Cuprins
Partea I
A. Fermieri fr pmnt pg.4 B. Omenirea triete din vise pg.7 B.a. Un viitor plin de speran pg.8 C. Srcie sistematic datorit sistemului monetar pg.8 C.a. Un sistem monetar ce conine srcia ncorporat n el nsui pg.8 C.b. Un sistem monetar ce conine creterea economic ncorporat n el nsui pg.9 C.c. Motivul pentru existena sistemului monetar prezent pg.11 D. Banii anonimi i efectele lor pg.12 E. Srcia avanseaz pg.14 F. Cum pot crea oamenii o Economie Local pg.15 F.a. Cluburi de economii prin rotaie n Nepal pg.15 F.b. Banco Palmas, Credit n Brazilia pg.16 F.c. Fiind creativi cu cobai (porci de Guineea) n Peru pg.16 F.d. SLSC pg.17 F.e. Valutele (mijloacele de schimb) tradiionale pg.17 F.f. Sistemul CCS tailandez pg.17 G. n cutarea unei alternative pg.18 G.a. Banca egiptean a recoltei pg.18 G.b. Ctre o nou strategie de dezvoltare? pg.22 G.c. Ce poi face tu pg.24 H. Srcia trit ca o criz local pg.24 I. Hai s facem schimb n natur! Sistemul argentinian demonstreaz posibilitile schimbului local pg.25 I.a. Carlos Monaco pg.27 J. Microcredite un viitor nou cu bani puini pg.27 J.a. Programul de microcredite cu prime Strohalm
Partea a II-a
K. Prsirea banilor ce creaz suferin n mod inutil pg.35 L. Teoria noastr cu privire la dobnd pg.37 L.a.. Camta este omniprezent pg.37 L.b. Solon, economistul grec pg.39 L.c. Consecinele dobnzii pg.40 L.c.a. Dobnda pe post de catalizator pg.40 1
L.c.b. Dobnda ca tax impus asupra sracilor de ctre cei bogai pg.40 L.c.c. Dobnda cauzeaz o cretere exponenial a datoriilor i a creditelor pg.41 L.c.d. Dobnda obstrucioneaz calitatea, permanena i planificarea pe termen lung pg.41 L.c.e. Exemplul unei locuine pg.41 L.c.f. Dobnda conduce la sclavie pg.42 L.c.g. Dobnda conduce la preuri ridicate ce nu se justific d.p.d.v. economic pg.42 M. Preul pe care l pltim pentru avuie este acela c nu putem face nimic pg.43 cu privire la problemele pe care le creeaz M.a. Costul prosperitii noastre pg.43 N. Srcia nu este necesar pg.44 N.a. Ctignd mpreun pg.45 O. Crearea banilor cu dobnd: Vrjitorie sau exploatare? pg.45 O.a. O lips/penurie de bani ntreinut prin ea nsi P. Un sistem monetar nu este ca un altul P.a. Vielul de aur P.b. De ce SUA este nc ntr-o poziie de a cumpra mult prea mult Rezumatul 1 P.c. Dezvoltri ale sistemului monetar Rezumatul 2 Q. Dezvoltri pline de speran n America Latin Q.a. Economia solidaritii Q.b. Red del Trueque Q.c. MST- O reea bine organizat Q.d. Cooperative industries Q.e. Construind mpreun Q.f. Partidul muncitorilor Q.g. Construind o asociaie cooperativ
Partea a III-a
R.. Zece feluri n care banii ne sracesc S. Criz sau oportunitate? De la fisuri n bastionul banilor, la dispariia acestora S.a. Parte a nevoii de bani pentru a putea face tranzacii S.b. Mervin King i dispariia banilor S.c. Bretton Woods S.d. Propunerea Bancor S.e. Renunarea la standardul n aur T. WIR: Reeaua unei companii elveiene U. De la criz la oportunitate: Circuitul Comercial al Consumatorului U.a. Consumm prea puin? U.b. Circuitul comercial al consumatoruluit U.c. Ferme ecologice, energie curat i sprijin pentru rile srace U.d. South American Consumer Commerce Circuit U.e. Turn the Crisis into a chance for Independent entrepreneurs U.f. The impossible position of independent companies V. Cutarea nentrerupt a soluiilor de ctre fundaia Strohalm V.a. Reeaua Strohalm de schimb i cercetare V.b. Implic-te acum! 2
W. Help Us Write The Last Chapters X. Graphs & Diagrams X.a. Diagrama lui Rowbotham X.b. Diagrama Lietaer X.c. Diagrama Creutz X.d. Cretere natural raportat la creterea exponenial
Autori: Henk van Arkel, Camilo Ramada, Peter Moers, Ana Ferreira, Stephen DeMeulenaere Publicat de: Stichting Aktie Strohalm Oudegracht 42 , 3511 AR , Utrecht , the Netherlands Telephone:+31(0)30- 2314314 Fax: +31(0)30- 2343986 Website: www.strohalm.nl email: info@strohalm.nl
din urm, investiia va fi recuperat; singura problem este c avem nevoie de aceti bani, sunt sigur c nelegi. Alvaro se ridic Hai, vreau s i art ceva. l urmez pe fiul de 25 de ani al fermierului care m conduce de-a lungul unei crri mici ntre dou parcele de gru, ctre vrful dealului. Artnd n jos spune: Plnuim s reparm moara de ap din apropierea rului. Va produce electricitate pentru cminele noastre i pentru brutrie. Dar n momentul de fa repararea s-a oprit, pentru c nu avem bani . Ceea ce Alvaro mi arat face ca sngele s-mi fiarb n mine: iat aici oameni ce-i iau viaa n propriile mini, oameni ce se organizeaz bine, oameni ce recunosc beneficiul de a lucra mpreun. Oameni ce s-au decis, fr umbr de ndoial, c atta vreme ct structurile economice rmn aceleai, i ei vor continua s triasc ru. Deasemenea, aceti oameni s-au decis c ei nu vor mai accepta aa ceva. n termeni generali, i eu i spun lui Alvaro despre lucrarea mea cu Strohalm. La Strohalm noi lucrm avnd n vedere filozofia c este posibil ca activitile economice s aib loc fr a deveni ndatorai sistemului monetar. Noi dezvoltm reele economice aa nct pentru muli oameni din felurite domenii economice s nu mai fie necesar s vin cu bani scumpi, i astfel s poat face tranzacii fr perceperea de dobnd. Sigurana devine subordonat controlului oamenilor n loc de a fi invers. Noi am descoperit c activitile economice sunt posibile acum n domenii unde, sub sistemul monetar actual, ele nu ar fi fost considerate profitabile. Alvaro se uit la mine i exclam: Chiar de lucrul acesta avem nevoie! Apoi, putem continua n propriul nostru ritm. ti, nu conteaz ct de greu lucrm aici, atta vreme ct nu vom putea schimba sistemul, ntotdeauna vom sfri prin a iei n pierdere. Ai fi putut vedea lucrul acesta acum civa ani, n timpul crizei de Pesos. La primul semn de tulburare, investitorii i-au luat banii i au plecat; ara noastr a fost lsat n ruin... Trebuie s gsim o alternativ. Posesia acestui pmnt ne-a nvat c trebuie s fim rbdtori dar i dornici s luptm din greu pentru aceasta. n timpul cltoriei de ntoarcere, n main, am continuat s discut cu gazdele mele: Milton, un fost diplomat, acum implicat n interesele Fermierilor fr Pmnt, i profesorul Paulo Albuquerque de la Universitatea Brazilian, cu care noi, cei de la Strohalm, am unit forele. Paulo spune: Fermierii fr Pmnt nu sunt singurii care s-au decis s devin stpni pe viaa lor. Sunt mii de iniiative la scar mare sau mic ce intesc la a pune n funciune o economie a solidaritii. Adeseori, aceste iniiative se ntreptrund, dar o coziune real este nc absent. Cred c voi, cei de la Strohalm, ne-ai artat veriga lips. Cum se pltesc acum unii pe alii? am ntrebat. n mare parte cu bani rspunde Paulo iar uneori cu bunuri. Dar exist o lips enorm de bani, de aceea este cu totul esenial s lucrm mpreun i s punem n micare o reea de schimb. Gndind adnc, m uit pe fereastr la peisajul crepuscular. Chiar vrei s pui n funciune o astfel de reea? l ntreb pe Milton. El m privi zmbitor, iar apoi i ndrept atenia spre condusul mainii. Sunt mai ngrijorat dac voi, cei din Olanda, suntei cu adevrat capabili s facei ceva cu privire la structura economic. Aici, noi suntem deja gata pentru aceasta. Avem tot ceea ce ne este necesar: oameni ce sunt dornici dar i capabili de a organiza o reea, avem mii de afaceri cooperatiste, mai mult de un milion de oameni sunt implicai n sisteme de schimb n natur, iar programe de micro credit exist n fiecare localitate. Suntem foarte contieni c trebuie s continum. Nici o problem cu asta. n cele din urm, mi permit s devin entuziast. Ceea ce am vzut zilele acestea n sudul Braziliei este nsufleitor. Experimente pentru a reinventa economia sunt prezente la toate nivelurile. Guvernele locale, micrile sociale, universitile, gruprile bisericeti, grupuri de consumatori, grupuri de economisire, uniuni de credit, comitete locale, toate exist i funcioneaz. Oriunde mergem, ajungem s vorbim unor oameni motivai. Pretutindeni vedem programe dar i demnitate uman. Iar cnd Paulo explic cum iniiativele pot lucra n cooperare cu reea-afacere-consumator, imediat toat lumea devine entuziast. Trebuie s spun c este ca o gur de aer proaspt atunci cnd omul poate discuta normal 5
despre sistemul monetar i perceperea de dobnd, iar subiectul este neles imediat. Aici, spre deosebire de Olanda, nu este necesar s convingi oamenii de consecinele duntoare ale perceperii de dobnd. Aici, oamenii tiu cum suferina uman este cauzat de pli fr de sfrit ale dobnzii i de un sistem monetar ce funcioneaz defectuos. mpreun ne putem gndi la noi modaliti de comer i alte forme de schimb. Ceea ce gsesc ca fiind extrem de pozitiv este c doar foarte puini oameni de aici gndesc sub influena prejudecii c nu vor reui niciodat. Oamenii din micarea pentru o economie a solidaritii cunosc valoarea unei lumini cluzitoare ce conduce ctre o nou realitate; oricum, ei au deja rezultate de care s fie mndrii. Aici ani de lucru gsesc teren fertil. napoi n Olanda am nceput cu scrierea acestei cri. Dorim ca publicul de acas s mprteasc entuziasmul nostru. Nu, nu doar att ci i de a participa, devenind implicai n mod activ! Pentru a face posibil o nou realitate, aici trebuie s se ntmple i s fie cunoscute fel i fel de lucruri. Deasemenea, aici ar trebui s fie posibil s faci afaceri altfel, fr s ne ngrijorm datorit sistemului monetar. n lumea noastr afluent nu ne putem permite s stm i s ateptm ca oamenii din alt parte s vin i s curee n locul nostru dezordinea i mizeria. Noi nine trebuie s acionm ajutnd i stimulndu-ne unii pe alii. Cum? Creznd n idealul comun i lucrnd mpreun! Aceasta este o carte despre entuziasm i speran, sperana c se ntrezrete o soluie pentru srcia din lume. Dorim s mprtim aceast speran i entuziasm cu tine. Acestea se bazeaz pe urmtoarele date:
Descoperirea c exist o legtur puternic ntre srcie i bani. Descoperirea c istoria ne nva c exist alte metode mai bune de a circula banii. (Vezi G CUTND O ALTERNATIV) Deasemenea, descoperirea c banii se schimb, i nu doar datorit introducerii monedei Euro. ( Vezi P.b. DE CE SUA ESTE NC NTR-O POZIIE DE A CUMPRA PREA MULT) Realizarea faptului c atunci cnd noi idei ncep s se formeze, este totui posibil s schimbi acele idei cu destul uurin. Faptul c dou grupuri importante, consumatorii i cei ce au sau doresc s pun bazele unei afaceri mici vor fi cei ce vor beneficia cel mai mult. Situaia prezent din America Latin pare s fie fertil pentru a iniia aceste noi idei. n America Latin exist un sentiment general, bazat pe experien, c sistemul monetar present nu mai este acceptabil, c nu mai poate fi de un real folos Latino-Americanilor. Exist un numr mare de organizatori capabili, printre alii ex-refugiaii i prizonierii politici din dictaturile anterioare ce pur i simplu nu mai vor s accepte situaia prezent. n plus, o multitudine de organizaii sunt ocupate cu a pune n micare ceea ce numesc O economie bazat pe solidaritate.
Exist zeci de mii de mici afaceri cooperatiste, sute de mii de parteneri pentru schimb n natur (troc) i nenumrate grupuri de consumatori etc. (Vezi Q DEZVOLTRI PLINE DE SPERAN N AMERICA LATIN) n cele din urm, aceast carte v va arta aceste fapte i dezvoltri. n plus, vom examina cum funcioneaz sistemul monetar actual i ce fel de alegeri au fost fcute; cum se dezvolt srcia i cum este amplificat datorit erorilor sistematice din sistemul monetar, cum prin propriul nostru mod de a gndi am devenit prizonierii prejudecii cu privire la valoarea banului. n aceast carte v prezentm i Strohalm. Intenionm s v artm ideologia Strohalm, ce vrea Strohalm, ce a realizat Strohalm i ce a plnuit pentru urmtorii civa ani. V invitm s participai i s intensificai aceste dezvoltri prin: ajutarea organizaiei; asistarea n distribuia proprietii noastre intelectuale; (materialul de citit) ncorpornd ideile din aceast carte n proiecte deja existente; ncurajnd consumatorii i companiile s participle n circuitul comer-consumator; ajutndu-ne s intensificm contactele n Sudul Global devenind un sponsor pentru Strohalm practicnd influena ta final ca vrednic consumator.
ndrznee. Ce fel de vise povestim copiilor notrii? n timpul unei adunri, Conductorul Indian Seattle se ntreb: Ce fel de vise povestete Omul Alb copiilor si n timpul serilor lungi de iarn? Un lucru la care trebuie s reflectm. Cnd este vorba despre vise, oare nu a devenit destul de srac lumea noastr bogat? Mai vorbim noi copiilor notri despre viitor ca fiind ceva ce putem controla, ceva ce ne ateptm s fie minunat i ceva la care putem contribui noi nine? Aici nu vorbesc despre cariera personal. Ne nva imaginile televiziunii c situaiile abusive i srccioase sunt normale? Sau c acum este normal pentru copii s locuiasc pe strzi, n canalizri i gropi de gunoi? Este important s avem vise frumoase. Visele frumoase faciliteaz coeziunea n interiorul societii. Totui, trebuie existe o oarecare ans ca acele vise s se transforme n realitate. De aceea sunt foarte fericit c mbuntiri reale devin acum tot mai vizibile. V invit s v alturai altora i mie devenind implicai!
la ochi ntre srcie i sistemul monetar este aa numita criz a datoriilor. Cei sraci triesc aceast situaie ca fiind echivalenta unei explozii nucleare. Criza datoriilor n anii 80 a supus o ntreag generaie la nfometare i pentru milioane de oameni, perspectiva unei viei mai bune a fost distrus. Au trebuit s fie distruse poduri deoarece nu existau bani pentru ntreinerea lor, colile au fost nchise iar spitalele construite cu greu s-au drpnat. Cu toate acestea, banii au continuat s creeze noi haosuri. n momentul de fa, programele FMI adresndu-se crizei din Asia, crizei peso-ului mexican iar mai recent crizei din Turcia, au cauzat evaporarea capitalului i lsarea populaiei ntr-o stare de oc. Iar dobnda asupra banilor joac un rol important n aceast situaie. Crearea banilor este ntr-o strns relaie cu dobnda, i, pentru acest motiv, economia mondial trebuie s menin o rat a dobnzii continu i destul de ridicat. Datorit acestei rate a dobnzii, cei bogai vor continua s se mbogeasc iar cei sraci vor continua s rmn sraci. Datorit dobnzii, i mpotriva oricrui bun sim, cei bogai vor continua s fie subvenionai de cei sraci. Dobnda este ntotdeauna pltit de cei ce au bani puini i de aceea au nevoie s mprumute, ctre cei ce au un surplus de bani i sunt dornici s-i mprumute.
pia i n acelai timp a unei lipse tot mai acut i crescnd a banilor. Datoria i dobnda mereu crescnde domin acum noua pia monetar ntr-un asemenea grad c, n ciuda banilor nou creai, lipsa de bani rmne i se amplific.
Un exemplu n numere:
S presupunem existena unei economii ce necesit 100 de uniti monetare pentru a calcula tranzacia. Aceste 100 de uniti vin de la o banc care cere o rat a dobnzii de 6%. Economia, pentru a pstra cantitatea total de 100 de uniti, trebuie s continue s ia cu mprumut ceea ce se pierde prin plata dobnzii. Povara dobnzii Suma anuale mprumutat
Dup un an, cu un mprumut iniial de: Trebuie efectuat plata dobnzii: Aceste 6 uniti trebuiesc mprumutate pentru a plti dobnda, aa nct suma total mprumutat devine: Din aceste 106 uniti care sunt luate cu mprumut la nceputul anului, 2 trebuiesc pltite pentru dobnd: Aceste 6.36 uniti trebuiesc mprumutate, aa nct totalul devine: Din aceste 112.36 uniti ce sunt mprumutate la nceputul anului, 3 trebuiesc pltite pentru dobnd: Aceste 6.74 uniti trebuiesc luate cu mprumut, de aceea suma total mprumutat devine: n cel de-al 4-lea an, aceasta nseamn deja: 7.14 6.74 119.10 6.36 112.36 6.00 106.00 100.00
i 126.28 Astfel, vedem c, chiar i atunci cnd rata dobnzii este mic, economia a pltit n doar 4 ani un total de 25% din cantitatea iniial de bani luai cu mprumut. De fapt, pentru cine
muncim? Legtura dintre crearea banilor i povara datoriei este ilustrat n mod clar n diagram de Rowbotham. (Vezi X.a. DIAGRAMA LUI ROWBOTHAM) FURNIZAREA DE BANI I DATORIA STATULUI
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De partea opus a acestei creteri n datorii se afl o cretere n avuie. Toi banii pltii ca dobnd i toate celelalte profituri: profiturile de la bursa de valori, cele din imobiliare, din specularea resurselor naturale, din tranzacii financiare etc, toate aceste profituri sfresc n minile unui numr relativ mic de finanatori prosperi i instituii. Dobnda i profiturile solidific avuia ntr-un asemenea grad nct, foarte repede, cantiti crescnde de bani de-abia ateapt s fie investite n mod profitabil. Acum este nevoie de mii de consilieri pe teme de investiii din lumea ntreag pentru a gsi noi domenii unde se pot realiza noi profituri. De exemplu, nu este un simplu accident faptul c noile dezvoltri din domeniul ingineriei genetice depesc n ritm gndirea cu privire la consecine. Dezvoltarea rapid i fr precedent experimentat n ntreaga lume este rezultatul logic al legturii dintre bani i rata dobnzii. Afluxul de bani de la cei sraci spre cei bogai este fora motrice din spatele colosalei i rapidei dezvoltri tehnice i materiale din lumea avut. n mod natural, rennoirile ne ofer i multe lucruri bune n via; un stil de via mai uor, confort, posibiliti de a cltori, dezvoltare cultural. Dar grupuri tot mai mari de oameni sunt supuse din ce n ce mai mult suferinei i nefericirii. Creterea enorm n activiti economice ca rezultat al acestor reinvestiii are consecine uriae asupra naturii noastre, asupra mediului nconjurtor, inclusiv asupra climei; chiar sntatea a milioane de oameni este acum afectat, iar n viitor aceast situaie va fi i mai de temut. Cel mai lamentabil este faptul c cei sraci vor fi cei mai grav afectai datorit acestei creteri nerestricionate n avuie. Chiar n rile srace deerturile cresc n mrime, solul fertil este erodat iar seminele fie se usuc sau putrezesc. Tot n acele ri se deverseaz bateriile uzate, pesticidele i alte reziduuri periculoase ce au fost scoase n afara legii de vreme ndelungat n rile bogate.ntr-un articol din Natura i mediul, ediia Aprilie 2001 s-a fcut urmtoarea afirmaie: Poluarea mediului nconjurtor ia 8 milioane de viei omeneti pe an. Marea parte a victimelor sunt din rile n curs de dezvoltare. n plus, chiar aceste ri sunt cele mai afectate de schimbrile climatice cauzate de consumul energetic sporit al rilor bogate. Un raport din N.R.C. (Un ziar olandez) din 19 Februarie 2001 afirm c producia de hran este n pericol n zone extinse din Africa i Asia. Acest raport a venit dintr-o anchet iniiat de Naiunile Unite. Datorit ridicrii nivelului mrii, zeci de milioane de oameni ce triesc n zonele de es ale Asiei vor trebui strmutate. n Africa, mrimea deerturilor va crete iar rurile vor seca, cauznd dispariia speciilor de plante i animale de care este dependent populaia local. n America de Sud se ateapt ca perioadele de secet i inundaii s fie mai frecvente aa nct producia de alimente va descrete. n mod ironic, n Europa i America de Nord, cei mai mari vinovai de aa zisul efect de ser, se ateapt ca schimbrile climatice s aib un rezultat pozitiv, n special n 11
domeniul agriculturii. ntre timp, dezvoltrile tehnice ameitoare aduc srcia mai aproape de cas. Distana dintre ara cea mai srac i lumea afluent (bogat) se scurteaz la mai puin de o zi de cltorie; televiziunea i Internetul aduc srcia chiar n casele celor bogai. Pasul urmtor este ca cei sraci s le soseasc la u. (Vezi H SRCIA TRIT CA O CRIZ LOCAL) Sistemul monetar actual conduce la pli enorme de dobnd de la cei sraci ctre cei bogai. Lucrul acesta face ca cei sraci s devin i mai sraci n timp ce cei bogai devin i mai bogai. n plus, creterea n avuie conduce la degradarea mediului nconjurtor; i tot cei sraci devin cei mai afectai de aceasta.
cnd i cheltuiesc ntr-un magazin? Nu avem cea mai vag idee dac sau cum banii notrii adaug procente bune de suferin i nefericire n lume. n momentul de fa banii se pot muta fr dificultate dintr-o ar n alta sau dintr-un continent n altul. Compania ce deine fonduri de pensii poate depozita bani ntr-un fond de investiii care investete banii n Tokyo sau New York. Sau poate c se cumpr aur de la o banc ce sprijin astfel un mprumut pentru o mic fabric din Singapore sau Taiwan. Cum tiu eu c EURO, aflat acum n posesia mea, nu este folosit mai devreme sau mai trziu ca salariu minim ntr-un atelier n care se muncete n condiii inumane? Poate c, undeva de-a lungul filierei, acelai EURO a fost folosit ca acoperire pentru o tranzacie de diamante. n care caz eu am reuit s ajut rzboiul din Sierra Leone fr de voie i fr s tiu! n forma lor curent, banii reprezint un mijloc de schimb complet anonim. Mult vreme m-am gndit c aceasta este chiar definiia lor. Desigur, toat lumea tie c mult suferin este cauzat de oamenii ce ctig bani datorit ntrebuinrii lor; dar, ca majoritatea oamenilor, ntotdeauna am gndit c ntrebuinarea greit a banilor este inevitabil. Lucrurile nu stau chiar aa. Sistemul nostru monetar nu s-a dezvoltat astfel n mod spontan. Atunci cnd a fost dezvoltat n trecut, au fost fcute alegeri prudente. Dar, prin conferine internaionale i decizii luate de autoritile naionale, sistemul monetar s-a dezvoltat n forma lui prezent (Vezi G N CUTAREA UNEI ALTERNATIVE). Dar existau i alte posibiliti (Vezi F CUM POT OAMENII CREEA O ECONOMIE LOCAL). ntre timp, ne-am obinuit cu faptul c leii pot fi convertii fr dificultate n euro, yeni, coroane n vederea efecturii unor pli, c dolarii pot fi utilizai pretutindeni n lume i c pe piaa financiar cantiti imense de lire sterline pot fi convertite n yeni japonezi, sau dolari n pesos mexicani. Prin intermediul pieelor financiare anonime, banii se pot transforma acum fr dificultate dintr-o moned n alta.n realitate, acest fenomen este destul de nou. Astzi, vnztorii din Brazzaville pn n Lima sunt gata s accepte dolari; nu aa stteau lucrurile acum 50 de ani. Dac atunci ai fi ncercat de exemplu s schimbi un milion de guldeni olandezi ntr-o alt moned, trebuia s ceri permisiune, s dai un motiv ntemeiat i, n final, cererea putea fi acceptat sau refuzat. Banca putea s-i refuse cererea dac nu li se prea ntemeiat sau pe motiv c achiziia de moned strin dintr-o anumit ar ar avea o influen negativ asupra valorii propriei monede. n momentul de fa este subneles c banca nu va avea obiecii, exceptnd situaia n care Departamentul de Taxe sau cel al Justiiei au vre-un motiv s obiecteze. Mult efort a fost depus n timpul anilor 80 i 90 pentru ca banii s poat fi transferai oriunde n lume i pe ct de uor posibil. Ca urmare, sistemele monetare internaionale au devenit tot mai anonime. Lucrul acesta a avut consecine enorme. Acum, transferul de bani dintr-o ar n alta este posibil de o manier incredibil. Acum, ntr-o singur zi, n ntreaga lume sunt transferai mai muli bani dect este nevoie pentru a finana toate achiziiile de bunuri i servicii pentru un an ntreg (Vezi G.a. BANCA EGIPTEAN A RECOLTEI). Cea mai mare cantitate din aceti bani este folosit pentru tranzacii indirecte i adeseori dubioase. Un transport de cereale i poate adeseori schimba proprietarul de mai multe ori n timp ce se afl n tranzit. Banii zbor spre o destinaie de unde vor scoate cel mai mare profit posibil, ignornd ce fel de bunuri i servicii sunt cumprate. Adeseori, lucrul acesta are consecine dezastruoase. Atunci cnd devine aparent c o anumit pia nu va funciona bine, capitalul va dispare. Banii au reuit acum s influeneze ateptri nervoase: fabricile rmn fr bani, nu se mai poate achiziiona materia prim, investiiile se opresc, salariile nu mai pot fi pltite, oamenii sfresc prin a ajunge n strad, moneda local se depreciaz, bunurile pentru schimb dispar i n cteva zile o ntreag economie poate intra n colaps. Pentru milioane de persoane foamea a 13
nceput acum civa ani am vzut crizele financiare din Asia i Mexic. Muli brbai i femei care i-au pierdut slujbele pot nelege situaia. Un vr care locuiete n Uruguay, o ar suficient de bine dezvoltat, a putut ntotdeauna s lucreze dar nu a fost niciodat sigur dac va mai avea de lucru a doua zi. El este designer i poate face multe lucruri minunate. Atunci cnd economia fusese stabil, el avusese foarte mult de lucru; ns, atunci cnd economia a intrat n declin, a rmas fr de lucru. Nimeni nu are nevoie de un artist decorator atunci cnd produsele devin rare. A acceptat tot felul de slujbe cum ar fi ofer, comerciant de hran pentru animale sau orice altceva era disponibil. n mod constant, anii cei buni au devenit mai scuri iar cei srccioi mai lungi. n ultimii ani, criza din toate rile Americii Latine s-a aprofundat. Acum, la vrsta de 45 de ani el i muli alii sunt n aceeai oal, fr lucru, fr asisten social, fr bani i fr vre-un viitor. Dar ceva nu este n regul cu situaia sa: oamenii l consider talentat, ceea ce face este frumos iar el este ntreprinztor. n mod aparent, Uruguay-ul nu duce lips de oameni pricepui; exist muli oameni asemeni vrului meu. Rmne de vzut dac va mai putea lucra vreodat pentru a se ntreine pe el nsui sau aproviziona clienii si. Depinde de economia global n care nu are nici un cuvnt de spus. ntre timp, nu exist nici o singur dovad c circulaia liber a banilor pe mapamond aduce vre-un beneficiu. De ani buni de zile Africa de Sud a permis un schimb limitat al monedei naionale. Totui, a fost posibil dezvoltarea ntre anumite limite a rii. Lucrul acesta a devenit posibil n parte i datorit circulaiei limitate a banilor ctre alte centre financiare: restul banilor trebuia s rmn n ar i s se trag foloase de pe urma lor. Astfel, banii au fost investii n sectoare care, potrivit pieelor monetare mondiale nu erau suficient de profitabile ns preau de bun sim mentalitii sud africane. i astfel, ara a avut de ctigat. Sistemul liber de schimb actual s-a dovedit a nu fi avantajos pentru cei sraci. Acum, banii zboar spre New York, Zurich sau Amsterdam de unde ctig i mai mult profit. n cuvinte simple, atunci cnd banii se mic prin timp i spaiu fr nici un fel de piedic, toat lumea sfrete prin a concura la scar global! Libertatea nelimitat cu care banii pot circula pretutindeni pe glob rezult n situaii distructive pentru oameni, comuniti i ntr-adevr, pentru ri ntregi. Libertatea micrii banilor i anonimitatea lor nu sunt accidentale. S-a dorit acest lucru! Sistemul monetar adoptat permite toate aceste lucruri, le face imposibil de evitat. Exist suficiente motive pentru a dezvolta sisteme monetare diferite. Este imperativ s cutm un sistem n care ceteanul obinuit nu contribuie n necunotin de cauz la rzboaie civile i exploatarea copiilor (Vezi V.a. REEAUA STROHALM DE SCHIMB I CERCETARE). Strohalm se uit la exemple de alte sisteme monetare. Noi le-am descoperit de-a lungul istoriei i n diferite locuri din lume. Mulumit Internetului putem colabora acum cu cercettori din ntreaga lume, lucrnd n acelai timp ctre o mbuntire constant a analizei noastre i o mai bun colaborare cu universiti din Olanda dar i din lumea ntreag (Vezi G N CUTAREA UNEI ALTERNATIVE). n viitor sistemul monetar i va gsi calea ctre autostrada informaional. De aceea, un sistem monetar de neles ar trebui s fie posibil/realizabil. Este plauzibil ca banii s devin un pachet de bii atunci cnd sunt trimii dintr-un loc n altul. Atunci, ar trebui ca deasemenea s fie posibil incluzi istoria acelor bani n informaia transmis. Astfel, va fi indicat natura banilor: bani obinui prin vrsare de snge sau bani deceni... Atunci, fiecare individ va putea decide fie s accepte acei bani sau nu. O alt posibilitate ar fi de a permite banilor s circule ntr-un circuit nchis unde suferina neidentificat s nu aib nici o ans (Vezi P UN SISTEM MONETAR NU ESTE CA UN ALTUL).
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E. Srcia avanseaz
Putem alege s ignorm problemele atta vreme ct ele rmn ndeprtate. Dar refugiaii ajung la ua noastr n numere din ce n ce mai mari. Suntem astfel confruntai tot mai acut cu problemele lor. Va deveni din ce n ce mai dificil ca s rmnem n coconul nostru i s nu ne implicm. Chiar nainte de crciunul lui 2000, Jorge Alvarez a ajuns n Spania n mod ilegal. El spera s gseasc de lucru acolo, s ctige ceva bani i s trimit i acas n Ecuador unde rmsese soia i cele dou fetie ale sale. Jorge a trebuit s mprumute bani pentru a putea face cltoria. Cltoria i serviciile contrabanditilor umani au ajuns s l coste 3.000 . El i-a nchipuit c odat ajuns n Spania va putea s ctige 30 pe zi la recoltarea fructelor i a legumelor. n Ecuador suma aceasta era de neimaginat. Desigur, o parte din suma respectiv trebuia cheltuit pentru chirie, transport i alte cheltuieli adiacente; dar va rmne suficient pentru a-i ntreine familia din Ecuador. i astfel, n fiecare diminea Jorge i 12 ali compatrioi erau nghesuii ntr-un mic autobuz care i ducea la ferm, iar noaptea se ntorceau la adposturile lor. La nceputul lui Ianuarie 2001, la nici dou sptmni de la sosirea lor, autobuzul a fost lovit de un tren la o trecere de cale ferat fr bariere. Doar oferul i o femeie pasager au supravieuit dezastrului. Jorge Alvarez a murit la vrsta de 25 de ani. Soia sa, nsrcinat cu cel de-al treilea copil, va fi responsabil pentru toate costurile. Jorge Alvarez nu i las dect datorii i ndejdea nruit a unui trai mai bun. Cnd acest accident a fost raportat de mass-media, a devenit clar ct de muli Ecuadorieni se afl n mod ilegal n Spania; deasemenea, ct de amar este situaia lor. Accidentul descoper escrocheria a declarat La Vanguardia (Vezi M PREUL PE CARE L PLTIM PENTRU AVUIE ESTE ACELA C NU PUTEM FACE NIMIC CU PRIVIRE LA PROBLEMELE PE CARE LE CREEAZ). Desigur c Spania nu este o excepie. Refugiai din rile srace triesc pretutindeni n rile bogate occidentale. Ilegal, asemeni unor paria ai societii. Fr un salariu regulat, ei sunt forai de situaie ca n cel mai bun caz s munceasc la negru iar n cel mai ru caz s sfreasc drept criminali sau prostituate. Lumea a devenit din ce n ce mai vag. Dac n urm cu 10 ani era nc posibil s schimbi pagina ziarului sau programul TV, acum victimele apar n propria noastr ograd iar problemele lor devin din ce n ce mai dificil de ignorat. n plus, din ce n ce mai muli oameni cltoresc dinspre rile bogate ctre destinaii unde pot vedea nefericirea i suferina cu proprii lor ochi. A ne proteja pe noi nine fa de suferina altora devine din ce n ce mai puin posibil. Desigur, continum s fim ocupai, ocupai, ocupai. Ocupai studiind, ocupai cu obligaiile sociale i ocupai cu jocul pe computer sau privind noi i captivante programe de divertisment. Avem suficiente scuze pentru a ndeprta problemele de noi. Suntem suprancrcai mai mult decnd oricnd altcndva cu informaie i cu impresii ale existenei noastre prospere. Dar, n mijlocul acestei abundene, nu mai putem ignora un semnal asemenea celui dat de moartea lui Jorge. Ct mai vom continua s ne ascundem n spatele ideii c nu putem face nimic cu privire la aceste lucruri? Putem s facem ceva! Cel puin, putem ncerca s iniiem ceva. Dezvoltrile din domeniul banilor ne ofer idei minunate la care s ne raportm (Vezi C SRCIE SISTEMATIC DATORIT SISTEMULUI MONETAR).
de bani care veneau din alt parte aa nct i-au creat propriile sisteme de schimb i de economii. Micarea Schimbai Sistemul Monetar a nceput cu iniiative locale mici care adeseori se potriveau de minune cu posibilitile existente sau tradiiile locale.
Sandra. Astfel, n mahalaua Conjunto Palmeira banii erau utilizai ntr-un mod interesant. Mulumit creditului de consum, ntreprinderile mici din vecintate au avut de ctigat. Cu entuziasm, Sandra ne spune: ntre timp noi ne cheltuim proprii bani aici. Oamenii nu utilizeaz banii doar pentru comer local; deasemenea, a devenit mai uor s te implici n activiti ce au ca scop curarea temeinic a vecintii noastre. Aceasta s-a mbuntit cu adevrat. Ne-am luat la revedere la aeroportul din Santiago. Am czut de acord ca urmtorul nostru pas va implica grupurile de consumatori (Vezi U.b. CIRCUITUL COMERCIAL AL CONSUMATORULUI).
F.d. SLSC
Multe comuniti din ntreaga lume au nceput sisteme de credit pentru a facilita schimbul egal ntre ei. Un model al acestui sistem este Sistemul Local de Schimb Comercial sau SLSC (N.T.: n englez este the Local Exchange Trading System sau LETS). Originar din Canada anului 1982, acum exist multe grupuri active SLSC n multe ri ale lumii. Sistemul utilizeaz sistemul de contabilitate de Credit Mutual n care debitul dintr-un cont (persoana care pltete) este ntotdeauna credit pentru un alt cont. Simplitatea mplementrii i ntreinerii sistemului l face foarte popular ns, pe termen lung, sistemele au avut tendina de a se stabiliza la un numr de membrii de aproximativ 150 de persoane sau de a se micora n mrime pentru a deveni un mic club de schimb n natur. Pentru a putea aborda unele dintre limitrile modelului SLSC, Fundaia Strohalm a lucrat la a mbuntii sistemele SLSC 17
Woods ar fi fost adoptate decizii diferite, i lumea de acum ar fi artat diferit. De atunci de-abia dac au fost explorate modaliti diferite de a aborda sistemul monetar n timp ce gurile din sistemul prezent trebuiesc acoperite n mod constant. Doar n rile orientate spre Islam oamenii se gndesc ntro oarecare msur la a experimenta structuri libere de dobnd (camt). n lupta mpotriva dobnzii se d o atenie deosebit legilor centrale i locale. Oricine se apuc s studieze n amnunime trecutul va descoperi posibiliti felurite. Astfel, el sau ea va descoperi ct de ridicol este s gndeti c sistemul prezent este singurul posibil. n decursul istoriei, caracterul banilor s-a schimbat de multe ori; exist exemple revelatoare unde nu exista posibilitatea ca banii s se scurg de la cei sraci ctre cei bogai ca rezultat la perceperii de dobnd!
nct i clienii si erau mulumii. Pe scurt, fiecare pltea costurile de depozitare dar nimeni nu devenea mai bogat datorit faptului c se ntmplase ca respectiva persoan s fie n posesia mijlocului de schimb. Cel mai bun element din acest sistem era acela c oamenii preferau s-i cheltuie banii mai curnd dect s-i economiseasc, iar astfel ei contribuiau ctre o economie nfloritoare! n timpul crizei economice a anilor 30, n Germania i Austria a fost folosit un sistem asemntor celui egiptean prin emiterea unui mijloc de schimb local; cei ce blocau circulaia banilor deoarece se hotrser s-i pstreze n proprie posesie, ajungeau s plteasc pentru acest lucru. Acest sistem a fost pus n micare fornd oamenii s cheltuie o mic sum sptmnal pentru achiziionarea unui timbru ce trebuia lipit pe un document. Documentul devenea valid doar atunci cnd erau ataate toate timbrele cerute. Lucrul acesta nsemna c, asemeni sistemului egiptean, cetenii trebuiau s plteasc dac banii rmneau n posesia lor, iar banii erau pstrai n circulaie. Cei avui erau bucuroi dac cineva dorea s mprumute banii pe care-i aveau n plus: cel ce lua cu mprumut ajungea s plteasc pentru timbre. n mijlocul anilor de criz economia local s-a nsntoit iar afacerile mpreun cu clienii nu au fost supui unor unor costuri excesive legate de dobnd.
Banc
Comunitate
ntr-o anumit lun, municipalitatea cheltuiete 10.000 de ilingi pentru plata serviciilor, salariilor, etc. Banii prsesc n mod rapid comunitatea.
Municipalitate
10.500 bani locali
10.000 ilingi
Banc
20
Comunitate
Municipalitatea a emis 10.500 uniti din proprii bani care pot la nivel local, permind astfel ca puterea de cumprare s mai mult timp. n banc se depoziteaz drept contravaloare Municipalitatea primete dobnda aferent ce este folosit ceteni.
Banc
Distrugere
Comunitate
Banii ar putea fi utilizai i pentru plata taxelor municipale. Municipalitatea a acceptat plata n raport de 1:1. Unii contribuabili au utilizat pentru aceasta banii locali. Dac, de exemplu, la municipalitate ajungeau n acest mod 1.050 de uniti monetare locale, aceasta le distrugea, dup care lua 1.000 ilingi de la banc. n acest fel s-a creat un flux de bani locali de la comunitate spre municipalitate. n cursul anului municipalitatea primete dobnd de la banc i o sum considerabil de bani din vnzarea de timbre fiscale. Banii sunt cheltuii pe investiii suplimentare n educaie, lucrri publice, etc. Datorit vnzrii de timbre fiscale, banii locali trec repede din mn n mn i stimuleaz economia local. Acest ntreg proces devine i mai dinamic dac ne gndim c ntre timp, cu fiecare lun ce trece, sunt reatrase n circulaie 10.500 de uniti monetare locale aa nct s existe n circulaie mai muli bani locali.
Comunitate
Cine avea bani locali n posesie trebuia s lipeasc un timbru pe spatele bancnotei la sfritul lunii. Municipalitatea a ctigat prin aceast tax pentru banii neutilizai 1% pe sptmn din cantitatea de bani pus n circulaie.
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Aceast tax a fcut ca banii locali s circule rapid din mn n mn; pentru c nimeni nu dorea s achite costul timbrului. Pentru c cineva oricum pltea, municipalitatea a primit dup prima lun primii ilingi din vnzarea timbrelor. n acest fel a survenit un flux de ilingi din comunitate spre municipalitate.
Multe state i orae din Statele Unite au dorit s copieze aceast idee. Irving Fischer, care era n acea perioad Guru-ul economic American, a promovat-o cu entuziasm. Statele Unite au fost prinse n criz iar la un moment dat chiar preedintele Franklin D. Roosevelt s-a gndit serios la a schimba defectuosul sistem monetar cu unul n care nu utilizatorii sraci s fie taxai pentru circulaia banilor ci cei bogai. Roosevelt s-a consultat cu managerii Bncii Centrale. Ei au rspuns: Putem presupune c va funciona dar v rugm s reinei c probabil va crea alte controverse sociale de neimaginat. Estimaser corect n aceast privin deoarece, ca i n sistemul egiptean de schimb cerealier, s-ar fi creat un echilibru ntre acei ce aveau nevoie de bani n scopuri de afaceri i cei ar fi fost constrni s-i dea banii cu mprumut aa nct s nu plteasc pentru pstrarea lor. Lui Roosevelt i-a fost team s se arunce ntr-un astfel de angajament aa nct criza s-a perpetuat ani de-a rndul. Dup cel de-al doilea rzboi mondial, sistemul monetar s-a dezvoltat n etape pn la stadiul actual n care crearea banilor prin intermediul dobnzii, n pofida unui nivel al datoriilor de neimaginat, a condus ctre o cretere practic nelimitat a masei monetare ce, la rndul ei, a rezultat ntr-un balon financiar n plin expansiune, absorbind cantiti tot mai mari de bani din ciclul producie-economie. n aceast situaie asemntoare unui balon gonflat, cantiti astronomice de bani sunt tranzacionai doar n baza unei pure speculaii. La ora actual circul sub form de obligaiuni, aciuni sau monede naionale de aproximativ o mie de ori mai muli bani dect sunt necesari pentru comerul real. Acest balon cauzeaz o presiune enorm asupra guvernelor. Sub nici un motiv guvernele nu pot permite ca marginea profitului de pe pieele bancare s scad pn la punctul unde toi aceti bani speculativi s se ntoarc n ciclul productiv unde pot fi cumprate produse sau servicii reale. Pur i simplu nu exist suficiente bunuri disponibile pe care s poat fi cheltuii toi banii. Ar avea loc o penurie enorm de bunuri ce ar cauza o hiperinflaie ct ai clipi din ochi. n fapt, guvernele nu au o alt alegere dect s coopereze cu gonflarea (inflaia) continu a acestui balon. O cdere real a bursei de valori, reducnd ntr-o clipit toi acei bani speculativi la doar o fraciune din valoarea lor iniial, ar fi catastrofic. (Vezi X.b. DIAGRAMA LIETAER)
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Nefericirea i dezndejdea din rile srace cauzate de fluxul speculativ de bani au produs i un pic de speran: a fost stimulat cutarea de alternative. Oamenii din multe zone au nceput s experimenteze cu propriile lor economii i sisteme de schimb. Astfel, ei i mbuntesc propriile lor condiii de trai, odat cu construirea a noi dezvoltri structurale (Vezi F CUM POT OAMENII CREEA O ECONOMIE LOCAL). Modelele istorice ne arat c n locul sistemului monetar actual sunt posibile alte sisteme monetare chiar diferite de cel actual: sisteme n care cei cu prea muli bani trebuie s plteasc pentru a-i pstra n posesie. Dac n aceast situaie poate fi stabilit o circulaie continu a banilor, atunci va apare prosperitatea pentru toi. Un astfel de sistem a fost pus n practic pe scar restrns n timpurile moderne.
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Pentru muli va fi o adevrat revelaie cnd vor descoperi ce posibiliti fantastic ar putea apare dac vom face sistemul monetar un vrf de lance al unei noi strategii de dezvoltare! Lucrul acesta ar oferi o excelent perspectiv pentru o societate ce ar combina un standard de via crescut cu bogiile nonmateriale ale solidaritii sociale. Strohalm, n cooperare cu oameni din ntreaga lume, cerceteaz ce fel de posibiliti ar putea oferi sistemele monetare rennoite, cum pot fi consolidate, care elemente i variabile pot fi introduse n astfel de sisteme i unde am putea s gsim exemple care s informeze, etc. n aceast reea exist de exemplu experi de lucru i cercettori din Venezuela, Chile, Brazilia, Polonia, Irlanda, Tailanda i Japonia. Comunicm prin intermediul internetului. mprtim analize i lucrm mpreun n domenii de cercetare i actualitate. Organizaia ar primi cu bucurie sprijin i din partea dumneavoastr. Comunicarea trebuie s se desfoare n cel puin dou limbi (Englez i Spaniol) i este de preferat i n Portughez, Francez i German. Manuscrisele noastre principale sunt n Olandez! n acest moment se pierde foarte mult n eforturile de traducere. Ai putea ajuta ca translator? (Vezi V.b. IMPLIC-TE ACUM!)
Pentru c organizaia nu este nc ntr-o poziie de a oferi compensaii financiare, multora dintre partenerii notrii din rile srace le este dificil s gseasc timpul necesar pentru a se gndi la aceste chestiuni. Pentru a mbunti situaia noi oferim aciuni n cunoatere. Prin cumprarea unor astfel de aciuni tu asiti n finanarea organizaiei. Taxele nseamn mai mult speran pentru viitor. Fr ndoial c merit efortul. Suntem n contact cu cercettori care au capaciti extraordinare, cunotine, intuiie, i adeseori sunt n contact direct cu realitatea unde au loc dezvoltri motivatoare. Entuziasmul unui individ din organizaie poate stimula pe un altul. n acest fel ncercm s ne sprijinim unii pe alii la nivel global i ncercm s progresm pas cu pas.
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Solicitarea statutului de membru n cercuri de consumatori Organizator local (compensare limitat) Consumator potenial Devenind un donator pentru Strohalm Crescnd distribuirea de brouri Participnd n/sprijinind reeaua latin american Ajutnd cu traducerile Cumprnd aciuni n cercetare Adoptarea unui experiment Acoperind banii din circulaie: cumpr noii Euro
banilor ca metod de schimb blocheaz tranzaciile. n contrast fa de criza anilor treizeci, de data aceasta criza este cauzat n cea mai mare msur de influene externe.n perioada anilor treizeci o ar nc mai putea stimula puterea de cumprare i s pun n micare economia printr-un aflux de bani din rezerva monetar guvernamental. Acea cheltuial va fi acoperit, sau nnapoiat sub forma taxelor suplimentare pe venit. Spre deosebire de atunci, astzi comerul internaional a devenit att de dominant nct rile mai srace nu mai au aceast opiune. Atunci cnd guvernul introduce bani suplimentari n circulaie (pentru a stimula puterea de cumprare), acei bani ies rapid din ar, sunt cheltuii pe carne subvenionat din Uniunea European, medicamente prescrise i articole de lux pentru cei bogai. Iar guvernul primete n schimb foarte puini bani din taxe. Cnd banii dispar dintr-o societate, dispare i structura ei. Cnd populaia nu mai are bani spre a se plti unii pe alii pentru bunuri i servicii, atunci comerul reciproc se oprete. i se dezvolt n mod cu totul inutil srcia, iar aceasta se datoreaz unui sistem monetar defectuos. Ar fi bine ca noi s nelegem c srcia merge mn n mn cu omajul; nu datorit unei probleme de dezvoltare ci datorit unei probleme organizaionale. Cei sraci au toate motivele pentru a munci. O zon de mahala are nevoie de muncitori pentru a construi perei i acoperiuri, spa sisteme de canalizare i pietrui/asfalta strzi. Dei oameni cu astfel de calificri se gsesc, ei nu sunt folosii deoarece nu exist bani pentru salarii. O bun organizare este cu totul absent datorit discrepanelor din sistemul monetar. i pentru c banii pleac n afara rii, se dezvolt o situaie n care oamenii nu mai pot lucra unii pentru alii devenind astfel omeri. Exist doar un mijloc de schimb (banii) pentru activiti ce vor ntreine nivelul ateptat de dobnd al pieei monetare mondiale. Oamenii continu s rmn n urm n ceea ce privete auto-suficiena i schimbul direct datorit unei lipse a mijlocului de schimb. Ei nu mai au ocazia s se specializeze n produse pentru care nu mai exist o pia. Nivelul srciei crete, posibilitatea ncrederii de sine a fost distrus, singura ans de a creea dezvoltare economic rmne n mna investitorilor strini. Acum, cnd nu avem alt alternativ dect s concluzionm c sistemul nostru monetar este cauza pentru care dezvoltarea local este mpiedicat n mod sistematic, este timpul s abordm lucrurile diferit! Este vremea s studiem exemple de cum oamenii, cu ajutorul sistemelor de schimb locale, reuesc s se scoat din spirala srciei, nefericirii i a disperrii (Vezi F CUM POT OAMENII NCEPE/CREEA O ECONOMIE LOCAL).
I. Hai s facem schimb n natur! Sistemul argentinian demonstreaz posibilitile sistemelor de schimb locale
Sunt multe exemple unde oamenii s-au decis s ia taurul de coarne i au reuit s creeze o soluie care s rezolve problema absenei puterii de cumprare. Unul dintre cele mai elocvente este Trueque ul argentinian. n America Latin apar continuu tot felul de economii ale solidaritii. Acum civa ani am participat la o conferin n Buenos Aires. M-am folosit de ocazie pentru a vizita sistemul de schimb argentinian Trueque.
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Un raport: Horacio, gazda mea m primete cu braele deschise. I-am dat cteva cri despre bani pe care le luasem cu mine i pe care le-a primit cu mare entuziasm. El a insistat c trebuia s plteasc acele cri. Nu neleg, doar este un cadou! am spus eu. Dar el a continuat s insiste: Vreau s te pltesc n crditos, le poi folosi ulterior. n timp ce vorbete Horacio i scoate portofelul i ncepe s numere tot felul de buci de hrtie multicolore. Una verde reprezint 10. Una mai mic i de culoare portocalie reprezint 5. O alta albastr reprezint tot 10. Iar o alta galben reprezint 5. Fel i fel de bonuri valorice! Ziua urmtoare Horacio m ia n piaa local. Vd o tarab mic la care se afl un brbat cu musta ascuit la vrf ce vinde mncare; deodat realizez c mi-e foame. M apropii de el i cumpr o brio. Chiar n momentul n care sunt gata a plti, Horacio intervine: Nu te gndeti s foloseti crditos? m ntreab. El are dreptate. Din obinuin cutam s pltesc cu pesos. Domnul Musta este chiar dornic s-mi accepte crditos. Treptat mi dau seama c aproape toat lumea din pia accept crditos. Un comer plin de via se desfoar n pia i aproape orice se poate plti n crditos. Un pic mai trziu Horacio mi explic de faptul c mai multe piee din Buenos Aires accept crditos. Exist chiar i o pia unde produsele obinute local sunt vndute n crditos. Exist chiar pliante cu tot felul de oferte de servicii: supravegherea copiilor, reparaii, cursuri etc. Toate putnd fi pltite n crditos. Crditos este mijlocul de schimb official n Red del Trueque, sistemul de schimb. Trueque a fost iniiat n urm cu civa ani n zone unde oamenii ncepuser un sistem de schimb i i notau ntr-un dosar cine datora ct i cui. Atunci cnd A fcea un serviciu lui B, B lui C i C lui A, obligaiile reciproce erau terse din dosar. Pe msur ce banii deveneau din ce n ce mai rari, tot mai multe persoane aderau la acest sistem de schimb. n acest fel ei i puteau acoperi nevoile i posibilitile fr a ajunge omeri acas. Dar acest sistem nu era foarte convenabil. Iat de ce oamenii din inutul Bernal s-au decis s se opreasc n a-l mai folosi i s foloseasc n loc buci de hrtie imprimate cu valori de 1, 5, 10 i 20 de credite (crditos sau bonuri valorice). Tuturor celor din Bernal care luau parte la acest sistem li s-au dat un total de 50 crditos. Din acest moment schimbul n natur era posibil fr ca cineva s scrie totul pe hrtie. Pentru c oamenii se cunoteau destul de bine unii pe alii, nu exista teama de fraud. Curnd ideea a ptruns n alte locuri i n scurt timp au nceput s apar tot felul de buci de hrtie colorat, de diferite mrimi, reprezentnd diferite valori i tiprite n zone felurite. De vreme ce muli ceteni din inuturi nvecinate ncepuser s accepte aceste crditos, n scurt timp acestea s-au amestecat; dar nu a contat prea mult. Ceea ce era important era faptul c oamenii gsiser o modalitate mai uoar de a-i face servicii reciproce n supravegherea copiilor, reparaii, oferirea i luarea de cursuri, gtitul plcintelor i schimbul altor produse, etc. Desigur, frauda devenise inevitabil. La un moment dat utilizatorii au observat apariia unei cantiti neobinuit de mari de crditos dintr-o anumit zon. Lucrul acesta nu era o coinciden. Oamenii deveniser att de entuziati cu privire la metoda Trueque nct n loc de 50 fuseser emise 500 de crditos de persoan. Iar recipienii ncepuser n mod deliberat s cumpere din alte pri cu aceste crditos. Cnd lucrul acesta a devenit evident, nimeni nu a mai acceptat aceste crditos. Dar pentru muli era deja prea trziu pentru c aveau n posesie multe dintre acele crditos. Faptul respectiv devenise o problem de amploare dar s-a gsit i o soluie: comitetele locale au decis s imprime crditos noi i dificil de falsificat i s dea locuitorilor din teritoriul lor o ocazie unic de a schimba bonurile nefolositoare n crditos nou tiprite. n cele din urm, acest comportament un pic fraudulent nu a avut consecine prea grave deoarece atunci cnd mijlocul de schimb suplimentar a nceput s circule, un numr mai mare de posesori ai acestuia puteau s cumpere lucruri unii de la alii. 27
A stimulat comerul reciproc iar pierderea a devenit aproape de neobservat. Pentru muli argentinieni sistemul bazat pe crditos umple o lacun important datorit raritii pesoului argentinian. Acesta este scump la vedere pentru c guvernul trebuie s plteasc datorii externe uriae i dorete s pstreze valoarea peso-ului echivalent cu cea a dolarului american. De aceea, nu pot fi introdui n circulaie mai muli pesos dect cantitatea de dolari pe care guvernul i permite s o cumpere. De aici rezult o lips acut de bani pus pe seama prbuirii comerului local. Multe companii au ncetat deja s mai existe. Oamenii au devenit omeri i nu mai au un venit. O adevrat criz economic. (Vezi R ZECE FELURI N CARE BANII NE SRCESC) (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND) Crditos oferii populaiei locale le-a creat ample oportuniti s lucreze unii pentru alii aa nct s ctige toat lumea. n acest moment n Argentina mai mult de o jumtate de milion de persoane fac comer n crditos. Cteva lucruri s-au schimbat ntre timp. Acum bonurile valorice sunt greu de falsificat i au devenit mai importante. Cu toate acestea, vei putea nc ntlni bonurile iniiale n multe zone. Adeseori sunt tranzacionate ambele tipuri de bonuri. Fiecare poate decide n mod individual dac s aibe ncredere (s accepte) bonul oferit ca plat de altcineva. Uneori mai apar probleme, un bon fals sau zona din care provine bonul s fi ncetat schimbul comercial n timp ce crditos lor s fie nc n circulaie. Dar ntre timp s-a realizat un lucru important: aceti oameni se ajut reciproc, lucreaz unii pentru alii i totul este fcut cu hrtie care nu are nici o valoare ca atare!
Institutional profiles.) Pentru a face bani trebuie s poi vinde ceva. Mai nti trebuie s cumperi materia prim: bambus/lemn pentru a face scaune, fin pentru a coace prjituri, textile pentru a confeciona mbrcminte. Dar de unde s gseti bani pentru investiia ta? n zonele rurale srace ale trilor din emisfera sudic te duci la singura cas de piatr din sat. Acolo locuiete cineva cu bani i care este dornic s-i dea cu mprumut. Acest cmtar, rechinul mprumuturilor, pretinde, pentru banii dai cu mprumut, o rat a dobnzii foarte mare. Uneori, aceasta poate ajunge i la 50% pentru o singur zi. Putei nelege cu uurin c n astfel de cazuri ntregul profit ajunge n minile acestui rechin al mprumuturilor n vreme ce oamenii rmn angrenai n spirala fr de sfrit a srciei. Aceti oameni nu ntrunesc condiiile pentru un mprumut bancar. Mrimea mprumutului este prea mic i neprofitabil pentru o banc comercial. n plus: banca nu i cunoate. Locuiesc n ctunuri unde strzile nu au nume iar casele sunt fr numere. Nu au nici un fel de colaterale iar banca, pur i simplu, nu crede c oamenii sraci pot fi productivi. Pn mai acum civa ani nu exista o alt alternativ dect s te duci la cmtar. Asta pn cnd a aprut banca Grameen din Banglade, specializat n mici mprumuturi. Acest fapt s-a transformat ntr-un succes rsuntor. Mii de oameni pot fi acum sprijinii, iar rata celor ce i pltesc n ntregime mprumuturile luate este de peste 90%. Bncile obinuite rareori ating acest nivel. Astfel, s-a putut constata c oamenii ce se aflau n situaii defavorizate erau foarte inventivi i hotri n a realiza ceva. Nowadays, in many poor areas, there are many micro-credit banks like the Grameen bank. In many cases the members manage the banks themselves. After an initial startup-period during which the bank is kept solvent with donor money, the participants return money themselves. These credits allow the members to earn money but the managing group asks its members to save a part of the profits so that other members may be able to borrow. Gradually this money becomes the basis for new loans. However, not all is rosy in the world of Micro-credits. An important disadvantage is that people who receive assistance through the micro credit system are by nature enterprising, active individuals. They represent an important segment in the collective and social values of a community. They tend to direct their energies more towards a formal economy and this can become a drain on the community. In the more formal economy there is often not enough room for these individuals who could create spin-offs directed at other community members. And with a loan, someone may be able to improve his production methods but that does not mean that other community members can afford to buy his products. In other words: micro-credits improve the production capacity but they dont guarantee purchasing power. Purchasing power can not be ignored as the driving force in an economy! [Zap H Poverty experienced as a local crisis] Some form of a bonus system could be an important addition to micro-credits. Strohalm is looking into a way out of these dilemmas by combining the micro-credit system with local exchange methods that could augment the local economy and improve the social structure, as well as production methods and create a higher level of purchasing power. J.a. Strohalms Bonus Micro Credit Program The Bonus program mobilizes grant funds for local development projects through the use of a special local currency voucher which is backed in full by program funds held in reserve to match local production with local demand. National currency is only used for necessary non-local purchases. This special voucher circulates within a local network of businesses, individuals and entrepreneurs, increasing the impact of program funds for local social and economic development projects, increasing 29
the demand for locally-produced goods and services, while increasing the amount of money that circulates locally without causing inflation in prices. This way the same money serves three purposes: completion of a local development project, introduction of locally circulating vouchers over a long period of time, and the extending of micro-credit possibilities. The creation of a community economic network increases mutual cooperation in creating a multi-faceted socio-economic dynamic, which we call Integrated Development. Background Bonus, or Fomento as it is known in Spanish, is a concept originated by Bruno Jehle of the INWO stable economics institute in Switzerland for use in India. Although it has not yet been implemented in India, a Strohalm Foundation pilot project is now active in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil in partnership with Banco Palmas, a successful Community Bank in a cash poor suburban neighbourhood. There are a number of related models, such as Flash Cash, a cheque currency which is backed by savings held in Tontines or Credit Unions in Cameroon as well as in Brazil (also a program of Banco Palmas). In the last two decades, locally circulating units of exchange, or local, complementary, community or social currencies have proven themselves very capable of activating local communities to build socio-economic solidarity. The Trueque movement in Argentina has, for example, over 6 million members and has facilitated billions of US dollars worth of commerce without any institutional support and no national currency, using only locally-printed interest-free coupons as a means of exchange. There are now 20 countries in the third world where complementary currency programs are active, in thousands of communities. Much of this is documented at http://www.appropriate-economics.org/. At the same time it is absolutely necessary to keep innovating, to realize better and more robust methods of emitting and backing these locally circulating vouchers. The Bonus method is a step in creating a fully-backed, community-administered local currency voucher. Problem Statement With a typical local development program, funds flow from the donor to the local NGO, to the stores to buy the goods from non-local sources or to the laborers who work on the project who spend their money at non-locally owned businesses and then out of the community. Eventually all of the funds drain out of the community and the local NGO is looking for a new program to do in order to receive further funding. The local money supply diminishes to its previous level and the local economy is suffering again as there is no medium of exchange to facilitate exchange in even locally-produced goods and services. Instead of focusing on community assets and how they can be mobilized to solve local problems, communities focus on what they are lacking and describe their community in negative terms in order to attract the attention of external aid organizations, leading to a donor mentality and a lack of social cooperation in defining community goals and carrying out the task of achieving them. In addition to this, we see two vicious cycles, one economic and one social that hamper local socioeconomic development. The economic vicious cycle is that because there is an insufficient supply of money at the local level, the risks to investors and lenders are high and they are reluctant to invest or lend. Without access to credit, however, people cant work and communities cant develop and therefore the local money supply remains insufficient and people cant afford to buy what they need. 30
The social vicious cycle spins off from the economic: since economic interaction is low, socioeconomic dynamics are weak, making it harder for the community to cooperate on local development projects. For example, you can build a school but you cant buy books, build a clinic but cant pay for a nurse or medicine. Many local buildings sit idle once they have been constructed and the funds spent on construction have drained out of the community. What is needed is the creation of a dynamic that takes advantage of a multiplier effect to increase the local circulation of money and increased activity throughout the community, the development of a local network that can be used to increase the range of socio-economic benefits of solidarity, support for local investment in local production opportunities and facilitation of community cooperation to achieve local development goals. Basic Characteristics of the System 1. National currency is used only to purchase non-locally produced materials. 2. Loans in national currency at low or even zero-interest are given to local businesses and entrepreneurs in the form of micro-credit. 3. Local currency vouchers, backed by national currency funds held in reserve, are paid to individuals and businesses for work on projects. 4. Businesses that receive local currency vouchers can use them to repay their micro-credit loans or re-circulate them in the local economy until they are received by someone who can use them to repay their loan. Required Elements 1. A Bonus Implementation Team which is led by the local financial/micro-credit institution, with membership and participation of Strohalm, one representative from each NGO that receives funding. 2. The Bonus Implementation Team is either divided into or creates two sub-committees: the Project Management Committee and the Credit Committee.
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Advantages Local currency vouchers have the important aspect that they facilitate the meeting of local needs with local resources because they mediate transactions which would otherwise not have happened. This results in various advantages: 1. For businesses, there is the advantage of increased turnover and longer-lasting impact of the program as well as increased access to interest-free or very low-cost local capital. 2. For individuals and families, there is increased employment and income, meaning an increased access to goods and services, and the ability to repay loans. 3. For the donor and implementing organization, there are the increased impact of their funds which can support longer-term development initiatives within the community. 4. For the community, or local development project, these three elements are mutually reinforcing, encouraging local investment and strengthening community social and economic dynamics. 5. The use of an internally-circulating voucher generates an increased money supply, creating additional economic activity than would otherwise be achieved. Project Goals 1. To complete a local development project (construction, etc.) while ensuring longer-term spin-off benefits. 2. To combine local circulation of a voucher, local micro-credit, and local social expenditures into a self-reinforcing dynamics. 3. Issue a local currency voucher backed by national currency funds. 4. Encourage local circulation and increased multiplier effect because of the local currency voucher. 5. Introduce other projects which take advantage of the long-term circulation of the voucher. 6. Increase opportunities for local production to satisfy local demand. 7. Increase the impact of external funding, or to develop sounds models for mobilizing local funding. 8. Build socio-economic solidarity through the participants through a mutual support network. 9. Reduce the cost of finance for local businesses. Project Results 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Increased multiplier effect on the economy of the local area. Increased economic activity, local production and broader circulation of project funds. Increased employment and income-generating activity beyond the lifespan of the project. Increased sense of community socio-economic solidarity. Increased length of time national currency circulates in the community before draining out. Construction of new community infrastructures. The level of acceptance of the local currency voucher has been raised to the point at which local businesses accept loans in local currency vouchers.
Process:
Phase One 1. Identifying donors, projects and local implementing partners, securing support for the program. 33
2. Initial data collection & social research. 3. Design and printing of local currency voucher. 4. Establish Bonus Implementation Team, divided into two components of the Credit Committee and Project Management Committee. Phase Two 5. Implementation of the local development project. 6. Introduce micro-loans in national currency, and local currency voucher currencies through spending on the local development project. 7. Support expanding the network of businesses to encourage continual circulation of the voucher. This is made easier by encouraging the Credit Committee to follow two criteria: give loan preference to businesses who can source 75% or more of their labour and materials from local sources, and perhaps secondly that the borrower is connected in some way to the lender in terms of providing services to the lender (construction, materials, etc.) Phase Three 8. Local development project is completed. 9. Seek further inputs of external project funds. 10. Encourage local, regional and provincial government involvement in the program. For example, by spending their local development funds through a Bonus program or by accepting the local currency voucher as a tax payment. 11. Support expanding the network of businesses to encourage continual circulation of the voucher. The Credit Committee or micro-credit institution plays a central role in this.
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Even when the project exclusively uses local labor, local materials and local businesses, the new purchasing power drains out of the community within one or two spending cycles, as soon as services and goods are bought that have been produced outside the local community. Once the project has been realized, the funds have been used up. Not so with Bonus. 1. Initial Structure and Flow of the Bonus Program To prevent the money and therefore purchasing power from draining from the community, the Bonus method pays the costs of the project as often as possible in the form of a local currency voucher which is specially made. In the Juncto Palmeira in Fortaleza, Brazil, 80% of the necessary labor and materials for the construction project can be obtained locally. The other 20% are costs for construction materials that cannot be manufactured in the community. The 80% local spending is paid for with local currency vouchers. The national currency that is freed this way is lent out to local entrepreneurs in the form of micro-credit who can expand their productive capacity to meet local demand with it. Two developments have been set in motion: the local businesses are stimulated thanks to the micro-credit, and the project fulfills a social goal while offering employment.
2. Secondary Flow of the Bonus Program: The local businesses can pay back the micro-credit loan in local money and will therefore be willing to accept the local currency voucher. The local currency vouchers earned by the people and companies who have supplied the project with goods or services will find their way to local businesses and entrepreneurs.
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3. Tertiary Flow of the Bonus Program: Since there is no doubt that local businesses will accept the local currency vouchers, other businesses and workers will also accept them, knowing they will be able to spend them or change them into national currency. Some of the local currency vouchers will eventually make their way back to the project management or micro-credit organization as payment for the loan, or changed into national currency, however ideally they will keep on circulating. At the moment that a loan is repaid or money converted, the local money is held and does not return to circulation because it is no longer backed by funds held in reserve. Therefore, the idea is to encourage the continual circulation of the local currency vouchers. Conclusion: While the Bonus program achieves the same goals as a typical local development or micro-credit program, it also realizes several benefits over a typical program. These are: Increased economic benefits of a project on a community through an increased multiplier effect of the on the economy of the local area. Increased range of opportunities and benefits from multiplying the economic benefits of a project over a longer time-frame than the original project. If the local currency vouchers are accepted widely, this gives the possibility of the micro-credit program to expand its credit portfolio substantially, without being dependent on external capital loans at interest. Increased demand for local goods and services, which benefits local employment and incomes. Again, this effect will be durable if a sufficient level of acceptance of the new local currency voucher has been achieved. Increased economic activity, local production and broader circulation of project funds. Increased employment and income-generating activity beyond the lifespan of the project. Increased sense of community socio-economic solidarity. Increased length of time national currency remains within the community before draining out. Without the use of the Bonus model, only the initial goals of the project would have been achieved. The added benefits are bonuses, which explains the name of the method in English (Bonus). In Spanish, the name Fomento has been given, which is also related to the idea of a Bonus, but adds the element of motivating and improving the project to achieve the added benefits. The Bonus concept does not end here. The cycle we just described encourages both consumers and companies to become more familiar with the idea of local money. The government or donors can use this familiarity to implement new projects according to the Bonus concept. This can involve issuing interest-free credits (or low-interest credits) in the form of vouchers. Or, the Bonus can be considered as a preparation for more complex consumer-business-networks, such as the Consumer-Commerce Circuit or a complementary secondary Provincial or National currency as is now being done in the Province of East New Britain in Papua New Guinea as well as in several Provinces in Argentina. The effect in all these cases is an immediate impulse to the local economy and a significant reduction of financing costs for all involved. While the Bonus concept is over 10 years old, Strohalm Foundation has enhanced the model and has made it operational in Brazil. Strohalm sees Bonus as a technical improvement over other types of complementary money systems which are not backed by national currency, making these systems 36
better able to link directly with and therefore integrate better with the existing money system.
PARTEA A II-A
K. Prsirea banilor ce creeaz suferin n mod inutil
Succesul sistemelor de schimb i economisire local indic faptul c sistemul monetar actual a intrat n faliment. nainte de a studia amnunit posibilitile alternative, ne vom uita la cum sistemul present cauzeaz probleme: cum banii liberi devin scumpi i deasemenea cum acetia iau cu ei vigoarea zonelor srace. Oricine poate participa ntr-un sistem de schimb cum ar fi Trocul (Schimbul n natur) (Vezi I HAI S FACEM SCHIMB N NATUR!). Aici nu mai este nici o barier deoarece, neexistnd o nevoie acut de acoperire a costurilor interne legate de dobnd, nu mai este esenial pentru o societate/ ntreprindere s fac profit. Orice este posibil atta timp ct activitatea nsi nu are loc n pierdere. Lucrul acesta este n contradicie cu sistemul monetar prezent. n sistemul monetar actual orice activitate trebuie s nglobeze n sine un extra profit care s fie cel puin de mrimea nivelului dobnzii. Lucrul acesta are consecine enorme: elimin un numr foarte mare de activiti, promoveaz produsele de proast calitate i cere o producie tot mai crescnd. Altminteri producia se oprete sau nu ncepe deloc. Un investitor ar prefera mai curnd s-i depoziteze banii ntr-o banc. Am devenit att de obinuii cu aceast situaie nct suntem chiar pregtii s dm vina pe victime: munca lor nu a fost suficient de eficient. Dar realitatea este c acest obstacol adiional de nfruntat apare chiar i acolo unde oamenii deja triesc ntr-un mediu unde exist o criz local. n ri unde exist srcie i omaj, autoritile nu au alt alegere de fcut atta vreme ct accept sistemul. Ei menin dobnda ridicat aa nct s pstreze atractivitatea monedei n circulaie. O rat a dobnzii cu mult peste 10% este normal n rile srace. Lucrul acesta este cu totul fatal pentru cei sraci.Posibilitatea lor de a gsi de lucru sau de a se specializa ntr-un anumit domeniu este astfel redus n mod artificial. Deoarece foarte multe activiti nu aduc suficieni bani pentru a acoperi costurile legate de dobnd, muncitorii angajai n aceste activiti devin omeri. Hai s examinm dac exist un motiv bun pentru aceast situaie. Cea mai mare parte a banilor care sunt introdui pe pia de ctre bnci (pentru a da cu mprumut) sunt bani noi. Mie mi se pare c nu exist un motiv bun (real) s ceri dobnd pe aceti bani noi, indiferent de situaie. Nu este esenial s vinzi la un pre ridicat numere care apar ca prin minune pe ecranul unui computer. De ce nu este rata dobnzii pe bani nou creai 0%? De ce accept guvernele rate ale dobnzii care aduc pe muli n imposibilitatea s-i ctige proprii bani? Ce este mai important dect posibilitatea pentru cei sraci de a avea prilejul s se dezvolte din punct de vedere economic? Cei mai muli economiti i guverne actuale vor spune c dobnda este necesar pentru a evita o cdere a circulaiei banilor. Cu sistemul monetar prezent, cei ce au bani sunt ispitii s-i ruleze banii prin investiii i mprumuturi. Cei ce sunt n posesia banilor vor pierde orice motivaie s se despart de banii lor atunci cnd rata dobnzii scade foarte mult. Atunci cnd rata dobnzii este mic, cei cu bani se gndesc s-i in n pstrare n caz c apare pe undeva o ocazie mai bun. i in banii n seif sau i trimit n mod clandestin peste hotare; pe scurt, economia naional devine destul de sever compromis. n sistemul prezent, o rat a dobnzii care se apropie de zero nseamn necazuri mari. 37
Fiecare govern urmeaz o politic care intete la a pstra rata dobnzii sufficient de ridicat aa nct cei cu bani nu-i vor scoate din circulaie. Lucrul acesta se ntmpl chiar i atunci cnd devine evident c multe proiecte importante devin non-profitabile i de aceea nu sunt demarate, c se creeaz omaj n multe zone srace, c potenialul multor oameni nu este folosit i c srcia este rezultatul final. S nu ne nelm, vorbim aici de sute de milioane de slujbe! n rile lovite de srcie, sistemul monetar internaional s-a dezvoltat ntr-o pomp de proast calitate: pe de-o parte creaz omaj inutil iar pe de alt parte marjele de profit ridicate sunt extrem de eficace n a nltura orice form de ctig pentru cei sraci. Aceast nlturare i concentrare de profituri extorcate accelereaz procesul n care cei bogai devin i mai bogai iar prpastia dintre ei i cei sraci se adncete i mai mult. i toate acestea sunt npachetate ntr-o schem foarte inteligent: nu este doar alearg dau oprete-te. Este alearg sau te vei prbui! Odihna i un ritm constant, stabil sunt imposibile. Ar nsemna nceputul unei crize (Vezi H SRCIA TRIT CA O CRIZ LOCAL). Acesta este motivul pentru care Strohalm a nceput s caute un tip de bani ce pot funciona fr dobnd sau cu una extrem de mic; un sistem care nu va conecta rile ntr-o spiral a suferinei. Nu ar trebui s ne permitem s acceptm faptul c mase largi de oameni sunt omeri datorit faptului c sistemul monetar nu poate funciona fr dobnd! Chiar cei bogai sunt forai s continue procesul de rennoire i de cretere ntr-un ritm din ce n ce mai distructiv, fcnd imposibil pentru cei sraci i mai puin ambiioi s li se alture. Se pare c i guvernele sunt prinse n acest sistem monetar ca ntr-o capcan atunci cnd se decid s abordeze problemele celor sraci. Ei trebuie s participe din motive tehnice la o situaie n care banii noi trebuie s rmn nefiresc de scumpi. Ei au de ales ntre a asista financiar n accelerarea creterii globale sau a nfrunta o criz datorat exodului din ar al banilor. Sistemul monetar organizeaz lucrurile aa nct s fim o societate social ntr-o societate unde toat lumea se afl n concuren pentru bani puini. Mai direct, pe msur ce dobnda continu s extrag bani din sistem, rezult c banii devin din ce n ce mai insuficieni! (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND) Iar lucrul acesta nu este un dezastru; alegerea a fost fcut i suntem suficieni de contieni de ea (Vezi M PREUL PE CARE L PLTIM PENTRU AVUIE). Cred c ar trebui s putem afla speran n faptul c oameni din Tailanda, Argentina, Nepal, Peru, Mexico, Kenya, Amsterdam, Zierikzee i din multe alte locuri abordeaz modele monetare ce sunt foarte diferite de cel actual. Muli experimenteaz feluri noi de a administra comerul reciproc, cu noi metode de organizare economic (Vezi F CUM POT NCEPE OAMENII O ECONOMIE LOCAL). Adeseori influena asupra economiei formale este de mic importan, dar eforturile reprezint mici bijuterii de cooperare care i strng din nou pe oameni mpreun. Uneori, ncet dar sigur, aceste eforturi produc rezultate notabile. n Argentina sute de mii de oameni fac schimb cu bani pe care chiar ei i-au creat (Vezi I HAI S FACEM TROC!) Exist zeci de mii de afaceri cooperatiste pretutindeni n America Latin (Vezi Q INDUSTRIILE COOPERATIVE DEZVOLTRI PLINE DE SPERAN N AMERICA LATIN). ntre timp, WIR-ul din Elveia a crescut pn la a ajunge o organizaie cu cifr de afaceri de trei miliarde Franci Elveieni, n care mii de afaceri practic schimbul mutual. Nu vorbim doar de faptul c oamenii au devenit contieni de ct de distructiv lucreaz sistemul prezent, ci i de faptul c noi posibiliti devin din ce n ce mai cunoscute (Vezi T WIR) (Vezi V.a. REEAUA STROHALM DE SCHIMB I CERCETARE).
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oamenilor iau cu mprumut mai mult dect pot economisi, chiar i atunci cnd se ine cont de pensii. Dobnda ascuns n produse, construcia de locuine i taxe cauzeaz dezechilibrarea balanei. Se pare c atunci cnd toate veniturile i plile dobnzii pe economii sunt adunate, optzeci la sut (80%) dintre oameni pltesc totui mai mult dobnd dect vor primi vreodat. Zece la sut (10%) reuesc un echilibru rezonabil i doar cei zece la sut (10%) foarte bogai vor face bani din sistemul dobnzii; ei chiar fac curenie n buzunarele celorlali! (Vezi X.c. DIAGRAMA CREUTZ) COMPARAIE NTRE VENITURILE I CHELTUIELILE LEGATE DE DOBND N GERMANIA
n realitate banii se scurg de la cei sraci la cei bogai, aa cum este indicat n aceast diagram; dar acest fapt este adeseori trecut sub tcere. Mai recent, vedem c muli oameni cu venituri oarecum deasupra mediei au datorii crescute pentru case (ipoteca imobiliar), n timp ce valoarea caselor lor, aciuni etc. crete n mod constant. Atta timp ct aciunile i casele cresc n valoare, s-ar prea c devenim din ce n ce mai bogai. Dar aceast prosperitate nu este un numr; este acces la produse, servicii i proprietate asupra propriului cmin. Datoriile nu dispar atunci cnd bursele de valori se prbuesc iar valoarea caselor cade brusc.
propriul lor cerc. Gndirea sa era ntructva radical ns, cnd bogaii au realizat c lucrurile nu mai puteau continua la fel, au acceptat logica sa. Noul conductor a neles c o zon rural sntoas este una fr datorii, unde fermierii care neleg agricultura trebuiesc lsai n pace pentru a-i lua propriile decizii. Nu sclavia ci mai curnd ambiia fermierului de a excela era indispensabil pentru o regiune rural energic, prosper. Iat de ce Solon a introdus msuri drastice eliminnd datoriile deja existente. Pentru a evita noi datorii, el a interzis perceperea de dobnd/camta. n consecin, Solon a reuit n a evita o catastrof. Decizia lui Solon de interzicere a perceperii de dobnd/camt a rmas n vigoare vreme ndelungat n Imperiul Roman de Rsrit i poate c acesta este motivul pentru care sistemul a funcionat mult vreme dup cderea Romei. ntr-un fel istoria se repet. nc o dat agricultura sufer sub presiunea datoriei. Doar c de data aceasta se ntmpl la scar global. Datorit dobnzii i ratei crescnde n mod enorm a datoriei, fermierii din aproape toate rile simt opresiunea. Ei sunt forai s maximalizeze utilizarea pmntului lor ceea ce rezult ntr-o utilizare mult prea intensiv a solului. Pdurile sunt tiate iar pmntul potrivit pentru agricultur este transformat n teren arabil. n aproape toate rile tropicale pmntul fertil este luat de inundaii. Pentru muli fermieri viitorul este cenuiu sau non-existent; de aceea, ei migreaz spre ora. Chiar i n Olanda, datoria fermierilor este enorm. Muli fermieri primesc asisten social. Producia a fost crescut la nivele nemaintlmite. Astfel, n Olanda s-a dezvoltat o situaie instabil. n prezent agricultura poate supravieui doar cu fermieri/agricultori obosii i stresai, ngrminte artificiale i mult suferin animal. i nu se ateapt apariia unui nou Solon. De data aceasta catastrofa nu va lovi suficient de rapid populaia pentru a avea efectul unei deteptri. Un nou om puternic nu va rezolva nimic. Conductorii rilor nu mai pot controla sistemul monetar global. Chiar i guvernatorii bncilor lucreaz n interiorul unui sistem dictat lor de piaa financiar global. Msurile de contracarare sunt absorbite rapid de piee i nu au nici un efect (Vezi S.b. MERVIN KING). Este un complex vag, evaziv, de dobnd parial. Iat de ce este att de plcut c dezvoltrile economice i tehnice creeaz acum prin ele nsele noi dezvoltri. Pentru a fi precii, n calitate de consumatori, este posibil ca noi s rennoim sistemul monetar. Vei putea citi despre acest lucru n capitolele urmtoare (Vezi U CIRCUITUL COMERCIAL AL CONSUMATORULUI). Pentru moment vom strui asupra fenomenului dobnzii.
aeze pe ele. Numrul scaunelor este mai mic dect cel al copiilor i de aceea nu toi se vor putea aeza pe acestea, de unde situaia amuzant pentru ei.) O competiie dur rezult n mod inutil, n acelai timp cu o prdare a mediului nconjurtor i a puterii de lucru umane. n acest fel, valorile durabile de ordin ecologic, cultural i social sunt imposibile. Datorit atractivitii puterii de cumprare externe, n realitate doar o modalitate eficient de a acoperi lipsa de bani de acas, asemeni cu adugarea temporar a unui scaun n jocul muzical al scaunelor, rile sfresc prin a concura una mpotriva alteia. Devine mai important s vinzi gru peste hotare dect s faci pine pentru consumul intern. i pentru a putea plti dobnda, rile srace trebuie s-i vnd resursele naturale. Pentru c singura zon unde pn la un anumit punct se poate obine ceva n mod gratuit se regsete n natur (mediul nconjurtor). n cele din urm povara este transferat asupra resurselor naturale i asupra populaiei, muncii omului. Copiii lucreaz pentru salarii mizere n loc de a investi n viitorul lor trimindu-i la coal.
nevoie de aproximativ 139 de globuri de aur de mrimea pmntului pentru a bate n moned toi acei ducai de aur. ntr-adevr, aproximativ n anul 1863 ar fi nevoie de un glob de aur de mrimea pmntului pentru a-i plti capitalul. Iar dac dobnda ar fi fost de 5%, ai fi atins aceast performan n 1497, iar n 1997 ai fi putut pretinde ca pe un drept al tu 25,7 miliarde (!) globuri de aur de dimensiunea pmntului.
M. Preul pe care l pltim pentru avuie este acela c nu putem face nimic cu privire la problemele pe care le creeaz
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Existena srciei este ceva cu care ne-am obinuit i devine din ce n ce mai uor la a te obinui cu ea. Dar oare ne simim confortabil n spatele gardurilor din srm ghimpat ncrcate la 10 000 Voli? Oare nu nchidem ochii prea uor n faa realitii? La drept vorbind este un miracol faptul c putem tri cu ideea c undeva n lume copii n vrst de 5 ani caut la groapa de gunoi, n mijlocul unui miros pestilenios, hrtie sau metal pe care ulterior s le vnd, aa nct s poat ctiga suficient pentru a mnca. Am reuit s accept lucrul acesta. Am observat c tinde s devin acceptabil. Probabil i tu simi astfel. Am descoperit modaliti s ignorm acest lucru, s-l lsm deoparte sau pur i simplu s nu-l mai observm. Deasemenea, este prea frustant s ne confruntm cu realitatea i facem tot ce ne st n putin s o evitm. Cea mai bun scuz invocat este convingerea c nu putem face nimic. Din punct de vedere al sntii, aceasta este o modalitate foarte bun de a privi lucrurile. Ne ofer legitimitate pentru a ignora suferina i nefericirea fr de sfrit n care milioane de oameni trebuie s triasc. Dar aceast convingere are costurile sale: ne pierdem o parte important a umanitii noastre. Implicarea alturi de tot ceea ce este viu, de ceea ce a fost i de ceea ce va fi este esenial pentru dezvoltarea noastr mental. Faptul c am reuit s m ascund n spatele unor argumente este ceva ce va fi trit ca srcire sufleteasc.
n multe ri, lumea celor prosperi din clasa de mijloc se izoleaz n spatele unui zid de securitate. Doar acolo se simt n siguran. Dar zidurile ce au rolul de a ine lumea nfometat nafar, i menin propria via n interior. Muli africani albi din Shanton, o suburbia de lux din apropiere de Johannesburg, nu ar ndrzni s se arate ntr-o comunitate neagr din apropiere. Ei au garduri electrice la tensiunea de 10.000 Voli n jurul proprietii iar n curte se afl un cine ru. n jurul Los Angeles-ului exist comuniti prospere care dein propriile coli, magazine, sisteme de securitate, n fapt ele formeaz propria jurisdicie. Copii acestor oameni avui nu mai prsesc zona. Scriitorul latino-american Galeano scrie n cartea sa Lumea cu susu-n jos despre cum copiii bogailor din Rio de Janeiro sau Buenos Aires nu tiu nimic despre metroul din oraul lor dar sunt familiarizai cu metroul din Paris. Ei cresc cu singura contiin social c realitatea este periculoas. Preul prosperitii este teama de a pierde totul. Frica de a fi tlhrit sau de a fi rpit. n acelai timp, cei din clasa de mijloc din multe pri ale lumii au o poziie nesigur. La ei exist teama permanent c de la o zi la alta totul ar putea fi pierdut. Lucrul acesta mi-a fost indicat n mod 45
clar atunci cnd am citit un slogan de pe zidul unei zone defavorizate din Buenos Aires: Bine ai venit voi cei din clasa de mijloc. Un zid virtual cu cioburi tioase de sticl i srm ghimpat exist n jurul Europei; servete aceluiai scop ca i zidurile din jurul vilelor din Africa de Sud. Este preul pe care-l pltim pentru prosperitatea noastr. Un pre pe care-l acceptm deoarece nu cunoatem o alternativ i nu credem c avem puterea s facem ceva spre bine. Mai devreme sau mai trziu trebuie s obiectm. Nu putem continua s trim n acest fel! Vreau s m simt om fr a m simi prins n vrtejul frustrrii pentru c nu a putea face nimic cu privire la problem. A crede n propriul sentiment de a fi lipsit de putere poate c mi ofer un grad de siguran; dar la nivel profund, continu s m deranjeze. Simt c exist anumite legturi ntre lumea mea i evenimentele dezastruoase ce se petrec n jur; c achiziionarea produselor Max Havelaar nu este suficient... ntre timp, putem cumpra 15 sortimente diferite de hran pentru pisicile noastre: inim, pui, iepure, ra, oaie, miel, ren cu ton, pete oceanic, carne de viel, curcan, curcan i miel, somon. Carnea de oarece, delicatesa pisicii, nu este de gsit. Doar pentru a se putea hrni cu ceea ce noi oferim pisicilor noastre, ali oameni ar fi dornici s lucreze n condiii foarte grele. Este timpul s ne trezim. Alternativa este s ne trim vieile asemeni unui monstru psihotic ce mparte lumea n dou: propriul nostru mediu, cunoscut i de ncredere, i restul lumii. i s ne simim ameninai de strinii ce bat la u de cetenii marginalizai. Acesta este motivul meu cel mai intim pentru a scrie aceast carte. Eu cred c convingerea n imposibilitatea de a face ceva a fost depit. Exist deja evoluii n sistemul monetar i, n calitate de consumatori, putem s dm acelor evoluii o traiectorie corect (Vezi U CIRCUITUL COMERCIAL AL CONSUMATORULUI). Exist suficiente raiuni pentru ca noi s cutm n mod colectiv soluii structurale!
i comerul cu valut, sunt ridicol de puini comparativ cu sumele de bani ce se scurg n interiorul rilor bogate n aceleai circuite. Scurgerea de bani dinspre rile datoare nu este nimic altceva dect un catalizator pentru economiile prospere. Banii ce reprezint un foarte mic ctig pentru cei bogai fac n acelai timp imposibil ca cei sraci s-i construiasc un viitor mai bun. Direcionarea total a rilor srace ctre pieele occidentale, jefuirea resurselor naturale, tot rul fcut mediului nconjurtor dar i suferina uman, toate acestea nu sunt neesare pentru a menine economia occidental n priz. Lumea bogat nu mai are nevoie de aa ceva deoarece tehnologia a avansat pn la punctul n care, n 10 ani, dac va fi necesar, va fi posibil n mare msur trecerea la reciclarea materiilor prime. Este ameitor, dar trebuie s acceptm c nefericirea i suferina celor mai sraci dintre sraci este n fapt o glum crud i perfid. Criza datoriilor, cauznd o tragedie total pentru cei sraci, este doar o pictur ntr-un pahar de ap pentru cei bogai.
ntmplat cu exactitate dar, la un moment dat, pstrtorii de aur au nceput s acorde mprumuturi pentru care nu aveau acoperire n aur n seif. ntr-un fel, lucrul acesta era o cacialma. Acea cacialma se baza pe cunoaterea faptului c proprietarii aurului nu veneau niciodat toi n acelai timp s-i cear aurul. Nimeni nu a constatat acest lucru i nimeni nu trebuia s tie. Mai mult dect orice altceva, se acoperea o cerere. n acele zile exista o nevoie sporit pentru un mijloc de schimb mai curnd dect a avea aurul la ndemn. Astfel, pstrtorii de aur au furnizat un serviciu incredibil economiei europene: ei au provocat o cretere exploziv a cantitii banilor care era benefic pentru creterea economic, fr a fi limitat de ceva att de accidental cum ar fi prezena unei anumite cantiti de aur. Lucrul acesta a dat natere alchimiei moderne: un plus de aur nu era creat n cazane puse pe foc ci prin apariia unor buci de hrtie ce reprezentau acel aur. Aceast mecherie a avut muli adepi. Aceast mecherie a fost copiat de multe ori. ntregul nostru sistem bancar modern se bazeaz pe aceasta. Alchimia modern a primit un nume respectabil n universiti: acoperire parial! Sistemul monetar al fiecrei ri se bazeaz pe aceast acoperire parial iar legea stipuleaz ce rezerve trebuie s pstreze o banc, relativ la creditele n derulare. n prezent, n Olanda aceast valoare se ridic la aproximativ 10%. Adeseori, la rndul lor, aceste rezerve sunt doar o cacialma. Dolarii din seifurile bncilor olandeze sunt doar parial acoperii: cacialma de hrtie! Dar i utilizm ca baz pentru o cacialma viitoare. Aceast cacialma de hrtie acoper o alt cacialma de hrtie care, la rndul ei, acoper o alt cacialma de hrtie etc etc. Nu este de mirare c astzi, cantitatea de bani poate crete la nesfrit! (Vezi X.b. DIAGRAMA LIETAER)
mprumuturi a devenit calitatea cea mai important din economie. mecheria cea mai ingenioas a alchimiei moderne este c reuete s se perpetueze prin ea nsi. Crearea banilor nu cauzeaz un excedent al acestora ci o penurie a lor; ca i necesitatea de a continua procesul de dare cu mprumut i returnare a mai mult dect s-a luat iniial, pe o scar din ce n ce mai mare, spre infinit. Lucrul acesta este minunat pentru cei ce pot profita cernd dobnd pe banii nou creai, fr nevoia de a furniza orice alt serviciu. Dar, pe termen lung, este dezastruos pentru o societate ce este constrns ntro necesitate continu de a ctiga tot mai muli i mai muli bani. Este dezastruos i pentru natur i mediu ce devin tot mai epuizate pentru ca cele menionate s fie posibile. Dar i pentru fiina uman modern este dezastruos care va sfri prin a avea din ce n ce mai puin linite. i desigur, dezastruos pentru cei sraci care, n cele din urm, sunt cei ce trebuie s plteasc pentru perceperea de dobnd. Practica demonstreaz c, pas cu pas, costurile nejustificate ale mprumuturilor sfresc pe umerii celor mai slabi indivizi dintr-o economie. Lucrul acesta este foarte clar pronunat n rile srace. Acolo toi banii prsesc regiunile rurale i alte zone srcite, rezultnd deerturi monetare unde banii de-abia dac exist. Atta vreme ct are loc crearea banilor noi cu scopul de a colecta dobnd, sistemul monetar va continua s cauzeze srcie (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND).
dobnd i au uitat c i alte metode erau posibile. Prima istorisire ne relateaz cum principiul original sumerian al bncii centrale a recoltei a fost introdus n Egipt. Astfel, personajul principal al acesteia, Iosif, i sugereaz lui Faraon c ridicarea unor hambare unde grul s fie depozitat, va preveni apariia foametei n anii sraci, cu recolte reduse. Este posibil ca acesta s fi fost nceputul sistemului de schimb n gru care a operat n Egipt de-a lungul a multe secole. n orice caz, sulurile de papirus ne arat c un sistem de schimb n gru a operat n Egipt i c sute de ani mai trziu, cnd Egiptul a ajuns sub conducere roman, acel sistem de schimb era nc nfloritor! (Vezi G.a. BANCA EGIPTEAN A RECOLTEI)
sistem monetar poart cu el consecine ce se ridic la suprafa n valori umane. n aceast carte s-a artat c sunt posibile i alte sisteme de schimb ce nu folosesc dobnda. Mulumit dezvoltrilor tiinifice putem acum ti mai mult despre perioada istoric sumerian dect tim despre anul 0 A.D. sau anul 1000 A.D. Avem motive rezonabile s presupunem c cu mult timp naintea erei noastre, ucenicii lui Avram i Moise neleseser c cei ce ntrebuinau un sistem bazat pe aur erau mamonizai. Un sistem unde lcomia i exploatarea sunt promovate sfrete prin a se autodistruge: promoveaz mai curnd latura negativ a fiinelor umane n locul celei pozitive, mpreun cu toate consecinele ce decurg din aceasta. n crile ebraice vechi Mamona este idolul proeminent (dumnezeu fals), opusul a ceea ce este bun i personificarea rului. Gsesc c este o binecuvntare s triesc n aceste timpuri. Acum avem posibiliti nelimitate s nvm din trecut. Putem combina cunotinele noastre actuale despre bani cu cunotinele din trecut. De-a lungul istoriei au funcionat diferite sisteme monetare. n timpul ultimilor 50 de ani sistemul actual a fost guvernat n mod ferm de nelegerea Bretton-Woods care a determinat cum va arta ordinea economic dup cel de-al doilea rzboi mondial. Dar chiar i n timpul acelei conferine a fost prezent o alternativ. Dac propunerile economistului englez John Maynard Keynes ar fi fost acceptate, rile mai srace ar fi ajuns ntr-o situaie cu mult mai bun. Propunerea Bancor a lui Keynes a oferit o soluie pentru dezechilibrul din comerul mondial. rile cu un excedent continuu al exporturilor acumuleaz revendicri iar rile cu un perpetuu deficit comercial acumuleaz datorii. i datorit dobnzilor adiionale, aceste datorii devin imposibil de achitat. Keynes a propus un sistem care s oblige rile s menin un echilibru ntre import i export. Propunerea sa ar fi meninut un echilibru n sistemul monetar i comerul internaional. Aceast propunere era de neatins n 1944. La acea vreme interesele Statelor Unite i ale Marii Britanii erau mai bine servite de sistemul ce fusese ales. Dar pentru cei ce doresc s ofere o ans rilor srace, acea idee nc mai ofer perspectiv. (Vezi S.d. PROPUNEREA BANCOR)
agitate din New Delhi dar i n economia Ecuadorului. Bncile pstreaz n rezerv cantiti enorme de dolari. Ei sunt prezeni n camerele de tezaur ale Bncii Olandei pentru a acoperi Euro olandez. Argentina i-a fcut moneda naional egal cu dolarul i are nevoie de o rezerv mare de dolari. Ecuadorul a mers chiar cu un pas mai nainte i a eradicat complet moneda naional n favoarea dolarului. Datorit faptului c dolarul este ntrebuinat i inut n rezerv n att de multe ri, bncile americane sunt n poziia de a crea cantiti nelimitate de dolari, fr a trebui s se team de inflaie. Lucrul acesta face posibil ca cetenii americani s triasc peste posibilitile lor reale i s importe mai mult dect export. Ei absorb surplusul comercial al altor state prin propria lor insuficien /incapacitate la export. Ei cheltuiesc din ce n ce mai mult i totui sunt capabili de cheltuieli tot mai mari n domeniul militar ceea ce permite SUA s rmn o superputere. i lucrul acesta nchide cercul: mulumit statutului de superputere, dolarul va rmne cea mai important valut. rile europene ncearc s foreze o schimbare n aceast diviziune comercial dar, atta vreme ct valoarea valutei Euro rmne sczut, nu se va ntmpla nimic; la nivel internaional nu exist nici un motiv s pstrezi n camerele de tezaur Euro cu valoare mic. Reversul medaliei este c Euro devalorizai pun afacerile europene ntr-o poziie mult mai puternic pe pia. Costul produselor acestora sunt exprimate n Euro i de aceea sunt sunt mici. Lucrul acesta va face posibil ca rile europene s creeze mai uor un excedent comercial. Lucrul acesta se potrivete de minune n diviziunea comercial.
acesta se datoreaz faptului c bogaii din acele ri sunt mult mai puin nclinai s-i cheltuiasc banii n propria ar sau regiune. Ei cumpr ndeosebi articole scumpe din rile bogate sau i investesc banii n metropole ndeprtate. Ca urmare, baza pentru o prosperitate sntoas dispare: prezena unor suficiente mijloace de schimb pentru a stimula economia local. Dovada unui sistem monetar de success se face atunci cnd acesta circul suficient putere de cumprare i o metod de schimb suficient pentru propria sa dezvoltare regional. Incredibila cretere n bunstare din Olanda secolului al XVII lea a devenit posibil prin oferirea primelor aciuni din lume. Acestea erau aciuni la V.O.C. (Compania Indiilor de Est Olandeze). Pentru c toat lumea a acceptat valoarea clar a acestor aciuni, ele puteau fi folosite i ca mijloc de plat. De fapt putem spune c n Olanda acelor vremuri cantitatea de bani crescuse enorm. Pentru Olanda, secolul al XVII lea s-a transformat n Era de Aur. Accelerarea incredibil experimentat de economia actual cere mult din punct de vedere al metodelor organizatorice. i astzi aciunile unei companii joac un rol determinant, avnd o valoare determinat, asemeni banilor. n prezent se consider a fi un lucru normal ca atunci cnd o companie cumpr o alt companie, achiziia s se finaneze cu aciuni de la compania cumprtoare. n acest fel se pot gsi multe versiuni ale banilor. Aceste variante conduc la o cretere intenionat sau nu a metodelor de schimb. n Brazilia, companiile care nu suficieni bani pltesc cu cecuri post-datate. Deoarece recipienii acestor cecuri nu doresc s atepte data scadent, cecurile sunt din nou folosite ca form de plat ctre alii, adugnd la variante o alt metod de plat. Decizia lui Nixon din 1971 de a separa dolarul de standardul n aur (garania c fiecare dolar poate fi schimbat n aur) a avut o influen enorm asupra cantitii de bani digitali. El a fost obligat s fac acest lucru i astfel s-a ajuns la o augmentare a creterii cantitii de bani ntr-un ritm fr precedent. De cnd cu aceast separare a banilor de aur, valoarea unei cereri de plat devenind necunoscut relativ la valoarea dolarului, bncile europene i-au folosit rezervele n dolari pentru a da mprumuturi fr restricii n Eurodolarii disponibili. Rezultatul a fost o cretere exploziv a dolarilor din circulaie. Mai mult dect att, n timpul ultimelor decade ale secolului XX, datorit tehnologiei informaionale, circuitul banilor a putut s creasc la o mrime de proporii necunoscute. Economia bazat pe cartela de credit i investiiile ipotecare au fost ferm consolidate, cauznd creterea acestui uria circuit speculativ de neimaginat. A urmat imediat un sistem al circulaiei continue a banilor, valori ale companiilor, i teancuri de hrtie care s poat fi utilizate pentru comer. Valorile create pe piee la termen i piee cu opiune sunt folosite pentru continuarea tranzaciilor i diminueaz rolul aurului din camerele de tezaur ale bncilor centrale. Banii sunt doar o metod de contabilitate; bursele de valori determin valoarea iar prin fibr optic i computere aceste valori circul de-a lungul i de-a latul globului cu viteza luminii. Pentru bani, timpul i spaiul sunt de domeniul istoriei! (Vezi S.b. MERVIN KING I DISPARIIA BANILOR) Chiar i banii guvernului au devenit tot mai mult o int pentru speculaie. Speculaiile monetare ce au condus la crizele financiare din Asia, Mexic i mai recent din Turcia sunt exemple n acest sens. Crearea monedelor cum ar fi Euro i dolarizarea Americii Latine sunt rspunsuri la aceast dezvoltare. ntre timp, diferena n mrime dintre circuitul productiv i cel speculativ continu s creasc. *
circulaie a banilor.Condiia pentru un sistem monetar de succes este sprijinirea acestuia. n prezentul echilibru de putere, lucrul acesta s-a atins n rile bogate dar n acelai timp, posibilitatea pentru schimb colectiv dispare n rile mai srace. Actualmente, lumea banului este ntr-o astfel de stare nct aproape orice este posibil. Cu att mai mult cu ct banii digitali au nlocuit banii vizibili. Aceast nou dezvoltare duce n practic la haos i are efecte dezastruoase pentru milioane de oameni. Dar nc se mai pot face alegeri. Echilibrele de putere se clatin iar atunci cnd folosim aceste noi dezvoltri, putem realiza mbuntiri structurale. Acum cnd tehnologia modern poate suprima sistemul instaurat i se vor dezvolta noi sisteme, putem folosi noile posibiliti pentru a realiza sisteme monetare mai sociale i mai durabile. (Vezi S.b. MERVIN KING I DISPARIIA BANILOR)
Cu puin timp n urm am citit un articol scris de peruvianul Hernando de Soto despre cum ar putea fi rezolvat problema srciei: Tot ceea ce trebuie fcut ine de legalizarea caselor construite ilegal n rile srace. Datorit faptului c aproape 90% din numrul total de case este non-existent din punct de vedere oficial, este imposibil s obii un mprumut ipotecar pentru aceste case. Dar dac aceste case ar fi aduse n cadrul legal, ar fi creat un potenial economic n rile srace de nu mai puin de 9.300 miliarde de dolari. Aceast cifr este de 20 de ori mai mare dect ajutorul extern primit de la sfritul celui de-al doilea rzboi mondial pn n prezent. Lucrul acesta ar crea o pia financiar pentru bnci. spune de Soto. El nu vede nici un dezavantaj n ideea sa. Este clar faptul c de Soto nelege c un motiv principal al problemelor din rile srace este dat de absena banilor. Aa nct ideea sa ar putea fi corect. Ce spaiu economic ar fi creat! Dar, n acelai timp, dobnda i va cere partea sa, i nc ntr-o manier accelerat. Muli indivizi dintre cei ce vor fi luat un credit ipotecar vor trebui s fac alte mprumuturi pentru a finana dobnda. Exist totui posibilitatea de a privi ideea lui de Soto i fr capcana dobnzii. Va fi necesar s fie realizat legtura cu cele mai moderne dezvoltri din lumea finanelor. n interiorul domeniului unei reele de comer reciproc, casele ar putea servi ca baz pentru comerul comun, fr necesitatea dobnzii. (Vezi U CIRCUITUL COMERCIAL AL CONSUMATORULUI)
sociale. nelegerea dintre toi aceti oameni este aceea c ei nu doresc s se supun regulilor economice ce nu ofer nici o perspectiv pentru cei sraci. Ei caut modaliti de a face afaceri ntr-un mod deosebit, de a extinde o Economie a Solidaritii. Marea parte a membrilor acestei economii a solidaritii particip n aceasta din motive evidente; afacerea lor a dat faliment i singura modalitate de a continua s munceasc era de a continua ntr-un sistem cooperativ. Dup ani de ocupare a unui teren, un grup de fermieri au ajuns n cele din urm s devin proprietarii acestuia, i doar mpreun pot cumpra maini agricole. Un alt grup de persoane dintr-un teritoriu o duc mai bine de cnd a fost introdus schimbul reciproc. i aa mai departe. Dar acest interes propriu nu este singurul motiv: majoritatea membrilor dintr-o economie a solidaritii sunt adeseori motivai c caute o schimbare real. Ei realizeaz c atta vreme ct economia solidaritii rmne izolat, ea este i foarte vulnerabil. Este nevoie de mai mult. Asemeni efului de echip din Fermieri fr pmnt, MST a spus: Noi muncim aici din greu pentru a cuceri o bucat de pmnt i s o folosim din plin. Dar continum s depindem de preurile imprevizibile de pe piaa mondial i practicilor de dumping din rile dezvoltate (NT: dumping = practica de a percepe un pre foarte sczut pe o pia, n scopul de a falimenta furnizorii rivali). Aranjamentele internaionale tot mai numeroase ne neag libertatea de a ne crea propria noastr economie. Nu avem alt alegere dect s continum cu propriile noastre idei. Directorul unei bnci deinute de stat a adugat: O ar asemeni Braziliei o va duce din dezastru n dezastru atta vreme ct nu vom ine la distan capitalul circulant. Multe persoane implicate n aceast economie a solidaritii se gndesc mai departe dect propria lor activitate i propriul lor interes. Pentru ei, a construi o economie a solidaritii nseamn a construi o nou societate. Popoarele din America de Sud sunt foarte contiente de contribuia sistemului nostru monetar la situaia actual. Ani sau mai curnd decade de crize economice ntrerupte din cnd n cnd de scurte perioade de avnt pentru ca apoi declinul doar s se adnceasc i mai mult, i-a nvat o lecie amar: vnzarea complet a companiilor de stat, resurselor naturale i a pmntului, o reea de securitate i asisten social minim, un guvern care nu mai este respectat de ceteni i, n cele din urm, un sistem monetar cu totul falimentar. Aproape pe oricine vei ntlni n america Latin, nelege c trebuie s se confrunte cu necesitatea dur de a gsi ci de abordare diferite la modul radical de cele precedente.
mai mult n activiti manufacturiere i s fac ceva pentru a stopa scurgerea de capital din economia local. n multe locuri membrii Trueque lucreaz n aa fel nct activitile de afaceri s fie incluse n reea. Carlos Monaco ncearc s redeschid fabrica local de nclminte cu credit crditos. Alii ncearc s conving autoritile locale s accepte crditos pentru plata taxelor. Unele comuniti deja fac acest lucru. Heloisa este una dintre acele persoane ce lucreaz cu Strohalm ncercnd s dezvolte economia solidaritii ntr-o alternativ real. n plus fa de programul su ncrcat cu aceast lucrare practic, ea este profesoar la Universitatea din Buenos Aires i conduce un program de cercetare n aceast disciplin. Oamenii de tiin i studenii pot acum s monitorizeze rezultatele. Heloisa continu s caute feluri de a folosi mai bine posibilitile oferite membrilor economiei locale. Urmtorul pas logic ar fi s se vad dac puterea de cumprare a banilor oficiali aflai n posesia membrilor ar putea fi folosii de o manier mai eficient. Oare nu ar fi posibil s se creasc puterea de cumprare i astfel s se dezvolte puterea consumatorului? (Vezi U CIRCUITUL COMERCIAL AL CONSUMATORULUI)
atunci cnd descopr un pic mai trziu c nu toi locuitorii s-au ocupat n trecut de agricultur. Un intelectual citadin care a ajutat ani de-a rndul cu ocuparea pmntului a devenit att de obinuit cu grupul nct s-a decis s rmn. De-a lungul anilor grei cnd nu au putut s cultive pmntul au avut timp pentru alte studii, agricultur ecologic, discuii despre haosul social, cauzele nedreptii i cum ar arta cooperarea dac ocuparea pmntului ar fi devenit ncununat de succes. Astfel, intelectualul a nvat din experiena fermierului n timp ce fermierul a devenit mai educat n sens academic, rezultnd n acest fel o adevrat comunitate. Proprietatea ocupat de fermieri unde m-a condus Milton a devenit de aproximativ cinci ani proprietatea de drept a acestora. Ei au cultivat orez iar acum vor s dezvolte n scopuri turistice o zon de coast din vecintatea acesteia. Reprezentanii celor 6 sate ce ne-au primit sunt tot att de interesai n experienele noastre cu organizaiile cooperative de consumatori/fermieri pe ct sunt eu de ei. ntmpltor le spun despre reelele meteugreti cu care conlucrm iar ei i manifest dorina de a afla detalii. Curnd ne regsim ntr-un grup de 15 persoane discutnd n aer liber sub civa copaci nali. Ei par a fi interesai de acele reelele meteugreti i cum se nrudesc acestea de micarea MST. nainte de a-mi da seama ce se ntmpl, una dintre doamnele mai active pune mna pe telefon i aranjaz o ntlnire pentru dimineaa urmtoare cu directorii MST din districtul lor. Nu am putut s obiectez: mi se d de neles c este foarte important i trebuie s-mi fac timp. On Monday morning Milton takes me to an office building that was taken over and where the MST now has its Head Office. It was good that Milton had warned me because at first I have the feeling that the conversation is not going too well. The MST heavies are looking straight ahead without any expression on their faces as I talk to them about our set-up. Suddenly a heavy set farmer says: OK, if I understand you correctly, what you are saying is that with a clever exchange system we can solve problems we now have with delinquent buyers and perhaps attract new consumers. This moment is of great value for us. I propose to them that we recruit a group of people in the near future and that they start organizing and teach them how it is done elsewhere. I explain that we dont have much money but that we will pay for their travel expenses and look after your daily needs ". What at first appeared to me as sternness turned out to be honest concentration on their part in trying to figure out how this new approach could be of use to them. In the end the meeting ran into the small hours. By that time the room was bursting at the seams and much discussion went on as to how a solidaire economy can be made strong enough to battle the economy of the multinationals. Ideas developed to tempt consumers with an offer to exchange their money for local means of exchange, thus freeing up much needed capital for urgent investments. By thinking through carefully how this can dovetail with other initiatives, another building block towards a solid economy has been completed. Q.d. Cooperative Industries In the end a solidaire economy consists of producers and consumers. Much of the production takes place in cooperatives, industries that are commonly owned by members, collaborators, clients etc. Cooperative industries exist throughout the world. In the wealthy countries they are barely distinguishable from industries represented on the stock market. You will regularly buy dairy products from a company that is the result of a fusion of many smaller diaries. You might even do your banking at an original cooperative bank. There are tens of thousands of small cooperatives in Latin America that have not yet penetrated the Walhalla of international business. Aparecido is chairman of Anteag, an organization of cooperatives in Brazil. Aparecido gives me a nice 57
illustration of a cooperative that was started a year ago. The original company had gone bankrupt and the trustee had tried to sell off the inventory and the building. The employees occupied the building and closed a deal with the trustee regarding the price and methods of payment. That company is now a cooperative, and is being managed by the employees themselves. How do they survive after such an unfavourable start?,I ask. A company that goes bankrupt does not appear to have much of a future. Are the employees now working for much lower wages? Aparecido laughs a little: No, the first decision they made concerned a wage increase. And that was possible. Throughout the years the owner had increased his own income to such a degree that even with an increase of ten percent for the present employees plus doubling the income for the new management the total amount for wages is now still 20 percent less than before. That is enough for the company to be able to function in a healthy manner in the present-day market. Now that the employees are more involved, production has also increased. So there are enough cooperative industries in Latin America, but they must operate within the framework that is dictated to them by the international money system. How will they manage to liberate themselves from this? How can they contribute towards their own growth of a solidaire economy? That is the challenge: the combination of the purchasing power of the Trueque-members, the productive power of the cooperatives, credit information of the lenders of micro-credits, the energy of local authorities and even bank directors who strive towards radical renewal realizing that the present money system has nothing to offer and who are now daring to consider alternatives. Q.e. Building together Literally speaking a very different type of building block of the solidaire economy exists in Latin America, the so-called Mutiraos. These are communal building-initiatives in which people conceive a building project for themselves. They make mutual agreements, make monthly money contributions and together they look for an architect and project developer. During the building phase they contribute in labour as much as possible themselves. Many authorities have laws that support these initiatives for instance by making a piece of land available, or by securing low borrowing costs through the National Mortgage Bank. At this moment the Mutiraos are still somewhat on the sidelines of the solidaire economy. Yet it is possible for the local Trueque system to add organizational means to use local manpower more effectively. There are possibilities to allow the purchasing power of the Mutiraos to circulate first a few times in the solidaire economy in the local area before it disappears from the region. This would contribute enormously to other local activities. Q.f. The Workers Party In some of the Federal States and cities in Brazil progressive governments are in power. Even these representatives realize that there is no room for the poor in the present world order. That is why they are looking for ways to encourage the solidaire economy. This confronted me when the government of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil invited us to attend a conference about solidaire economy and social money. Since the last twelve years the Workers Party, a broad front of all sorts of groups has governed the Capital of this Federal State, religious groups, trade unions and progressive political parties. This government has written worldwide history by developing a way by which through referendums the people decide how government monies are spend. Whenever possible the government of Rio Grande do Sul wants to cooperate towards further expansion of the solidaire economy. That offers great 58
possibilities, because much of the tax money that flows through them now disappears directly from the local circulation and therefore does not stimulate the local economy. The Federal State Savings bank offers another possibility. The managing director Maldano himself is a member of ATTAC, the international alliance that pleads for limiting speculative capital! Q.g. Building a Cooperative Association During the last few years the inventory of parts in the area of solidaire economy has grown. Increasingly more and more activities are now connecting with here and there still a gap. Further on youll see how large industries demonstrate what sort of possibilities may augment activities and effect growth that could result in a powerful self-sufficient network. [ZAP U - Consumer Commerce Circuit] For a number of years Strohalm has been working on different levels with people who are doing something about money reformation or would benefit from it. In connection with Universities in the South of Brazil, Chili, Columbia and Argentina (also with scientists in North America, Ireland, Poland etc) Strohalm is structuring the reinforcement of theoretical backgrounds and methods. [Zap V.a. Exchange and Research Network] Together with people in the field a gradual approach is developing that will offer an extra dimension since different movements can now combine their individual forces. Local Trueque networks, micro-credit organizations and consumer groups are working on local levels and are present all over Latin-America. Regionally and countrywide the Movement of Farmers without land is effective. A network of people using different angles in finding a breakthrough for a solidaire economy is supporting this entire process. Together we are ready for the next step: Where a combination of cooperatives can adopt the experiences of the Trueque Networks and organize a mutual trade without the use of money between members so that money and energy are liberated. The next logical step is the intensification of mutual exchange between the hundreds of differently operating smaller cooperative industries. The emergence of an entire network of local consumer groups. That local exchange increases in use and that purchasing power remains more useful through the use of Bonus systems and further developing Trueque networks. The closing of gaps between the different parts of the solidaire economy. The convergence of the different parts of the solidaire economy in a trade-network of industries and consumers, which we shall explain later.
[Zap U -Consumer-Commerce Circuit] This can and must happen in such a way that the activities will show immediate improvement while at the same time a chance occurs that will renew an outdated money-system.
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PARTEA A III-A
R. Zece feluri n care banii ne srcesc
Pn n prezent am vzut mpreun cum sistemul monetar creaz probleme n mod sistematic pentru cei mai sraci i cum acest lucru conduce la iniiative locale. nainte de a ne ndrepta atenia spre modul n care schimbrile din lumea finanelor se leag de aceste dezvoltri, vom lista cteva defecte sistematice ale sistemului actual. 1. Dac ar fi s ne uitm la sistemul monetar actual din perspectiva unui Marian, primul lucru pe care l-ai constata este acela c banii organizeaz economia cel mai puin acolo unde este cea mai mare nevoie de organizare. Vom vedea cum banii prsesc zone unde deja sunt foarte rari la vedere. Deerturi monetare apar acolo unde schimbul reciproc dispare i odat cu banii dispare ntreaga organizare economic. * (Vezi C SRCIE SISTEMATICA DATORIT SISTEMULUI MONETAR) 2. Ceea ce marianul nu va observa este cauza fundamental: sistemul monetar curent nham pe cei mai sraci cu dobnzi ce sunt fatale pentru acetia. Dar cel mai dureros i amar lucru este acela c se cere dobnd chiar i pe bani pentru care nimeni nu a economisit; bani creai din nimic. Efectul perceperii acestor dobnzi este cu mult mai mare dect realizeaz marea majoritate a oamenilor, i asta pentru c nu observm cum dobnda este ascuns n preurile tuturor produselor. n acest fel, cei mai sraci pltesc ntotdeauna preuri cmtreti. * (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND) 3. Banii supi de la cei sraci pn la mduv prin intermediul perceperii de dobnd sunt acumulai de aceia care au deja mai muli dect tiu ce s fac cu ei. Ei i dau cu mprumut investitorilor care ncearc s obin profit. Lucrul acesta conduce la o goan permanent pentru posibiliti de plasare/investire a banilor. Modernizarea este accelerat n aa msur nct este practic imposibil pentru persoanele cu restane/datorii s o ajung din urm. Dezvoltrile tehnice i chimicalele sunt deja n utilizare curent, chiar nainte de a avea ansa s evalum dac vrem sau nu s le utilizm. Simultan, exist o progresie constant de mijloace de producie noi (i casate) iar fluxul de reziduuri crete repede cu producia. Datorit finanelor, mainile ajung la groapa de deeuri nainte de a-i fi atins sfritul ciclului lor tehnic de via. n fiecare an o cincime din ceea ce producem este folosit pentru a schimba mijloacele de producie, cldiri, drumuri i obiecte; iar ntrebuinarea materiilor prime i a reziduurilor de producie devine o povar tot mai apstoare asupra mediului. Chiar i companiile bine intenionate nu prea mai au de ales: perceperea de dobnd le foreaz s-i minimalizeze costurile pe termen scurt i s le transfere n viitor. i acestea sunt obligate s lucreze fr viabilitate i trebuie s accepte proasta calitate. (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND) 4. n orice economie de pia, o investiie are o dat scadent. Dar sub actualul nostru sistem monetar, fiecare investiie trebuie s acopere i un procentaj de dobnd; un procent care este adeseori determinat la mii de mile deprtare. Lucrul acesta nseamn c profitul unei companii este doar ceea ce excede procentul de dobnd. De vreme ce multe investiii nu pot oferi acel profit suplimentar, se ajunge ca i n zonele srace s se creaz omaj inutil i srcire pe mai departe.. 5. Sistemul monetar curent, selectat n 1944, pune costul dezechilibrelor comerciale pe umerii 60
partenerului comercial cel mai slab. (Vezi S.c. BRETTON WOODS). Asta pentru c cineva care dorete s acopere un deficit trebuie s ia cu mprumut bani, iar mprumuturile sunt ntotdeauna supuse dobnzii. Cnd stai i te gndeti, cineva (sau o ar) care produce prea mult este problematic n aceeai msur ca i cineva care produce prea puin. i de vreme ce exprimm datoriile n bani, care sunt deficitari prin nsi modul n care sunt circulai, o ar cu deficit are o problem dubl: o lips a bunurilor necesit mprumuturi cu mijloace de schimb insuficiente. Iar acestea conduc la dezechilibre ale relaiilor de ndatorare (debt relations). 6. Datorit faptului c preul unui produs nu spune consumatorului suficient de multe date despre consecinele unei achiziii, fermierii brazilieni cumpr de exemplu tractoare olandeze pentru c sunt un pic mai ieftine. Dar, odat cu banii lor, din propria lor regiune dispare i puterea de cumprare. Pe termen lung, acest fermier va ajunge s plteasc mai mult pentru c, dac conaionalii si nu ctig bani din vnzarea de tractoare, nu vor avea banii cu care s-i cumpere produsele. n cele din urm, el va fi nevoit s-i reduc propriile preuri pentru a fi competitiv pe pieele de export ndeprtate.* 7. Acest sistem monetar induce n eroare pe cei ce economisesc, n special n zonele rurale, atunci cnd ei trebuie s decid unde s-i investeasc banii. Promisiunea unor profituri sporite le ademenete banii ctre metropole; astfel, ei neglijeaz investiiile n propria lor regiune, care are drept consecin srcirea regiunilor rurale. Rezultatul nedorit al acestei aciuni este c posesiunile celor ce economisesc i pierd din valoarea lor iar oportunitile de trai decent se diminueaz. n cele din urm ele se nrutesc cu mult. ansele de angajare dispar ctre ora iar viaa la ar devine din ce n ce mai dificil. Iar copiii urmeaz exemplul prinilor pe linie monetar avnd drept rezultat deteriorarea structurii sociale a rii.* 8. Multe zone srace sunt greu lovite de rezultatul speculaiei cu bani: banii vin doar pentru a face un profit rapid i se retrag a doua zi, lsnd economia local ntr-o stare de colaps. Milioane de oameni din Asia i America Latin au trit din plin efectele devastatoare ale acestor fluxuri speculative de bani. (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND) 9. Deoarece banii sunt creai prin revendicri legate de dobnd, se creaz i o lips sistematic de bani. Lucrul acesta agraveaz competiia n mod inutil. nafar de competiia pentru piee, exist i o competiie ndrjit i lipsit de scrupule pentru finanare. Aceast competiie adiional este un factor n transformarea societii noastre ntr-o societate a competiiei acerbe, a luptei pe via i pe moarte. 10. Toat lumea din rile srace pltete pentru dobnda pe mprumuturi i dobnda din preuri. i deoarece cantitatea de bani este furnizat prin ajutor de dezvoltare sau mprumuturi bancare, apare o structur social dezechilibrat iar corupia este ncurajat. (Vezi L TEORIA NOASTR CU PRIVIRE LA DOBND)
economisii bani: fuziunea acestora ntr-o reea comercial. Va furniza criza din sistemul monetar oportuniti pentru tranziia ctre un sistem mai echilibrat de schimb comercial i n natur? Defectele sistematice din sistemul monetar au declanat o contramicare n mai multe ri, nu doar n America Latin. ntreg sistemul monetar este n criz. Capitalul speculativ a devenit att de atotputernic nct Bncile Centrale de-abia mai pot controla propriile lor valute. Din ce n ce mai mult piaa este cea care determin cifrele inflaiei i dobnzii. Bncile Centrale pierd controlul asupra dezvoltrilor financiare avnd drept consecin formarea unui vacuum de putere. Marile fonduri speculative pot destabiliza ntregi economii naionale sau chiar, dup cum am putut constata recent, Sistemul Monetar European. n acelai timp, acest capital speculativ este att tranzitoriu i nevrednic de ncredere nct ntregi economii pot fi destabilizate de fluctuaiile sale. But in a hectic, volatile situation, new chances surface. The Chinese language reflects this duality very well with the character for the word crisis. The character for opportunity is combined with crisis: every crisis is also an opportunity. This is also the way we should see this monetary crisis. It causes a lot of misery, but there is room for change as well.
I would like to seize that opportunity. This monetary system has so many flaws that there is no longer any reason to accept it fatalistically. And now the system is in turmoil, lets see it as a chance and grab that opportunity! I have to confess I had some trouble spotting the chance in the current developments. I merely saw a reality where money emphatically permeates everything: everything is commercialized. I was surprised to find, a few years ago, that at the same time, barter is organizing the world trade in an increasingly intelligent way. In the USA, a considerable part of the trade between middle-sized companies is settled through the so-called barter circles, where companies settle their bills through an internal settling system. [Zap T - WIR] In the raw materials trade too, information systems have almost replaced money. Even countries occasionally settle their accounts without actually using money. And the stock exchange is quite used to trading bonds, promises and claims on promises against each other. A very significant part of the world trade is no longer facilitated by money. 62
These developments occur mainly because companies try to reduce the costs of using money. Attracting money costs either interest (for a credit) or dividends (for issuing stocks). Companies realize more and more that money is not always necessary and many transactions can be settled with the help of their own computer program. Thanks to the development of information technology the use of (expensive) money can be avoided if it is merely used for basically clerical applications anyway. As a common civilian you hardly notice how often big companies already use these possibilities. The tendency can be seen best in concerns that strive to bring all layers of the production chain into their own company. The Van der Valk concern is a fine example. Van der Valk will no doubt have dozens of reasons for keeping all activities between the farms and the restaurant in its own hands, but one of those reasons is without a doubt, trying to save money. A lot of money. Ordinarily, a large part of the money customers spend in a restaurant is needed to pay the wholesaler, who in turn needs most of it to pay his supplier, etc. Van der Valk is its own wholesaler and supplier. The company therefore needs no money to pay the wholesaler of supplier and can pocket most of the money earned by the restaurant. Money isnt necessary to conduct a transaction with its meat importer or the large landowner in Argentina. Apart from restaurant owner, Van der Valk is also wholesaler, importer, hauler, buyer and farmer. No money circulates between these subsidiaries: all bills are settled in a single accounting department. So the concern has all the money, formerly needed for all the payments in the supply chain, readily available for other purposes and also saves the interest costs on money that would otherwise be moving between the subsidiaries or sitting in the current account! Below this is shown in a scheme. At the right-hand side you see the totals of the money needed to conduct transactions. As soon as the various companies in the production chain form a single company, no money is needed for this and money is saved on 'administration costs'. The use of money as an administrative medium to enable someone to eat meat in a restaurant S.a. Part of Need For Money to Enable Transactions The Production Chain Breeding farm Ranch money in transit during payment money on current account for a while money in transit during payment Slaughterhouse money on current account for a while money in transit during payment Refrigerated ship money on current account for a while
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money in transit during payment Harbor facility money on current account for a while money in transit during payment Cold store/distribution money on current account for a while money in transit during payment Restaurant money on current account for a while
If all these companies join in a concern, all the money needed for administrating the industrial column is no longer necessary. -----------------------------------------------------------------------+ total savings Big companies prove that information technology and accounting software are sophisticated enough to enable these dynamic and complicated internal settlements. Mergers often happen in order to exploit this opportunity to the full. They might not make sense business-wise, but financially they open up a lot of possibilities. A merger between banks can even be a way of acquiring the administrative money of others. The banks appropriate all the customers money that used to circulate between the banking partners. S.b. Mervin King and the disappearance of money Naturally, bankers also noticed this development. In the summer of 1999 we saw the first reaction. Mervin King, the second man of the Bank of England, held a presentation for a select company of national bank managers and other influential financial gurus. He declared the end of the monetary system as we know it. He stated that the Central Banks would no longer form the financial basis of the monetary system. They would merely supply the monetary units. These monetary units would be used to indicate the value of goods and services, while new settling systems take care of the actual transactions. According to King, the exchange function of money will fall into disuse. Money guaranteed by states and banks will have to compete more and more with other forms of settlement and value coverage. King predicts the world will become a barter economy again: "Nothing will prevent two individuals from settling a transaction as a transfer of wealth from one electronic account to another. The buyer can pay with any currency as long as theres a market price for it". The unit of calculation will still be dollars or euros, but: "As soon as proper agreements have been made and the computers are powerful enough, a privatized institute can 64
take over the financial transactions from the central banks", King states. Without this function both money and the central bank will cease to exist in their current form". The most likely source of the futures 'money' is the mammoth companies. Consumers all over the world know them and will put faith in their promises (the money they guarantee) because of their renown and production capacity. Hundreds of millions of consumers already save Air Miles and other savings stamps that can often be used as money. If I get Freebies with BP gasoline, I can spend them as guilders in Electro World! [ZAP U - Consumer Commerce Circuit] If this development continues, the interest-takings shift from the banks to the big companies. I am not under any illusion that poor people will gain better access to means of exchange or investment money: this is hardly an improvement. But if we stop looking at poverty as an unsolvable problem, we can help create new forms of money that give the poor real opportunities. We can learn from the current developments, discover which opportunities they offer us as consumers and as an independent company. I think we will have a unique opportunity to create a world where poverty is virtually non-existent, personal growth is within their grasp of a lot more people, and cooperation is more important than competition. The possibilities could surpass our wildest dreams! We can turn this crisis into an opportunity if we, as consumers and independent entrepreneurs, use money as little as possible for our economic activities. In other words: if we settle our transactions within our own settling system as often as possible. Im envisioning an international cooperation that links local networks. In this international cooperation, participants in rich countries benefit from mutual exchanges in poor countries because the bigger the cooperation, the less (interest-bearing and therefore expensive) money they need. The 'digital money-bytes' used only for registering mutual transactions, hardly cost anything. This leaves room for the poor people to trade mutually. An unlimited access to mutual exchange is the pillar for their social structure and for the quality and size of production. This development has the most chances for success if independent companies begin to realize just how many interest charges they pay and how to reduce these charges like the big companies do, by settling their transactions outside of the monetary system. It will become even more appealing if they realize they can use the money now circulating for administrative purposes, for productive purposes in the circle of participating companies instead. S.c. Bretton Woods In July 1944, in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held with the intention of establishing an international monetary agreement to regulate monetary units and to end nationalist competition between currencies. An unprecedent event in the history of international economic realtions, the conference has agreed upon the necessity for a broad international action in order to maintain an international monetary system which would promote foreign trade. A "new economic order" was needed, one that would put an end to nationalistic competition between currencies and in its place promote the cooperation and mutual assistance between countries to 65
overcome short term exchange difficulties. Under the aura of the recently re-established peace, countries were then commited to cooperate towards world prosperity. This was to be accomplished by pegging all participating national currencies to the US Dollar, in relation to the value of gold at initially 35 US dollars per ounce. The US Federal Reserve Bank guaranteed the value of its currency with gold stored at Fort Knox. Following the motto of international cooperation towards world peace and prosperity, the Bretton Woods agreement created the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, which were to work together to help particular states out of financial difficulties in case of a large and persistent balance of payments disequilibrium. The World Bank would fund the reconstruction of Europe, and then the Third World. The IMF would guard international fiscal stability, providing loans and bailouts for states that would fall into economic troubles. All participating countries would have to keep their foreign reserves in US Dollars. Already starting in the 1950s, the United States began accumulating persistent trade imbalances, creating liabilities in the United States to other central banks. But although the US dollar was the reserve currency, the government remained reluctant to devalue its currency in order to reduce its balance of payments deficit. The destabilization caused by market speculation, and the large and persistent (to this day) US balance of payment deficit caused the demise of the system in 1971. Although the US dollar was the reserve currency, the government reluctant to devalue its currency in order to reduce its balance of payments deficit. Countries holding the surplus chose to increase their reserves of US Dollars rather than devalue their currencies, which added to a ballooning stock of US Dollars held outside of the United States. This is because dollar-denominated assets could be placed in interest-bearing US government bonds, whereas there was no similar advantage for holding gold. A number of countries felt that the US was over issuing its reserve currency, which basically meant that everyone else was financing its budget deficits. This unwillingness on the part of the US government to take the lead in correcting the situation, along with upward pressure on the price of gold caused by speculative purchases of gold were some of the reasons for its downfall, which will be explained later in this section and in the following two sections. In the creation of the Bretton Woods system, Britain and America disagreed on its design, and the role that gold played in it. Britain had spent its gold reserves during the war, and therefore called for a system that gave access to international liquidity in which gold played only a minor role. The US on the other hand, had significant gold reserves and felt it would be easier if the system were based on gold. One could argue of course that America had designs to become the global economic power through this system, as it was holding the lions share of gold. Although the original intention was equilibrium among national currencies, in fact the design of the system meant it would not be necessary to keep exports and imports in balance. Countries could accumulate large debts and claims and the IMF would be there to bail them out, or the responsibility for solving the imbalance then falls upon those who have imported too much. Because of the rapid growth in interest by debtor nations, unpayable debt loads resulted and countries were forced to follow IMF directives. The IMF directives cause debt-laden countries to compete with each other for markets. With mathematical certainty it can be predicted that as long as the consumer demand in the rich countries 66
does not keep on growing at a fast pace the competition for export will result in continuing lower prices. Thus the export strategy resulted in fire sale prices for natural resources in the Third World. Bretton-Woods offered the United States the means to finance a consistently increasing trade deficit, to import and consume more than to export and produce, as well as to persist with an overissuance of US dollars, without causing spiralling inflation, because other countries would take up the excess dollars into their foreign reserves. In other words: the United States takes more from the world economy than it contributes towards it. The United States is able to maintain this position, because the American Dollar remains the keystone of the present global money system. S.d. The Bancor Proposal At the Bretton Woods conference, the British Delegation was headed by economist John Maynard Keynes, who proposed a multilateral clearing system between currencies through the introduction of a new reserve currency he called the Bancor. The Bancor would be freely available to any country with a balance of payments deficit for payment to countries with a balance of payments surplus, and thus was a monetary tool for equilibrium between countries. Had this proposal and not the American one been accepted, gold would have been essentially removed from the international monetary system. The emphasis would be on circulating unused funds between countries in order to achieve equilibrium, rather than building huge reserves and lending those reserves out to others. The value of the Bancor would be fixed in terms of gold, and member states would be asked not to buy gold at a higher price that this level, with discretionary control by the Bancor board to allow for conversion of gold into Bancors, and to prevent rushes for gold reserves held by the Bancor institution on the other. Keynes Bancor proposal was much more flexible than the American proposal. The presentation itself was not assertive, and open for discussion and negotiation; the governing board would only be able to make recommendations, or imposing conditions on access to some of the financial facilities the institution would offer; the proposal would not require large-scale changes to the type of government (perhaps open even to communist governments) or economic policy of the member states; the management of the institution would be international and that no country would have a right of veto and the rights of smaller countries and economies would be safeguarded. In addition, a method for determining relative exchange rates between currencies was proposed to prevent competitive exchange rate devaluations. There would be a supply of Bancor currency sufficient to meet the demand, and the Bancor could expand and contract in response to inflationary and deflationary tendencies in domestic markets. The key to this would be a mechanism for maintaining internal stability by exerting pressure on any country to maintain equilibrium in their balance of payments. Each country would have a quota and balance limit in Bancors, relative to their trade volume. Member states would be allowed to withdraw up to a certain amount, and those with positive balances would pay 1 percent annually on its average balance of Bancors in excess of 25% of its total quota. This payment would increase to 2 percent for the average balance in excess of half the allotted quota. Countries would not have to pay these contributions if they decide to cooperate with each other through the managing body of the Bancor, while restrictions were put on external bilateral 67
arrangements to prevent debt problems between countries. Debit balances in the Bancor could be relieved by devaluing the currency, controlling outward capital transactions, or payment in gold or liquidation of other assets. Positive balances in the Bancor could be controlled by expanding domestic credit and demand, appreciating the currency, reducing import tariffs and providing international development loans. Keynes' Bancor proposal therefore offered a solution for imbalance in world trade by creating a method for international equilibrium between currencies. By focusing on circulating funds rather than accumulating them, the result would be increased multilateral investment rather than lending by a group of wealthy countries, while at the same time creating a method for countering monetary disequilibria by establishing responsibilities for both creditor and debtor nations and an overall multilateral character to the arrangement. By creating an overdraft facility for providing relief to some without overburdening other countries, countries would not fall into unrepayable debt. This proposal was politically unattainable in 1944. At that time the interests of the United States and Great Britain were better served by the system that was chosen. But for those who want to offer a chance to poor countries that idea still offers a solution. It is interesting to note that Keynes proposal is very similar to that of Silvio Gesell several decades before. Gesell visualized the concept of an International Valuta Association which would issue and manage a neutral international monetary unit that would be freely convertible into the national currency of the member states. The proposed IVA was part of a plan for a post-capitalist monetary system, free of monopolies, customs frontiers, trade protectionism and colonial conquest. In this vein, Keynes said I would sympathise with those who would minimise, rather than those who would maximise, economic entanglements between nations. Ideas, knowledge, art, hospitality, travel these are the things which should of their nature be international. But let goods be homespun whenever it is reasonably and conveniently possible; and above all let finance be primarily national. S.e. Blasting off from the Gold Standard Starting in the 1950s, the United States began running persistent trade imbalances which created liabilities in the United States to other central banks, and beginning in the early 1960s, the United States no longer had sufficient gold to cover liabilities to other nations. From the early 1960s, governments had been using some of their stockpiled reserves of US dollars to buy gold, pushing the value upward. By 1963, the US gold reserve at Manhattan barely covered liabilities to foreign central banks and by 1970 the gold coverage had fallen to 55%, by 1971, 22%. Thus, from 1963, had the foreign central banks tried to convert their dollar reserves into gold, the US would have been forced to abandon gold convertibility. From 1965, France was consistently converting its dollar assets into gold, in a desire to reduce the economic power of the United States. In 1967, the British Pound was devalued against the US dollar began to undermine the systems stability, and the value of the dollar as a reserve value peg. During the first months of 1968, a number of central banks and the US Federal Reserve were forced to sell gold for 3 billion dollars. In March 1968, the gold pool was dissolved, and the central banks stocks of gold were disconnected from the world market, accomplished through agreements by central banks not to commit to selling or buying gold on the world market, and by repealing the requirement of a gold reserve to back US 68
currency. This caused a split in gold prices, one that was pegged to 35 dollars per ounce, and another that was rising fast. However US dollars could still be converted to gold, which became a serious problem in the early 1970s when a lack of confidence in the U.S. dollar led to mass redemptions of US dollars for gold. Later in 1968 an international reserve currency, called Special Drawing Rights was created to ensure sufficient international liquidity. The Special Drawing Rights was reminiscent of Keynes Bancor Proposal, and were defined as 35 SDR = 35 Dollars = 1 Ounce of Gold. However, the use of the SDR from 1969 could not prevent the collapse of the system. President Nixon made the decision in August 1971 to separate the dollar from the gold standard by saying that the US Dollar could no longer be exchanged for gold. Nixon's move to cease allowing foreign Governments to redeem dollars for precious metal was the final act in a 150-year-long 'transfer' of the citizen's gold and silver to the Federal Government's vault. This allowed the U.S. Government to have much more freedom in determining the rate of printing and volume in circulation of its fiat currency. Nixon's move also denatured the Bretton Woods system and left the International Monetary Fund, Bank For International Settlements and World Bank all without any foundation for global monetary policy other than to rely on the US dollar as a reserve currency. Thus the departure from the gold standard was seen as an imperial move by many, removing any and all semblance that these institutions were mediators or regulators of money markets. They were, in effect, marketing agencies for the US dollar and a system in which other currency was necessarily enslaved to it. By abandoning the gold standard precisely at that particular moment, the U.S. drove the world's central banks to use their surplus of dollars to invest in U. S. Treasury Bonds. The volume of such assets increased exponentially and, far beyond the ability (or intention) of the United States to repay. The alternative that was left for other creditor countries was to simply accept that the dollars received in the course of international trade were worthless. So, under this "blackmail", central banks from all over the world were driven to finance the U.S balance of payments deficit. The US balance of payment deficit is reaching astronomical proportions while many countries are suffering under the burden of unpayable debt, and currency volatility has led to monetary crisis in many countries during the past 30 years. On such an unstable global economic footing, something will have to give way. T. WIR : A Swiss companies network demonstrates what is already possible The Trueque exchange systems, the savings groups, the purchasing cooperatives and the cooperative companies in Latin America can grow towards a trading system that settles the mutual transactions between participants without money. [Zap Q - Hopeful development in Latin America] But how will this take shape here in the Netherlands? Here in the heart of the international monetary system, in the rich world, that is sucking money and raw materials from the poor areas as we speak. To be honest, it took me years to master terms like 'internal settlement', 'consumer money' and 'barter network', so I can certainly understand if you dont know what to think of a companies barter network. It usually helps to study a similar system. For this we turn to Switzerland, where a WIR circle has been active since 1934. It was started there to help small companies survive during the global economic 69
crisis in those years. The WIR is an example of a clever barter network. About 60,000 Swiss companies participate in the WIR and settle their mutual transactions without money. Its turnover is over one billion euro. Every member has an account in WIR units, with a positive or negative balance. You could compare it to a bank account of a bank that doesnt participate in the national central payment clearing system, so you can only exchange payments with that banks other customers. Thanks to the large number of companies participating, virtually anything can be bought through the WIR and participants have genuine advantages. You check the Internet and see who offers what. Do you want to build an office building, have something to print, or need a medical examination for your staff? You can buy anything you want with WIR units from one of the participating companies. The prices are the same as in Swiss francs, the only difference is you use 'a different account pass book'. A little while ago, a WIR bank was founded for the WIR circle, so now even more financial transactions can be settled in the own network. The WIR took decades to reach its current size. In the time when only a few companies participated, the network was not always an attractive option. Credit was very cheap in the WIR units, but it wasnt always easy to spend your WIR units. Strohalm knows from experience that beginning networks only become truly inviting when they are so big you can buy 'anything' and preferably with your favorite supplier. If this isnt possible, then Barter is too much like the 'truck system' (forced to shop in certain shops only), and an entrepreneur will only use it if he truly has no alternatives left or if there are other, immediate, huge advantages. So size is essential. And so the question: how can you grow to this size so quickly that the advantages for companies exceed the disadvantages? U. From Crisis to Opportunity: Consumer Commerce Circuit? A breakthrough in the area of money motivates people in two ways: it offers durability and better chances for poor people, and concrete advantages for the participants. This win-win-situation makes the change a real possibility. Both in The Netherlands and elsewhere in the world. [ZAP Q Hopeful Developments in Latin America.] Big companies suggest they deliver good quality for good prices, but the reality is different: the consumer pays too much. Increase in scale does indeed have the advantages of size, efficiency and internal settlement, but interest and dividend payments together cost the consumer much more. The interest banks want over the money they created out of thin air, is placed on the shoulders of the consumers by the companies: we pay dozens of percentages too much and receive unnecessarily low quality for our money. In the prices we pay, we pay the interest charges or the financing of machines and supplies, in the rents and mortgages we pay for the building of houses, in the taxes we pay national loans etc. When I first realized how big the interest charges are in the consumer prices, I was stunned. [ZAP L Our theory on interest] It really is a paradox: as consumers we are the most loyal allies of the global degradation. We follow the latest fashions, are suckered into anything and unwittingly cause inhuman situations in other parts of the world with our longing for luxury and hunting for bargains. And in the mean time we always pay too much! We finance these developments as consumers, but we have no influence on them. Why would we go on participating in this? Why do we accept that prices often are dozens of percentages too high? 70
U.a. We consume too little? Once I shocked readers of the magazine Milieudefensie with the remark "We consume too little!" In the article with that header I explained we had to put a stop to the enormous sums being taken from consumers. If we didnt, economy and culture would become ever more frantic and we could forget healthy social relations. Because in the end it is the money the consumer pays too much that causes the investment pressure, which destroys everything. [ZAP L - Our Theory on Interest] If we can stop paying too much, we have the choice between growth and flourishing. An interest-free economy has a lot to offer consumers, so it doesnt require altruism to strive for an interest-free economy. This means that the wish of consumers to pay less can be the drive behind the change that makes the economy switch from exponential growth to economic flourishing, to chances for everyone and economic circumstances that encourage sustainability in a much better way. And consumers truly have that power. I would like to take you through a mental experiment to prove my point: Suppose all consumers refused to pay with anything else than our own coin, the consucoin Within a short period of time this consucoin would be the only available means of payment. Companies would have no choice but to accept the consucoin. Or else they wont sell anything. And why wouldnt they want it? With the consucoin the can pay their employees, and they can pay their suppliers, who, when push comes to shove, are also consumers. Of course it is unthinkable that all consumers would react the same way at the same time. But this idea has a potential that may be implemented step by step. Or: the consumer with his/her spending power wields much more power than we realize. It is not for nothing that companies plunge themselves into costly advert campaigns to win the favor of the consumer? In the next chapter I want us to study the possibilities for cooperation between consumers and those companies that do not profit from the change of the money creation to the big conglomerates. U.b. The Consumer Commerce Circuit In chapter [Zap S.d. The Bancor Proposal] we saw that independent entrepreneurs have everything to gain by a mutual settlement system. But it would have to be so big you can purchase anything in it. The last chapter also proved that consumers have everything to gain by entrepreneurs who do not place the interest charges on their shoulders anymore. If these groups work together, a quick and safe buildup of the barter network is possible. We are looking for a possibility to use the crisis in the money system to build a bartering network that gives poor people the chance and leads the economy toward more sustainable way of producing. Big companies provide a clue on how to achieve this and the companies-network WIR also gives a hint. [ZAP T Wir: A Swiss Company Network] But all this is merely entertaining theory as long as starting companies networks are unattractive because they are too small. As long as many items are not for sale in the network, and most regular suppliers do not participate, it is very hard for a company to spend its barter units. In that case, it is not very appealing to have claims in this beginning network. It takes an enormous amount of energy to recruit companies and mediate with transactions. This is a huge (and expensive!) disadvantage compared to the current money system that doesnt need to recruit any companies! Everybody is legally obligated to join. Both for companies and consumers there is 71
now a very good reason to join: every company would like to realize its investments cheaply and no consumer objects to prices without interest components! Program Description The "Consumer Commerce Circuit" approach is the result of more than a decade of investigation, experimentation and evaluation in the field of interest-free money carried out by Strohalm. It is the most powerful method Strohalm has developed so far in terms of potential outreach and impact. C2C is a national and international cooperation of local and regional networks where members use money to buy exchange units (also known as vouchers) that will be used for mutual trade. These transactions are recorded in an internal accounting system. They can always trade their vouchers back into money. This trading back of units will cost a percentage as trade-back premium. This percentage is always the same as or higher than a purchasing bonus. The participants have agreed to leave the consumer prices in vouchers/exchange units at the same level as the monetary prices. A C2C is basically a combination of two elements: 1. a customer-loyalty program or consumer volume-purchasing group in which members buy prepaid vouchers (electronic and internal as calculation units), which they use for their purchases within the circuit. 2. a trade network between independent companies which employs an internal accounting system for transferring the calculation-units used in transactions between members. No conventional money is needed for these transactions. Usually the major portion of the money on the savings account will not be withdrawn but made available to members in the form of interest-free loans through an agreement with an intermediate bank, preferably a cooperative Bank or Credit Union. In this respect, the C2C is similar to the accounting system used by many large companies: internal transactions of funds between different branches of the same company are recorded within a joint accounting system, enable companies to improve their cash flow which was previously lost to facilitating internal transactions and to reduce their need for expensive interest-bearing money simply for this purpose, with the savings being used to improve the companys financial and competitive position. The difference is that the C2C, instead of working with one company, builds a network of independent businesses and cooperatives to achieve the same advantages and improve the competitivity of these businesses in the regional, national and global marketplace. Local, National and International C2C networks utilize the Internet to facilitate communication, exchange and accounting between the participants in the network. In this way, a local area can choose to establish a C2C in order to coordinate its own production, and at some point join into larger regional, national or international networks. Summary of the Program 1. Conversion of National Currency into Vouchers with National Currency going into a Fund. 2. The Fund is used to provide Interest-Free Loans to businesses, preferably at the top of the supply72
chain, in order to lower prices at the bottom. 3. Prices are lowered by establishing buying arrangements between the links in the supply chain, to ensure efficiency as well as necessary profit. 4. Consumers who have converted their National Currency into Vouchers can now purchase goods at a good discount from local retailers, strengthening local industry, employment and the economy overall. 5. Purchasing using vouchers results in the purchaser receiving points which go towards the opportunity for low-interest or interest-free loans in the future.
Background Over the last 20 years, Strohalm has published several articles and books demonstrating that the payment of interest on loans which is fundamental to the creation of money in the current monetary system is responsible for a great number of economic, social and ecological wrongs (see Strohalms publications). Interest increases the gulf between rich and poor, increases prices unnecessarily, leads to investments decisions that take little or no notice of the long-term effects with consequent environmental degradation and forces the community to choose between an accelerated growth or economic recession. For these main reasons we decided to establish interest-free systems. In order to have a meaningful impact, the interest-free system must be able to compete in a market environment where the creation of money is based on interest. The C2C is only one of many Strohalm programs to improve the social, environmental and economic situation anywhere they are implemented. The Purpose of a C2C The purpose of C2C is to free society and the economy of the burden of interest that causes impoverishment, wide social inequality and conflict as well as environmental degradation. More practically, the goal of the C2C network is to realize as much economic activities as possible in its own networks and in the process freeing as much national currency as possible in order to make it available for interest-free loans to members. C2C lowers the financing costs of the participating companies by supplying the members with interestfree investment loans. The money for this is freed by replacing the money circulating for mutual transactions of the participating companies by a voucher. The money that used to circulate between companies has been replaced by the voucher, therefore the national currency funds can now be used for giving interest-free loans to those same companies. The principle can be compared to the practice of many multinationals that save money in the transactions between different company parts. Advantages The advantages of the C2C for its participating parties are: 73
Consumers: Increased purchasing power and access to interest-free credit. Increased local employment through a strengthened economy.
Companies: Increased access to cheap, interest-free credit. Reduction and eventual elimination of debts. Increased local demand, customer-loyalty and therefore increased turnover. Increased ability of small businesses to compete against large businesses.
Local Community (Society): Strengthening of the local economy and less unemployment. Projects with a long pay-off period (e.g. environmental investments, community infrastructure) will turn out to be profitable thanks to the interest-free financing. Creation of a special fund for community projects, to be allocated by the members.
Local government: A more stable local situation. Increased tax incomes due to increased local economic activities; Fewer expenses for fighting poverty-related social ills.
Potential Risks 1. Consumers are unwilling to convert their national currency into local vouchers. Solution: Grant a Purchase Bonus to encourage conversion into vouchers. For example, purchasing $105 worth of vouchers will only cost $100, although the price of the goods remains the same or is less than before. Solution: Grant Credit Points for every voucher purchased. These borrowing points entitle the member to a loan against a very low (or even 0%) interest rate. 2. Too many people seek to convert their vouchers into national currency. Solution: Impose a Conversion Free to discourage such conversions, while allowing them 74
because it may be necessary to convert the voucher back into national currency Process 1. Consumer or company buys vouchers with national currency. The decision of which combination of incentives to use and at what level should be left to the local C2C itself. Nevertheless, one should always bear in mind that, in case the fee charged to convert vouchers for money is high, one needs to concentrate the interest free loan possibilities as much as possible in order to obtain involvement from the consumers or the companies. 2. Company or network member receives an interest-free loan in national currency or in vouchers (for local purchasing), and therefore can lower prices in equal measure with the savings gained from not having to pay interest. Loans can be repaid either in Vouchers or in National Currency. 3. Retailers, transporters and wholesalers can join into the network and also receive interest-free loans and guaranteed business. In return, they agree to lower prices in accordance with the savings they have gained from not having to pay interest. This results in a networked supply chain, with the overall goal being to network individual supply chains, and integrating them into a broader economy.
Why would a company accept voucher as payment? Because it too has a supplier that accepts them as payment as part of the purchasing agreement made with the other links in the supply chain. For those businesses that are not part of the network, they can receive vouchers anyway because they are still convertible and it means more business for them. Because it can collect "Credit Points this way. These borrowing points entitle them to a loan for a very low or even 0% interest. If a company receives a payment electronically, these borrowing points will be given automatically. If company X receivers vouchers from a consumer or from company Y, then company X can deposit this amount on its account in vouchers after which the Credit Points will be allocated at that time.
4. The Consumer can then purchase goods from retailers at a price which is lower than other local stores, and more competitive with larger stores. This Process can be described visually as:
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Generating Revenue for the C2C Network When national currency is converted into vouchers, the national currency goes into a fund which is used for interest-free loans and other expenses related to the function of the system. Therefore, revenues must be generated in other ways, such as: 1. 2. 3. A registration fee for new members, preferably only during the start-up phase. A periodic membership fee, preferably only during the start-up phase. A liquidity charge, which is a levy on account holders positive balances and intended to encourage them to quickly spend their units. It is set on a standard of 12% per annum, from which 7 or 11% is made available for the local system. The liquidity levy can be imposed in two ways: a. If the account is a bank account: An automatic levy. At the end of every day, the computer calculates a standard levy of 1/30% on positive balances and en deducts it from the account. b. If the account is kept with vouchers: Through the purchase of stamps or seals. E.G.: at the back of the vouchers are 12 boxes where a stamp has to be glued every first of the month. Without this stamp, the voucher loses it value. Electronically, this can be applied as a time-based charge applied to various electronic transaction platform methods. 76
4.
Commissions on conversion from vouchers to national currency. To discourage the trading back of vouchers for national currency there will be a commission charge. For example, when someone wants to trade back a voucher of $100 he will receive $97 in national currency. And in the same way, Through payment of a converting premium if the voucher is traded back after the validity has expired. E.g.: the voucher has a validity of three months. Whoever has the voucher after these three months, has to turn it into a new voucher. He has to pay a liquidity levy of 3% of the vouchers value. Interest revenues on saving accounts. The national currency revenues from the sale of vouchers are put in a savings account to fully back the circulating vouchers. The interest on this savings account can be used for interest-free loans to members. In practice, this interest never occurs if a deal has been closed with the bank to act as private bank; the money saved in this account is added to the money lent out by the bank to the network. The collectors effect". This effect occurs with the issuing of vouchers. Experience in other systems shows that only a small part of the circulating vouchers are actually traded back for national currency. Part of the vouchers will get lost in the course of time or disappear in the albums of collectors. If vouchers have not been handed in after a certain period of time, they can no longer be exchanged. The national currency used for coverage in the reserve fund are transferred to the investment fund (for interest-free loans to members). Attention for design and regular changes in this design can increase this effect.
5.
6.
7.
What parameters are the local C2C allowed to set? A. Purchase Bonus and Credit Points Incentives to encourage conversion of national currency for vouchers. B. Trade back fee /converting discount for people who exchange vouchers for national currency (3,06% in example.) N.B. (a) has to be smaller than (b). C. Purchasing and sales fees for intermediaries. D. The part from the liquidity levy income intended for promoting the system (if there is no executive committee yet, Strohalm prefers 1/3 of the liquidity levy or 4% annually of the amount in circulation). E. The spending of the C2Cs income. F. Membership costs. What role does Strohalm play in all this? During the start-up phase, Strohalm assumes the part of international umbrella organization for C2Cs. In due course, this position of global support will be transferred to an international democratic structure of associated C2Cs. Until then, Strohalm takes as its rights and responsibilities:
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A. Development of the model. B. Has a Veto-right to changes and appendixes to the model, both on a local level and on higher levels. C. Does the training (and if necessary selection) of promoters /subsidiary. D. In the start-up phase, act as the first executive committee of the local C2C and close the deal with the subsidiary. E. Supply necessary software. In principle we let the software operate locally, under the responsibility of the local C2C; the partner can opt to make use of the central (internet-based) software, but this comes with a price tag. F. Regular follow-up. G. Setting up regional and supra-regional umbrella (trade) structures, that enable individual members to trade outside of their own C2C. Which obligations does the local partner (promoters) have to Strohalm? Annually pay a liquidity levy of 1% of the average volume that Strohalm/international organization uses to distribute and improve the C2C-model. (Distribution means that the money has a bigger chance of staying inside the C2C as a whole, which is very important for each of the C2Cs.) Strohalm has the veto right in adaptations to the model as it grows and develops. This veto right will be transferred to an international democratic structure, at the moment that structure can guarantee the quality and a strong development of the international network.
Project Results From the implementation of the C2C program, we can predict the following general results: Increased local economic activity and employment, Increased access to low/no-interest loans, Increased competitiveness of smaller businesses with larger businesses, Improved local infrastructure. Conclusion Thanks to the consumers money, the companies network is not hampered by the limitations of other barter networks or by the starting up problems when the size of the network is still limited. Once the network starts to grow in size, more can be purchased in the network itself. It will become less and less necessary to buy items with consumer money outside of the network and the stock of euros, supplied 78
by customers, will increase. A major part of that money is released and can be used to help members with paying back bank loans and investments. A growing part of those investments can be obtained from other members, and therefore be settled internally. The freed money will help fill the gaps in the network: investments can be made where it benefits the network. Slowly a situation will arise where the company investments will be realized completely within the network and are thus no longer burdened with interest. Participating companies will no longer have to charge-on interest charges as 'costs' to their consumer-members. The only costs are those of the risk insurance that is meant to protect the network from non-repayment loans. Step by step the network will become less dependent on the money creation by third parties and an increasingly big part of the economy will enter smoother water. And more honest water as well, since there are no interest payments from the poor to the rich. Apart from that, companies will automatically choose quality and longer deprecations. They will be able to pay more attention to the possibilities of saving future costs and will dare to invest in quality and savings. It would e.g., be economically viable to put in solar energy panels. The lowering of future energy costs will no longer be undone by high interest charges. More and more participating companies will start planning for the longer term and opt for quality and sustainability.* [ZAP L.c. See the Housing Example] U.c. Organic farms, clean energy and support for poor countries In The Netherlands we want to realize the consumer/companies network around three themes: organic agriculture, clean energy and support to development in poor countries. We want to ask people already in biological food-subscriptions, the customers of a biological shop or a Third World shop, to carry the load. They can use their purchases comfortably, simply by using a form of Bonus card, to give the network an opportunity to achieve its goals. The interest advantage gained thanks to the money-free settlement, can be used for investments in clean energy, e.g. solar energy panels or -boilers. We would also like to create sister- and brother ties that communicate the development of local groups here to groups elsewhere, e.g. in poor areas. But local groups can of course decide for themselves how to spend the advantages of an interest-free network. They might want to have a new locker room for the local soccer club or something completely different! U.d. The South American Consumer Commerce Circuit The consumer-companies network in Latin America is built, because existing initiatives increasingly work together in a natural way. To the huge number of cooperating cooperatives [Zap A - Farmers Without Land] it is only a small step towards money-free mutual barter. The Trueque participants [Zap I Lets Trueque] and the local savings- and consumer groups can bring in their spending power and gain extra possibilities to strengthen themselves locally. And so there are many more companies, organizations and governments that benefit from this way of working, and want to work this way. Strohalm is actively advising partners and busy creating models that could lead to a big, integrated, interest-free trading network. Thus the building blocks are created for a consumer/companies network that releases administrative money to the participants. A network that is able to facilitate trade in areas where money is scarce, to finance company investments, achieve consumer discounts and reinforce the local social and economic 79
structures. U.e. Turn the crisis into a chance for independent entrepreneurs Many independent companies dont have any choice but to cooperate in a mutual trading organization. Their current position on the money market is so much weaker then their big competitors, they would be fools not to make use of this current development. The beauty of it all is, its not fiction anymore. In Switzerland, theres a mutual exchange network that has demonstrated what can be achieved over the past years. U.f. The impossible position of independent companies Big company conglomerates have a major head start in avoiding interest costs through internal settlement. Their financing costs are therefore significantly lower, sometimes only half those of independent companies. Many independent companies have already gone to the wall. More and more, independent entrepreneurs are forced to integrate their company into bigger concerns. There is only one way for them to respond: cooperation! Not by becoming big companies themselves, but by maintaining their individuality and start a mutual trading structure with the same internal settling system as the multinationals. Joining such a cooperative offers perspectives both to independent companies and to cooperatives. This is the only way they can control part of the monetary circuit and with that, gain access to cheap capital. Such a cooperation between independent companies brings other advantages as well, like sharing know-how. And at the end of the day, I see one great big advantage for cooperating independent companies over their quoted competitors: they wont have to pay stockholders! V. Strohalms Never-Ending Search for Solutions In this chapter you will learn how Strohalm, in cooperation with others, has gone down the road of new possibilities as time went on. As a high school student I enjoyed nature as it was then, without being truly aware of it. The waving wheat fields, before the house, the polder where in summer, the little fish flashed by you in the canals and the birds that attacked you when you infringed on their territory. I took it for granted, until I was confronted with municipal plans to construct a highway and a huge shopping mall right in those lovely wheat fields. I successfully organized a resistance movement against these megalomaniac plans of a town council that saw themselves as the prophets of progress. On a meeting about these plans, I was addressed by an older inhabitant, Mr. Roelofs, who told me: "These delusions of grandeur and this building craze are stimulated by the interest-bearing monetary system," he argued. He told me, as I now tell others, how the interest-bearing money plays a part of its own in the economy and how it forces us to act in a way we would rather not. "We most certainly have a choice", he insisted, and bombarded me with a story on interest free money that made little sense to my sixteen year old self. But theres one story I always remembered. Roelofs told me about a village in France where local money with negative interest had wiped out the national currency, and stimulated local trade at the same time. (I have described this experiment in Lignires-en-Berry more extensively in other Strohalm publications.) 80
The notion of changing the monetary structure has haunted me ever since. Later, when I was confronted with social movements and socialist parties, it often came to mind. What those folks in France had done, was something I heartily approved of: a movement not based on conviction or power, but nevertheless one that successfully competes with the capitalistic system in its essence: the monetary system. Unfortunately, I saw no real use for these ideas about interest-free money, because at the time I still believed in the economic theory that claims low interest rates inevitably lead to economic growth. And I didnt want any more economic activities in an environment already hard-pressed. Yet I continued to ponder these issues. I gained more knowledge on the subject, e.g., on the Egyptian grain silos [Zap G.a. The Egyptian Harvest Bank] and on other forms of money without interest and I became ever more charmed of the idea that you can try and realize change by renewing the basic underlying principles, the steering mechanisms of a system. In Strohalm we refined these ideas, e.g., in the ecotaxplus campaign, where we pleaded for a shift in taxation from labor to raw materials. The current priority in the taxation system doesnt tax the use of the environment and raw materials, and therefore forces every entrepreneur to automatically replace expensive labor with cheaper, untaxed energy and raw materials. In short: the consumer society and its structural problems with unemployment were the logical result of a faulty steering mechanism in the taxation system. During the same period in the mid-eighties, the lightning bolt hit us: you dont have to worry about endless economic growth if the market conditions make it impossible to claim interest. An interest-free monetary system would lead to economic prosperity, but would also mean the end of the exponential growth caused by the interest-bearing money. [ZAP L - Our Theory on Interest] This has been displayed in the graph below. The bloom curve resulting from an interest free monetary system shows a steep upward trend at first, and then levels off while the curve of the interest-bearing system resembles a dangerous cancer. The initial recovery when the interest charges are released occurs because more people have a chance to make something out of their lives. This is possible because the economy is no longer in the grip of scarce money. Apart from that, the bigger consumption by customers is partly compensated because there is no more loss of capital due to replacing of machines, office buildings etc. [Zap X.d. Natural Growth vs. Exponential Growth]
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Once we had made this mental leap Strohalm did some serious thinking about money and interest. In 1990 we organized a congress to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Strohalm, with the title: 'After the acid rain the Flood?' This congress discussed the connection between the monetary systems and major environmental issues like changes in the climate and extinction of plants and animal species. In 1994 we felt the time was right for a field test to see if we could make a difference. We decided to start a project in Amsterdam: a barter system without money, a so-called LETS system. The participants christened it Noppes (Naught/Free), because from this moment on you could get anything for Noppes in Amsterdam. This example was soon followed. Within a few years the LETS movement had more than a hundred participants and was strong enough to stand on its own two feet. Strohalm transferred the mutual cooperation to LETSland and now mainly concerns itself with further innovation to solve some sticky issues. From the beginning, we knew that persuading companies to participate with this local networks would not be easy. We used our experience with these exchange networks for individuals and our knowledge of company systems elsewhere in the world to found Amstelnet. Amstelnet is a companies-barter network in Amsterdam that uses a WIR-like system. [Zap T - WIR] There we learned that companies are only interested in a network once it has proven itself, once it is big enough. And so the heart of the matter was: how do we reach that point? V.a. Exchange and Research Network This research network is based on analysis which expresses our profound concern on the dynamics of interest in our society, the accumulation of wealth and power it causes, and its effects on the purchasing power of the majority of people. We are astounded by the obviousness by which the major premises of neo-liberalism are accepted, without ever checking many of them or comparing them with factual data. This programme intends to fill these gaps, and to construct a framework which is more close to reality, 82
which does not encourage large scale accumulation and abuse, and which, most importantly, does offer a solid underground for those who wish to act to improve their fates. This is not intended as a discussion forum, but as an international research network in which we want to co-operate with anybody who shares the premises of our analysis in creating both an analytical framework from which to act, and simultaneously a set of methodological tools with which to act. What you will read hereafter is the outline of our analysis, and the themes were identified as interesting research topics for countering the neo-liberal paradigm. You are welcome to react. If you have critiques or corrections to the analysis you are very welcome to share them. If you whish to take part of the research or to investigate specific topics, please contact Camilo Ramada at Aktie Strohalm, camilo@strohalm.nl Analytical background Keynes, the renowned economist, observed in the nineteen-thirties that when interest falls under 3 or 4 percent, owners of money prefer to keep it, rather than to lend it or invest it. This led him to his widely asserted economic understanding of the 'liquidity trap' which has manifested itself repeatedly all over the world. But: what does this knowledge imply? A positive rate of interest means a price on money, which means that supply is smaller than demand. Keynes' discovery that as soon as supply and demand of money are balanced (interest zero) there will be a crisis (liquidity trap), forces politicians and authorities to prevent that this situation occurs. The directors of the F.E.D. and the European Central Bank are actively engaged in attaining an endemic shortage of money. We can never realize this enough: a shortage of money means a shortage of means of exchange, this means a shortage of the possibilities for people to realize themselves and their goals in the economy. Because of the competition that is ignited in the economy to obtain the scarce means of exchange, the weaker see their chances of realization unnecessarily minimized. They, for example, become unemployed. Research theme: investigate the rate of interest in poor countries and assess how much productive capacity is being unused as a result. One of the sophisticated aspects of our monetary system is that money comes into circulation against interest, hereby automatically creating the scarcity of money in the future because of the money needed to pay this interest. Research theme: investigate the relation between money-creation in certain years and money-shortage in others. Research theme: investigate which social groups bear the debts that result. The paradoxical effect is that the system has a continuous shortage on the one hand, but at the same time is forced into a dynamics of growth (or crisis). 83
The scarcity of money hardens competition. Competition is no longer only about markets, but also about finance. Research theme: establish a distinction between competition over markets and competition over finance (including investment-capital to improve production), and thereby make visible the unnecessary toughening of the market economy because of monetary dynamics. Try to investigate periods or areas with different rates of interest. Authorities will try to keep the price of money at a minimum level of 3 or 4 percent. It can be higher, of course, for example because of the need to pay interests over previously created money. This interest results in a monetary flow from the poor to the rich. Research theme: collect data on the extent and effects of this monetary flow. At the same time, these flows imply a concentration of fortunes which accelerates itself and which moves according to it's own logics. Generation of returns becomes the main argument, in stead of other productive or economic motives. Research theme: analyse the concentration of fortunes and it's effects on expenditures and investment patterns. Acceleration and pauperization take place between different (groups of) people, as well as within each of us. In rich countries life is being more and more commercialized, and despite all prosperity many people do not find the way to develop themselves. Research theme: the proportion of monetarized activities in the lives op people in different times and different areas. Seen the endemic shortage of money the world finds itself not only in a competition for markets and competition for finance, but more and more also in a competition for purchasing power. Economic theory assumes that prices give consumers information on which would be the cheapest purchase. This is only true in part if we take into account the importance of purchasing power in economic welfare. Prices do not give any information on the ways in which the liquidity of the expenditure will flow. Will this money circulate locally, or will it leak away from the region, and therefore be lost as purchasing power? Prices do not tell anything about this, and a good with a lower price, may be cheaper to the individual, but if the good comes from outside the region the cheap price means a leakage of liquidity from the community. The local produced good may have a higher price but the money paid for it will circulate locally and eventually may come back to the consumer. This prisoners dilemma for the consumer is a familiar theme everywhere where local producers face competition from large transnational corporations. As soon as consumers follow the prices, they have an advantage in the short run, but the entire community is left without liquidity in the long run. Research theme: investigate the added value of locally circulating purchasing power, in for example island economies or economies which are excluded from interaction with 84
other countries (communist countries, apartheid-South Africa, etc.). Calculate the effect on prices. Investigate if these arguments are being weighed in discussions about importrestrictions. This prisoners dilemma that exists for the purchasing power of consumers, also exists for savers: for any individual it is more lucrative to invest his/her money in richer areas. But for the community as a whole this means a drain of capital on the one hand, and a depreciation of it's possessions (in which nobody invests) at the same time. An individual however does not see this in a price. He or she only sees the lower price from the foreign good, and is thus forced into a prisoners' dilemma. Research theme: investigate capital flows in communities and calculate the benefits of capital being invested locally. Money and poverty One effect of the abovementioned mechanisms is that money fails there where it is most needed. Entire populations are left without the symbol they need to organize and specialize and thereby improve their conditions. This is the more cynical because it has been exactly this monetary system which has in an earlier phase pushed aside other (traditional) systems of organization. What we see in many places in the world today is unnecessary disorganization and lack of specialization, and hence poverty. We see people that cannot find the ways to effectively work for one another. Research theme: investigate the amount of economic activity that can be generated in crisis situations only by introducing a means of exchange (for example: the Trueque experience in Argentina). The weak point of the expanding monetary system is the exponential growing burden of debt. This is the logical consequence of a system that needs credit for the creation of money. Research theme: collect data on these growing debts. Compare national debts, consumer debts, debts of enterprises, etc. Try to find how these dynamics have functioned in other historical periods. Investigate if these debt burdens are transferred geographically and if they are accumulated. The flow of liquidity from the poor to the rich caused by interest payments, causes the debts on the periphery of the system to become so large, that all trust disappears and credit is no longer available. This effect can be seen in every country, but also on the international level. It is in the margins of the world economy that we first encounter the effects of the exponential growth of debts. This is where you find monetary wastelands: there is no money left in the productive circuit, no more money can be lent to invest in modernization. Research theme: investigate the developments in the credit-worthiness of regions, (for example South Shore Chicago). 85
When money disappears from a region while being the main symbol of economic organization the results are disastrous. When there is no more tool to administrate the mutual exchanges, this exchange comes to an end. Companies that produce for local consumers disappear because of the lack of local purchasing power. Research theme: investigate historical evidence for this sequence. When mutual exchange diminishes, so do government revenues (taxes). This results in deteriorating structures such as education, housing, social programs, etc. These structures are essential not only for human wellbeing, but also for economic development. In this situation poverty and unemployment become hopeless. This unending poverty and unemployment is in a large part not caused by the lack of contact with the world market, but simply by the lack of a means of mutual exchange. Research theme: quantify the relation between the non-usage of production capacity and tax-revenues. Case studies of areas and periods in which the economic conjuncture showed sharp declines. The international rat-race for purchasing power In the international arena we witness a growing competition. From our point of view the aim of this competition is to stop the constant leaking away of money to interest payments. Where the creation of new (debt-) money is one mechanism to stop the money leak -one that leads to a larger leak in the future- another strategy is to obtain the money from other countries. This is of course a non-strategy, because the gain of one is the loss for the other, thereby resulting in a never ending ratrace. Research theme: investigate the net amount of global money-flows and determine which countries have a net gain of purchasing power, and which lose purchasing power. At the same time, the local economy is pushed aside by the export-economy, thereby destroying valuable means of production for the population. In the next cycle this leads to the necessity of imports, thereby undermining it's own purposes. Research theme: investigate the amount of imports replacing once-existing local production for different countries. What is even more amazing is the fact that supra-national organizations, such as the IMF and World Bank have actively pursued this strategy (Structural Adjustment: the opening of economies to the world market) as a path towards development. It is of course obvious that one individual country can gain from larger exports as it temporarily gets hold of external purchasing power, but this can be done only at the loss of another country. In stead of offering a healthy development strategy for the poor countries, the IMF has thus urged countries into a zero-sum competition for scarce liquidity. The daily reality of a globalized monetary system is that consumers get no information in prices about 86
where their purchasing power will flow to. In other words: when buying a locally produced good the chances that this purchasing power will return to the buyer when he/she is performing the role of seller/producer is larger than when buying an external good or service. Locally circulating liquidity will generate economic activity over and over again. So as a whole the community is benefited from 'buying local', even if the local prices are above world market levels. Overall view What we see here is a monetary system that needs scarcity to function. In it's systemic functioning it creates a lot of wealth, but at the same time it actively creates poverty. It accumulates the scarce liquidity and leaves a large part of people without any purchasing power, having destroyed other ways to symbolize their economic specialization and exchanges and mediate reciprocity. At this moment we, Strohalm, are working on a book called 'Poor because of Money'. In this book we introduce and explain the abovementioned concepts and mechanisms. If you or your institution want to adapt this book to your situation and your language, and thus become our co-authors, you are very welcome. We plan to have this kind of cooperation with a limited number of partners. Methodology Apart from developing an analysis on monetary dynamics and their consequences, we, and others, are actively involved in designing new systems for engaging in economic interaction. Many of these systems are working today and have the provide not only a new view on the functioning and possibilities of money, but, more importantly, provide immediate purchasing power and the means for economic self-realization for the participants. The scope of the analytical framework as outlined above is to provide the theoretical backing for a practical and active movement in the field of monetary initiatives. For this movement we are working on methodological themes. This work is outlined on the page 'methodological development network'. Contact Please contact us for further elaboration of possibilities. Contact person is Camilo Ramada, camilo@strohalm.nl V.b. Take Action Now! To make the world a better place, it really doesn't matter who you are, or where you are. Only by taking action where you are will things ever improve. We at Strohalm applies this philosophy to our work in Holland, and worldwide, wherever our programs are located. It is not enough to protest against the negative effects of globalization when there are viable alternatives out there that need to be implemented. Protest - Meaningful Action = 0. Academics and Researchers If you are a Student, Professor or Researcher, there is much research to be done on the effects of 87
money on poverty and development, on meaningful solutions and how to best replicate them in other locations. The materials section of our website (http://www.strohalm.nl/english/materials.html) contains thousands of pages of research that has already been done, and we are happy to give you a few ideas for research that has not been done yet. Follow the links on the left to explore some of what we have to offer. Entrepreneurs If you are an Entrepreneur or simply a Business Owner, we can show you how to improve your competitive advantage and create a favourable climate for your business where you live. We have several programs underway that are focused on enterprises. If you'd like to learn more about these programs and how they can benefit your business, send us an email to info@strohalm.nl. Fieldworkers and Development Practitioners If you are a Fieldworker, we can foresee many opportunities in implementing new economic projects throughout the Global South. If you are already working on similar programs, such as with a credit union, micro-credit program, self-help group, community infrastructure projects, or on issues such as housing, unemployment, income generation, you may want to see some of our programs that are focused on these issues, such as the Valuable Local Currency System, our Bonus Microcredit Program or our Consumer Commerce Circuit. Activists If you are an activist, we can show you how to turn protest into action. The first alarms are now ringing, thanks to those who have risked their personal safety to put the issue of third-world debt, neoimperialism, inappropriate globalization on the agenda. The next step is to put appropriate alternatives into practice. This is what Strohalm is working on. As an activist, you can keep the movement headed in a positive direction by telling others what they can do to make changes where they live. Organizations If you are a member of an Organization that is working on issues related to poverty and well-being, access to credit, enterprise development, skills-training, etc., we are willing to cooperate with you to introduce economic development programs and pilot projects. W. Help Us Write The Last Chapters This book is an ever-growing work in progress, an internally-networked collection of our thinking over the past decades. This thinking has not gone on within the stuffy confines of a scientists, or worse, economists bell jar or mechanistic Newtonian head-space. Rather, it has been a part-scientific, partorganic development in collaboration with many other thinkers from around the world, whom we thank both privately and publicly for the opportunity to cooperate on building a new economy, and through it a new world. You too have the opportunity to cooperate with us, and we will grow together through it. If these ideas move you, please contact us and add another branch to the tree. X. Graphs & Diagrams 88
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