a line is selected, the Start vertex will be moved along the edge direction until it intersects the picked line. These operations can change the edge length. Extend end of line - moves the End vertex along the edge direction to align it through a picked position. Use the Positioning Control options to pick the required position. Alternatively, if a line is selected, the End vertex will be moved along the edge direction until it intersects the picked line. These operations can change the edge length. Make line parallel - moves the free vertex (lowercase tagging) around the reference vertex to align the edge with a picked line (another edge, a Pline etc.). This operation maintains the edge length.
7.5.1.7 Rotate
The options in the Rotate area of the form enable the user to rotate groups of vertices in the following ways. Rotate anti-clockwise - rotates the edge anticlockwise, through the rotation angle specified in the Angle textbox, about the reference end (uppercase tagging). This operation maintains the edge length. Rotate clockwise - rotates the edge clockwise, through the rotation angle specified in the Angle textbox about the reference end (uppercase tagging). This operation maintains the edge length.
7.5.1.8 Modify
The options in the Modify area of the form enable the user to carry out the following operations on the current Group selection. Insert selected enables the user to move a vertex group by inserting it at a different position in the loop sequence. Use the Vertex selector to navigate to the required point in the sequence; the group will be inserted after the current vertex. Mirror enables the user to move the current vertex, edge or group such that the new positions are derived by reflecting the original positions about a picked line (an edge, Pline, etc.). Delete selection enables the user to delete a group, edge or vertex from the loop definition.
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Define/Modify arc enables the user to manipulate a fillet arc at the current loop vertex. When this button is selected the Modify Arc form will be displayed and the Loop Vertex Editor form will become temporarily inactive.
7.5.1.9 Vertex/Edge/Group Coordinates

The bottom area of the Loop Vertex Editor form displays co-ordinate data about the current vertex, edge or group, depending on the Selection Mode, together with radius information where applicable. For a vertex the X and Y (East and North) co-ordinates, with respect to the panel origin, are displayed. There is no Z co-ordinate as the panel loop is a 2D object. The Radius textbox allows the user to specify a radius to be applied to the loop at that vertex. This value is applied to the Fradius attribute of the vertex and may be positive or negative value. A value of 0, the default, will produce a sharp corner at the vertex. A positive value will produce a convex radius at the vertex. A negative value will produce a concave radius at the vertex. For an edge the co-ordinates are given for the start or end of the edge. An aid is displayed in the 3D View showing which is the start and which is the end. By default the START of the edge, i.e. the vertex with the lowest number that forms the edge, is shown in uppercase and the end shown in lowercase. This means that any modifications made to the currently displayed co-ordinates will affect the START only. The options list in this area of the form becomes active when an edge is selected and enables various options of how the edge is to behave to be selected. Selecting the End option displays the END of the edge in uppercase and the start of the edge in lowercase. Modifications made will apply to the END of the edge only. It should be noted that modifying the length in either of these cases will move the edge start or end accordingly. The Aligned option displays both the START and the END of the edge in uppercase. Generally the user will only be able to modify an orthogonal edge in a direction normal to the edge itself. Care should be taken when modifying a non-orthogonal edge as unexpected results may occur. The Modify or Create button at the bottom of the form depend on the mode. In Modify mode clicking the button will change the current vertex or edge using the values in the X, Y, Radius or Length textboxes. In Create mode, i.e. when adding a new vertex, clicking the button will create a new vertex with the values displayed in the X, Y or Radius text-boxes.
7.5.2
Moving the Panel Origin
When creating a panel the Origin is placed at the first vertex by default and the X and Y co-ordinates of all other vertices in the panel relate to this position. Selecting Position>Panel Origin from the main menu and selecting a different vertex when prompted enables the user to use a different vertex in the PLOO as the panel origin. If the origin is redefined in this way, the coordinates of all vertices owned by the current panel loop are recalculated relative to the new origin such that their positions in the design model remain unchanged.
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7.5.3
Modifying Panel Thickness
Although the panel thickness is set during creation it can be modified at any time. Make the panel to be modified the CE and select Modify>Thickness from the main menu to display the Panel Thickness form. Entering a value in the textbox and clicking the Apply button modifies the panel thickness.
7.5.4
Modifying Panel Justification
Although the panel justification is set during panel creation it can be modified at any time. Make the panel to be modified the CE and select Modify>Justification from the main menu. This displays the Set Justification form. Selecting Bottom, Centre or Top from the Justification list and clicking the Apply button modifies the panel justification. The in/out checkbox enables the user to set the direction relative to the plane used to justify the panel as shown in the following diagram.
The significance of outward and inward is covered in Panel Fittings later in this manual.
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7.6
Connecting Panels
Specified panel vertices or panel edges may be connected to other panels or section profiles in a variety of ways.
7.6.1
Connection Modes
There are three principle modes of operation for connecting panels.
7.6.1.1 Edge to
These options connect a single edge to the selected item to be connected to. If the vertices describing the edge do not align with the selected item they are modified to align. Other edges adjacent to the selected edge remain at their previous locations.
7.6.1.2 Edges to
These options connect selected edges to the selected item to be connected to. If the vertices describing the edges do not align with the selected item they are modified to align. Relative geometry between the selected edges is not maintained.
7.6.1.3 Drag Edge to

These options drag the selected edges such that the nearest edge connects to the selected item but maintains the relative geometry of the selected edges.
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7.6.2
The Panel Connection Form
Selecting Connect>Connect from the main menu displays the Panel Connection form. The form contains the following buttons to facilitate connections. Vertex to vertex - connects a vertex from a panel to a vertex of another panel. Edge to surface - connects an edge of a panel to the surface of another panel. Edges to surface - connects selected edges of a panel to the surface of another panel. Drag edge to surface - drags selected edge of a panel to surface of another panel. Edge to edge - connects selected edge of a panel to an edge of another panel. Edges to edge - connects selected edges of a panel to an edge of another panel. Drag edge to edge - drags selected edge of a panel to the edge of another panel. Edge to section - connects selected edge of a panel to selected Pline of a section. Edges to section - connects selected edges of a panel to selected Pline of a section. Drag edge to section - drags selected edge of a panel to selected Pline of a section. Trim all edges - trims all edges of current panel to suit current connections. The way the panel geometry is modified depends on the selected option and is depicted graphically on the buttons.
7.6.3
Panel to Section Connections
Connecting a panel to a section creates a Section Linear Joint (SELJ) element owned by the selected section. The SELJ owns two Section Vertex (SEVE) elements that have Zdistance attributes to fix their position along the section. Two PAVE elements of the PLOO have logical connections, via their Mvertex attributes, to the SEVE elements.
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Where the panel edge being connected is shorter than the section, the two PAVE elements describing the edge have their Mvertex attributes set to the name of the SEVE elements. Where the panel edge is longer than the section, the SEVE elements are set at the extremities of the section, and two new PAVE elements are created in the PLOO. The positions of the PAVE elements correspond to the SEVE elements and have their Mvertex attributes set to the name of the SEVE elements.
7.6.4
Panel to Panel Connections
Connecting a panel to another panel creates a Panel Linear Joint (PALJ) element. The PALJ owns two PAVE elements whose positions, generally (see below), coincide with the start and end positions of the connected panel edge. Two PAVE elements of the Attached panel have logical connections, via their Mvertex attributes, to the PAVE elements of the Owning panel.
When connecting a panel to the surface of another panel, the PALJ element is owned directly by the PANE element, even if the storage area for Panel Linear Joints has been set.
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7.7
Creating and Modifying Panels - A Worked Example
This worked example uses the equipment rack created in previous exercises. It demonstrates the creation and modification of a panel.
7.7.1
Creating the Panel
Enter the Panels & Plates application by selecting Design>Structures>Panels & Plates from the main menu. Clear the Draw List and add back the /EQUIP_SUPPORT structure. Set the limits to the Draw List and view direction to Iso 3. Create a SBFR named EL(+)107820_TOS_PLATE owned by FRMW EL(+)107820_TOS. Make the SBFR the CE and set the Storage Areas by clicking the appropriate buttons on the Panels & Plates toolbar. Select Create>Panel from the main menu to display the Create Panel form and enter 20 in the Thickness textbox and select Bottom from the Justification options list. Leave the Representation settings at their defaults. Make sure the Pline rule is set to Normal and click the Derive points from graphic picks button in the Create Methods area of the form. Set the Positioning Control toolbar to Pline and Intersect. Zoom into the top of column F3 and select the outer top of steel (LTOS or RTOS) Plines of the two connecting beams (not the cantilever beam). A text aid will be displayed at the intersection of the Plines showing the Origin of the panel. Note that the message on the form now reads: 1 Vertices defined (no Panel created).
Pan the view to the top of column C3 and again select the outer top of steel (LTOS or RTOS) Plines of the two connecting beams. Another text aid will be displayed at the intersection of these Plines at the position of the new vertex. Note that the message on the form now reads: 2 Vertices defined (no Panel created).
Pan the view to the top of column C4 and again select the outer top of steel (LTOS or RTOS) Plines of the two connecting beams (not the stair landing beam). Another text aid will be displayed at the intersection of these Plines at the position of the new vertex. Note that the message on the form now reads: 3 Vertices defined (Panel created).
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Change the Positioning Control settings to Pline and Snap and pick the outside TOS Pline on the stair landing cantilevered beam near to its connection with the column. Note that the message on the form now reads: 4 Vertices defined (Panel created). Pick the same Pline at the far end of the beam.
Pick the outside TOS Pline on the far end of the other stair landing cantilevered beam. Change the Positioning Control settings back to Pline and Intersect and press the F8 key to display the 3D View in wire-line. This is because the sections are obscured by the panel. Pick the outside TOS Pline on the stair landing cantilevered beam and the outside TOS Pline of the beam between column C4 and D4. Press the F8 key again.
Finish the panel by panning to the top of column F4 and selecting the outside TOS Plines on the two connecting beams (not the cantilever beam). Click the OK button on the Panel Creation form to create the panel.
The deck plate should look like this:
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7.7.2
Modifying the Panel
The panel requires modification to create cut-outs in the panel edge around the columns. This is achieved by introducing new vertices into the loop. Make sure the panel is the CE and select Modify>Extrusion/Panel from the main menu to display the Loop Vertex Editor form. Note that an axis aid, showing the axes with respect to the panel, is placed at Vertex 1, the panel origin. First new vertices will be added to the PLOO to make a cut-out around the top of column F3. Zoom into the top of column F3. Change the Positioning Control toolbar settings to Pline and Snap and press the F8 key to change the 3D View to wire-line. Make sure the Vertex counter is on 1 and the co-ordinates are X 0 and Y 0. The first new vertex is to be positioned between vertex 1 and vertex 2 and will have the same X co-ordinate as vertex 1. Click the Create points button and note that the Modify button at the bottom of the form has changed to the Create button, i.e. the form is now in Create mode. Click the X checkbox to lock the co-ordinate and pick the Pline on the north-west corner of column F3. A New vertex label is displayed at the new vertex position. Click the Create button on the form to create a new vertex 2. Rewind the vertex counter to vertex 8, i.e. the last vertex in the loop. Uncheck the X checkbox and check the Y checkbox. Pick the Pline on the south-east corner of column F3. A New vertex label is displayed at the new vertex position. Click the Create button on the form to create a new vertex 9. Vertex 1 needs to be moved to a new location. Click the Select point to modify button in the Mode Selection area of the form and select vertex 1. Note that the vertex counter is set to 1 and the Create button has changed to the Modify button, i.e. the form is now in Modify mode. Uncheck the Y checkbox and select the Pline on the north-east corner of column F3. A New position text displays the new position for vertex 1. Click the Modify button to move vertex 1 to its new location.
Similar cut-outs need to be made around column E3. Set the vertex counter to 2, check the X checkbox and click the Create points button. Pick the Pline on the south-west corner of column E3 and click the Create button to create the new vertex 3. Uncheck the X checkbox and check the Y checkbox. Press the F8 key and pick the Pline on the south-east corner of column E3. Click the Create button to create new vertex 4. Uncheck the Y checkbox and check the X checkbox. Pick the Pline on the north-east corner of column E3 and click the Create button to create new vertex 5. Uncheck the X checkbox and check the Y checkbox. Pick the outside TOS Pline on the beam between column E3 and D3 and click the Create button to create the new vertex 6.
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7.7.3
Using a Vertex Group
Column D3, D4 and E4 require similar cut-outs to column E3. This may be achieved by creating a group of the vertices that form the cut-out around column E3 and moving it to the correct location before inserting it into the loop. Rewind the vertex counter to 2. Click the Select group to modify button in the Mode Selection area of the form to display the prompt Pick points <escape> to select in the prompt area. Graphically pick four points, in a clockwise direction around the cut-out at the top of column E3 and press the Esc key. The group will be defined by four spheres, one at each of the four vertices that form the cut-out with a larger sphere at the first vertex on the group, i.e. the group origin.
The group must be moved to column D3. Check the X checkbox and uncheck the Y checkbox. Pick the Pline on the south-west corner of column D3. The group moves such that its origin is on the edge of the panel and aligned with the corner of the column. Set the vertex counter to 6 and click the Insert selected button in the Modify area of the form to insert the group into the loop and create the cut-out.
Change the Positioning Control toolbar settings to Graphics and Snap, uncheck the X checkbox and check the Y checkbox. Pick the panel edge on the east side of the structure, adjacent to column D4. The group is now located correctly at column D4, however, the order of the vertices in the group must be reversed to fit the clockwise numbering sequence and the group must be mirrored to form a cut-out and not an outstand. Click the Reverse group definition button in the Definition area of the form. Note the group origin has been placed on the north side of the group. Click the Mirror button in the Modify area of the form to display the Pick line to mirror about prompt and graphically pick the edge of the panel. The group is mirrored to form the correct sequence of vertices for a cut-out. Set the vertex counter to 16, i.e. the vertex before the group origin and click the Insert selected button to insert the group into the loop.
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Change the Positioning Control toolbar settings to Pline and Snap and uncheck the Y checkbox and check the X checkbox. Pick the Pline on the north-east corner of column E4 to move the group. Set the vertex counter to 20 and click the Insert selected button to create the cut-out around the top of column E4. Create cut-outs around the tops of columns C3, C4 and F4. Click the Select All button in the Mode Selection area of the form. Enter 10 in the textbox in the Expand/Contract area of the form and click the Contract group button. Note that the vertex indicators move to their new positions. Click the Modify button to contract the whole loop by 10mm. Save Work.
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7.8
Connecting Panels A Worked Example
Create a centre justified gusset plate between column F3 and the beam on Row F at EL.(+) 107820 T.O.S., using the following dimensions:
Select Connect>Connect from the main menu to display the Panel Connection form. Click the Edge to Section button on the form to display the prompt Identify edge of panel to be connected in the secondary prompt area. Graphically pick near the top edge of the panel. The prompt changes to Identify pline on section to be connected to. Pick the BOS Pline on the beam and click the Yes button on the displayed confirmation message. Press the Esc key to complete the connection process. Make the beam the panel is connected to the CE and note the SELJ element and the two SEVE elements created by the connection. Query the attributes of each SEVE element and note the Zdistance and Posline values. Make the gusset plate the CE and query the attributes of PAVE 1 and PAVE 2, noting that the Mvertex attributes contain the name of one of the SEVE elements of the SELJ. Go to the Beams & Columns application and modify the Specification Reference of the beam to 152x89UB16kg/m. The line of the SELJ (Section Linear Joint) is visible on the underside of the beam. Go back to the Panels & Plates application and select Connect>Trim from the main menu. Select the gusset plate when prompted and press the Esc key to end the selection process and update the connection.
Reset the Specification Reference of the beam back to 203x133UB25kg/m and update the connection again. Save Work.
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Exercise 6 - Creating and Modifying Panels

Create a 20mm thick deck plate at EL(+) 104880 TOS, including the stair half landing, in an SBFR. Create cut-outs around the columns. Contract the entire panel loop by 10mm.
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CHAPTER 8
Negative Extrusions
Negative extrusions are negative geometry created in design to represent a hole or a cut-out in the body of the panel away from the edges.
8.1
Negative Extrusion Hierarchy and Attributes
A negative extrusion (NXTR element) is an extruded 2D polygonal shape that creates a cut-out in the owning panel. NXTRs are owned by PANE elements and have a similar hierarchy structure to them:
The planar area of the negative extrusion is defined by a LOOP element. The Loop element is defined by a set of vertices (VERT elements). The elements of the negative extrusion contain attributes that combine to create the cut-out in the owning panel.
8.1.1
NXTR element
The Position attribute of the NXTR holds the position of the negative extrusion origin with respect to the PANE. The Orientation attribute of the NXTR holds the orientation of the panel with respect to the PANE. The Height attribute of the NXTR holds the thickness of the extrusion.
8.1.2
LOOP element
The LOOP element holds no attributes affecting the extrusion geometry.
8.1.3
VERT element
The Position attribute of each VERT element gives the vertex position with respect to the extrusion origin.
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8.2
Creating Negative Extrusions
As negative extrusions are owned by PANE elements the panel that will contain the NXTR must be the CE. Negative Extrusion are created by selecting Create>Negative Extrusion from the main menu to display the Create Negative Extrusion form.
8.2.1
The Create Negative Extrusion form
The Create Negative Extrusion form is similar to the Create Panel form; however, there are some significant differences. The form is divided into three areas which are described in the following sections. Individual extrusions may be named by entering a name in the textbox, however, it is not usual to do so.
8.2.2
Representation
As negative extrusions are not catalogue items, where Drawing Levels and Obstruction values are normally set, they may be set via the Create Negative Extrusion form. The explanation of these settings is not within the scope of this training guide.
8.2.3
Settings
The Settings area of the form enables the user to select a surface of the panel, i.e. top or bottom, on which the LOOP will be created and to specify the depth of the negative extrusion. Clicking the Surface button prompts the user to Pick a surface to be used as a datum. Clicking on a surface of the panel automatically sets the orientation for the negative extrusion, e.g. if the panel is bottom justified and the top surface is selected, the LOOP will be created on the top of the panel and extruded downwards. Entering a value in the Hole depth textbox will set the depth of the negative extrusion. If the panel is to be penetrated completely, enter a hole depth slightly greater than the thickness of the panel. This will avoid any co-planar conflicts with the graphics display. Entering a Hole depth value less than the panel thickness will create a partial depth hole.
8.2.4
Create Methods
The Create Methods area of the form is similar to the Create Panel form except that there are fewer options. All of the buttons function in exactly the same way as described for Panel creation. The same rules apply to creating a negative extrusion as to creating a panel, i.e. A minimum of three vertices are required to create the extrusion.
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Vertices should always be created in a clockwise direction. Vertices should maintain a clockwise numbering sequence.
8.3
Modifying a Negative Extrusion
Negative extrusions are modified by selecting Modify>Extrusion/Panel from the main menu to display the Loop Vertex Editor form. The form functions in exactly the same way for Negative Extrusions as described for Panels.
8.4
Creating and Modifying Negative Extrusions - A Worked Example
This worked example demonstrates the creation and modification of a negative extrusion in a panel, using the Equipment Support Structure. Set Holes Drawn to off on the Representation tab of the Graphics Settings form. Make the panel at EL(+) 107820 TOS the CE and select Create>Negative Extrusion from the main menu to display the Create Negative Extrusion form. Click the Surface button in the Settings area of the form and pick the top surface of the panel, note that the surface direction now reads D WRT /*. As the panel is 20mm thick enter 22 in the Hole depth textbox. Click the Explicitly Defined Position button in the Create Methods area of the form to display the Define Vertex form, note that the default co-ordinates are set to 0, 0, 0 wrt World. Enter CE in the wrt textbox and press the Return key. The co-ordinates now show the panel origin position. Enter 0 for all three co-ordinates and note that a Vertex position label is now displayed at the panel origin. Enter co-ordinates of East 500, North 500 and Down 0. Note that the Vertex position label has moved to the co-ordinates specified. Click the Apply button on the form and note that a new label, Origin, is displayed at the co-ordinates. Dismiss the Define Vertex form. Click the Point offset from previous button to display the Define Vertex form. Enter N in the Direction textbox and 300 in the Distance textbox. Click the Apply button on the form and note that the Last Vertex label is displayed at the new co-ordinates and the New Vertex label is displayed at the direction and distance specified. Enter E and 500 respectively in the Direction and Distance textboxes and click the Apply button again to create the third vertex. The extrusion is defined and the extrusion shape appears as black lines on the surface of the panel. Enter S and 300 respectively in the Direction and Distance textboxes and click the Apply button again to create the fourth vertex. Dismiss the Define vertex form. Check the Display modification form checkbox on the Create Negative Extrusion form and then click the OK button. The Create Negative Extrusion form is dismissed and the Loop Vertex Editor form displayed. Modify each vertex to add a 10mm radius curve at each corner of the negative extrusion. Turn Holes drawn on to display the negative extrusion hole. Save Work.
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Exercise 7 Creating and Modifying Negative Extrusions

Create a 1000mm diameter negative extrusion in the centre of the panel at EL(+)104880 TOS between grids E and F.
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APPENDIX A
9 9.1
Panel Fittings Creating a Panel Fitting
A panel fitting is a predefined catalogue item consisting of positive and/or negative geometries. Panel fittings are referenced in Design by PFIT elements. Panel fittings are similar to section fittings, described earlier in this training guide, but are owned directly by PANE elements. With the panel that is to own the fitting as the CE, selecting Create>Fitting>Single from the main menu displays the Create Panel Fitting form.
9.1.1
The Create Panel Fitting form

The Specification Data area of the form enables the user to select the exact fitting required. The Specification pull-down enables the user to select the type of fitting required, e.g. standard access, standard doors, standard windows, etc. The Generic Type pull-down enables the user to select the generic type of fitting described in the specification. The Sub-Type pull-down allows the user to select the sub-type of fitting e.g. a particular style of standard access. www.aveva.com 96
The scrollable list displays all available fittings for the Specification, Generic Type and Sub-Type selected.

The Settings area of the form is where the fitting is justified, orientated and positioned with respect to the owning panel. The Justification options list enables the user to specify the positioning of the fitting within the thickness of the panel and the direction of the fitting with respect to the panel.
The origin of the fitting, as defined in the catalogue, can be positioned on the Top, Centre or Bottom of the panel. Inwards and outwards relates to the plane direction used to justify the panel. If the selected direction is incorrect it may easily be modified to ensure the fitting is correctly orientated. The Beta Angle textbox is used to specify the rotation of the fitting around its Z axis. The Position box displays the current position of the fitting origin. By default the position is set to the origin of the owning panel and is displayed wrt /*. displays the Positioning Control Clicking the Pick Position button toolbar and the Pick Fitting Position form. The form shows the default fitting origin position, i.e. the panel origin, wrt the WORLD. The position may be specified wrt the owning panel by entering CE in the wrt textbox and pressing the Return key. The position co-ordinates may then be adjusted to correctly position the fitting origin. It is important to take into account the orientation of the panel when specifying the co-ordinates. A text aid shows the position of the fitting as the co-ordinates are adjusted. The Properties button is used to set any Design Parameters that may have been used in the catalogue definition of the fitting. The Plotfile button is used to display a sketch of the fitting, if one is supplied in the catalogue data set. Having selected, positioned and oriented the fitting, clicking the Apply button on the form creates the fitting. The standard catalogue provides simple examples of panel fittings that are used for demonstration and training purposes. It is important for companies to develop their own catalogues for all panel fitting requirements.
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9.2
Modifying Panel Fittings
Selecting Modify>Fitting from the main menu displays the Modify Panel Fitting form. The Modify Panel Fitting form functionality is the same as the Create Panel Fitting form except that altering the settings modifies an existing fitting. The position of a panel fitting may also be modified by selecting the Position>Explicitly (AT) or Position>Relatively (BY) options from the main menu. It should be noted that the user cannot re-position the panel fitting in the Up or Down directions, i.e. Z wrt panel, using these options. The orientation of a panel fitting may also be modified by selecting the Orientate>Rotate or Orientate> Angle options from the main menu. The Angle may also be modified from the Command Line.
9.3
Creating and Modifying Panel Fittings - A Worked Example
This worked example demonstrates how to create and modify a panel fitting. Make the panel at EL(+)107820 TOS the CE. Select Create>Fittings>Single from the main menu to display the Create Panel Fitting form. Select Standard Access from the Specification options list, Access Cover from the Generic Type options list and Standard Manhole Access from the Sub-type options list. Click the Pick Position button to display the Pick Fitting Position form and enter CE in the wrt textbox. Enter 0, 0, 0 in the co-ordinate textboxes and the Through Position label is displayed at the panel origin. Enter co-ordinates of East 2000, North 750 and Up 0 and note that the label has moved to the new coordinates. Click the OK button on the Pick Fitting Position form and note that the Position coordinates have changed on the Create Panel Fitting form. Click the Apply button on the Create Panel Fitting form to create the fitting.
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Make the panel fitting the CE and select Modify>Fitting from the main menu to display the Modify Panel Fitting form. Enter 90 in the Beta Angle textbox and click the Apply button. The access cover fitting is rotated by 90. Try each of the Justification options and note the changes to the position and orientation of the fitting. Dismiss the Modify Panel Fitting form. Save Work.
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APPENDIX A
10 Standard AVEVA Generic Types

This appendix gives the Plines and Parameters for each Generic type (Gtype) shape used to construct the AVEVA Standard Profile Catalogues.
10.1 Generic Type BOX
PARA 2 LTOS TOS PARA 4 RTOS
PARA 7
PARA 3
NA LEFT PARA 1 RIGH
PARA 6
LBOS BOS
RBOS
Other Parameters: PARA 5 = Weight per unit length
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10.2 Generic Type ANG
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10.3 Generic Type TUBE
HH II JJ
GG
FF EE DD
KK NAII NAKK MM NAMM NAOO NAQQ OO PP QQ RR
NA & NAGG NAEE NACC NAAA NAWW NASS NAUU
CC
LL
BB
AA
PARA 1
NN
XX
WW VV UU SS TT PARA 2
There are three types of Pline: S AA-XX every 15 degrees round the circumference S NAAA-NAWW every 30 degrees from the centre S NA equivalent to NAGG Other Parameters: PARA 3 = Weight per unit length
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10.4 Generic Type BEAM
PARA 2 LTOS TOS TLW TRW PARA 4 RTOS
LTBS
TBHL TLWB PARA 6 TRWB
TBHR
RTBS
PARA 3 NA NALO NAL NAR
PARA 8 NARO PARA 1
LBTS
BBHL
BLWT
BRWT BBHR RBTS
LBOS
BLW BOS
BRW PARA 12
RBOS
Other Parameters: PARA 5 = Weight per unit length PARA 7 = Cross Sectional Area PARA 9 = Nominal Depth PARA 10 = Nominal Width PARA 11 = Surface Area per unit length
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10.5 Generic Type DINI
PARA 2 LTOS PARA 4 TOS PARA 7 RTOS
TBHR TBHL
PARA 6 PARA 3 NA PARA 8 NALO NAL NAR NARO PARA 1
BBHL
BBHR PARA 10 (as percentage)
LBOS
BOS PARA 11
RBOS
PARA 4 measured midway between TOS and LTOS
Other Parameters: PARA 5 = Weight per unit length PARA 9 = Nominal Depth
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10.6 Generic Type BSC
PARA 2 LTOC TOC PARA 4 RTOC
TBH
PARA 5
NA PARA 10 FOC IOC ROC PARA 1
PARA 3 PARA 7 BBH PARA 9 (degrees)
LBOC
BOC PARA 13
PARA 8
RBOC
PARA 4 measured midway between LTOC and RTOC
Other Parameters: PARA 6 = Weight per unit length PARA 11 = Nominal Depth PARA 12 = Nominal Width
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10.7 Generic Type DINU
PARA 2 PARA 14 LTOC TOC = PARA 4 = RTOC
TBH
PARA 5
NA PARA 10 FOC IOC ROC PARA 1
PARA 3 PARA 7 BBH PARA 9 (as percentage)
LBOC
BOC PARA 13
PARA 8
RBOC
PARA 4 measured midway between the PARA 14 limit and RTOC PARA 14 is usually either zero or equal to PARA 3
Other Parameters: PARA 6 = Weight per unit length PARA 11 = Nominal Depth PARA 12 = Nominal Width
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10.8 Generic Type TEE
PARA 1 LTOS TOS PARA 4 RTOS
PARA 5
LTBS
TBHL TLWB PARA 7 NA TRWB NAR
TBHR
RTBS
NALO
NAL
NARO
PARA 3
PARA 2
LBOS BOS
RBOS
Other Parameters: PARA 6 = Weight per unit length PARA 8 = Nominal Width PARA 9 = Nominal Depth PARA 10 = Original Depth PARA 11 = Original Width PARA 12 = Original Weight
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10.9 Generic Type DINT
PARA 2 PARA 13 TOS
LTOS
PARA 4
RTOS
PARA 14
PARA 17 (as percentage)
TBHL
NA
TBHR PARA 7 NAR PARA 3
PARA5
NALO
NAL
NARO PARA 1
PARA 15
BOS PARA 16 (as percentage)
PARA 3 measured midway between TOS and BOS PARA 4 measured midway between LTOS and TOS Other Parameters: PARA 6 = Weight per unit length PARA 8 = Nominal Width PARA 9 = Nominal Depth PARA 10 = Original Depth PARA 11 = Original Width PARA 12 = Original Weight
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TM-1101 AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) Rev 2.0

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AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic)

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Trainees must have completed the PDMS Foundations training course.

Using this guide

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Setting Up the Design Database Hierarchy for Structural Modelling

How PDMS Stores Structural Modelling Data

Considerations When Creating the Hierarchy for Structural Models

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Creating Structural Administrative Elements

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Starting the Structural Modelling Applications

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Exercise 1 Creating the Design Hierarchy

Beams & Columns

How PDMS Represents Structural Profiles

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

3.2.1.1 Specification Data

3.2.1.2 Pline Settings

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Justification - sets the justification of the section, i.e.

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Automating Profile and Primary Node Allocations

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

The Section form

3.3.1.1 String Method

Continuous Start point of subsequent sections is the end point of previous.

Radial Start position for subsequent sections is the same as first.

3.3.1.2 Create Option

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Creating a Pipe Rack - A Worked Example

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Exercise 2 Creating an Equipment Support Frame

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Modifying Structural Sections Positioning

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Align Secondary Nodes

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Angle (Beta Angle)

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Copying with Multiple Attached

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

AVEVA Plant (12 Series) Structural Modelling (Basic) TM-1101

Modifying the Pipe Rack - A Worked Example