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1ST YEAR
Introduction Definition of an articulator Historical review Advantages of an articulator Classification systems Requirements of articulators Parts of an articulator Parts of Hanau articulator and its functions Types of Hanau articulators Whip Mix articulator Dentatus articulator Summary Bibliography.
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are:
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Mounting of dental casts for diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient presentation.
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In 1858 Bonwill developed the first articulator with a serious effort to imitate the movements of the mandible in eccentric positions.
The plaster articulator was first described by PHILLIP PFAFF in 1756 Also known as SLAB ARTICULATORS
In 1899, Richmond S. Hayes received a patent for an articulator that was the first to incorporate a fixed descending condylar path.
In the same year, Hayes introduced the first example of a functional face-bow like device .He named this device as articulating caliper.
The New Century articulator was manufactured by the Snow Dental Co., Buffalo, New York, In 1906.
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The maxillomandibular instrument designed in 1918 by George Monsoon, was based on the spherical theory.
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The Hagman Balancer, developed in the 1920s. Opens and closes on a hinge Requires no facebow or interocclusal records for mounting.
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Rudolph L. Hanau,In 1921 developed a research model called Hanau Model C Articulator. In 1923 he developed another research instrument, the Hanau Model M Kinoscope articulator.
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The Hanau Model H110 manufactured in 1922 and 1923. It has individual condylar guidance adjustments.
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In 1926, GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR was introduced. It is a non arcon instrument with a fixed intercondylar distance.
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The PRECISION COORDINATOR was developed by W. H. TERRELL, in the early 1930s. It is an ARCON type of instrument that has curvilinear condylar guides.
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In 1944, DENTATUS was designed in SWEDEN. This articulator is unique in that the relationship between the upper and lower members can be standardized with a gauge block, so that casts can be transferred from one articulator to another and still maintain the same relation.
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BERGSTORM designed an instrument in 1950 called the ARCON, which is similar to HANAU H, except that the condyles are on the lower member of the instrument, and the condylar guides are curved and on the upper member.
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The TRANSOGRAPH presented in 1952, is a split axis instrument designed to allow each condylar axis to function independently of the other .
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The NEY articulator was designed by DE PIETRO in 1960 and was an arcon instrument.
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The HANAU 130 21 was designed by RICHARD BEU and JAMES JANIK IN 1964. It has a split horizontal axis that can be adjusted vertically and horizontally, adjustable intercondylar distance, adjustable bennet guides, and adjustable horizontal condylar path guides.
The DUPLI-FUNCTIONAL articulator was designed by IRISH and presented in 1965. It was primarily for use in complete denture construction. It records each patients mandibular movements It serves as a three dimensional tripod type of dental articulator on which denture may be constructed and their occlusion balanced.
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In 1968, NILES GUICHET designed the DENAR fully adjustable articulator (D4A).
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Properly mounted casts allow the operator to better visualize the patients occlusion, especially from the lingual view. This is essential if a proper occlusal scheme is to be developed for complete dentures.
Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an articulator once the appropriate interocclusal records have been obtained.
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Considerable more chair time and patient appointment is required when utilizing the mouth as an articulator.
More procedures can be delegated to auxiliary personnel when utilizing an articulator for development of the patients occlusion.
The patients saliva, tongue and cheeks are not factors when using an articulator.
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The condylar elements as a part of the lower frame and the condylar guides as a part of the upper frame.
Adjustable intercondylar width of the condylar elements when graphic tracings to be used to set and select condylar guidances.
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The articulator may not exactly simulate the intraborder and functional movements of the mandible.
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Using the jaws as an articulator also has limitations: Inability of humans to detect visually the finer changes in the motion.
saliva.
Exact location of the condyles. The resiliency of the supporting structures. The dentures are movable.
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THEORIES OF OCCLUSION
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At the International Prosthodontic Workshop on Complete Denture Occlusion at the University of Michigan in 1972, an articulator classification was developed based on the
CLASS I
CLASS II
CLASS IV
CLASS III
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CLASS I:
Simple holding instruments capable of accepting a single
The first articulators were called slab articulators and were formed by extending plaster indices from the rear of the casts.
The hinge- joint articulator is representative of this class. J.B. Gariot reportedly designed the first hinge articulator about 1805. The barn- door hinge with an anterior vertical stop qualifies for this classification.
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CLASS II
CLASS II-A CLASS II-B CLASS II-C
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CLASS II-A : Eccentric motion permitted is based on average or arbitrary values. Example : a) Articulator by GRITTMAN (1899) ; condylar path inclined at 15 degree b) GYSI SIMPLEX articulator (1924) ; condylar path inclined at 30 degree and the incisal guidance is fixed at 60 degree. CLASS II-B : Eccentric motion permitted is based on theories of arbitrary motion. Example : MONSOONs articulator (1914) CLASS II-C : Eccentric motion permitted is determined by the patient using engraving methods. Examples : HOUSE articulator (1927)
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CLASS III
CLASS III-A CLASS III-B
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and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. EXAMPLE : A) Hanau Model H (1923) B) Dentatus (1944) C) Arcon (1950)
registrations and use equivalents for the rest of the motion. EXAMPLE: A) Gysis trubyte Articulator (1926) B) Kinoscope (1927) C) Tripod Type Articulator (1928) D) Ney Articulator (1960) E) Hanau 130-21 (1964) F) Teledyne Articulator (1975) G) Panadent Articulator
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CLASS IV A : The cams representing the condylar paths are formed by the registrations engraved by the patient. These instruments do not allow for discrminating capability. EXAMPLE : TMJ Instrument (1965)
CLASS IV-B : Instruments that have condylar paths that can be angled and customized either by selection from a variety of curvatures, by modification, or both. EXAMPLES : Gnathoscope (1955) Denar Fully Adjustable Simulator
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CLASS I: These are instruments that receive and reproduce stereograms (pantograms). These articulators can be adjusted to permit individual condylar movement in each of the three planes. They are capable of reproducing the timing of the side shift of the balancing side and its direction on the working side.
CLASS II: Instruments that will not receive stereograms. Some of the instruments have fixed controls
Average
special
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They can open and close in a fixed horizontal axis. They have a fixed condylar path along which the condylar ball can be moved to simulate lateral and protrusive jaw movement.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inexpensive
They have : adjustable horizontal condylar paths adjustable lateral condylar paths adjustable incisal guide tables adjustable intercondylar distances. There are two types of semi- adjustable articulators: Arcon articulators
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1.
Arcon instrument has its condyles on the lower member and the condylar guides on the upper member. e.g. Whipmix articulator, hanau university series.
Non arcon or condylar instruments are those that have the condyles on the upper member and condylar guides on the lower member.
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The face- bow transfer, occlusal plane and the relationship of the opposing casts are preserved when the articulator is opened and closed.
Condyles move in a relationship to their condylar housing that is similar to the way the condyles move in the relationship to the glenoid fossa in the skull. This makes visualization and understanding of condylar movements easier.
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Fully adjustable articulators: It accepts three dimensional dynamic registrations. They are capable of being adjusted to follow the mandibular movement in all directions. The articulator is capable of repeating most of the precise condylar movements depicted in any individual patient. These adjustments include: a) Adjustable horizontal condylar guidance b) Adjustable lateral condylar guidance
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As on the semiadjustable articulator , the angle at which the condyle descends on the fully adjustable articulator during protrusive & laterotrusive movements can be altered. Although the semi adjustable articulator can usually provide a condylar movement only in a straight pathway , the fully adjustable articulator is capable of adjusting the condylar pathway to
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The fully adjustable articulator has adjustments that permit duplication of both the patients bennett angle & the immediate lateral translation movement of the patient condyle . Many semiadjustable articulator cannot duplicate this exact pathway because only flat surfaces are available to guide the condyle.
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During a laterotrusive movemement ,the rotating (i.e ., working) condyle does not purely rotate around a fixed point ; however it can move slightly laterally . This lateral shift can also have a superior , inferior, forward , or backward component , which can influence the fossa depth & cusp height , as well as the ridge & groove direction developed in
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The rotating condylar movements affects both the working & non working sides but has its greatest effect on the working side.
Semiadjustable articulators do not have the ability to compensate for this movement.
The fully adjustable articulators can be set so that the pathway of the rotating condyle on the articulator will duplicate that of the patient.
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The distance between the rotating centers of the condyle on the fully adjustable articulator can be modified to match that in the patient . Often three general settings are available on the semiadjustable articulator:
Small
Medium large
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With the fully adjustable articulator , a complete range of intercondylar distance can be selected .
Therefore the intercondylar adjustment is set at the precise milimeter distance as determined from the patient. This then allows more accurate duplication of intercondylar distance & thus minimize
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Most accurate instrument to reproduce restorations that precisely fit the occlusal requirements of the patient.
its ability to its ability to duplicate duplicate mandibular mandibular movement. movement.
Expensive
Time consuming
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THE BONWILL THEORY OF OCCLUSION proposed that the teeth move in relation to each other as guided by the condylar controls and the incisal point.
It was known as the theory of the equilateral triangle, in which there was a 4-inch (10 cm) distance between the condyles and between each condyle and the incisor point.
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THE CONICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION proposed that the lower teeth move over the surfaces of upper teeth as over the surface of a cone, generating an angle of 45 degrees with the central axis of the cone tipped 45 degrees to the occlusal plane.
The Hall Automatic articulator, designed by R.E.Hall confirms to conical theory of occlusion.
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THE SPHERICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION showed the lower teeth moving over the surface of the upper teeth as over the surface of a sphere with a diameter of 8 inches (20 cm).
The center of the sphere was located in the region of glabella, and the surface of the sphere passed through the glenoid fossae along or concentric with the articulating eminences.
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The general classes of records are used for transferring maxillomandibular relationships from the patient to the articulator:
- Interocclusal records
- Graphic records - Hinge- axis records.
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Interocclusal records may be made in wax, plaster of Paris, ZOE paste, or coldcure acrylic resin.
Each record is of only one positional relationship of the lower jaw to the upper jaw.
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The mechanical features that determine whether an articulator can be adjusted to accommodat e interocclusal records include:
Individually adjustable horizontal condylar guidances Variable controls for the Bennett shift Variable intercondylar distances Split-axis condylar guidance controls Adjustable incisal guidance controls.
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interocclusal records.
All the instruments that can be adjusted to graphic records have one feature in common: the necessity for correct location of the opening axis of the mandible.
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According to Boucher (J Dent Res 14:39, 1934) Non- adjustable Adjustable a) A Two- dimensional instrument. b) A Three- dimensional instrument.
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According to Kingery
prosthetic
According to Beck (J Am Dent Assoc 64:468, 1962) Suspension instrument Axis instrument Tripod instrument
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Arbitrary e.g. Monson articulator, Hageman balancer Positional e.g. Stansbery Tripod articulator
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Instruments that will receive and reproduce pantographs and graphic tracings
Instruments that will not receive pantographs, which are sub divided into four types: a) hinge type b) arbitrary c) adjustable d) instruments designed and used for complete denture construction.
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According to Bergstrom Arcon - e.g. Whipmix articulator Non arcon - e.g. Hanau model H
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According to Rihani
(1980)
Semi adjustableexamples: Snow Acme, Gysi Adaptable, Gysi trubyte, Dentatus, Hanau 130-28, Whipmix.
Non adjustableexamples: Gariot, Barn door hinge, Walker, Gritman, Snow, Transograph
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Protrusive record
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The semi-adjustable articulator guides only the lateral component of the rotating condylar movement, whereas the fully adjustable articulator may be set to simulate all components of mandibular movement. The purpose of this study was to measure the discrepancies that may exist in
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a) b) c)
The effects of following on cusp positions were ascertained: Intercondylar width The shape of the condylar housing The timing and direction of the side shift. To preclude the necessity of transferring the casts from one articulator to the other, only the fully adjustable articulator was used.
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A semiadjustable articulator was compared with a fully adjustable articulator to determine the discrepancy of eccentric pathways of cusp motion. The effects of intercondylar width, mediotrusion timing, superior wall shape, laterotrusion direction, and immediate side shift were measured.
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It consists of an upper member and a lower member. The upper member represents the maxilla and the lower member represents the mandible. The upper member is a triangular metal plate and the lower member is a L -shaped frame. The upper and lower members articulate around the condylar guidance. The condylar guidance represents the glenoid fossa of the temporomandibular joint. A vertical rod (incisal pin) separates the upper and lower triangular components in the anterior end. The vertical rod rests on the incisal table of the lower member also known as the incisal guide table.
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The condylar Track may be adjustibly inclined on the horizontal transverse axis from a zero to a plus 60 degree or to a minus 20 degree. These inclinations are termed the protrusive inclination and simulate the patients superior wall of the fossa.
The condylar track may also be adjusted on the vertical axis from a zero sagittal to 30 degree. This angle is termed the progressive Bennett angle and corresponds to the medial wall of the patients fossa.
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Some products have a centric stop at the posterior end of the Track to limit
both emanate.
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This micrometer adjustment permits the Condylar Element to be protruded 6mm from centric or to be retruded 3mm from centric. An axial reference line transcribes the one mm. spaced lines on the P-R Screw and a like line appears on the Sleeve of the Guidance.
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Loosen the Thumbscrew at the medial side of the Guidance and rotate the P-R screw to abut the wide zero centric line with the Sleeve end . Protrusion or retrusion of the Condylar Element can be adjusted by rotation of the P-r Screw. One full turn of the Screw equals 1mm protrusion or retrusion .
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Engagement of a centric lock depresses a Centric Pin, causing it to arrest the Condylar Element at the centric position. When locked, the Upper Member is restricted to an opening and closing movement only. Releasing the Centric Lock two full turns will disengage the Centric Pin and return the Elements freedom of movement in the
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The Condylar Shafts adjustibly slide in the wings of the Lower Member. They have been factory fixed by Setscrews. A resilient Bumper will protectively stop the Upper Member and against the wing of the Lower member when fully opening the Articulator.
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Coinciding with these Condylar Shaft adjustments is an alignment of the chisel edge of the incisal pin with the central table of the incisal guide. The incisal pin serves as the forward control of the Aticulator.
A midline groove is cut in the Incisal Pin about one inch from the spherical tip. Five additional lines calibrated in mm extend on either side thereof. These lines are used for recording or altering the vertical dimension.
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Two annular grooves appear on the Incisal Pin at 37 and 54mm below the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. These grooves form arbitrary vertical landmarks for alignment of the incisal edge of the maxillary centrals when making a Facebow transfer.
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The incisal pin extends beyond the top of the Upper Member and provides a third point of stability when inverting the Articulator for mandibular cast mounting. The spherical tip of this incisal pin serves as the Dual-End and is useful for fabricating customized acrylic anterior guide tables.
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The Adjustable Incisal Guide provides an independent adjustment of anterior guidance. It cooperates with the Incisal Pin and Condylar Guidances to present a stable ,three dimensional programmed guide pattern for the mounted casts.
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The Incisal Guide rotates antero posteriorly from a horizontal zero degree to a 60 degree positive inclination of protrusion which is then secured by the small Locknut. The central guiding table is 5.56mm wide and forms the inclined
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An anterior slot in the lower member allows repositioning of the incisal guide. Adjust and lock the Guide at zero horizontal and slightly loosen the platform Lockscrew. This adjustment will place the incisal pin contact on the rotational center of the guide, thereby maintaining the vertical dimension when adjusting the
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This crescent represents the patients infra- orbitale notch and is the anterior reference landmark of the Frankfort horizontal plane.
When used with an Orbitale Pointer on a face bow, it provides an anatomical vertical orientation for the upper arch, obviating
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Mounting plates are used to lute the upper and lower casts to the upper and lower members of articulator by means of a gypsum material.
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The maxillary and mandibular occlusal rims have been prepared and patient adjusted to the correct vertical dimension, the occlusal plane and the desired horizontal overlap.
The top of the Bitefork or Biteplane, the stern at the patients left, is covered with a triple layer of base plate wax. Heat seal the periphery and soften the wax
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The Bitefork may alternately be attached directly to the upper occlusal rim by
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A centric interocclusal relation record is patient recorded at the vertical dimension of occlusion. A protrusive interocclusal relation record is patient recorded at approximately 6 mm anterior of centric. Closure is made to a near anterior, nonpiercing occlusal contact, being certain
2.
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ARTICULATOR PREPARATION: Adjust the protrusive inclination of both condylar guidances to 30 degrees and tighten the Thumbnuts.
Adjust the Bennett angles of both condylar guidances at 30 degrees. Adjust the incisal pin to align the midline calibration to the top edge of the upper member.
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Slide the platform to align the incisal pin contact over the zero indicating line on guidance. Adjust both the P-R screws to about zero centric line. Secure the zero centric adjustment by tightening the thumbscrews at the medial side. Apply a thin coating of petroleum jelly to all surfaces of the articulator that will be exposed to the stone mounting media.
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Swing the upper member of the articulator open to the centric bumper. Securely attach the mounting platform to the lower member. Insert the lower end of the Transfer Rod/ Bitefork index assembly into the socket of the mounting guide. Raise the pivot to contact the underside of the Bitefork index and
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Securely seat and accurately lute the upper occlusal rim into the occlusal wax index on the bitefork.
Mixture of stone is placed on the wetted mounting surface of the cast. The upper member is then swung forward to embed the mounting plate and to bring the incisal pin into contact with the incisal guide.
Upon complete set of mounting, the sticky wax luting is carefully broken from the occlusal rim. The mounting guide and transfer record are removed from the lower member.
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Invert the articulator and swing the lower member back to the bench. Apply a thin coating of petroleum jelly to all surfaces of lower member that may be contacted by the gypsum material. Firmly attach a mounting plate to the lower member.
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Securely seat the mandibular cast in the bite rim and lute together with sticky wax. A mix of stone is placed on the wetted mounting surface of the lower cast and mounting is completed, securing
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Upon complete set of the mount, the Articulator is placed into an upright position Carefully cut the tacking at the occlusal surface and remove the centric interocclusal relation record
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Loosen the centric locks and the Thumbnuts for horizontal inclination of the condylar guidances. Raise the Incisal Pin to remove the possibility of mechanical interference with the Incisal Guide
Seat the protrusive interocclusal relation record onto the lower occlusal rim. Carefully guide the Upper
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HANAU Formula
In this formula, H is the Horizontal Condylar (Protrusive) inclination and L is the Lateral Condylar Guidance
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The six upper and six lower teeth are set up in the arrangement dictated by the
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Lock the Articulator into centric. The occlusal rims are then seated onto their casts at the established vertical and centric relation Lower the incisal pin into contact with the zero horizontal incisal guide, the chisel end of the pin resting crosswise on the center table and lock
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Gently guide the upper cast into a straight protrusion The lingual edges of the upper central incisors are brought into contact with the incisal edges of the lower incisors The incisal guide is then rotated anteroposteriorly to make contact with incisal pin, tightening the small locknut to
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The upper cast is then guided into a right lateral cuspid to cuspid guidance relation by thumb pressure at the right side of the upper cast to assure the Bennett Shift The Lateral wing is then elevated to contact the corner of the incisal pin and the Locknut is tightend to maintain
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Apply thumb pressure at the left side of the upper cast and guide it into a left lateral cuspid to cuspid excursion Adjust the remaining Lateral Wing to contact the incisal pin and secure the adjustment by tightening the Locknut.
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The remaining teeth are set into centric occlusion and checked in working, balancing in protrusive excursions. The incisal pin acts as the vertical stop and must remain in contact with the incisal guide surfaces from centric throughout all excusive movements The waxed occlusal rims may be tried in
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Reset the completed occlusal rims onto their master casts. Seal the rims to the casts to preserve the tissue surface from plaster or stone seepage during the Flasking procedure.
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Before removing the master cast/waxed dentures, record the articulator calibrations for later use Record the Serial Number, R & L Horizontal Inclination, R& L Bennett Angle and Vertical of incisal pin
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HANAU H2
HANAU ARCON H2
HANAU ARTICULATOR
Non- arcon type. Hanau felt that as the realeff (resiliency and like effect of the denture supporting tissues) decreased, the instrument would more closely
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The maxillary cast may be mounted on the Hanau H2 articulator by means of a facebow transfer.
The following face-bows can be utilized with the Hanau H2. These are:
1. 2. 3.
When transferring the ear piece face bow to the articulator, the earpieces are seated on the auditory pins of the centric locks.
The axis-orbital plane transfer allows the maxillary cast to be transferred to the articulator so that the occlusal plane has a relationship in the articulator that is similar to that in the patients skull.
When the orbitale is used, the face bow should be equipped with an orbitale pointer that is related to the orbitale indicator on the upper member of the articulator.
Without the orbitale pointer, the incisal plane is adjusted so that it is level with the upper notch on the incisal pin when making the face bow transfer.
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Following the relationship of the mandibular casts to the maxillary cast by means of a centric relation interocclusal record, the horizontal condylar inclinations must be determined.
This is accomplished by means of a protrusive interocclusal record. The patient should protrude approx. 6 mm.
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The horizontal condylar guidances are adjusted until the maxillary cast seats into the protrusive interocclusal record.
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The amount of Bennett movement is calculated from the horizontal condylar settings by
Hanaus equation.
Bennett angle L = H + 12 8 H= Horizontal condylar inclination determined by protrusive interocclusal record
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The incisal guide table is adjustable in both sagittal and frontal planes.
The adjustments are made to compensate the amount of horizontal and vertical overlap incorporated in the anterior arrangement of denture
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An articulator of the Arcon type has the condylar slot fixed to the upper member and the ball attached to the lower member. This positioning of the condylar elements is the reverse of the usual arrangement. Many articulators, including the Gnathologic type, use
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It is claimed that this principle truly represents the condition found physiologically where the temporomandibular fossae are located in the skull and condyles are a part of mandible.
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The mechanism of the articulators are reversed in function. In the condylar type of articulator , the angulation of the condylar slot is constant to the lower member. During protrusive movements, the angulation changes between the upper member and the condylar slot of the articulator. In the Arcon articulator, reverse is true.
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The protrusive condylar inclinations were measured in relation to the horizontal plane of the instrument. When the condylar instrument (Hanau) returned to the centric position, the condylar slot remained at 40 degree angulation to that plane. However, as the Arcon articulator returned to centric position, there was a changed angulation of the condylar slot at 39 degrees. The difference in readings occurs because of the mechanical method of producing motion.
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It consists of an upper member containing the condylar guidance elements and a lower member to which the condylar spheres are attached.
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member ( which represents the skull) by facebow transfer record. The arbitrary face- bow is routinely used for complete dentures.
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The condyle rods are positioned on a line extending from the outer canthus to the top of the tragus and approximately 13 mm in front of the external auditory meatus.
This placement of the rods will locate them within 2 mm of the true center of the opening
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The fork of the face- bow is attached to the maxillary occlusion rim, thus the record is a simple measurement from the jaws to the
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The lateral condylar guidances on this articulator do not allow upward, downward, 146
It has a straight incisal guide pin with a flat end, which permits movements on the guide table.
HANAU RADIAL SHIFT : It was first produced in 1981. Arcon instrument with fixed intercondylar distance of 110 mm. The condylar guidance of the articulator is designed to incorporate a curved immediate side shift (radial shift) with an adjustable progressive Bennett angle. Three incisal guide tables are available : A mechanical table A flat table A pantacrylic table
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HANAU WIDE VUE : These are the newest articulators introduced by HANAU. HANAU WIDE VUE and HANAU WIDE VUE II, both are arcon instruments with a fixed intercondylar distance of 110 mm. The only difference between the two instruments : HANAU WIDE VUE has a closed condylar track and WIDE VUE II has an open condylar track.
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The basic whip-mix articulator was designed by Charles Stuart (1955) and manufactured by Whip-Mix Corp. It is an arcon articulator as the condylar controls are attached to the upper member of
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The intercondylar distance is adjustable to three positions by means of removable condylar guidance spacers along the instruments horizontal axis. : Small (S) 96 mm
110 mm
124 mm
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A face bow transfer may be utilized for mounting the maxillary cast. The horizontal condylar inclinations are set by means of protrusive interocclusal records. The amount of Bennett movement is set by means of a lateral interocclusal record.
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The upper and lower members are mechanically attached by means of a spring latch assembly.
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There are two different face bows that can be utilized with the Whip Mix articulator. They are:
1. 2.
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The earpieces are placed in the external auditory canals when adjusting the face bow to the patient.
The patients approximate intercondylar distance is determined from the scale on the front of the face bow as S, M or L indicating small, medium or large intercondylar distance.
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Following the relationship of the mandibular cast to the maxillary cast by means of a centric relation interocclusal record, the horizontal condylar inclinations must be determined.
This is accomplished by means of protrusive interocclusal records. These records should be made at approx. 6 mm of protrusion.
The casts are seated in the interocclusal records and the horizontal condylar guidance adjusted until it contacts the condyle.
The Bennett angulation is set with lateral interocclusal records. The casts are seated in the lateral interocclusal records and the medial walls of the condylar housings adjusted until they contact the condyles.
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The Whip-Mix articulator is equipped either with a mechanical incisal guide table or a plastic incisal guide table that can be individually customized with autopolymerizing resin. The incisal guide pin is straight and one end is flat and the other end rounded. The flat end is used with the mechanical incisal guide table, while the rounded end is used with the plastic table.
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The basic whip mix has numerous modifications that are available. Condylar thumblock screws may be added to assure proper seating of condyles when making hinge articulator movements.
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Optional immediate side shift guides are available from 0.25mm to 1mm. When using the shift guides, the articulator must be equipped with detent mechanism to return the upper member of articulator to centric
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The Accumount mounting system for articulator interchangeability utilizes a special table that is precisely attached to the lower member with a low-fusing alloy during manufacturing. The mounting plate is attached to this table when mounting the mandibular cast.
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It is employed quite extensively in European dental schools, particularly the Scandinavian ones. It too is a semi- adjustable instrument that, like the others, can be modified according to several patient variables.
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The objective of all articulators is to serve as a laboratory aid in imitating physiological motion by substituting mechanical equivalents for anatomic parts.
Human motion of the mandible are 3-D curved motions because the skeletal framework is moved by muscles and hinged at TMJ.
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Reproduction of any such motion requires the establishment of 3 fixed points on or attached to the object. Recording the starting position, the path , and the end position of these 3 points is obtained to reproduce mandibular motion. 2 of the required guidances of mandibular motion are the condylar paths, the third point is measured at incisors known as incisal guidance.
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Maxilla is fixed base from which mandibular motion is measured. Face bow serve to transfer this relationship b/w maxilla and starting position of paths of mandibular movement.
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Described as pure or border movements of protrusive and right and left lateral excursions.
Protrusive excursion. Incisal guidance. Balancing condylar path. Balancing cusp inclines Working condylar motion bennett lateral shift.
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Articulators have been classified as arbitrary, positional, semi- adjustable, and fully adjustable. ARBITRARY (Based on Monson Spherical Theory) Examples: Monson Articulator, Hagman Balancer.
The Stansbery tripod is a positional articulator. The objective of this concept is to obtain the static, or positional relationships of the mandible in centric relation, protrusive, and each lateral position
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SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR (Hanau Model H Concept) The Hanau model H is one of the most commonly used semiadjustable articulators. It was primarily designed for complete denture construction. The objective of the technique is to closely produce mechanical equivalents of mandibular movements on the instrument.
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RATIONALE FOR MATHEMATICAL STUDY: The conditions of the evaluation are such that the occlusal errors produced by the clinical procedure identified with each articulator are cumulative rather than self- correcting. An error can be defined as deviation from the truth, and truth as agreement with reality.
When applied to the study of articulators, an error produced in the occlusion will be considered as deviation from the known hypothetical
The second molar cusp height has been selected for the calculations because variations in condylar movement have a greater effect on the posterior teeth than on the anterior teeth.
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When applied to the study of articulators, an error produced in the occlusion will be considered as deviation from the known hypothetical The second molar cusp height has been selected for the calculations because variations in condylar movement have a greater effect on the posterior teeth than on
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Approximate error at the second molar Balancing cusp height (mm) Average anatomic location of the hinge axis 0.2
Approximate error at the second molar Working cusp height (mm) 0.2
Arbitrary location of the 0.2 anterior point of orientation Straight condylar path Fischer angle Individual working condylar motion Maximum total error 0.2 0.1 No error 0.7
No error
If occlusal contacts are to be perfected in centric occlusion only, a simple, sturdy, hinge- type articulator without provision for lateral or protrusive movements can be selected.
This type of instrument has been called one- dimensional because only one interocclusal record is necessary for its adjustment and use.
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If denture teeth are to have a cross-arch and cross-tooth balanced occlusion, the minimum requirement is a semi-adjustable articulator.
This may be an instrument with individually adjustable condylar guidances in both the vertical and horizontal plane, such as the simple instruments in the hanau university series, the whip mix articulator, or the dentatus articulator.
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If more control of the occlusion is desired, a completely adjustable three dimensional articulator is of value.
A three dimensional articulator requires a CR record, at least two lateral records, and some means for controlling the height and inclinations of the cusps.
The means for their adjustment may be interocclusal records or three-dimensional graphic tracings made by a kinematic face-bow apparatus.
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The more complicated articulators pose some problems in making complete dentures because of the resiliency of the soft tissues of
The trend in articulators is being influenced primarily by prosthodontists working in the fields of fixed restorations and full mouth rehabilitation. They have suggested and devised instruments that are much more complicated than those traditionally used by dentists providing removable prosthodontic service. There are a number of very fine and fully adjustable articulators, but most of these are not easily adapted for use for complete denture patients. 178
The reason for this lack of practical application for complete denture patients is the soft tissue foundation upon which the recording bases must rest. As long as the recording bases that support the recording instruments can move in relation to the underlying bone, the highly sensitive articulators cannot be accurately adjusted.
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PROSTHODONTIC TREATMENTFOR EDENTULOUS PATIENTS; TENTH EDITION SHELDON WINKLER; ESSENTIALS OF COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS; SECOND EDITION L.A. WEINBERG; AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS PART 1;JPD 1963; 13(4) L.A. WEINBERG; AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS PART 2; JPD 1963; 13(4)
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MITCHELL; ARTICULATORS THROUGH THE YEARS. PART 1. UPTO 1940; JPD; 1978; 39(3) A. RAHINI; CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORS;JPD 1980; 43(3)
LAWRENCE A WEINBERG: ARCON PRINCIPLE IN CONDYLAR MECHANISM OF ADJUSTABLE ARTIVULATORS; JPD 1963; 13(2) NEAL D BELLANTI: SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTICULATOR CAPABILITIES; JPD 1973; 29(3).
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